51
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Meng F, Li L, Zhang Z, Lin Z, Zhang J, Song X, Xue T, Xing C, Liang X, Zhang X. Biosynthetic neoantigen displayed on bacteria derived vesicles elicit systemic antitumour immunity. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12289. [PMID: 36468941 PMCID: PMC9721206 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens derived from mutant proteins in tumour cells could elicit potent personalized anti-tumour immunity. Nevertheless, the layout of vaccine vehicle and synthesis of neoantigen are pivotal for stimulating robust response. The power of synthetic biology enables genetic programming bacteria to produce therapeutic agents under contol of the gene circuits. Herein, we genetically engineered bacteria to synthesize fusion neoantigens, and prepared bacteria derived vesicles (BDVs) presenting the neoantigens (BDVs-Neo) as personalized therapeutic vaccine to drive systemic antitumour response. BDVs-Neo and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were inoculated subcutaneously within hydrogel (Gel), whereas sustaining release of BDVs-Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and GM-CSF recruited the dendritic cells (DCs). Virtually, Gel-BDVs-Neo combined with the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody intensively enhanced proliferation and activation of tumour-infiltrated T cells, as well as memory T cell clone expansion. Consequently, BDVs-Neo combining with checkpoint blockade therapy effectively prevented tumour relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Zhirang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Zhongda Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Jinxie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Tianyuan Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
| | - Chenyang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of EducationCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenPR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular DiagnosticsKey Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue EngineeringSchool of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguanPR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenPR China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen University, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongPR China
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Wang H, Yin X, Fang T, Lou S, Han B, Gao J, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wang X, Lu Z, Wu J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xue Y. Development and Validation of an Age-Related Gastric Cancer-Specific Immune Index. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6393-6407. [DOI: 10.2147/jir.s388792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Paolino J, Berliner N, Degar B. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as an etiology of bone marrow failure. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1016318. [PMID: 36387094 PMCID: PMC9647152 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1016318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of multiorgan system dysfunction that is caused by hypercytokinemia and persistent activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages. A nearly ubiquitous finding and a diagnostic criterion of HLH is the presence of cytopenias in ≥ 2 cell lines. The mechanism of cytopenias in HLH is multifactorial but appears to be predominantly driven by suppression of hematopoiesis by pro-inflammatory cytokines and, to some extent, by consumptive hemophagocytosis. Recognition of cytopenias as a manifestation of HLH is an important consideration for patients with bone marrow failure of unclear etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Paolino
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nancy Berliner
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Degar
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Barbara Degar,
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Hu L, Wu X, Chen D, Cao Z, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhao Q. The hypoxia-related signature predicts prognosis, pyroptosis and drug sensitivity of osteosarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:814722. [PMID: 36204682 PMCID: PMC9532009 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common types of solid sarcoma with a poor prognosis. Solid tumors are often exposed to hypoxic conditions, while hypoxia is regarded as a driving force in tumor recurrence, metastasis, progression, low chemosensitivity and poor prognosis. Pytoptosis is a gasdermin-mediated inflammatory cell death that plays an essential role in host defense against tumorigenesis. However, few studies have reported relationships among hypoxia, pyroptosis, tumor immune microenvironment, chemosensitivity, and prognosis in OS. In this study, gene and clinical data from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were merged to develop a hypoxia risk model comprising four genes (PDK1, LOX, DCN, and HMOX1). The high hypoxia risk group had a poor prognosis and immunosuppressive status. Meanwhile, the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, and related chemokines and genes were associated with clinical survival outcomes or chemosensitivity, the possible crucial driving forces of the OS hypoxia immune microenvironment that affect the development of pyroptosis. We established a pyroptosis risk model based on 14 pyroptosis-related genes to independently predict not only the prognosis but also the chemotherapy sensitivities. By exploring the various connections between the hypoxic immune microenvironment and pyroptosis, this study indicates that hypoxia could influence tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) remodeling and promote pyroptosis leading to poor prognosis and low chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Zian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yanmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Yanmin Liu, ; Qiangqiang Zhao,
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Yanmin Liu, ; Qiangqiang Zhao,
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55
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Jia G, Yang H, Wang K, Huang D, Chen W, Shan Y. The modeling study of the effect of morphological behaviors of extracellular matrix fibers on the dynamic interaction between tumor cells and antitumor immune response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 38:e3633. [PMID: 35703086 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low response rate limits the effective application of immunotherapy, in which the interactions between tumor cells and immune cells play a significant role. The strength of regulation could be mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers, which is still insufficiently investigated. In the study, the cellular potts model was utilized to explore the role of morphological properties of ECM in tumor-immune interactions. It was observed that high-density random ECM fibers delayed the interaction between tumor cells and T cells. Moreover, the tumor-immune interactions were ECM morphology-specific. Radial ECM fibers exhibited weaker inhibitory role in the process of contact between tumor cells and T cells. This study provided the useful mechanism of tumor-immune interactions from the viewpoint of morphological effect of ECM fibers, facilitating improving the efficiency of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaiqun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanhu Shan
- School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, China
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56
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Xing C, Du Y, Duan T, Nim K, Chu J, Wang HY, Wang RF. Interaction between microbiota and immunity and its implication in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963819. [PMID: 35967333 PMCID: PMC9373904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world. Besides genetic causes, colonic inflammation is one of the major risk factors for CRC development, which is synergistically regulated by multiple components, including innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokine signaling, and microbiota. The complex interaction between CRC and the gut microbiome has emerged as an important area of current CRC research. Metagenomic profiling has identified a number of prominent CRC-associated bacteria that are enriched in CRC patients, linking the microbiota composition to colitis and cancer development. Some microbiota species have been reported to promote colitis and CRC development in preclinical models, while a few others are identified as immune modulators to induce potent protective immunity against colitis and CRC. Mechanistically, microbiota regulates the activation of different immune cell populations, inflammation, and CRC via crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), type I interferon, and inflammasome. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential interactions between gut microbiota and host immunity and how their crosstalk could synergistically regulate inflammation and CRC, thus highlighting the potential roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota in the development of microbiota-based therapies to prevent or alleviate colitis and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kelly Nim
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junjun Chu
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Iwanaga T, Takahashi-Iwanaga H. Disposal of intestinal apoptotic epithelial cells and their fate via divergent routes. Biomed Res 2022; 43:59-72. [PMID: 35718446 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gut epithelial cells are characterized by rapid, constant cell renewal. The disposal of aging epithelial cells around the villus tips of the small intestine occurs so regularly that it has been regarded as a consequence of well-controlled cell death, designated as apoptosis. However, the notion of live cell extrusion in the intestine has been intensively built among researchers, and the disposal processes of effete epithelial cells display species and regional differences. Chemical mediators and mechanical forces rising from surrounding cells contribute to the regulated cell replacement. Cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria macrophages play a leading role in the selection of disposal cells and their extrusion to maintain fully the epithelial homeostasis in tandem with the dynamic reconstruction of junctional devices. Lymphocyte-mediated cell killing is predominant in the mouse and rat, while the disposal of epithelial cells in the guinea pig, monkey, and human is characterized by active phagocytosis by subepithelially gathering macrophages. The fenestrated basement membrane formed by immune cells supports their involvement and explains species differences in the disposal of epithelial cells. Via these fenestrations, macrophages and dendritic cells can engulf apoptotic epithelial cells and debris and convey substantial information to regional lymph nodes. In this review, we attempt to focus on morphological aspects concerning the apoptosis and disposal process of effete epithelial cells; in vitro or ex vivo analyses using cultured monolayer has become predominant in recent studies concerning the exfoliation of apoptotic enterocytes. Furthermore, we give attention to their species differences, which is controversial but crucial to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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58
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Cell-based drug delivery systems and their in vivo fate. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114394. [PMID: 35718252 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have received attention recently because of their unique biological properties and self-powered functions, such as excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, long circulation time, tissue-homingcharacteristics, and ability to cross biological barriers. A variety of cells, including erythrocytes, stem cells, and lymphocytes, have been explored as functional vectors for the loading and delivery of various therapeutic payloads (e.g., small-molecule and nucleic acid drugs) for subsequent disease treatment. These cell-based DDSs have their own unique in vivo fates, which are attributed to various factors, including their biological properties and functions, the loaded drugs and loading process, physiological and pathological circumstances, and the body's response to these carrier cells, which result in differences in drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarize the main cell-based DDSs and their biological properties and functions, applications in drug delivery and disease treatment, and in vivo fate and influencing factors. We envision that the unique biological properties, combined with continuing research, will enable development of cell-based DDSs as friendly drug vectors for the safe, effective, and even personalized treatment of diseases.
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59
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Assembly of Tetraspanin-enriched macrodomains contains membrane damage to facilitate repair. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:825-832. [PMID: 35654840 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various mechanisms contribute to membrane repair1-8 but the machinery that mediates the repair of large wounds on the plasma membrane is less clear. We found that shortly after membrane damage, Tetraspanin-enriched macrodomains are assembled around the damage site. Tetraspanin-enriched macrodomains are in the liquid-ordered phase and form a rigid ring around the damaged site. This restricts the spread of the damage and prevents membrane disintegration, thus facilitating membrane repair by other mechanisms. Functionally, Tetraspanin 4 helps cells mitigate damage caused by laser, detergent, pyroptosis and natural killer cells. We propose that assembly of Tetraspanin-enriched macrodomains creates a physical barrier to contain membrane damage.
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Bentley MA, Yates CA, Hein J, Preston GM, Foster KR. Pleiotropic constraints promote the evolution of cooperation in cellular groups. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001626. [PMID: 35658016 PMCID: PMC9166655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of cooperation in cellular groups is threatened by lineages of cheaters that proliferate at the expense of the group. These cell lineages occur within microbial communities, and multicellular organisms in the form of tumours and cancer. In contrast to an earlier study, here we show how the evolution of pleiotropic genetic architectures—which link the expression of cooperative and private traits—can protect against cheater lineages and allow cooperation to evolve. We develop an age-structured model of cellular groups and show that cooperation breaks down more slowly within groups that tie expression to a private trait than in groups that do not. We then show that this results in group selection for pleiotropy, which strongly promotes cooperation by limiting the emergence of cheater lineages. These results predict that pleiotropy will rapidly evolve, so long as groups persist long enough for cheater lineages to threaten cooperation. Our results hold when pleiotropic links can be undermined by mutations, when pleiotropy is itself costly, and in mixed-genotype groups such as those that occur in microbes. Finally, we consider features of multicellular organisms—a germ line and delayed reproductive maturity—and show that pleiotropy is again predicted to be important for maintaining cooperation. The study of cancer in multicellular organisms provides the best evidence for pleiotropic constraints, where abberant cell proliferation is linked to apoptosis, senescence, and terminal differentiation. Alongside development from a single cell, we propose that the evolution of pleiotropic constraints has been critical for cooperation in many cellular groups. The evolution of cooperation in cellular groups is threatened by lineages of cheaters that proliferate at the expense of the group. In this study, an age-structured model of cellular groups shows that pleiotropy promotes the evolution of cooperation and may have been important for the origins of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Bentley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MAB); (KRF)
| | - Christian A. Yates
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jotun Hein
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R. Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MAB); (KRF)
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61
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Ding T, Song Q, Xu Y, Liu Q. C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression are Prognostic Biomarkers for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and immunomodulatory factors involve in tumor development. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is considered to start from dendritic cell infiltration and then produce immunomodulatory factors. In this study, CXCR4 and PD-L1 biomarkers were used to explore their prognostic
role in PTC survival. Confocal microscopy detected the transfection efficiency in tumor cells. 42 PTC patients and thyroiditis patients (control) were enrolled to measure the expressions of CXCR4 and PD-L1. Multi-factor analysis analyzed the effect of combined CXCR4 and PD-L1 expression on
ROC. The two groups had no differences in the baseline characteristics. CTXCR4 and PD-L1 level in PTC patients was significantly higher than control. CXCR4 was lowly expressed in thyroid cancer tissue and PD-L1 was highly expressed in serological samples. Compared with single measurement,
the combined detection of CXCR4 and PD-L1 showed more ROC area. In conclusion, reduced CXCR4 and increased PD-L1 level is found in thyroid cancer and their level might be used as predictive markers for PTC to improve the curative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang City, Hubei Province, 438021, China
| | - Qian Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang City, Hubei Province, 438021, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Special Inspection Section, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, Chin
| | - Qiya Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Sha He Hospital of Chang Ping District in Beijing, Beijing, 100005, China
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Rehm A, Wirges A, Hoser D, Fischer C, Herda S, Gerlach K, Sauer S, Willimsky G, Höpken UE. EBAG9 controls CD8+ T cell memory formation responding to tumor challenge in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155534. [PMID: 35482418 PMCID: PMC9220939 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into processes that determine CD8+ T cell memory formation has been obtained from infection models. These models are biased toward an inflammatory milieu and often use high-avidity CD8+ T cells in adoptive-transfer procedures. It is unclear whether these conditions mimic the differentiation processes of an endogenous repertoire that proceed upon noninflammatory conditions prevailing in premalignant tumor lesions. We examined the role of cytolytic capacity on CD8+ T cell fate decisions when primed by tumor cells or by minor histocompatibility antigen–mismatched leukocytes. CD8+ memory commitment was analyzed in Ebag9-deficient mice that exhibited enhanced tumor cell lysis. This property endowed Ebag9–/– mice with extended control of Tcl-1 oncogene–induced chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression. In Ebag9–/– mice, an expanded memory population was obtained for anti-HY and anti–SV-40 T antigen–specific T cells, despite unchanged effector frequencies in the primary response. By comparing the single-cell transcriptomes of CD8+ T cells responding to tumor cell vaccination, we found differential distribution of subpopulations between Ebag9+/+ and Ebag9–/– T cells. In Ebag9–/– cells, these larger clusters contained genes encoding transcription factors regulating memory cell differentiation and anti-apoptotic gene functions. Our findings link EBAG9-controlled cytolytic activity and the commitment to the CD8+ memory lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rehm
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthea Wirges
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Hoser
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Herda
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department of Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Infrastructure Department, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Department of Microenvironmental Regulation of Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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63
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Bolivar-Wagers S, Larson JH, Jin S, Blazar BR. Cytolytic CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T-Cells and Implications for Developing Immunotherapies to Combat Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864748. [PMID: 35493508 PMCID: PMC9040077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance induction. While the immunosuppressive mechanisms of Treg have been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms responsible for Treg cytotoxicity and their therapeutic potential in regulating immune responses have been incompletely explored and exploited. Conventional cytotoxic T effector cells (Teffs) are known to be important for adaptive immune responses, particularly in the settings of viral infections and cancer. CD4+ and CD8+ Treg subsets may also share similar cytotoxic properties with conventional Teffs. Cytotoxic effector Treg (cyTreg) are a heterogeneous population in the periphery that retain the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation and activation, induce cellular apoptosis, and migrate to tissues to ensure immune homeostasis. The latter can occur through several cytolytic mechanisms, including the Granzyme/Perforin and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of cyTreg and their potential application in the treatment of human disease, particularly Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved sequential process of cell death to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell formation and cell death. It is a vital process for normal eukaryotic development as it contributes to the renewal of cells and tissues. Further, it plays a crucial role in the elimination of unnecessary cells through phagocytosis and prevents undesirable immune responses. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex signaling mechanism, which is driven by interactions among several protein families such as caspases, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins, and several other proteases such as perforins and granzyme. The signaling pathway consists of both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival members, which stabilize the selection of cellular survival or death. However, any aberration in this pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, ultimately leading to the development of cancer, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review aims to elaborate on apoptotic signaling pathways and mechanisms, interacting members involved in signaling, and how apoptosis is associated with carcinogenesis, along with insights into targeting apoptosis for disease resolution.
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65
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Chen Y. Single-Cell Sequencing Facilitates Elucidation of HIV Immunopathogenesis: A Review of Current Literature. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828860. [PMID: 35185920 PMCID: PMC8850777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge gaps remain in the understanding of HIV disease establishment and progression. Scientists continue to strive in their endeavor to elucidate the precise underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV-related disease, in order to identify possible preventive and therapeutic targets. A useful tool in the quest to reveal some of the enigmas related to HIV infection and disease is the single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique. With its proven capacity to elucidate critical processes in cell formation and differentiation, to decipher critical hematopoietic pathways, and to understand the regulatory gene networks that predict immune function, scRNA-seq is further considered to be a potentially useful tool to explore HIV immunopathogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of single-cell sequencing platforms, before delving into research findings gleaned from the use of single cell sequencing in HIV research, as published in recent literature. Finally, we describe two important avenues of research that we believe should be further investigated using the single-cell sequencing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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Wu W, Liang X, Li H, Huang X, Wan C, Xie Q, Liu Z. Landscape of T Cells in NK-AML(M4/M5) Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:745-758. [PMID: 35258858 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0721-396rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia (NK-AML) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy that resides within a complex immune microenvironment, complicating efforts to reveal the interaction between leukemia cells and immune cells. Understanding tumor-infiltrating T cells is crucial to the advancement of immune therapies and the improvement of the prognosis for NK-AML patients. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on bone marrow cells from 5 NK-AML (M4/M5) patients and 1 normal donor and paired single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on single T cells. As a result, we identified 8 T cell clusters based on the gene expression characteristics of each subset in NK-AML and described their developmental trajectories. In NK-AML patients, specific clusters, such as mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs), were preferentially enriched and potentially clonally expanded. These transcriptome and TCR data analyses provide valuable insights and rich resources for understanding the immune environment of NK-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huiqun Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoke Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chengyao Wan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiongni Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenfang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Hu MD, Golovchenko NB, Burns GL, Nair PM, Kelly TJ, Agos J, Irani MZ, Soh WS, Zeglinski MR, Lemenze A, Bonder EM, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Granville DJ, Keely S, Watson AJ, Edelblum KL. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Facilitate Pathological Epithelial Cell Shedding Via CD103-Mediated Granzyme Release. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:877-889.e7. [PMID: 34861219 PMCID: PMC8881348 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excessive shedding of apoptotic enterocytes into the intestinal lumen is observed in inflammatory bowel disease and is correlated with disease relapse. Based on their cytolytic capacity and surveillance behavior, we investigated whether intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IELs) are actively involved in the shedding of enterocytes into the lumen. METHODS Intravital microscopy was performed on GFP γδ T cell reporter mice treated with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) for 90 minutes to induce tumor necrosis factor-mediated apoptosis. Cell shedding in various knockout or transgenic mice in the presence or absence of blocking antibody was quantified by immunostaining for ZO-1 funnels and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3). Granzyme A and granzyme B release from ex vivo-stimulated γδ IELs was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunostaining for γδ T cell receptor and CC3 was performed on duodenal and ileal biopsies from controls and patients with Crohn's disease. RESULTS Intravital microscopy of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice revealed that γδ IELs make extended contact with shedding enterocytes. These prolonged interactions require CD103 engagement by E-cadherin, and CD103 knockout or blockade significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced shedding. Furthermore, we found that granzymes A and B, but not perforin, are required for cell shedding. These extracellular granzymes are released by γδ IELs both constitutively and after CD103/E-cadherin ligation. Moreover, we found that the frequency of γδ IEL localization to CC3-positive enterocytes is increased in Crohn's disease biopsies compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover a previously unrecognized role for γδ IELs in facilitating tumor necrosis factor-mediated shedding of apoptotic enterocytes via CD103-mediated extracellular granzyme release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D. Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Natasha B. Golovchenko
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Grace L. Burns
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Prema M. Nair
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Kelly
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jonathan Agos
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mudar Zand Irani
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Wai Sinn Soh
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Zeglinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Edward M. Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University – The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J. Granville
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Simon Keely
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alastair J.M. Watson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gut Biology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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Sirtuins are crucial regulators of T cell metabolism and functions. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:207-215. [PMID: 35296782 PMCID: PMC8979958 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that metabolism underlies T cell differentiation and functions. The pathways regulating T cell metabolism and function are interconnected, and changes in T cell metabolic activity directly impact the effector functions and fate of T cells. Thus, understanding how metabolic pathways influence immune responses and ultimately affect disease progression is paramount. Epigenetic and posttranslational modification mechanisms have been found to control immune responses and metabolic reprogramming. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases that play key roles during cellular responses to a variety of stresses and have recently been reported to have potential roles in immune responses. Therefore, sirtuins are of significant interest as therapeutic targets to treat immune-related diseases and enhance antitumor immunity. This review aims to illustrate the potential roles of sirtuins in different subtypes of T cells during the adaptive immune response. Sirtuins, enzymes that regulate how cells respond to stress, regulate T cell metabolism and functions, and therefore blocking or boosting sirtuins influences immune responses. As part of the immune system, some types of T cells attack specific targets; others keep the immune response in check. Imene Hamaidi and Sungjune Kim at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA, have reviewed how sirtuins affect different subsets of T cells to either promote or suppress immune responses. Boosting sirtuins that increase the function of inflammation-suppressing T cells can improve outcomes for transplant recipients or help treat autoimmune diseases. Conversely, stimulating immune-activating sirtuins can help re-energize exhausted antitumor T cells. Understanding the complex web of sirtuin–T cell interactions may help in developing therapeutic strategies for improving transplant outcomes, and for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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70
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Bai Z, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Xiong J, Lan H, Wang F. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Colorectal Cancer: The Fundamental Indication and Application on Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808964. [PMID: 35095898 PMCID: PMC8795622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients, bringing renewed attention to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of various cancer types. Immune checkpoint blockade is effective in patients with mismatched repair defects and high microsatellite instability (dMMR-MSI-H) in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), leading the FDA to accelerate the approval of two programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, for treatment of dMMR-MSI-H cancers. In contrast, patients with proficient mismatch repair and low levels of microsatellite stability or microsatellite instability (pMMR-MSI-L/MSS) typically have low tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and have shown unsatisfied responses to the immune checkpoint inhibitor. Different TILs environments reflect different responses to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interaction. Profiling of TILs fundamental Indication would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer-immune evasion, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize phenotypic diversities of TILs and their connections with prognosis in CRC and provide insights into the subsets-specific nature of TILs with different MSI status. We also discuss current clinical immunotherapy approaches based on TILs as well as promising directions for future expansion, and highlight existing clinical data supporting its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zifan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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71
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Tbakhi B, Reagan PM. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Ther Adv Hematol 2022; 13:20406207221080738. [PMID: 35237395 PMCID: PMC8882938 DOI: 10.1177/20406207221080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare B-cell malignancy that remains challenging
to treat with high rates of relapse. Frontline strategies range from intensive
chemotherapy followed by consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant
(ASCT), to less-intensive therapies including combination regimens. The
treatment landscape for relapsed patients includes Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)
inhibitors among other targeted treatments. Novel agents such as the selective
BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax showed high response rates when used as monotherapy
for refractory relapsed MCL. The rituximab, bendamustine, and cytarabine (R-BAC)
regimen, while response rates were high, were not durable. Chimeric antigen
receptor (CAR) T-cell products targeting CD19 have been efficacious in relapsed
and refractory MCL patients. Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel, formerly
KTE-X19) was approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July, 2020,
for treatment of refractory and relapsed MCL. This article provides an overview
for the available management strategies for relapsed MCL and examines the role
of CAR T-cell in the current and future treatment of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Tbakhi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Patrick M. Reagan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Tamargo-Azpilicueta J, Diaz-Moreno I. Lysosomes: Multifunctional compartments ruled by a complex regulatory network. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:758-774. [PMID: 35218162 PMCID: PMC8972048 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years have passed since Nobel laureate Cristian de Duve described for the first time the presence of tiny subcellular compartments filled with hydrolytic enzymes: the lysosome. For a long time, lysosomes were deemed simple waste bags exerting a plethora of hydrolytic activities involved in the recycling of biopolymers, and lysosomal genes were considered to just be simple housekeeping genes, transcribed in a constitutive fashion. However, lysosomes are emerging as multifunctional signalling hubs involved in multiple aspects of cell biology, both under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Lysosomes are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism through the mTOR/TFEB axis. They are also key players in the regulation and onset of the immune response. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that lysosomal hydrolases can regulate several biological processes outside of the lysosome. They are also implicated in a complex communication network among subcellular compartments that involves intimate organelle‐to‐organelle contacts. Furthermore, lysosomal dysfunction is nowadays accepted as the causative event behind several human pathologies: low frequency inherited diseases, cancer, or neurodegenerative, metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances in our knowledge of the complex biology of lysosomes have established them as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of different pathologies. Although recent discoveries have started to highlight that lysosomes are controlled by a complex web of regulatory networks, which in some cases seem to be cell‐ and stimuli‐dependent, to harness the full potential of lysosomes as therapeutic targets, we need a deeper understanding of the little‐known signalling pathways regulating this subcellular compartment and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquin Tamargo-Azpilicueta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Diaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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73
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Shen Z, Zhao H, Yao H, Pan X, Yang J, Zhang S, Han G, Zhang X. Dynamic metabolic change of cancer cells induced by natural killer cells at single-cell level studied by label-free mass cytometry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1641-1647. [PMID: 35282636 PMCID: PMC8827047 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) are important immune cells which have attracted increasing attention in cancer immunotherapy. Due to the heterogeneity of cells, individual cancer cells show different resistance to NK cytotoxicity, which has been revealed by flow cytometry. Here we used label-free mass cytometry (CyESI-MS) as a new tool to analyze the metabolites in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cells at the single-cell level after the interaction with different numbers of NK92 MI cells. A large amount of chemical information from individual HepG2 cells was obtained showing the process of cell apoptosis induced by NK cells. Nineteen metabolites which consecutively change during cell apoptosis were revealed by calculating their average relative intensity. Four metabolic pathways were impacted during cell apoptosis which hit 4 metabolites including glutathione (GSH), creatine, glutamic acid and taurine. We found that the HepG2 cells could be divided into two phenotypes after co-culturing with NK cells according to the bimodal distribution of concentration of these 4 metabolites. The correlation between metabolites and different apoptotic pathways in the early apoptosis cell group was established by the 4 metabolites at the single-cell level. This is a new idea of using single-cell specific metabolites to reveal the metabolic heterogeneity in cell apoptosis which would be a powerful means for evaluating the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Label-free mass cytometry is utilized to study the dynamic metabolic change during apoptosis in HepG2 cells induced by NK92 MI cells at the single-cell level. The metabolic heterogeneity of individual HepG2 cells during apoptosis was revealed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hansen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xingyu Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jinlei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guojun Han
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191 China
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing 100081 P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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Zhuang X, Long EO. CRISPR Screen to Identify Factors that Render Tumor Cells Sensitive or Resistant to Killing by NK Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2463:269-288. [PMID: 35344181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2160-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the cancer immune surveillance system. They are regulated by germline-encoded receptors that activate and inhibit their effector function, such as secretion of cytokines and direct lysis of tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Without the need to be primed by prior exposure to tumor antigen, NK cells can detect ligands expressed on tumor cells and selectively kill these cells. NK cells are under strict control by inhibitory receptors that bind to HLA class I on target cells and block early activation signals, thus preventing lysis of target cells. The sensitivity to lysis by NK cells is therefore determined to a large extent by the expression of HLA class I molecules on tumor cells. In addition to receptor-ligand interactions that occur at NK-target cell synapses, many other factors determine the sensitivity of tumor cells to lysis by NK. Intrinsic properties of tumor cells, such as their metabolism and signaling networks establish a threshold above which they will succumb to the death pathways triggered by NK cell attack. Here we provide a protocol for a genome-wide CRISPR screen in tumor cells to identify factors that regulate their sensitivity to primary human NK cells. Tumor cells first transduced for expression of Cas9 are then transduced with a guide RNA (gRNA) library and co-cultured with NK cells. Deep sequencing of the library generated from the genome of tumor cells that survived the selection by NK cells and analysis of the distribution of guide RNAs is performed to identify genes that promote either sensitivity or resistance to NK-mediated killing. The contribution of individual genes to tumor sensitivity can be validated by knockouts using individual gRNAs. The techniques and workflow described here could be applied to primary tumors from cancer patients and reveal tumor-specific points of vulnerability that could be exploited for cancer immunotherapy, such as checkpoint blockade or expression of chimeric antigen receptors specifically designed to activate NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhuang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Lyu M, Wang S, Gao K, Wang L, Zhu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Liu X, Li B, Tian L. Dissecting the Landscape of Activated CMV-Stimulated CD4+ T Cells in Humans by Linking Single-Cell RNA-Seq With T-Cell Receptor Sequencing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779961. [PMID: 34950144 PMCID: PMC8691692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are crucial in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but their role in infection remains unclear. The heterogeneity and potential functions of CMVpp65-reactivated CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from human peripheral blood, as well as their potential interactions, were analyzed by single-cell RNA-seq and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Tregs comprised the largest population of these reactivated cells, and analysis of Treg gene expression showed transcripts associated with both inflammatory and inhibitory functions. The detailed phenotypes of CMV-reactivated CD4+ cytotoxic T1 (CD4+ CTL1), CD4+ cytotoxic T2 (CD4+ CTL2), and recently activated CD4+ T (Tra) cells were analyzed in single cells. Assessment of the TCR repertoire of CMV-reactivated CD4+ T cells confirmed the clonal expansion of stimulated CD4+ CTL1 and CD4+ CTL2 cells, which share a large number of TCR repertoires. This study provides clues for resolving the functions of CD4+ T cell subsets and their interactions during CMV infection. The specific cell groups defined in this study can provide resources for understanding T cell responses to CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, China
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76
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Guo X, Kazanova A, Thurmond S, Saragovi HU, Rudd CE. Effective chimeric antigen receptor T cells against SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:103295. [PMID: 34693218 PMCID: PMC8520176 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involve vaccines against the spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we outline an alternative approach involving chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in T cells (CAR-Ts). CAR-T recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) peptide induced ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation, the increased expression of activation antigen, CD69 and effectors, interferon-γ, granzyme B, perforin, and Fas-ligand on overlapping subsets of CAR-Ts. CAR-Ts further showed potent in vitro killing of target cells loaded with RBD, S1 peptide, or expressing the S1 protein. The efficacy of killing varied with different sized hinge regions, whereas time-lapse microscopy showed CAR-T cluster formation around RBD-expressing targets. Cytolysis of targets was mediated primarily by the GZMB/perforin pathway. Lastly, we showed in vivo killing of S1-expressing cells by our SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts in mice. The successful generation of SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts represents a living vaccine approach for the treatment of COVID-19. Cytolytic CAR-Ts can be successfully developed against SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts binding to RBD peptide induced effectors IFN-γ, GZMB, Perforin and FasL CAR-Ts with different hinge regions showed differences in target killing SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts show successful in vivo killing of S1-expressing cells in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Guo
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kazanova
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Thurmond
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Division of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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77
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Xiao X, Huang S, Chen S, Wang Y, Sun Q, Xu X, Li Y. Mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity of CAR T-cell therapy and associated prevention and management strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:367. [PMID: 34794490 PMCID: PMC8600921 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has yielded impressive outcomes and transformed treatment algorithms for hematological malignancies. To date, five CAR T-cell products have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Nevertheless, some significant toxicities pose great challenges to the development of CAR T-cell therapy, most notably cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Understanding the mechanisms underlying these toxicities and establishing prevention and treatment strategies are important. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying CRS and ICANS and provide potential treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xiao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkang Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhuo Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China.,Medical College of Rehabilitation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, People's Republic of China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, People's Republic of China.
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78
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Zhang G, Zheng G, Jiang F, Wu T, Wu L. Granzyme B and perforin produced by SEC2 mutant-activated human CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells induce apoptosis of K562 leukemic cells by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:284-290. [PMID: 34492245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), a classical representative of superantigens, activates T cells that produce massive cytokines. This characteristic makes SEC2 a promising candidate drug for cancer immunotherapy. Previous study showed that ST-4, a SEC2 mutant, enhanced recognition of mouse T-cell receptor Vβ regions, and activated the increased number of T cells that produced more cytokines. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and antitumor effect on human tumor cells remains unknown. Herein, we showed that ST-4 significantly activated TCR Vβ 12, 13A, 14, 15, 17, and 20 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which produced substantial amounts of granzyme B and perforin. These cytokines exhibited antitumor effect on K562 cells by promoting apoptosis and inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest. Conversely, the granzyme B inhibitor or perforin inhibitor significantly weakened antitumor effect of ST-4, accompanied by a decrease of cleaved proapoptotic BAX and cytochrome c, and an increase of antiapoptotic BCL2. Taken together, these data suggest that granzyme B and perforin produced by ST-4-activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in inducing K562 cell apoptosis by the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and support ST-4 as a potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), No. 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Shenhe District, 110042 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengli Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhao Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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79
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Tang Y, Ma T, Jia S, Zhang Q, Liu S, Qi L, Yang L. The Mechanism of Interleukin-35 in Chronic Hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:516-524. [PMID: 34233371 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a newly identified inhibitory cytokine. It has recently been found to play an extremely important role in chronic hepatitis B disease, which makes it likely to be a target for new therapies for hepatitis B malady. IL-35 modulates a variety of immune mechanisms to cause persistent viral infections, such as affecting the ratio of helper T cells, reducing the activity of cytotoxic T cells, hindering the antigen presentation capacity for dendritic cells, and increasing the transcription level of hepatitis B virus. On the other hand, IL-35 can control the inflammation caused by hepatitis B liver injury. Therefore, to seek a breakthrough in curing hepatitis B disease, the contradictory part of IL-35 in the occurrence and development of this sickness is worthy of further discussion and research. This article will systematically review the biological effects of IL-35 and the specific mechanisms affecting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Core Medical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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80
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Lavergne M, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Mantel PY, Martinvalet D, Walch M. Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Antimicrobial Activities of the Granzymes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750512. [PMID: 34707614 PMCID: PMC8542974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is an essential immune defense mechanism to fight against viral, bacterial or parasitic infections. Upon recognition of an infected target cell, killer lymphocytes form an immunological synapse to release the content of their cytotoxic granules. Cytotoxic granules of humans contain two membrane-disrupting proteins, perforin and granulysin, as well as a homologous family of five death-inducing serine proteases, the granzymes. The granzymes, after delivery into infected host cells by the membrane disrupting proteins, may contribute to the clearance of microbial pathogens through different mechanisms. The granzymes can induce host cell apoptosis, which deprives intracellular pathogens of their protective niche, therefore limiting their replication. However, many obligate intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to inhibit programed cells death. To overcome these limitations, the granzymes can exert non-cytolytic antimicrobial activities by directly degrading microbial substrates or hijacked host proteins crucial for the replication or survival of the pathogens. The granzymes may also attack factors that mediate microbial virulence, therefore directly affecting their pathogenicity. Many mechanisms applied by the granzymes to eliminate infected cells and microbial pathogens rely on the induction of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species may be directly cytotoxic or enhance death programs triggered by the granzymes. Here, in the light of the latest advances, we review the antimicrobial activities of the granzymes in regards to their cytolytic and non-cytolytic activities to inhibit pathogen replication and invasion. We also discuss how reactive oxygen species contribute to the various antimicrobial mechanisms exerted by the granzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Lavergne
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Division Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Walch
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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81
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Xu J, Guo R, Jia J, He Y, He S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 enhances peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity in patients with gastric cancer. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:67. [PMID: 34620075 PMCID: PMC8499526 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play central roles in the initiation of innate immune response, and also control adaptive immunity activation. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the regulation of TLR activation to CD8+ T cells has not been fully elucidated in gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two GC patients and twenty-three healthy controls were enrolled. Expression profile of TLRs in peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells was investigated. Purified CD8+ T cells were stimulated with Pam3Csk4, an agonist of TLR2, and cytotoxic and co-inhibitory molecules in CD8+ T cells was measured. Direct and indirect contact coculture system between CD8+ T cells and AGS cells was set up. Modulation of TLR2 activation to CD8+ T cells was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release and cytokine secretion. RESULTS TLR2 mRNA and TLR2+ cell percentage was down-regulated in GC derived peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells from GC patients showed exhausted phenotype, which presented as decreased perforin/granzyme B, increased programmed death-1, and reduced cytotoxicity to AGS cells. TLR2 activation by Pam3Csk4 enhanced perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, however, did not affect either proinflammatory cytokine production or co-inhibitory molecules expression. Pam3Csk4 stimulation enhanced cytolytic activation of peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells from GC, but not those from healthy individuals. CONCLUSION The present data revealed an important immunomodulatory activity of TLR2 to CD8+ T cells in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongya Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Rd, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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82
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Kwantwi LB, Wang S, Sheng Y, Wu Q. Multifaceted roles of CCL20 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 20): mechanisms and communication networks in breast cancer progression. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6923-6934. [PMID: 34569432 PMCID: PMC8806797 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1974765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have demonstrated notable roles of CCL20 in breast cancer progression. Based on these findings, CCL20 has become a potential therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Accordingly, studies utilizing monoclonal antibodies to target CCL20 are currently being experimented. However, the existence of cytokine network in the tumor microenvironment collectively regulates tumor progression. Hence, a deeper understanding of the role of CCL20 and the underlying signaling pathways regulating the functions of CCL20 may provide a novel strategy for therapeutic interventions. This review provides the current knowledge on how CCL20 interacts with breast cancer cells to influence tumor progression via immunosuppression, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration/invasion and chemoresistance. As a possible candidate biomarker, we also reviewed signal pathways and other factors in the tumor microenvironment regulating the tumor-promoting functions of CCL20.These new insights may be useful to design new potent and selective CCL20 inhibitors against breast cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Youjing Sheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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83
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Del Médico Zajac MP, Molinari P, Gravisaco MJ, Maizon DO, Morón G, Gherardi MM, Calamante G. MVAΔ008 viral vector encoding the model protein OVA induces improved immune response against the heterologous antigen and equal levels of protection in a mice tumor model than the conventional MVA. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:115-122. [PMID: 34481269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) is extensively used as a vaccine vector. We have previously observed that MVAΔ008, an MVA lacking the gene that codes for interleukin-18 binding protein, significantly increases CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to vaccinia virus (VACV) epitopes and recombinant HIV antigens. However, the efficacy of this vector against pathogens or tumor cells remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune response and the protection induced by recombinant MVAs encoding the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). We used the MO5 melanoma tumor model (OVA-expressing tumor) as an approach for evaluating the vector-induced efficacy. Our results show that MVAΔ008-OVA (optimized vector) induced higher in vivo specific cytotoxicity and ex vivo T-cell IFN-γ responses against OVA than the conventional MVA vector. Importantly, the recombinant vectors were capable of controlling MO5 tumor growth. Indeed, the administration of MVAΔ008-OVA or MVA-OVA in prophylactic and therapeutic schemes provided total protection and longer survival of mice, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrate the improved immunogenicity and the protective capacity of MVAΔ008 against a heterologous model antigen. These findings suggest that MVAΔ008 constitutes an excellent candidate for vaccine development against pathogens or cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Del Médico Zajac
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Molinari
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María José Gravisaco
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Omar Maizon
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil "Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas", INTA. Ruta Nac. Nro 5 km 580, Anguil (6300), La Pampa, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Magdalena Gherardi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Nicolás Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N° (B1686IGC), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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84
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Burr AC, Velazquez JV, Ulu A, Kamath R, Kim SY, Bilg AK, Najera A, Sultan I, Botthoff JK, Aronson E, Nair MG, Nordgren TM. Lung Inflammatory Response to Environmental Dust Exposure in Mice Suggests a Link to Regional Respiratory Disease Risk. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4035-4052. [PMID: 34456580 PMCID: PMC8387588 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s320096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Salton Sea, California's largest lake, is designated as an agricultural drainage reservoir. In recent years, the lake has experienced shrinkage due to reduced water sources, increasing levels of aerosolized dusts in surrounding regions. Communities surrounding the Salton Sea have increased asthma prevalence versus the rest of California; however, a connection between dust inhalation and lung health impacts has not been defined. METHODS We used an established intranasal dust exposure murine model to study the lung inflammatory response following single or repetitive (7-day) exposure to extracts of dusts collected in regions surrounding the Salton Sea (SSDE), complemented with in vitro investigations assessing SSDE impacts on the airway epithelium. RESULTS In these investigations, single or repetitive SSDE exposure induced significant lung inflammatory cytokine release concomitant with neutrophil influx. Repetitive SSDE exposure led to significant lung eosinophil recruitment and altered expression of genes associated with allergen-mediated immune response, including Clec4e. SSDE treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) induced inflammatory cytokine production at 5- and 24-hours post-treatment. When BEAS-2B were exposed to protease activity-depleted SSDE (PDSSDE) or treated with SSDE in the context of protease-activated receptor-1 and -2 antagonism, inflammatory cytokine release was decreased. Furthermore, repetitive exposure to PDSSDE led to decreased neutrophil and eosinophilic influx and IL-6 release in mice compared to SSDE-challenged mice. CONCLUSION These investigations demonstrate potent lung inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in response to SSDE, in part due to environmental proteases found within the dusts. These studies provide the first evidence supporting a link between environmental dust exposure, protease-mediated immune activation, and respiratory disease in the Salton Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jalene V Velazquez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rohan Kamath
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Amanpreet K Bilg
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Aileen Najera
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Iman Sultan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jon K Botthoff
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Emma Aronson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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85
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Ferreira CA, Heidari P, Ataeinia B, Sinevici N, Sise ME, Colvin RB, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Mahmood U. Non-invasive Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Adverse Events. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5353-5364. [PMID: 34253581 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer immunotherapy has markedly improved the prognosis of patients with a broad variety of malignancies. However, benefits are weighed against unique toxicities, with immune-related adverse events (irAE) that are frequent and potentially life-threatening. The diagnosis and management of these events are challenging due to heterogeneity of timing onset, multiplicity of affected organs, and lack of non-invasive monitoring techniques. We demonstrate the use of a granzyme B-targeted PET imaging agent (GZP) for irAE identification in a murine model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated a model of immunotherapy-induced adverse events in Foxp3-DTR-GFP mice bearing MC38 tumors. GZP PET imaging was performed to evaluate organs non-invasively. We validated imaging with ex vivo analysis, correlating the establishment of these events with the presence of immune infiltrates and granzyme B upregulation in tissue. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of our findings, the presence of granzyme B was identified through immunofluorescence staining in tissue samples of patients with confirmed checkpoint inhibitor-associated adverse events. RESULTS GZP PET imaging revealed differential uptake in organs affected by irAEs, such as colon, spleen, and kidney, which significantly diminished after administration of the immunosuppressor dexamethasone. The presence of granzyme B and immune infiltrates were confirmed histologically and correlated with significantly higher uptake in PET imaging. The presence of granzyme B was also confirmed in samples from patients that presented with clinical irAEs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an interconnection between the establishment of irAEs and granzyme B presence and, for the first time, the visualization of those events through PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicoleta Sinevici
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Sise
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert B Colvin
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Nishikawa M, Kinoshita M, Morimoto Y, Ishikiriyama T, Nakashima M, Nakashima H, Ono T, Seki S, Moriya T, Yamamoto J, Kishi Y. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning reduces liver metastasis of Colon26 cells by enhancing antitumor activity of natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in murine liver. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1889-1898. [PMID: 33326135 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning drastically augments bactericidal activity but reduces the host inflammatory response. Therefore, it may be beneficial to prevent postoperative infectious complications and mitigate host damage by surgical stress. Considering its clinical application, how LPS preconditioning influences the antitumor effect in the liver is an important issue. We then investigated the effect of LPS preconditioning on antitumor activity against Colon26 tumor cells in mice. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of 5 μg/kg LPS for three consecutive days. Intraportal inoculation of Colon26 cells, which express luminescent protein called Nano-lantern, was performed to evaluate the effect of LPS preconditioning on tumor liver metastasis. The antitumor activities of cytotoxic liver lymphocytes, especially natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, against Colon26 cells were also examined in LPS preconditioned mice. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning remarkably prevented liver metastasis of Colon26 cells, as observed by IVIS imaging system, and prolonged survival after tumor inoculation. LPS preconditioning increased the proportions and number of liver NK cells and NKT cells and augmented their intracellular perforin and granzyme B expression, while reducing their intracellular expression of IFN-γ. An in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity assay revealed that LPS preconditioning significantly augmented antitumor cytotoxicities of the liver NK cells and NKT cells, especially NKT cells, against Colon26 cells. CONCLUSIONS Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning potently augmented antitumor cytotoxicity of liver NK cells and NKT cells, thereby improving mouse survival after intraportal inoculation of Colon26 tumor cells. It may be useful for perioperative care in oncological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nishikawa
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishikiriyama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ono
- Global Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shuhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Moriya
- Department of Breast Surgery, Saitama Medical Center Library, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Junji Yamamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama, Japan
| | - Yoji Kishi
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Park HR, Jung U. Depletion of NK Cells Resistant to Ionizing Radiation Increases Mutations in Mice After Whole-body Irradiation. In Vivo 2021; 35:1507-1513. [PMID: 33910828 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation is a very powerful genetic mutagenic agent. Although immune cells are very sensitive to radiation, their sensitivity varies between different types of immune cell. We hypothesized that radiation-resistant immune cells survive after irradiation and then play a role in removing mutant cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Splenic lymphocytes and mice were irradiated with γ-rays. Cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry after dyeing with antibodies and expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) was measured by western blot analysis. To deplete natural killer (NK) cells, anti-asialo GM1 antiserum was used. Micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes were measured by May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining. H-2Kb loss variant in T-cells induced by irradiation of B6C3F1 mice were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS When splenic lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro, B cells notably died, while NK cells did not. In vivo, on the third day after whole-body irradiation, the total number of lymphocytes in the spleen decreased rapidly, but the proportion of NK cells was approximately three times higher than that of the normal control group. In addition, it was confirmed that high expression of BCL2 in NK cells was maintained after irradiation, whereas that of B-cells was not. Removal of NK cells by injection with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum immediately after irradiation increased the micronuclei of polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow and the variant fraction with H-2kb loss in the spleen. CONCLUSION These results provide important evidence that radioresistant NK cells apparently survive by escaping apoptosis in the early stages after irradiation, and work to eliminate mutant cells resulting from γ-ray irradiation. Future studies are needed to reveal why NK cells are resistant to radiation and the in-depth mechanisms involved in the elimination of radiation-induced mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea;
| | - Uhee Jung
- Environmental Safety Research Team, Risk and Environmental Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Determination and Quantitation of Cytotoxic T Cell-Mediated Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2255:159-169. [PMID: 34033102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1162-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cell-induced cell death is well documented. Cytotoxic T cell releases various cytolytic proteins. The cytolytic proteins induce target cell death. T cell-induced cell death can be measured by the lytic assay. One of the well-known lytic assays uses radioactive tracer, Chromium-51 (51Cr), and detects the amount of 51Cr released from target cells. This assay can detect cell death and the efficiency of the T cell-induced cell death by coculture effector cells (T cells) and target cells. This assay can determine the kinetics of the cell lysis. The issue of this approach is the use of radioactive material. This chapter describes measuring T cell-induced cell death by determining the epigenetic remodeling and the release of cytolytic proteins. Determine the efficiency of T cell-induced cell death by using a flow cytometry-based detection method.
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BOCCALINI SARA, PARIANI ELENA, CALABRÒ GIOVANNAELISA, DE WAURE CHIARA, PANATTO DONATELLA, AMICIZIA DANIELA, LAI PIEROLUIGI, RIZZO CATERINA, AMODIO EMANUELE, VITALE FRANCESCO, CASUCCIO ALESSANDRA, DI PIETRO MARIALUISA, GALLI CRISTINA, BUBBA LAURA, PELLEGRINELLI LAURA, VILLANI LEONARDO, D’AMBROSIO FLORIANA, CAMINITI MARTA, LORENZINI ELISA, FIORETTI PAOLA, MICALE ROSANNATINDARA, FRUMENTO DAVIDE, CANTOVA ELISA, PARENTE FLAVIO, TRENTO GIACOMO, SOTTILE SARA, PUGLIESE ANDREA, BIAMONTE MASSIMILIANOALBERTO, GIORGETTI DUCCIO, MENICACCI MARCO, D’ANNA ANTONIO, AMMOSCATO CLAUDIA, LA GATTA EMANUELE, BECHINI ANGELA, BONANNI PAOLO. [Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of the introduction of influenza vaccination for Italian children with Fluenz Tetra ®]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E1-E118. [PMID: 34909481 PMCID: PMC8639053 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SARA BOCCALINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
- Autore corrispondente: Sara Boccalini, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italia - Tel.: 055-2751084 - E-mail:
| | - ELENA PARIANI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
| | - GIOVANNA ELISA CALABRÒ
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- VIHTALI (Value In Health Technology and Academy for Leadership & Innovation), spin off dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CHIARA DE WAURE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - DONATELLA PANATTO
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - DANIELA AMICIZIA
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - PIERO LUIGI LAI
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sull'Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili CIRI-IT, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - CATERINA RIZZO
- Area Funzionale Percorsi Clinici ed Epidemiologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - EMANUELE AMODIO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - FRANCESCO VITALE
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - ALESSANDRA CASUCCIO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - MARIA LUISA DI PIETRO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CRISTINA GALLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LAURA BUBBA
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LAURA PELLEGRINELLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - LEONARDO VILLANI
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FLORIANA D’AMBROSIO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - MARTA CAMINITI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - ELISA LORENZINI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | - PAOLA FIORETTI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italia
| | | | - DAVIDE FRUMENTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - ELISA CANTOVA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - FLAVIO PARENTE
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - GIACOMO TRENTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
| | - SARA SOTTILE
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italia
| | | | | | - DUCCIO GIORGETTI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - MARCO MENICACCI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - ANTONIO D’ANNA
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - CLAUDIA AMMOSCATO
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D'Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italia
| | - EMANUELE LA GATTA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ANGELA BECHINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - PAOLO BONANNI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
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Direct Tumor Killing and Immunotherapy through Anti-SerpinB9 Therapy. Cell 2021; 183:1219-1233.e18. [PMID: 33242418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapies kill tumors either directly or indirectly by evoking immune responses and have been combined with varying levels of success. Here, we describe a paradigm to control cancer growth that is based on both direct tumor killing and the triggering of protective immunity. Genetic ablation of serine protease inhibitor SerpinB9 (Sb9) results in the death of tumor cells in a granzyme B (GrB)-dependent manner. Sb9-deficient mice exhibited protective T cell-based host immunity to tumors in association with a decline in GrB-expressing immunosuppressive cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Maximal protection against tumor development was observed when the tumor and host were deficient in Sb9. The therapeutic utility of Sb9 inhibition was demonstrated by the control of tumor growth, resulting in increased survival times in mice. Our studies describe a molecular target that permits a combination of tumor ablation, interference within the TME, and immunotherapy in one potential modality.
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91
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Lee HK, Shin HJ, Koo J, Kim TH, Kim CW, Go RE, Seong YH, Park JE, Choi KC. Blockade of transforming growth factor β2 by anti-sense oligonucleotide improves immunotherapeutic potential of IL-2 against melanoma in a humanized mouse model. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:599-607. [PMID: 33975794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS IL-2 is a potent cytokine that activates natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. However, the medical use of IL-2 is restricted because of its narrow therapeutic window and potential side effects, including the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS In this study, the authors investigated the complementary effects of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotide (TASO) on the immunotherapeutic potential of IL-2 in a melanoma-bearing humanized mouse model. RESULTS The authors observed that the combination of TASO and IL-2 facilitated infiltration of CTLs into the tumor, thereby potentiating the tumor killing function of CTLs associated with increased granzyme B expression. In addition, TASO attenuated the increase in Tregs by IL-2 in the peripheral blood and spleen and also inhibited infiltration of Tregs into the tumor, which was partly due to decreased CCL22. Alteration of T-cell constituents at the periphery by TGF-β2 inhibition combined with IL-2 might be associated with the synergistic augmentation of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α) and decreased ratio of Tregs to CTLs in tumor tissues, which consequently results in significant inhibition of tumor growth CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the application of TASO improves IL-2-mediated anti-tumor immunity, thus implying that blockade of TGF-β2 in combination with IL-2 may be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Shin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Koo
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Seong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Eui Park
- R&D Center, Autotelic Bio, Inc, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Herrera-Álvarez S, Karlsson E, Ryder OA, Lindblad-Toh K, Crawford AJ. How to Make a Rodent Giant: Genomic Basis and Tradeoffs of Gigantism in the Capybara, the World's Largest Rodent. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1715-1730. [PMID: 33169792 PMCID: PMC8097284 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gigantism results when one lineage within a clade evolves extremely large body size relative to its small-bodied ancestors, a common phenomenon in animals. Theory predicts that the evolution of giants should be constrained by two tradeoffs. First, because body size is negatively correlated with population size, purifying selection is expected to be less efficient in species of large body size, leading to increased mutational load. Second, gigantism is achieved through generating a higher number of cells along with higher rates of cell proliferation, thus increasing the likelihood of cancer. To explore the genetic basis of gigantism in rodents and uncover genomic signatures of gigantism-related tradeoffs, we assembled a draft genome of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest living rodent. We found that the genome-wide ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (ω) is elevated in the capybara relative to other rodents, likely caused by a generation-time effect and consistent with a nearly neutral model of molecular evolution. A genome-wide scan for adaptive protein evolution in the capybara highlighted several genes controlling postnatal bone growth regulation and musculoskeletal development, which are relevant to anatomical and developmental modifications for an increase in overall body size. Capybara-specific gene-family expansions included a putative novel anticancer adaptation that involves T-cell-mediated tumor suppression, offering a potential resolution to the increased cancer risk in this lineage. Our comparative genomic results uncovered the signature of an intragenomic conflict where the evolution of gigantism in the capybara involved selection on genes and pathways that are directly linked to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elinor Karlsson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wendel P, Reindl LM, Bexte T, Künnemeyer L, Särchen V, Albinger N, Mackensen A, Rettinger E, Bopp T, Ullrich E. Arming Immune Cells for Battle: A Brief Journey through the Advancements of T and NK Cell Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061481. [PMID: 33807011 PMCID: PMC8004685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review is intended to provide an overview on the history and recent advances of T cell and natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy. While the thymus was discovered as the origin of T cells in the 1960s, and NK cells were first described in 1975, the clinical application of adoptive cell therapies (ACT) only began in the early 1980s with the first lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell product for the treatment of cancer patients. Over the past decades, further immunotherapies have been developed, including ACT using cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, products based on the NK cell line NK-92 as well as specific T and NK cell preparations. Recent advances have successfully improved the effectiveness of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-targeting antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells. Herein, we summarize the promising development of ACT over the past decades in the fight against cancer. Abstract The promising development of adoptive immunotherapy over the last four decades has revealed numerous therapeutic approaches in which dedicated immune cells are modified and administered to eliminate malignant cells. Starting in the early 1980s, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells were the first ex vivo generated NK cell-enriched products utilized for adoptive immunotherapy. Over the past decades, various immunotherapies have been developed, including cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, as a peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-based therapeutic product, the adoptive transfer of specific T and NK cell products, and the NK cell line NK-92. In addition to allogeneic NK cells, NK-92 cell products represent a possible “off-the-shelf” therapeutic concept. Recent approaches have successfully enhanced the specificity and cytotoxicity of T, NK, CIK or NK-92 cells towards tumor-specific or associated target antigens generated by genetic engineering of the immune cells, e.g., to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Here, we will look into the history and recent developments of T and NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wendel
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Reindl
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Bexte
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leander Künnemeyer
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Nawid Albinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children’s Hospital, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (P.W.); (L.M.R.); (T.B.); (L.K.); (N.A.); (E.R.)
- Experimental Immunology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Patil V, Schrock J, Han Y, Ramesh A, Dhakal S, Hanson J, Krakowka S, Renukaradhya GJ. Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Mannose Conjugated Chitosan-Based Influenza Nanovaccine in Maternal Antibody Positive Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584299. [PMID: 33746943 PMCID: PMC7969509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral administration of killed/inactivated swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) vaccine in weaned piglets provides variable levels of immunity due to the presence of preexisting virus specific maternal derived antibodies (MDA). To overcome the effect of MDA on SwIAV vaccine in piglets, we developed an intranasal deliverable killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles called chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (CS NPs-KAg) vaccine. Further, to target the candidate vaccine to dendritic cells and macrophages which express mannose receptor, we conjugated mannose to chitosan (mCS) and formulated KAg encapsulated mCS nanoparticles called mannosylated chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (mCS NPs-KAg) vaccine. In MDA-positive piglets, prime-boost intranasal inoculation of mCS NPs-KAg vaccine elicited enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10), heterologous (H1N1-OH7), and heterosubtypic (H3N2-OH4) influenza virus-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody response in nasal passage compared to CS NPs-KAg vaccinates. In vaccinated upon challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1, both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates augmented H1N2-OH10, H1N1-OH7, and H3N2-OH4 virus-specific sIgA antibody responses in nasal swab, lung lysate, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; and IgG antibody levels in lung lysate and BAL fluid samples. Whereas, the multivalent commercial inactivated SwIAV vaccine delivered intramuscularly increased serum IgG antibody response. In mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates increased H1N2-OH10 but not H1N1-OH7 and H3N2-OH4-specific serum hemagglutination inhibition titers were observed. Additionally, mCS NPs-KAg vaccine increased specific recall lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ gene expression compared to CS NPs-KAg and commercial SwIAV vaccinates in tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Consistent with the immune response both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates cleared the challenge H1N1-OH7 virus load in upper and lower respiratory tract more efficiently when compared to commercial vaccine. The virus clearance was associated with reduced gross lung lesions. Overall, mCS NP-KAg vaccine intranasal immunization in MDA-positive pigs induced a robust cross-reactive immunity and offered protection against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
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95
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skin injury is the most common clinical manifestation of SLE and is disfiguring, difficult to treat, and incompletely understood. We provide an overview of recently published articles covering the immunopathogenesis of skin injury in SLE. RECENT FINDINGS Skin of SLE has an inherent susceptibility to apoptosis, the cause of which may be multifactorial. Chronic IFN overexpression leads to barrier disruption, infiltration of inflammatory cells, cytokine production, and release of autoantigens and autoantibody production that result in skin injury. Ultraviolet light is the most important CLE trigger and amplifies this process leading to skin inflammation and potentially systemic disease flares. SUMMARY The pathogenesis of skin injury in CLE is complex but recent studies highlight the importance of mechanisms driving dysregulated epidermal cell death likely influenced by genetic risk factors, environmental triggers (UV light), and cytotoxic cells and cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Hile
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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96
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Abdulhussein D, Kanda M, Aamir A, Manzar H, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF. Apoptosis in health and diseases of the eye and brain. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:279-306. [PMID: 34090617 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD) and enables the immunologically silent disposal of senescent or unwanted cells, causing minimal damage to the surrounding environment. Apoptosis can occur via intrinsic or extrinsic pathways that initiate a series of intracellular and extracellular signaling events. This ultimately leads to the clearance of the cell by phagocytes. This normal physiological mechanism may be accelerated in several diseases including those involving the eyes and brain, leading to loss of structure and function. This review presents the role of PCD in the health of the eyes and brain, and the evidence presented for its aberrant role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Abdulhussein
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mumta Kanda
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Aamir
- Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haider Manzar
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Yap
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom; The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London, United Kingdom; The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
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97
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Increased infiltration of regulatory T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma of patients with hepatitis B virus pre-S2 mutant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1136. [PMID: 33441885 PMCID: PMC7807072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent and deadly human cancer worldwide that is intimately associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Pre-S2 mutant is a HBV oncoprotein that plays important roles in HCC development and is linked to poor prognosis in HCC patients. However, the profiles of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in HCC tissues of pre-S2 mutant-positive patients remain unknown. In this study, we performed fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining to detect the infiltration of 'anti-tumor' cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and 'pro-tumor' regulatory T cells (Tregs) in pre-S2 mutant-positive and -negative HCC patients. We showed that pre-S2 mutant-positive patients had a significantly higher infiltration of CD4+CD25+ cells and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-expressing cells but similar CTLs and lower granzyme B-expressing cells in HCC tissues compared with pre-S2 mutant-negative patients. Moreover, the percentage of pre-S2 plus pre-S1 + pre-S2 deletion (pre-S2 mutant) was positively correlated with the density of CD4+CD25+ cells and Foxp3-expressing cells but negatively with granzyme B-expressing cells in HCC tissues. Considering that increased intratumoral Tregs have been shown to promote tumor immune evasion, our data may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HBV pre-S2 mutant-induced HCC and suggest that therapeutics targeting Tregs may be a promising strategy for treating pre-S2 mutant-positive high-risk patient population.
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98
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A calcium optimum for cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 115:10-18. [PMID: 33358089 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells are required for host defense. They destroy malignant target cells like cancer cells. Among metal cations, Ca2+ plays a prescinded role for CTL and NK cytotoxicity as it is the only cation used as ubiquitous second messenger. Measuring intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]int in single cells has greatly changed our understanding of Ca2+ signaling. Yet, comparing the role of Ca2+ in the pre-[Ca2+]int and [Ca2+]int measurement era reveals that even in the pre-[Ca2+]int measurement era (before 1980), the functions of Ca2+ and some other metal cations for the cytotoxic immune response were well established. It was even shown that Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane but not Ca2+ release from intracellular sources is relevant for lymphocyte cytotoxicity and that very little Ca2+ is needed for efficient lymphocyte cytotoxicity against cancer cells. In the [Ca2+]int measurement era after 1980, many of the important findings were better and more quantitatively refined and in addition the molecules important for Ca2+ transport were defined. The unexpected finding that there is a Ca2+ optimum of CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity deserves some attention and may be important for anti-cancer therapy.
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99
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Rastogi A, Robert PA, Halle S, Meyer-Hermann M. Evaluation of CD8 T cell killing models with computer simulations of 2-photon imaging experiments. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008428. [PMID: 33370254 PMCID: PMC7793284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing activity revealed that infected cells have a higher observed probability of dying after multiple contacts with CTLs. We developed a three-dimensional agent-based model to discriminate different hypotheses about how infected cells get killed based on quantitative 2-photon in vivo observations. We compared a constant CTL killing probability with mechanisms of signal integration in CTL or infected cells. The most likely scenario implied increased susceptibility of infected cells with increasing number of CTL contacts where the total number of contacts was a critical factor. However, when allowing in silico T cells to initiate new interactions with apoptotic target cells (zombie contacts), a contact history independent killing mechanism was also in agreement with experimental datasets. The comparison of observed datasets to simulation results, revealed limitations in interpreting 2-photon data, and provided readouts to distinguish CTL killing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Rastogi
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (PAR); (SH); (MM-H)
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (PAR); (SH); (MM-H)
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (PAR); (SH); (MM-H)
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100
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Menasche BL, Davis EM, Wang S, Ouyang Y, Li S, Yu H, Shen J. PBRM1 and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthetic pathway promote tumor killing mediated by MHC-unrestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc3243. [PMID: 33246952 PMCID: PMC7695474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) such as natural killer (NK) cells can detect and destroy tumor and virus-infected cells resistant to T cell-mediated killing. Here, we performed genome-wide genetic screens to identify tumor-intrinsic genes regulating killing by MHC-unrestricted CLs. A group of genes identified in our screens encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which is not involved in tumor response to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Another gene identified in the screens was PBRM1, which encodes a subunit of the PBAF form of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. PBRM1 mutations in tumor cells cause resistance to MHC-unrestricted killing, in contrast to their sensitizing effects on T cell-mediated killing. PBRM1 and the GPI biosynthetic pathway regulate the ligands of NK cell receptors in tumor cells and promote cytolytic granule secretion in CLs. The regulators identified in this work represent potential targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eric M Davis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chinese Medicine Information Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Suzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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