51
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Gary E, O'Connor M, Chakhtoura M, Tardif V, Kumova OK, Malherbe DC, Sutton WF, Haigwood NL, Kutzler MA, Haddad EK. Adenosine deaminase-1 enhances germinal center formation and functional antibody responses to HIV-1 Envelope DNA and protein vaccines. Vaccine 2020; 38:3821-3831. [PMID: 32280045 PMCID: PMC7190415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1) plays both enzymatic and non-enzymatic roles in regulating immune cell function. Mutations in the ADA1 gene account for 15% of heritable severe-combined immunodeficiencies. We determined previously that ADA1 expression defines and is instrumental for the germinal center follicular helper T cell (TFH) phenotype using in vitro human assays. Herein, we tested whether ADA-1 can be used as an adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy in vivo. In vitro, ADA-1 induced myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) maturation as measured by increased frequencies of CD40-, CD83-, CD86-, and HLA-DR-positive mDCs. ADA-1 treatment also promoted the secretion of the TFH-polarizing cytokine IL-6 from mDCs. In the context of an HIV-1 envelope (env) DNA vaccine, co-immunization with plasmid-encoded ADA-1 (pADA) enhanced humoral immunity. Animals co-immunized with env DNA and pADA had significantly increased frequencies of TFH cells in their draining lymph nodes and increased HIV-binding IgG in serum. Next, mice were co-immunized with subtype C env gp160 DNA and pADA along with simultaneous immunization with matched gp140 trimeric protein. Mice that received env gp160 DNA, pADA, and gp140 glycoprotein had significantly more heterologous HIV-specific binding IgG in their serum. Furthermore, only these mice had detectable neutralizing antibody responses. These studies support the use of ADA-1 as a vaccine adjuvant to qualitatively enhance germinal center responses and represent a novel application of an existing therapeutic agent that can be quickly translated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony Gary
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marita Chakhtoura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Michele A Kutzler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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52
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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53
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Iqbal MA, Hong K, Kim JH, Choi Y. Severe combined immunodeficiency pig as an emerging animal model for human diseases and regenerative medicines. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31722780 PMCID: PMC6889892 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by compromised T lymphocyte differentiation related to abnormal development of other lymphocytes [i.e., B and/or natural killer (NK) cells], leading to death early in life unless treated immediately with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Functional NK cells may impact engraftment success of life-saving procedures such as bone marrow transplantation in human SCID patients. Therefore, in animal models, a T cell−/B cell−/NK cell+ environment provides a valuable tool for understanding the function of the innate immune system and for developing targeted NK therapies against human immune diseases. In this review, we focus on underlying mechanisms of human SCID, recent progress in the development of SCID animal models, and utilization of SCID pig model in biomedical sciences. Numerous physiologies in pig are comparable to those in human such as immune system, X-linked heritability, typical T−B+NK− cellular phenotype, and anatomy. Due to analogous features of pig to those of human, studies have found that immunodeficient pig is the most appropriate model for human SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arsalan Iqbal
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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54
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Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the effective mean of immune restoration in severe combined immunodefiency (SCID). Usually, HSCT without cytoreductive conditioning is attempted. Nevertheless, conditioning procedures are still preferred in a subset of patients. Herein, we describe the immunological outcome in a cohort of conditioned and unconditioned patients, from diagnosis, through transplantation, to follow-up. This retrospective study was conducted on 17 patients with SCID (10 conditioned, 7 unconditioned) who later underwent HSCT. Immune reconstitution was assessed in the post-transplant year by quantification of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs), among additional laboratory and clinical evaluations. Unconditioned patients were diagnosed and transplanted earlier. TREC and KREC quantification showed a gradual increase in both groups, with higher levels in the conditioned group. Engraftment percentages differed drastically between groups, favoring the conditioned group. Unconditioned patients were significantly more dependent on intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs). One patient from each group succumbed to disease complications. Conditioning demonstrated superior laboratorial outcomes. Patients with unique characteristics (i.e., consanguinity, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, impaired access to IVIG) may require personalized considerations. The effort to implement secondary prevention of SCID with newborn screening should continue.
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55
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Liao CY, Yu HW, Cheng CN, Chen JS, Lin CW, Chen PC, Shieh CC. A novel pathogenic mutation on Interleukin-7 receptor leading to severe combined immunodeficiency identified with newborn screening and whole exome sequencing. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 53:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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56
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Borghesi A, Marzollo A, Michev A, Fellay J. Susceptibility to infection in early life: a growing role for human genetics. Hum Genet 2020; 139:733-743. [PMID: 31932884 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The unique vulnerability to infection of newborns and young infants is generally explained by a constellation of differences between early-life immune responses and immune responses at later ages, often referred to as neonatal immune immaturity. This developmental view, corroborated by robust evidence, offers a plausible, population-level description of the pathogenesis of life-threatening infectious diseases during the early-life period, but provides little explanation on the wide inter-individual differences in susceptibility and resistance to specific infections during the first months of life. In this context, the role of individual human genetic variation is increasingly recognized. A life-threatening infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen in an otherwise healthy infant likely represents the first manifestation of an inborn error of immunity. Single-gene disorders may also underlie common infections in full-term infants with no comorbidities or in preterm infants. In addition, there is increasing evidence of a possible role for common genetic variation in the pathogenesis of infection in preterm infants. Over the past years, a unified theory of infectious diseases emerged, supporting a hypothetical, age-dependent general model of genetic architecture of human infectious diseases. We discuss here how the proposed genetic model can be reconciled with the widely accepted developmental view of early-life infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borghesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", Pavia, Italy. .,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio Marzollo
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alexandre Michev
- Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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57
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Carsetti R, Di Sabatino A, Rosado MM, Cascioli S, Piano Mortari E, Milito C, Grimsholm O, Aranburu A, Giorda E, Tinozzi FP, Pulvirenti F, Donato G, Morini F, Bagolan P, Corazza GR, Quinti I. Lack of Gut Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Memory B-Cell Dysfunction-Associated Disorders: A Possible Gut-Spleen Axis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2937. [PMID: 31969880 PMCID: PMC6960143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: B-1a B cells and gut secretory IgA (SIgA) are absent in asplenic mice. Human immunoglobulin M (IgM) memory B cells, which are functionally equivalent to mouse B-1a B cells, are reduced after splenectomy. Objective: To demonstrate whether IgM memory B cells are necessary for generating IgA-secreting plasma cells in the human gut. Methods: We studied intestinal SIgA in two disorders sharing the IgM memory B cell defect, namely asplenia, and common variable immune deficiency (CVID). Results: Splenectomy was associated with reduced circulating IgM memory B cells and disappearance of intestinal IgA-secreting plasma cells. CVID patients with reduced circulating IgM memory B cells had a reduced frequency of gut IgA+ plasma cells and a disrupted film of SIgA on epithelial cells. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) induced IgM memory B cell differentiation into IgA+ plasma cells in vitro. In the human gut, TACI-expressing IgM memory B cells were localized under the epithelial cell layer where the TACI ligand a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) was extremely abundant. Conclusions: Circulating IgM memory B cell depletion was associated with a defect of intestinal IgA-secreting plasma cells in asplenia and CVID. The observation that IgM memory B cells have a distinctive role in mucosal protection suggests the existence of a functional gut-spleen axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rosado
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alaitz Aranburu
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Tinozzi
- Second Department of Surgery, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Donato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Morini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Bagolan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- First Department of Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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58
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Solute carrier transporters: the metabolic gatekeepers of immune cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:61-78. [PMID: 31993307 PMCID: PMC6977534 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters meditate many essential physiological functions, including nutrient uptake, ion influx/efflux, and waste disposal. In its protective role against tumors and infections, the mammalian immune system coordinates complex signals to support the proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of individual cell subsets. Recent research in this area has yielded surprising findings on the roles of solute carrier transporters, which were discovered to regulate lymphocyte signaling and control their differentiation, function, and fate by modulating diverse metabolic pathways and balanced levels of different metabolites. In this review, we present current information mainly on glucose transporters, amino-acid transporters, and metal ion transporters, which are critically important for mediating immune cell homeostasis in many different pathological conditions.
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Key Words
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ASCT2, alanine serine and cysteine transporter system 2
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BCR, B cell receptor
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CD45R, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- EAATs, excitatory amino acid transporters
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor alpha
- FFA, free fatty acids
- G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate
- GLUT, glucose transporters
- GSH, glutathione
- Glucose
- Glutamine
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- Hk1, hexokinase-1
- IFNβ, interferon beta
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IKKβ, IκB kinase beta subunit
- IL, interleukin
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lymphocytes
- Lyn, tyrosine-protein kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporters
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metal ion
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- PEG2, prostaglandin E2
- PI-3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/serine–threonine kinase
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- Pfk, phosphofructokinase
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RLR, RIG-I-like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Solute carrier
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRPM7, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7
- Teffs, effector T cells
- Th1/2/17, type 1/2/17 helper T cells
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZIP, zrt/irt-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iTregs, induced regulatory T cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- α-KG, α-ketoglutaric acid
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59
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Greenberg-Kushnir N, Lee YN, Simon AJ, Lev A, Marcus N, Abuzaitoun O, Somech R, Stauber T. A Large Cohort of RAG1/2-Deficient SCID Patients—Clinical, Immunological, and Prognostic Analysis. J Clin Immunol 2019; 40:211-222. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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60
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Sheikh A, Abraham N. Interleukin-7 Receptor Alpha in Innate Lymphoid Cells: More Than a Marker. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2897. [PMID: 31921158 PMCID: PMC6917604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of immune cells that are important for defense against pathogens, tissue repair, and lymphoid organogenesis. They share similar characteristics with various subsets of helper T cells but lack specific antigen receptors. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are cytokines that engage the IL-7Rα and have major roles in dictating the fate of ILCs. Recent advances in the field have revealed transcriptional programs associated with ILC development and function. In this article, we will review recent studies of the role of IL-7 and TSLP in ILC development and function during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Sheikh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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61
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Zhang T, Zhang M, Xu T, Chen S, Xu A. Transcriptome analysis of larval immune defence in the lamprey Lethenteron japonicum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:327-335. [PMID: 31491528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lamprey is a primitive jawless vertebrate that occupies a critical phylogenetic position, and its larval stage represents the major portion of its life cycle [1]. Lamprey larvae have been proven to be an important model organism for studying numerous biological problems, such as the immune system, due to their unique biological features [2]. In addition, early-stage larvae have never been obtained from the wild [3]; therefore, it is necessary to establish artificial breeding of lampreys in the laboratory. However, during early development, the larvae exhibit susceptibility to saprolegniasis, and the immune responses of lamprey larvae to this infection remain poorly understood. Here, we established a model of fungal infection in lamprey larvae and then used RNA sequencing to investigate the transcript profiles of lamprey larvae and their immune responses to Saprolegnia ferax. Among the profiled molecules, genes involved in pathogen recognition, inflammation, phagocytosis, lysosomal degradation, soluble humoral effectors, and lymphocyte development were significantly upregulated. The results were validated by analysis of several genes by quantitative real-time PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization. Finally, we performed a Western blot for VLRs in infected and uninfected lampreys. This work not only provides an animal model for studying fungal infection but also suggests a molecular basis for developing defensive strategies to manage Saprolegnia ferax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mimi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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62
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Cutler CE, Jones MB, Cutler AA, Mener A, Arthur CM, Stowell SR, Cummings RD. Cosmc is required for T cell persistence in the periphery. Glycobiology 2019; 29:776-788. [PMID: 31317176 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes, a key arm of adaptive immunity, are known to dynamically regulate O-glycosylation during T cell maturation and when responding to stimuli; however, the direct role of O-glycans in T cell maturation remains largely unknown. Using a conditional knockout of the gene (C1GalT1C1 or Cosmc) encoding the specific chaperone Cosmc, we generated mice whose T cells lack extended O-glycans (T cell conditional Cosmc knock out or TCKO mice) and homogeneously express the truncated Tn antigen. Loss of Cosmc is highly deleterious to T cell persistence, with near-complete elimination of Cosmc-null T cells from spleen and lymph nodes. Total T cell counts are 20% of wild type (WT), among which only 5% express the truncated glycans, with the remaining 95% consisting of escapers from Cre-mediated recombination. TCKO thymocytes were able to complete thymic maturation but failed to populate the secondary lymphoid organs both natively and upon adoptive transfer to WT recipients. Our results demonstrate that extended O-glycosylation is required for the establishment and maintenance of the peripheral T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Cutler
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicia A Cutler
- University of Colorado, Willard Loop Drive, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Mener
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, CLS 11087, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, USA
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63
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Puck JM. Lessons for Sequencing from the Addition of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency to Newborn Screening Panels. Hastings Cent Rep 2019; 48 Suppl 2:S7-S9. [PMID: 30133735 DOI: 10.1002/hast.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Now widely adopted, SCID newborn screening has proven effective for early identification and treatment of SCID. In addition, screening has improved our understanding of SCID and related disorders, which are more diverse than originally believed. Newborn screening for SCID illustrates how adding new disorders to newborn screening panels can be enormously beneficial if evidence-based guidelines are adhered to and if mechanisms are in place to track outcomes and learn along the way. These lessons should guide all additions to newborn screening, including those involving sequencing.
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64
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van der Burg M, Mahlaoui N, Gaspar HB, Pai SY. Universal Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Front Pediatr 2019; 7:373. [PMID: 31620409 PMCID: PMC6759820 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) are born with profound deficiency of functional T-lymphocytes. Early detection and diagnosis would allow for prompt institution of isolation from infection and referral for definitive treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Universal newborn screening for SCID, using an assay to detect T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) in dried blood spots (DBS), is now being performed in all states in the United States. In this review, we discuss the development and outcomes of TREC screening, and continued challenges to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Bobby Gaspar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Ma CS, Tangye SG. Flow Cytometric-Based Analysis of Defects in Lymphocyte Differentiation and Function Due to Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2108. [PMID: 31552044 PMCID: PMC6737833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of flow cytometry has revolutionized the way we approach our research and answer specific scientific questions. The flow cytometer has also become a mainstream diagnostic tool in most hospital and pathology laboratories around the world. In particular the application of flow cytometry has been instrumental to the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) that result from monogenic mutations in key genes of the hematopoietic, and occasionally non-hematopoietic, systems. The far-reaching applicability of flow cytometry is in part due to the remarkable sensitivity, down to the single-cell level, of flow-based assays and the extremely user-friendly platforms that enable comprehensive analysis, data interpretation, and importantly, robust and rapid methods for diagnosing PIDs. A prime example is the absence of peripheral blood B cells in patients with agammaglobulinemia due to mutations in BTK or related genes in the BCR signaling pathway. Similarly, the development of intracellular staining protocols to detect expression of SAP, XIAP, or DOCK8 expedites the rapid diagnosis of the X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases or an autosomal recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), respectively. It has also become evident that distinct cohorts of PID patients exhibit unique “lymphocyte phenotypic signatures” that are often diagnostic even prior to identifying the genetic lesion. Flow cytometry-based sorting provides a technique for separating specific subsets of immune cells such that they can be studied in isolation. Thus, flow-based assays can be utilized to measure immune cell function in patients with PIDs, such as degranulation by cytotoxic cells, cytokine expression by many immune cells (i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, macrophages etc.), B-cell differentiation, and phagocyte respiratory burst in vitro. These assays can also be performed using unfractionated PBMCs, provided the caveat that the composition of lymphocytes between healthy donors and the PID patients under investigation is recognized. These functional deficits can assist not only in the clinical diagnosis of PIDs, but also reveal mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. As we move into the next generation of multiparameter flow cytometers, here we review some of our experiences in the use of flow cytometry in the study, diagnosis, and unraveling the pathophysiology of PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Clincial Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Clincial Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Borthwick CR, Young LJ, Old JM. An Examination of the Development and Localization of Key Immune Cells in Developing Pouch Young of the Red‐Tailed Phascogale (
Phascogale calura
). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1985-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Casey R. Borthwick
- School of Science and HealthUniversity of Western Sydney Hawkesbury New South Wales Australia
| | - Lauren J. Young
- School of Science and HealthUniversity of Western Sydney Hawkesbury New South Wales Australia
| | - Julie M. Old
- School of Science and HealthUniversity of Western Sydney Hawkesbury New South Wales Australia
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Graft Versus Host Disease Following HLA-Matched Sibling Donor Compared with Matched Related Donor for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:414-420. [PMID: 31041574 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the limiting factors for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is graft versus host disease (GVHD). The EBMT/ESID guidelines for HSCT in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) recommend no GVHD prophylaxis for a matched sibling donor (MSD). OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of GVHD in MSD HSCT for SCID patients compared to matched related donor (MRD). METHODS This retrospective cohort study compares MSD with MRD and the outcome of GVHD in all SCID patients who underwent HSCT between 1993 and 2013. All statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS statistics software. RESULTS One hundred forty-five SCID patients underwent 152 HSCTs while 82 (54%) received GVHD prophylaxis. GVHD occurred in 48 patients (31.5%); 20/48 (42%) had GVHD prophylaxis compared to 28/48 (58%) that did not, P = 0.022. Acute GVHD occurred at a higher trend in MSD, 37/120 (30.8%), compared to MRD, 6/32 (18.8%), P = 0.17. We also analyzed the outcome according to the period of HSCT. The first period was 1993 to 2003, 48 HSCTs, 43 MSD, 5 MRD; all patients had GVHD prophylaxis, and there was no difference in GVHD. The second period was 2004 to 2013: of 104 HSCTs, 77 had MSD and 27 had MRD; GVHD prophylaxis was used in 22.1% of MSD and 63% of MRD, P = 0.000. GVHD was significantly higher in the MSD (40.2%) compared to MRD (18.5%) patients, P = 0.041. CONCLUSION GVHD prophylaxis in MSD transplant should be considered in SCID patients.
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Mamcarz E, Zhou S, Lockey T, Abdelsamed H, Cross SJ, Kang G, Ma Z, Condori J, Dowdy J, Triplett B, Li C, Maron G, Aldave Becerra JC, Church JA, Dokmeci E, Love JT, da Matta Ain AC, van der Watt H, Tang X, Janssen W, Ryu BY, De Ravin SS, Weiss MJ, Youngblood B, Long-Boyle JR, Gottschalk S, Meagher MM, Malech HL, Puck JM, Cowan MJ, Sorrentino BP. Lentiviral Gene Therapy Combined with Low-Dose Busulfan in Infants with SCID-X1. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1525-1534. [PMID: 30995372 PMCID: PMC6636624 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1815408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) often fails to reconstitute immunity associated with T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells when matched sibling donors are unavailable unless high-dose chemotherapy is given. In previous studies, autologous gene therapy with γ-retroviral vectors failed to reconstitute B-cell and NK-cell immunity and was complicated by vector-related leukemia. METHODS We performed a dual-center, phase 1-2 safety and efficacy study of a lentiviral vector to transfer IL2RG complementary DNA to bone marrow stem cells after low-exposure, targeted busulfan conditioning in eight infants with newly diagnosed SCID-X1. RESULTS Eight infants with SCID-X1 were followed for a median of 16.4 months. Bone marrow harvest, busulfan conditioning, and cell infusion had no unexpected side effects. In seven infants, the numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and naive CD4+ T cells and NK cells normalized by 3 to 4 months after infusion and were accompanied by vector marking in T cells, B cells, NK cells, myeloid cells, and bone marrow progenitors. The eighth infant had an insufficient T-cell count initially, but T cells developed in this infant after a boost of gene-corrected cells without busulfan conditioning. Previous infections cleared in all infants, and all continued to grow normally. IgM levels normalized in seven of the eight infants, of whom four discontinued intravenous immune globulin supplementation; three of these four infants had a response to vaccines. Vector insertion-site analysis was performed in seven infants and showed polyclonal patterns without clonal dominance in all seven. CONCLUSIONS Lentiviral vector gene therapy combined with low-exposure, targeted busulfan conditioning in infants with newly diagnosed SCID-X1 had low-grade acute toxic effects and resulted in multilineage engraftment of transduced cells, reconstitution of functional T cells and B cells, and normalization of NK-cell counts during a median follow-up of 16 months. (Funded by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities and others; LVXSCID-ND ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01512888.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mamcarz
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Sheng Zhou
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Timothy Lockey
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Hossam Abdelsamed
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Shane J Cross
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Guolian Kang
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Zhijun Ma
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Jose Condori
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Jola Dowdy
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Brandon Triplett
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Chen Li
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Gabriela Maron
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Juan C Aldave Becerra
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Joseph A Church
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Elif Dokmeci
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - James T Love
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Ana C da Matta Ain
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Hedi van der Watt
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Xing Tang
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - William Janssen
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Byoung Y Ryu
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Benjamin Youngblood
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Janel R Long-Boyle
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Michael M Meagher
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Harry L Malech
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Morton J Cowan
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
| | - Brian P Sorrentino
- From the Departments of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (E.M., B.T., W.J., S.G.), Hematology (S.Z., Z.M., J.C., J.D., X.T., B.Y.R., M.J.W., B.P.S.), Therapeutics Production and Quality (T.L., M.M.M.), Immunology (H.A., B.Y.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.J.C.), Biostatistics (G.K., C.L.), and Infectious Diseases (G.M.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru (J.C.A.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Allergy-Immunology Division, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.A.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology-Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (J.R.L.-B., J.M.P., M.J.C.) - both in California; the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.D.); University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Tulsa (J.T.L.); Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade de Taubaté, Conselho Nacional de Medicina, São Paulo (A.C.M.A.); Copperfield Childcare, Claremont, South Africa (H.W.); and the Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.S.D.R., H.L.M.)
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Illig D, Navratil M, Kelečić J, Conca R, Hojsak I, Jadrešin O, Ćorić M, Vuković J, Rohlfs M, Hollizeck S, Bohne J, Klein C, Kotlarz D. Alternative Splicing Rescues Loss of Common Gamma Chain Function and Results in IL-21R-like Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:207-215. [PMID: 30903457 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors in interleukin 2 receptor, gamma (IL2RG) perturb signaling of the common gamma chain family cytokines and cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Here, we report two brothers suffering from chronic cryptosporidiosis, severe diarrhea, and cholangitis. Pan T, B, and NK cell numbers were normal, but immunophenotyping revealed defective B cell differentiation. Using whole exome sequencing, we identified a base pair deletion in the first exon of IL2RG predicted to cause a frameshift and premature stop. However, flow cytometry revealed normal surface expression of the IL-2Rγ chain. While IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 signaling showed only mild defects of STAT5 phosphorylation in response to the respective cytokines, IL-4- and IL-21-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6 was markedly reduced. Examination of RNA isoforms detected alternative splicing downstream of IL2RG exon 1 in both patients resulting in resolution of the predicted frameshift and 16 mutated amino acids. In silico modeling suggested that the IL-2Rγ mutation reduces the stabilization of IL-4 and IL-21 cytokine binding by affecting the N-terminal domain of the IL-2Rγ. Thus, our study shows that IL2RG deficiency can be associated with differential signaling defects. Confounding effects of alternative splicing may partially rescue genetic defects and should be considered in patients with inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Illig
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Navratil
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University J.J. Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Kelečić
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Immunology, Allergology, Respiratory Diseases and Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Raffaele Conca
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Iva Hojsak
- School of Medicine, University J.J. Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia
- Referral Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Oleg Jadrešin
- Referral Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Ćorić
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Vuković
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hollizeck
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Bohne
- Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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70
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Meshaal SS, El Hawary RE, Abd Elaziz DS, Eldash A, Alkady R, Lotfy S, Mauracher AA, Opitz L, Pachlopnik Schmid J, van der Burg M, Chou J, Galal NM, Boutros JA, Geha R, Elmarsafy AM. Phenotypical heterogeneity in RAG-deficient patients from a highly consanguineous population. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 195:202-212. [PMID: 30307608 PMCID: PMC6330646 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting recombination activation genes RAG1 and RAG2 are associated with variable phenotypes, depending on the residual recombinase activity. The aim of this study is to describe a variety of clinical phenotypes in RAG-deficient patients from the highly consanguineous Egyptian population. Thirty-one patients with RAG mutations (from 28 families) were included from 2013 to 2017. On the basis of clinical, immunological and genetic data, patients were subdivided into three groups; classical T- B- severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome (OS) and atypical SCID. Nineteen patients presented with typical T- B- SCID; among these, five patients carried a homozygous RAG2 mutation G35V and five others carried two homozygous RAG2 mutations (T215I and R229Q) that were detected together. Four novel mutations were reported in the T- B- SCID group; three in RAG1 (A565P, N591Pfs*14 and K621E) and one in RAG2 (F29S). Seven patients presented with OS and a novel RAG2 mutation (C419W) was documented in one patient. The atypical SCID group comprised five patients. Two had normal B cell counts; one had a previously undescribed RAG2 mutation (V327D). The other three patients presented with autoimmune cytopaenias and features of combined immunodeficiency and were diagnosed at a relatively late age and with a substantial diagnostic delay; one patient had a novel RAG1 mutation (C335R). PID disorders are frequent among Egyptian children because of the high consanguinity. RAG mutations stand behind several variable phenotypes, including classical SCID, OS, atypical SCID with autoimmunity and T- B+ CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Meshaal
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - R. E. El Hawary
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - D. S. Abd Elaziz
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - A. Eldash
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - R. Alkady
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - S. Lotfy
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - A. A. Mauracher
- Division of ImmunologyUniversity Children’s Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - L. Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center ZürichUniversity of Zurich, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - M. van der Burg
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - J. Chou
- Division of ImmunologyBoston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - N. M. Galal
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - J. A. Boutros
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - R. Geha
- Division of ImmunologyBoston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - A. M. Elmarsafy
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
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71
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Puck JM. Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and T-cell lymphopenia. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:241-252. [PMID: 30565242 PMCID: PMC6324582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assay utilizing dried blood spots (DBS) made possible universal newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) as a public health measure. Upon being flagged by an abnormal screening test in a SCID screening program, an infant can receive further diagnostic testing for SCID in the neonatal period, prior to onset of infectious complications, to permit immediate institution of protective measures and definitive, life-saving treatment to establish a functional immune system. SCID screening is now the accepted standard of care in state public health departments across the United States, and it is being adopted in many countries. It has proven effective, with infants having this otherwise inapparent but serious, rare disorder achieving survival and immune reconstitution. In addition to bringing to attention infants with the primary screening target diseases, typical SCID and leaky SCID (due to hypomorphic mutations in known SCID genes), the NBS assay for insufficient TRECs in DBS also reveals infants with non-SCID T lymphopenic conditions. Experience has accumulated regarding the range and limitations of diagnoses of newborns with low TRECs and low T cells. Previously unknown immune defects have been discovered, as well as conditions not formerly recognized to have low T cells in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Puck
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California
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72
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Abstract
Certain rashes and cutaneous lesions in a newborn can be clues to more concerning diseases and conditions if recognized and evaluated promptly. Langerhans cell histiocytosis, cutaneous forms of cancer (such as leukemia cutis, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma), developmental abnormalities such as neural tube or spinal dysraphism, and aplasia cutis congenita, nutritional deficiency, and immunodeficiency all have a range of cutaneous findings that will be reviewed herein to guide diagnosis and management. [Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(1):e30-e35.].
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73
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Dorsey MJ, Puck JM. Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in the United States: Lessons Learned. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2018; 39:1-11. [PMID: 30466767 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, significant improvement in diagnosis and outcomes for children affected with severe combined immunodeficiency has followed institution of newborn screening using an assay to measure T-cell receptor excision circles in newborn dried blood spot specimens. Key to this outcome is the avoidance of infectious complications in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morna J Dorsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Box 3118, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, Rm SC-252K, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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74
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Monogenic systemic lupus erythematosus: insights in pathophysiology. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1763-1775. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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75
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Casanova JL, Abel L. Human genetics of infectious diseases: Unique insights into immunological redundancy. Semin Immunol 2018; 36:1-12. [PMID: 29254755 PMCID: PMC5910248 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
For almost any given human-tropic virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, the clinical outcome of primary infection is enormously variable, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal infection. This variability has long been thought to be largely determined by the germline genetics of the human host, and this is increasingly being demonstrated to be the case. The number and diversity of known inborn errors of immunity is continually increasing, and we focus here on autosomal and X-linked recessive traits underlying complete deficiencies of the encoded protein. Schematically, four types of infectious phenotype have been observed in individuals with such deficiencies, each providing information about the redundancy of the corresponding human gene, in terms of host defense in natural conditions. The lack of a protein can confer vulnerability to a broad range of microbes in most, if not all patients, through the disruption of a key immunological component. In such cases, the gene concerned is of low redundancy. However, the lack of a protein may also confer vulnerability to a narrow range of microbes, sometimes a single pathogen, and not necessarily in all patients. In such cases, the gene concerned is highly redundant. Conversely, the deficiency may be apparently neutral, conferring no detectable predisposition to infection in any individual. In such cases, the gene concerned is completely redundant. Finally, the lack of a protein may, paradoxically, be advantageous to the host, conferring resistance to one or more infections. In such cases, the gene is considered to display beneficial redundancy. These findings reflect the current state of evolution of humans and microbes, and should not be considered predictive of redundancy, or of a lack of redundancy, in the distant future. Nevertheless, these observations are of potential interest to present-day biologists testing immunological hypotheses experimentally and physicians managing patients with immunological or infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU.
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Inserm U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU.
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76
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Samedi VM, Shafey A, Al Awad E, Favela LM. Immunological Emergency in Neonate: Case Report and Role of Early Screening. AJP Rep 2018; 8:e134-e137. [PMID: 29922491 PMCID: PMC6005782 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1645878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy looking newborns may have severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and neonatologists frequently are the first physicians to encounter these patients. Physicians usually have a high index of suspicion for this condition in presence of certain risk factors (unexplained infants' deaths, consanguinity); however, >80% of infants with SCID have no positive family history. A timely diagnosis of this condition is crucial in decreasing both mortality and morbidity. The only way to detect SCID prior to the onset of infections is newborn screening (NBS). In term infants, NBS has 99.99% sensitivity for SCID, with no false negatives. In preterm infants, screening is less accurate due to a lack of standard T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) values in this age group. We report a case of SCID in term infants born to consanguineous parents who were presented with clinical and laboratory findings of erythroderma, severe infection, failure to thrive, eosinophilia, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) together with immunodeficiency. A timely diagnosis was followed by successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mugarab Samedi
- Department of Neonatology, Peter Lougheed Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Section of Neonatology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy Shafey
- Section of Neonatology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Essa Al Awad
- Section of Neonatology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis Murguia Favela
- Faculty of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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77
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Wang JC, Liu XX. [Clinical features and gene mutations of primary immunodeficiency disease: an analysis of 7 cases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:285-289. [PMID: 29658452 PMCID: PMC7390036 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the clinical features of immunodeficiency disease and the features of the mutation of its pathogenic genes. All 7 patients were boys aged 5 months to 4 years and 6 months and had a history of recurrent respiratory infection and pneumonia, low levels of IgM and IgG, and abnormal absolute values or percentages of lymphocyte subsets. High-throughput sequencing showed c.1684C>T mutations in the BTK gene in patient 1 and IVS8+2T>C splice site mutations in the BTK gene in patient 2. Both of these mutations came from their mothers. Patients 3, 4, and 5 had mutations in the IL2RG gene, i.e., c.298C>T, IVS3-2A>G, and c.164T>A, among which c.164T>A mutations had not been reported. Patient 6 had c.204C>G mutations in the RAG2 gene. Patient 7 had complex heterozygous mutations of c.913C>T and c.824G>A in the RAG2 gene, which came from his father and mother, respectively. Patients with immunodeficiency disease have abnormal immunological indices, and high-throughput sequencing helps to make a definite diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yangluo Branch of the Third People′s Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430415, China.
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78
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Moreno E, Canet J, Gracia E, Lluís C, Mallol J, Canela EI, Cortés A, Casadó V. Molecular Evidence of Adenosine Deaminase Linking Adenosine A 2A Receptor and CD26 Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:106. [PMID: 29497379 PMCID: PMC5818423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that acts in all living systems as a homeostatic network regulator through many pathways, which are adenosine receptor (AR)-dependent and -independent. From a metabolic point of view, adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an essential protein in the regulation of the total intracellular and extracellular adenosine in a tissue. In addition to its cytosolic localization, ADA is also expressed as an ecto-enzyme on the surface of different cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) and some ARs act as binding proteins for extracellular ADA in humans. Since CD26 and ARs interact with ADA at opposite sites, we have investigated if ADA can function as a cell-to-cell communication molecule by bridging the anchoring molecules CD26 and A2AR present on the surfaces of the interacting cells. By combining site-directed mutagenesis of ADA amino acids involved in binding to A2AR and a modification of the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) technique that allows detection of interactions between two proteins expressed in different cell populations with low steric hindrance (NanoBRET), we show direct evidence of the specific formation of trimeric complexes CD26-ADA-A2AR involving two cells. By dynamic mass redistribution assays and ligand binding experiments, we also demonstrate that A2AR-NanoLuc fusion proteins are functional. The existence of this ternary complex is in good agreement with the hypothesis that ADA could bridge T-cells (expressing CD26) and dendritic cells (expressing A2AR). This is a new metabolic function for ecto-ADA that, being a single chain protein, it has been considered as an example of moonlighting protein, because it performs more than one functional role (as a catalyst, a costimulator, an allosteric modulator and a cell-to-cell connector) without partitioning these functions in different subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Júlia Canet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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79
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Functional failure of TLR3 and its signaling components contribute to herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:65-73. [PMID: 29305044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe neurological disease in children and adults caused by herpes simplex virus. This review discusses recent findings on the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) deficiencies in the HSE development. Critical checkpoints in the TLR3 signaling that contribute to innate response are discussed, including the importance of TLR3 ligand recognition site and transportation in the cell. We also indicate unresolved issues in the TLR3 functioning that might lead to thorough understanding of immunity during HSE. Such a knowledge base will lead to discovery and design of a rationale therapeutic and preventive approach against HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 Str., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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80
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Yıldıran A, Çeliksoy MH, Borte S, Güner ŞN, Elli M, Fışgın T, Özyürek E, Sancak R, Oğur G. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Immunodeficiency Patients in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turk J Haematol 2017; 34:345-349. [PMID: 28404538 PMCID: PMC5774364 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2016.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising curative therapy for many combined primary immunodeficiencies and phagocytic disorders. We retrospectively reviewed pediatric cases of patients diagnosed with primary immunodeficiencies and scheduled for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We identified 22 patients (median age, 6 months; age range, 1 month to 10 years) with various diagnoses who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The patient diagnoses included severe combined immunodeficiency (n=11), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (n=2), leukocyte adhesion deficiency (n=2), MHC class 2 deficiency (n=2), chronic granulomatous syndrome (n=2), hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (n=1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (n=1), and Omenn syndrome (n=1). Of the 22 patients, 7 received human leukocyte antigen-matched related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 12 received haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 2 received matched unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The results showed that 5 patients had graft failure. Fourteen patients survived, yielding an overall survival rate of 67%. Screening newborn infants for primary immunodeficiency diseases may result in timely administration of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alişan Yıldıran
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Halil Çeliksoy
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Stephan Borte
- Leipzig University, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Şükrü Nail Güner
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Elli
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Tunç Fışgın
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emel Özyürek
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Recep Sancak
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gönül Oğur
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Genetic, Samsun, Turkey
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81
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Hara H, Shibata H, Nakano K, Abe T, Uosaki H, Ohnuki T, Hishikawa S, Kunita S, Watanabe M, Nureki O, Nagashima H, Hanazono Y. Production and rearing of germ-free X-SCID pigs. Exp Anim 2017; 67:139-146. [PMID: 29162766 PMCID: PMC5955745 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) caused by a mutation of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (IL2RG) are of value for a wide range of studies. However, they do not survive longer than 8 weeks because of their susceptibility to infections. To allow longer survival of X-SCID pigs, the animals must be born and reared under germ-free conditions. Here, we established an efficient system for piglet derivation by hysterectomy and used it to obtain and maintain a germ-free X-SCID pig. In four trials using pregnant wild-type pigs, 66% of piglets after hysterectomy started spontaneous breathing (range of 20-100% per litter). The resuscitation rate was found to negatively correlate with elapsed time from the uterus excision to piglet derivation (r=-0.97, P<0.05). Therefore, it is critical to deliver piglets within 5 min to achieve a high resuscitation rate (82% estimated from regression analysis). In a fifth trial with an IL2RG+/- pig, four piglets were delivered within 4.2 min of uterus excision and three were alive (75%). One of the live born piglets was genotypically and phenotypically determined to be X-SCID and was reared for 12 weeks. The X-SCID piglet was free from both bacteria and fungi at all time points tested by microbial culture and grew without any abnormal signs or symptoms. This study showed successful production and rearing of germ-free pigs, enabling experiments involving long-term follow-up of X-SCID pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Hara
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibata
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Abe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohnuki
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuji Hishikawa
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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82
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Tangye SG, Pelham SJ, Deenick EK, Ma CS. Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Human Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Primary Immunodeficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1949-1958. [PMID: 28874415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated intracellular signaling pathways are fundamental for the development, activation, and differentiation of lymphocytes. These distinct processes underlie protection against infectious diseases after natural infection with pathogens or immunization, thereby providing the host with long-lived immunological memory. In contrast, aberrant cytokine signaling can also result in conditions of immune dysregulation, such as early-onset autoimmunity. Thus, balanced signals provided by distinct cytokines, and delivered to specific cell subsets, are critical for immune homeostasis. The essential roles of cytokines in human immunity have been elegantly and repeatedly revealed by the discovery of individuals with mutations in cytokine ligands, receptors, and downstream transcription factors that cause primary immunodeficiency or autoimmune conditions. In this article, we review how the discovery and characterization of such individuals has identified nonredundant, and often highly specialized, functions of specific cytokines and immune cell subsets in human lymphocyte biology, host defense against infections, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Simon J Pelham
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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83
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Alzubi J, Pallant C, Mussolino C, Howe SJ, Thrasher AJ, Cathomen T. Targeted genome editing restores T cell differentiation in a humanized X-SCID pluripotent stem cell disease model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12475. [PMID: 28963568 PMCID: PMC5622068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is attractive for investigating T cell development and validating genome editing strategies in vitro. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in the IL2RG gene and characterised by the absence of T and NK cells in patients. IL2RG encodes the common gamma chain, which is part of several interleukin receptors, including IL-2 and IL-7 receptors. To model X-SCID in vitro, we generated a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) line in which a disease-causing human IL2RG gene variant replaces the endogenous Il2rg locus. We developed a stage-specific T cell differentiation protocol to validate genetic correction of the common G691A mutation with transcription activator-like effector nucleases. While all ESC clones could be differentiated to hematopoietic precursor cells, stage-specific analysis of T cell maturation confirmed early arrest of T cell differentiation at the T cell progenitor stage in X-SCID cells. In contrast, genetically corrected ESCs differentiated to CD4 + or CD8 + single-positive T cells, confirming correction of the cellular X-SCID phenotype. This study emphasises the value of PSCs for disease modelling and underlines the significance of in vitro models as tools to validate genome editing strategies before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Alzubi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Celeste Pallant
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,GlaxoSmithKline plc., Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven J Howe
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,GlaxoSmithKline plc., Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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84
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Changes in CD73, CD39 and CD26 expression on T-lymphocytes of ANCA-associated vasculitis patients suggest impairment in adenosine generation and turn-over. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11683. [PMID: 28916770 PMCID: PMC5601951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine, generated via the concerted action of CD39 and CD73, contributes to T-cell differentiation and function. Adenosine concentrations are furthermore influenced by adenosine deaminase binding protein CD26. Because aberrant T-cell phenotypes had been reported in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients, an impaired expression of these molecules on T-cells of AAV patients was hypothesized in the present study. While in AAV patients (n = 29) CD26 was increased on CD4+ lymphocytes, CD39 and CD73 were generally reduced on patients’ T-cells. In CD4+ cells significant differences in CD73 expression were confined to memory CD45RA- cells, while in CD4- lymphocytes differences were significant in both naïve CD45RA+ and memory CD45RA- cells. The percentage of CD4-CD73+ cells correlated with micro-RNA (miR)−31 expression, a putative regulator of factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (FIH-1), inversely with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). No correlation with disease activity, duration, and ANCA profile was found. It remains to be assessed if a decreased CD73 and CD39 expression underlies functional impairment of lymphocytes in AAV patients. Likewise, the relations between frequencies of CD4-CD73+ cells and serum CRP or eGFR require further functional elucidation.
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85
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Caruthers C, Fernandes H, Shams A, Rodrigues J, Knutsen AP, Bhatla D. Outcomes for Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders: Ten-Year Experience. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2017; 30:171-180. [PMID: 35923009 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2017.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is immune reconstitution using hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation early in life. HLA-identical related donors are the preferred source of HSCs. Since sibling donors are available in <30% of patients, other sources of HSCs are considered-mismatched related donor, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and matched unrelated donor bone marrow. We report the outcome of 10 patients with SCID or combined immunodeficiency (CID) 10 years after UCB transplantation (UCBT) at our institution using a retrospective chart review. Eight patients were alive 10 years post-transplantation. This was the second transplant for 2 patients due to initial transplant engraftment failure. Immunologic reconstitution was demonstrated after transplant with presence of memory T cells at 3 months, naive T cells at 12 months, B cells at 3 months, and normal tetanus/diphtheria toxoid antibody responses at 2 years. Immune response remained robust 10 years post-transplantation. Eight patients developed stage I acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), 2 patients developed grades 2-4 GvHD, and 1 child developed chronic GvHD with bronchiolitis obliterans. UCB should be considered as an alternative HSC source for patients with SCID and CID because of its robust and sustained recovery of immune function, low risk of severe GvHD, and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Caruthers
- Division Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hermina Fernandes
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alireza Shams
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan Rodrigues
- Division Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alan P Knutsen
- Division Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deepika Bhatla
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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86
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Bradford KL, Moretti FA, Carbonaro-Sarracino DA, Gaspar HB, Kohn DB. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)-Deficient Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID): Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:626-637. [PMID: 28842866 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC3.5.4.4), a housekeeping enzyme of purine metabolism encoded by the Ada gene, is a cause of human severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Numerous deleterious mutations occurring in the ADA gene have been found in patients with profound lymphopenia (T- B- NK-), thus underscoring the importance of functional purine metabolism for the development of the immune defense. While untreated ADA SCID is a fatal disorder, there are multiple life-saving therapeutic modalities to restore ADA activity and reconstitute protective immunity, including enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and gene therapy (GT) with autologous gene-corrected hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We review the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations of ADA SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Bradford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 3163 Terasaki Life Science Bldg., 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Federico A Moretti
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Hubert B Gaspar
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 3163 Terasaki Life Science Bldg., 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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87
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Interleukin-7 in the transition of bone marrow progenitors to the thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:916-924. [PMID: 28811625 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential for the development of T cells in humans and mice where deficiencies in IL-7 signaling result in severe immunodeficiency. T cells require IL-7 at multiple points during development; however, it is unclear when IL-7 is first necessary. We observed that mice with impaired IL-7 signaling had a large reduction in the number of early thymic progenitors (ETPs) while mice that overexpress IL-7 had greatly increased numbers of ETPs. These results indicated that the development of ETPs is sensitive to IL-7. Bone marrow progenitors of ETP are present in normal numbers in mice with impaired IL-7 signaling (IL-7Rα449F) and were efficiently recruited to the thymus. Furthermore, ETPs and their progenitors from IL-7Rα449F mice did not undergo increased apoptosis and proliferate normally compared to WT cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that IL-7 signaling has a cell-intrinsic role in ETP development but was not required for development of bone marrow progenitors. We have shown a novel role for IL-7 signaling in the development of ETPs that is distinct from classic mechanisms of IL-7 regulating survival and proliferation.
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88
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Comprehensive validation of T- and B-cell deficiency in rag1-null zebrafish: Implication for the robust innate defense mechanisms of teleosts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7536. [PMID: 28790360 PMCID: PMC5548773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
rag1−/− zebrafish have been employed in immunological research as a useful immunodeficient vertebrate model, but with only fragmentary evidence for the lack of functional adaptive immunity. rag1-null zebrafish exhibit differences from their human and murine counterparts in that they can be maintained without any specific pathogen-free conditions. To define the immunodeficient status of rag1−/− zebrafish, we obtained further functional evidence on T- and B-cell deficiency in the fish at the protein, cellular, and organism levels. Our developed microscale assays provided evidence that rag1−/− fish do not possess serum IgM protein, that they do not achieve specific protection even after vaccination, and that they cannot induce antigen-specific CTL activity. The mortality rate in non-vaccinated fish suggests that rag1−/− fish possess innate protection equivalent to that of rag1+/− fish. Furthermore, poly(I:C)-induced immune responses revealed that the organ that controls anti-viral immunity is shifted from the spleen to the hepatopancreas due to the absence of T- and B-cell function, implying that immune homeostasis may change to an underside mode in rag-null fish. These findings suggest that the teleost relies heavily on innate immunity. Thus, this model could better highlight innate immunity in animals that lack adaptive immunity than mouse models.
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89
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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90
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Lee AY, Frith K, Schneider L, Ziegler JB. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency: Long-term health outcomes and patient perspectives. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:766-770. [PMID: 28513891 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the long-term follow-up and health outcomes of patients who have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). METHODS Through a structured questionnaire, we examined follow-up arrangements and long-term health outcomes in 22 children who have had a successful HSCT for SCID during the period of 1984-2012 at the Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia. RESULTS Most children considered themselves healthy and 'cured' from SCID. Whilst many children enjoy relatively good bio-social health outcomes, specific negative health outcomes and absenteeism from school were perceived negatively. Two-thirds of children see their general practitioner or specialist regularly; however, there did not appear to be consistency with the nature of this follow-up. CONCLUSION The findings from our study highlight the complex bio-psychosocial health needs of post-HSCT SCID children and encourage SCID centres to consider a multidisciplinary approach to their follow-up. Further studies into the determinants of patients' perceptions of their health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ys Lee
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Katie Frith
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lilian Schneider
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John B Ziegler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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91
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Bordignon C. Twenty-five years of gene therapy for genetic diseases and leukemia: The road to marketing authorization of the first ex vivo gene therapies. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:98-102. [PMID: 28724503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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92
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Dorsey MJ, Dvorak CC, Cowan MJ, Puck JM. Treatment of infants identified as having severe combined immunodeficiency by means of newborn screening. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:733-742. [PMID: 28270365 PMCID: PMC5385855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is characterized by severely impaired T-cell development and is fatal without treatment. Newborn screening (NBS) for SCID permits identification of affected infants before development of opportunistic infections and other complications. Substantial variation exists between treatment centers with regard to pretransplantation care, and transplantation protocols for NBS identified infants with SCID, as well as infants with other T-lymphopenic disorders detected by using NBS. We developed approaches to management based on the study of infants identified by means of NBS for SCID who received care at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). From August 2010 through October 2016, 32 patients with NBS-identified SCID and leaky SCID from California and other states were treated, and 42 patients with NBS-identified non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia were followed. Our center's approach supports successful outcomes; systematic review of our practice provides a framework for diagnosis and management, recognizing that more data will continue to shape best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morna J Dorsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
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93
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Nowak K, Linzner D, Thrasher AJ, Lambert PF, Di WL, Burns SO. Absence of γ-Chain in Keratinocytes Alters Chemokine Secretion, Resulting in Reduced Immune Cell Recruitment. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28634034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the common gamma (γc) chain cytokine receptor subunit give rise to severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by lack of T and natural killer cells and infant death from infection. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy offer a cure, but despite successful replacement of lymphoid immune lineages, a long-term risk of severe cutaneous human papilloma virus infections persists, possibly related to persistent γc-deficiency in other cell types. Here we show that keratinocytes, the only cell type directly infected by human papilloma virus, express functional γc and its co-receptors. After stimulation with the γc-ligand IL-15, γc-deficient keratinocytes show significantly impaired secretion of specific chemokines including CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL20, resulting in reduced chemotaxis of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, γc-deficient keratinocytes also exhibit defective induction of T-cell chemotaxis in a model of stable human papilloma virus-18 infection. These findings suggest that persistent γc-deficiency in keratinocytes alters immune cell recruitment to the skin, which may contribute to the development and persistence of warts in this condition and would require different treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Nowak
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Linzner
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul F Lambert
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wei-Li Di
- Immunobiology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK; Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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94
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Dorsey M, Puck J. Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in the US: Current Status and Approach to Management. Int J Neonatal Screen 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 31304419 PMCID: PMC6625796 DOI: 10.3390/ijns3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the US, the assay of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in newborn dried blood spot specimens to detect severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) was first piloted in 2008 in the state of Wisconsin. It has been rapidly adopted with 49 states and Puerto Rico now either routinely screening all newborns or planning to do so in 2017. Advances in SCID NBS over the last 9 years have revolutionized the ability to detect SCID and has led to profound improvement in outcomes of affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morna Dorsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-476-3086
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Smith Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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95
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Dual Mechanism of Rag Gene Repression by c-Myb during Pre-B Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00437-16. [PMID: 28373291 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00437-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing B lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion following successful immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. During this proliferative burst, expression of the Rag genes is transiently repressed to prevent the generation of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks in cycling large pre-B cells. The Rag genes are then reexpressed in small, resting pre-B cells for immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangement. We previously identified c-Myb as a repressor of Rag transcription during clonal expansion using Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed B cells. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which c-Myb achieved precise spatiotemporal repression of Rag expression remained obscure. Here, we identify two mechanisms by which c-Myb represses Rag transcription. First, c-Myb negatively regulates the expression of the Rag activator Foxo1, an activity dependent on M303 in c-Myb's transactivation domain, and likely the recruitment of corepressors to the Foxo1 locus by c-Myb. Second, c-Myb represses Rag transcription directly by occupying the Erag enhancer and antagonizing Foxo1 binding to a consensus forkhead site in this cis-regulatory element that we show is crucial for Rag expression in Abelson pre-B cell lines. This work provides important mechanistic insight into how spatiotemporal expression of the Rag genes is tightly controlled during B lymphocyte development to prevent mistimed dsDNA breaks and their deleterious consequences.
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96
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Novel RAG1 mutation and the occurrence of mycobacterial and Chromobacterium violaceum infections in a case of leaky SCID. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:114-119. [PMID: 28552805 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a potentially fatal primary immunodeficiency (PID) that is caused by mutations in genes such as IL2RG, JAK3, IL7RA, RAG1, RAG2, and ADA. The products of these genes are involved in the development of several immune cells such as T, B and natural killer (NK) cells. Most of the SCID forms are autosomal recessive with the exception of IL2RG defects that cause an X-linked SCID. Among the different SCID types, there is a rare SCID form called leaky SCID, which is less severe when compared to the other classical SCID phenotypes. Leaky SCID can be caused by hypomorphic mutations in RAG1 and RAG2 that result in only partial loss of enzymatic function of the proteins respectively encoded by these genes. Here we report a novel missense mutation (c. 307C > T/p.H103Y) in the RAG1 gene in a patient with leaky SCID. In addition, we characterize the clinical and immunological features of this patient that developed along with other severe and recurrent infections such as mycobacterial diseases (BCGitis and pulmonary tuberculosis), the first occurrence of Chromobacterium violaceum in a patient with SCID. Understanding the increased susceptibility to mycobacteria presented by the patient, in which a functional investigation of IL-12/IFN-γ axis was performed, which demonstrated reduced production of IFN-γ in the supernatans of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from the patient compared with those from healthy subjects. In conclusion, our data expands the molecular and clinical spectrum associated with the leaky SCID phenotype.
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97
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Wahlstrom J, Patel K, Eckhert E, Kong D, Horn B, Cowan MJ, Dvorak CC. Transplacental maternal engraftment and posttransplantation graft-versus-host disease in children with severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:628-633.e10. [PMID: 27444177 PMCID: PMC5161721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Transplacental maternal engraftment (TME), the presence of maternal T cells in peripheral blood before transplantation, is detectable in a significant proportion of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Although the presence of TME is associated with a decreased risk of rejecting a maternal graft, it is unknown whether TME plays a role in development of GVHD after HSCT. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of pretransplantation TME is associated with posttransplantation GVHD in patients with SCID. METHODS This was an institutional retrospective review of 74 patients with SCID undergoing transplantation between 1988 and 2014. The incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) was compared in patients with versus those without TME. Confounding variables, such as donor type and conditioning regimen, were included in a multivariate regression model. RESULTS TME was identified in 35 of 74 children. Post-HSCT aGVHD developed with an incidence of 57.1% versus 17.9% in those without TME (P < .001). In univariate analysis donor type (mother) and GVHD prophylaxis (T-cell depletion) were also significant predictors of aGVHD. In multivariate analysis TME and chemotherapy conditioning were independent risk factors for the development of aGVHD (relative risk, 2.75, P = .006 and relative risk, 1.42, P = .02, respectively). CONCLUSION TME independently predicts the development of posttransplantation aGVHD, even when controlling for donor type and conditioning used. The presence of TME should be considered when assessing the risk of aGVHD in patients with SCID and designing the approach for GVHD prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wahlstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Kiran Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Erik Eckhert
- University of California San Francisco/University of California Berkeley Joint Medical Program, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Denice Kong
- Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Biljana Horn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
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98
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Kaljas Y, Liu C, Skaldin M, Wu C, Zhou Q, Lu Y, Aksentijevich I, Zavialov AV. Human adenosine deaminases ADA1 and ADA2 bind to different subsets of immune cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:555-570. [PMID: 27663683 PMCID: PMC11107696 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At sites of inflammation and tumor growth, the local concentration of extracellular adenosine rapidly increases and plays a role in controlling the immune responses of nearby cells. Adenosine deaminases ADA1 and ADA2 (ADAs) decrease the level of adenosine by converting it to inosine, which serves as a negative feedback mechanism. Mutations in the genes encoding ADAs lead to impaired immune function, which suggests a crucial role for ADAs in immune system regulation. It is not clear why humans and other mammals possess two enzymes with adenosine deaminase activity. Here, we found that ADA2 binds to neutrophils, monocytes, NK cells and B cells that do not express CD26, a receptor for ADA1. Moreover, the analysis of CD4+ T-cell subset revealed that ADA2 specifically binds to regulatory T cells expressing CD39 and lacking the receptor for ADA1. Also, it was found that ADA1 binds to CD16- monocytes, while CD16+ monocytes preferably bind ADA2. A study of the blood samples from ADA2-deficient patients showed a dramatic reduction in the number of lymphocyte subsets and an increased concentration of TNF-α in plasma. Our results suggest the existence of a new mechanism, where the activation and survival of immune cells is regulated through the activities of ADA2 or ADA1 anchored to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliia Kaljas
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistokatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Chengqian Liu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistokatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maksym Skaldin
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistokatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Chengxiang Wu
- Department of Public Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1960 East West Road, Biomed, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three River Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bldg. 10, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1960 East West Road, Biomed, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Department of Public Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1960 East West Road, Biomed, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Andrey V Zavialov
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, 9 Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistokatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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99
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Luk ADW, Lee PP, Mao H, Chan KW, Chen XY, Chen TX, He JX, Kechout N, Suri D, Tao YB, Xu YB, Jiang LP, Liew WK, Jirapongsananuruk O, Daengsuwan T, Gupta A, Singh S, Rawat A, Abdul Latiff AH, Lee ACW, Shek LP, Nguyen TVA, Chin TJ, Chien YH, Latiff ZA, Le TMH, Le NNQ, Lee BW, Li Q, Raj D, Barbouche MR, Thong MK, Ang MCD, Wang XC, Xu CG, Yu HG, Yu HH, Lee TL, Yau FYS, Wong WHS, Tu W, Yang W, Chong PCY, Ho MHK, Lau YL. Family History of Early Infant Death Correlates with Earlier Age at Diagnosis But Not Shorter Time to Diagnosis for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:808. [PMID: 28747913 PMCID: PMC5506088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is fatal unless treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Delay in diagnosis is common without newborn screening. Family history of infant death due to infection or known SCID (FH) has been associated with earlier diagnosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the clinical features that affect age at diagnosis (AD) and time to the diagnosis of SCID. METHODS From 2005 to 2016, 147 SCID patients were referred to the Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Network. Patients with genetic diagnosis, age at presentation (AP), and AD were selected for study. RESULTS A total of 88 different SCID gene mutations were identified in 94 patients, including 49 IL2RG mutations, 12 RAG1 mutations, 8 RAG2 mutations, 7 JAK3 mutations, 4 DCLRE1C mutations, 4 IL7R mutations, 2 RFXANK mutations, and 2 ADA mutations. A total of 29 mutations were previously unreported. Eighty-three of the 94 patients fulfilled the selection criteria. Their median AD was 4 months, and the time to diagnosis was 2 months. The commonest SCID was X-linked (n = 57). A total of 29 patients had a positive FH. Candidiasis (n = 27) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine infection (n = 19) were the commonest infections. The median age for candidiasis and BCG infection documented were 3 months and 4 months, respectively. The median absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was 1.05 × 109/L with over 88% patients below 3 × 109/L. Positive FH was associated with earlier AP by 1 month (p = 0.002) and diagnosis by 2 months (p = 0.008), but not shorter time to diagnosis (p = 0.494). Candidiasis was associated with later AD by 2 months (p = 0.008) and longer time to diagnosis by 0.55 months (p = 0.003). BCG infections were not associated with age or time to diagnosis. CONCLUSION FH was useful to aid earlier diagnosis but was overlooked by clinicians and not by parents. Similarly, typical clinical features of SCID were not recognized by clinicians to shorten the time to diagnosis. We suggest that lymphocyte subset should be performed for any infant with one or more of the following four clinical features: FH, candidiasis, BCG infections, and ALC below 3 × 109/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dik Wai Luk
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Huawei Mao
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Tong-Xin Chen
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xin He
- Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Deepti Suri
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yin Bo Tao
- Guangzhou Children’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Bin Xu
- Guang Zhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ping Jiang
- Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Woei Kang Liew
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Anju Gupta
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Tek Jee Chin
- Sarawak General Hospital Malaysia, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Yin Hsiu Chien
- National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Bee Wah Lee
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Li
- Sichuan Second West China Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Dinesh Raj
- Department of Paediatrics, Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meow-Keong Thong
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Chen Guang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Guo Yu
- Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hsin-Hui Yu
- National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsz Leung Lee
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Wilfred Hing-Sang Wong
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wangling Yang
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Patrick Chun Yin Chong
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Marco Hok Kung Ho
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Primary Immunodeficiency Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Lung Lau,
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100
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Abusleme L, Moutsopoulos NM. IL-17: overview and role in oral immunity and microbiome. Oral Dis 2016; 23:854-865. [PMID: 27763707 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a multifaceted cytokine with diverse roles in both immune protection and also immunopathology. IL-17 has a well-recognized role in immune surveillance at mucosal and barrier surfaces, but also has been increasingly implicated as a driver of immunopathology in settings of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. The current review introduces basic aspects of IL-17 biology and examines the protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 with a focus on oral mucosal immunity and inflammation. Specific emphasis is given to the role of the IL-17 response as a catalyst in 'shaping the microbiome at the oral barrier'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Abusleme
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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