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Chen YC, Gonzalez ME, Burman B, Zhao X, Anwar T, Tran M, Medhora N, Hiziroglu AB, Lee W, Cheng YH, Choi Y, Yoon E, Kleer CG. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Engulfment Reveals Metastatic Advantage in Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3916-3926.e5. [PMID: 31242423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty percent of breast cancer (BC) patients develop distant metastasis for which there is no cure. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in the tumor microenvironment were shown to stimulate metastasis, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identified and quantified cancer cells engulfing stromal cells in clinical samples of BC metastasis by dual immunostaining for EZH2 and ALDH1 expression. Using flow cytometry and a microfluidic single-cell paring and retrieval platform, we show that MSC engulfment capacity is associated with BC cell metastatic potential and generates cells with mesenchymal-like, invasion, and stem cell traits. Whole-transcriptome analyses of selectively retrieved engulfing BC cells identify a gene signature of MSC engulfment consisting of WNT5A, MSR1, ELMO1, IL1RL2, ZPLD1, and SIRPB1. These results delineate a mechanism by which MSCs in the tumor microenvironment promote metastasis and provide a microfluidic platform with the potential to predict BC metastasis in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Forbes Institute for Cancer Discovery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria E Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boris Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xintao Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Talha Anwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular Cellular and Pathology Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natasha Medhora
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ayse B Hiziroglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Woncheol Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Heng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yehyun Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Celina G Kleer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Harguindey S, Alfarouk K, Polo Orozco J, Hardonnière K, Stanciu D, Fais S, Devesa J. A New and Integral Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Breast Cancer Based upon Its Hydrogen Ion Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1110. [PMID: 32046158 PMCID: PMC7036897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite all efforts, the treatment of breast cancer (BC) cannot be considered to be a success story. The advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not been sufficient at all. Indeed, the accumulated experience clearly indicates that new perspectives and non-main stream approaches are needed to better characterize the etiopathogenesis and treatment of this disease. This contribution deals with how the new pH-centric anticancer paradigm plays a fundamental role in reaching a more integral understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this multifactorial disease. For the first time, the armamentarium available for the treatment of the different types and phases of BC is approached here from a Unitarian perspective-based upon the hydrogen ion dynamics of cancer. The wide-ranged pH-related molecular, biochemical and metabolic model is able to embrace most of the fields and subfields of breast cancer etiopathogenesis and treatment. This single and integrated approach allows advancing towards a unidirectional, concerted and synergistic program of treatment. Further efforts in this line are likely to first improve the therapeutics of each subtype of this tumor and every individual patient in every phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Khalid Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia and Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Tampa, FL 33617, USA;
| | - Julián Polo Orozco
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Kévin Hardonnière
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Daniel Stanciu
- Scientific Direction, MCS Foundation For Life, 5623KR Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15886 Teo, Spain;
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Nunes SC. Tumor Microenvironment - Selective Pressures Boosting Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:35-49. [PMID: 32130692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, 9.6 million deaths from cancer were estimated, being this disease the second leading cause of death worldwide. Notwithstanding all the efforts developed in prevention, diagnosis and new treatment approaches, chemoresistance seems to be inevitable, leading to cancer progression, recurrence and affecting the outcome of the disease. As more and more evidence support that cancer is an evolutionary and ecological process, this concept is rarely applied in the clinical context. In fact, cancer cells emerge and progress within an ecological niche - the tumor microenvironment - that is shared with several other cell types and that is continuously changing. Therefore, the tumor microenvironment imposes several selective pressures on cancer cells such as acidosis, hypoxia, competition for space and resources, immune predation and anti-cancer therapies, that cancer cells must be able to adapt to or will face extinction.In here, the role of the tumor microenvironment selective pressures on cancer progression will be discussed, as well as the targeting of its features/components as strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal
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55
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Wang X, Li Y, Li J, Li L, Zhu H, Chen H, Kong R, Wang G, Wang Y, Hu J, Sun B. Cell-in-Cell Phenomenon and Its Relationship With Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Progression: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31850347 PMCID: PMC6901391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cell-in-cell, morphologically, refers to the presence of one cell within another. This phenomenon can occur in tumors but also among non-tumor cells. The cell-in-cell phenomenon was first observed 100 years ago, and it has since been found in a variety of tumor types. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism has gradually been elucidated. There are three main related process: cannibalism, emperipolesis, and entosis. These processes are affected by many factors, including the tumor microenvironment, mitosis, and genetic factors. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with the prognosis of cancers, and it promotes tumor progression in most situations. Notably, in pancreatic cancer, the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with reduced metastasis, which is the opposite of what happens in other tumor types. Thus, it can also inhibit tumor progression. Studies show that cell-in-cell structure formation is affected by the tumor microenvironment, and that it may lead to changes in cellular characteristics. In this review, we summarize the different cell-in-cell processes and discuss their role in tumor progression and how they are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiating Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Haupt S, Keam SP, Haupt Y. Cannibalism in Breast Cancer: The Dangers of Overeating. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:761-762. [PMID: 31813452 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells devouring their neighbours to survive drug treatment is an abhorrent concept. Yet it holds hope for exploring new anticancer treatments. Tonnessen-Murray et al. adopted elegant cell-labelling methods using real-time microscopy to observe 'cellular gorging' by drug-treated cells. They discovered that in response to drug treatment, cells that became 'cannibals' were able to outlive their unindulged neighbours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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57
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Sena LSBD, Santos HBDP, Amaral MGD, Gordón-Núñez MA, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR in actinic cheilitis and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e085. [PMID: 31483051 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in actinic cheilitis (AC) and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (LLSCC), and to correlate the findings with clinical (tumor size/extent, regional lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage) and histopathological (grade of epithelial dysplasia and inflammatory infiltrate for AC and histopathological grade of malignancy for LLSCC) parameters. Twenty-four AC and 48 LLSCC cases (24 with regional nodal metastasis and 24 without regional nodal metastasis) were selected. The scores of immunopositive cells for HLA-DR in the epithelial component of the lesions were assessed and the results were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Epithelial expression of HLA-DR was observed in only five (20.8%) cases of AC (two low-grade and three high-grade lesions), with a very low median score of immunopositivity. By contrast, expression of HLA-DR was found in most LLSCC (97.9%), with a relatively high median score of positive cells. The score of HLA-DR-positive cells tended to be higher in tumors with regional lymph node metastasis, tumors in advanced clinical stages, and low-grade tumors, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In addition, there was a tendency towards higher expression of HLA-DR in highly/moderately keratinized tumors, and tumors with little/moderate nuclear pleomorphism (p > 0.05). The results suggest a potential role of HLA-DR in lip carcinogenesis, particularly in the development and progression of LLSCC. The expression of this protein can be related to the degree of cell differentiation in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pollianna Muniz Alves
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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58
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Cell Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms of Caveolin-1-Enhanced Metastasis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080314. [PMID: 31362353 PMCID: PMC6723107 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a scaffolding protein with a controversial role in cancer. This review will initially discuss earlier studies focused on the role as a tumor suppressor before elaborating subsequently on those relating to function of the protein as a promoter of metastasis. Different mechanisms are summarized illustrating how CAV1 promotes such traits upon expression in cancer cells (intrinsic mechanisms). More recently, it has become apparent that CAV1 is also a secreted protein that can be included into exosomes where it plays a significant role in determining cargo composition. Thus, we will also discuss how CAV1 containing exosomes from metastatic cells promote malignant traits in more benign recipient cells (extrinsic mechanisms). This ability appears, at least in part, attributable to the transfer of specific cargos present due to CAV1 rather than the transfer of CAV1 itself. The evolution of how our perception of CAV1 function has changed since its discovery is summarized graphically in a time line figure.
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59
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Hypoxia- and MicroRNA-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming of Tumor-Initiating Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060528. [PMID: 31159361 PMCID: PMC6627778 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second most common cause of cancer mortality in the Western world, is a highly heterogeneous disease that is driven by a rare subpopulation of tumorigenic cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Over the past few years, a plethora of different approaches, aimed at identifying and eradicating these self-renewing TICs, have been described. A focus on the metabolic and bioenergetic differences between TICs and less aggressive differentiated cancer cells has thereby emerged as a promising strategy to specifically target the tumorigenic cell compartment. Extrinsic factors, such as nutrient availability or tumor hypoxia, are known to influence the metabolic state of TICs. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on environmental stress factors and how they affect the metabolism of TICs, with a special focus on microRNA (miRNA)- and hypoxia-induced effects on colon TICs.
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60
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Schmid F, Brodesser D, Reifinger M, Forte S, Semp P, Eberspächer-Schweda MC, Wolschek M, Brandt S, Kleiter M, Pratscher B. Canine oral primary melanoma cells exhibit shift to mesenchymal phenotype and phagocytic behaviour. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:211-220. [PMID: 30719836 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine oral malignant melanoma (COMM) is a potentially lethal cancer disease. We established primary cell lines from mostly amelanotic primary COMM and metastases and assessed lesions and derived cells for Melan A, PNL2 and CD146 expression. Then, migration and invasion of CD146-enriched vs -depleted COMM cells were analysed. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was addressed by Vimentin-staining and MMP2/MMP9 zymography. Phagocytic behaviour was analysed by histopathological examination and phagocytosis assay. While Melan A- and PNL2-staining yielded inconsistent data, 100% of COMM sections and primary cells showed CD146 expression, suggesting that this protein may serve as a prognostic marker. An overall correlation between CD146-expression and migration/invasion was not observed. All primary cell lines consistently expressed Vimentin and secreted biologically active MMP2, indicating that they had undergone EMT. Importantly, COMM sections exhibited cell-in-cell structures, and all primary cell lines exhibited phagocytic activity, supporting the concept that cell cannibalism may have a role in COMM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schmid
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Brodesser
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Reproductive Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Forte
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Semp
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Wolschek
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,BlueSky Vaccines GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Radiooncology and Nuclear Medicine Platform, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Surgery, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Equine Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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61
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Wang S, Li L, Zhou Y, He Y, Wei Y, Tao A. Heterotypic cell-in-cell structures in colon cancer can be regulated by IL-6 and lead to tumor immune escape. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111447. [PMID: 31150612 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotypic CICs (cell-in-cell structures) have been found between tumor cells and various immune cells in a variety of cancer tissues. The frequency of CICs has been found to correlate with tumor malignancy in some studies but not in others. Herein, we examined in depth the CICs observed in colon cancer to determine their potential significance in disease progression. Heterotypic CICs were observed by histochemistry between epithelial cells and lymphocytes in an expanded spectrum of colon tissue from colitis to cancer and in vitro studies were performed using the colonic tumor cell line HCT8 and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our data revealed that the CICs formed by colonic epithelial cells and infiltrated lymphocytes not only positively correlated with tumor malignancy but also were upregulated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. In addition, we observed that colon cancer cells could initiate autophagy for survival after cytotoxic lymphocyte internalization and that IL-6 could also be involved in this process to promote the death of lymphocytes in CIC structures. Furthermore, certain changes were observed in tumor cells after experiencing CICs. Our findings suggest that CICs formed by colon cancer cells and lymphocytes contribute to tumor escape from immune surveillance, which could be facilitated by IL-6, and might represent a previously undescribed pathway for tumor cells to adapt and evade host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology, & Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Linmei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology, & Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yaguang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ying He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology, & Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yisheng Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunology, & Immune-mediated disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Logozzi M, Capasso C, Di Raimo R, Del Prete S, Mizzoni D, Falchi M, Supuran CT, Fais S. Prostate cancer cells and exosomes in acidic condition show increased carbonic anhydrase IX expression and activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:272-278. [PMID: 30734594 PMCID: PMC6327996 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1538980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidity and hypoxia are crucial phenotypes of tumour microenvironment both contributing to the selection of malignant cells under a micro evolutionistic pressure. During the tumour progression, nanovesicles, called exosomes and the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) affect the tumour growth and proliferation. Exosomes are released into the tumour microenvironment and spilt all over the body, while CA IX is a tumour-associated protein overexpressed in many different solid tumours. In the present study, to better understand the relationships between exosomes and CA IX, it has been used an in vitro cellular model of cells cultured in different pH conditions. The results showed that the acidic microenvironment induced upregulation of both expression and activity of CA IX in cancer cells and their exosomes, together with increasing the number of released exosomes. These data strongly support the importance of CA IX as a cancer biomarker and as a valuable target of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- a Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- b National Research Council , Institute of Biosciences and BioResources , Naples , Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- a Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- b National Research Council , Institute of Biosciences and BioResources , Naples , Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- a Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- c National AIDS Center , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- d NEUROFARBA Department , University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Florence , Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- a Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
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63
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Biological relevance of cell-in-cell in cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:725-732. [PMID: 30850425 PMCID: PMC6490704 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell (CIC) is a term used to describe the presence of one, usually living, cell inside another cell that is typically considered non-phagocytic. Examples of this include tumour cells inside tumour cells (homotypic), mesenchymal stem cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic) or immune cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic). CIC formation can occur in cell lines and in tissues and it has been most frequently observed during inflammation and in cancers. Over the past 10 years, many researchers have studied CIC structures and a few different models have been proposed through which they can be formed, including entosis, cannibalism and emperipolesis among others. Recently, our laboratory discovered a role for mutant p53 in facilitating the formation of CIC and promoting genomic instability. These data and research by many others have uncovered a variety of molecules involved in CIC formation and have started to give us an idea of why they are formed and how they could contribute to oncogenic processes. In this perspective, we summarise current literature and speculate on the role of CIC in cancer biology.
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Prunk Zdravković T, Zdravković B, Zdravković M, Dariš B, Lunder M, Ferk P. In-vitro study of the influence of octocrylene on a selected metastatic melanoma cell line. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:197-204. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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65
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Alfarouk KO, Bashir AHH, Aljarbou AN, Ramadan AM, Muddathir AK, AlHoufie STS, Hifny A, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, Alqahtani SS, AlSharari SD, Supuran CT, Rauch C, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Fais S, Harguindey S. The Possible Role of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer and Its Management. Front Oncol 2019; 9:75. [PMID: 30854333 PMCID: PMC6395443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a facultative anaerobic bacterium. HP is a normal flora having immuno-modulating properties. This bacterium is an example of a microorganism inducing gastric cancer. Its carcinogenicity depends on bacteria-host related factors. The proper understanding of the biology of HP inducing gastric cancer offers the potential strategy in the managing of HP rather than eradicating it. In this article, we try to summarize the biology of HP-induced gastric cancer and discuss the current pharmacological approach to treat and prevent its carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Tampa, FL, United States.,Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan.,Al-Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Medina, Saudi Arabia.,American Biosciences, Inc., New York City, NY, United States
| | - Adil H H Bashir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed N Aljarbou
- College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.,Al-Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdel Khalig Muddathir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sari T S AlHoufie
- Al-Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Medina, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal O Elhassan
- Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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66
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Florey O, Overholtzer M. Macropinocytosis and autophagy crosstalk in nutrient scavenging. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180154. [PMID: 30967004 PMCID: PMC6304738 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive strategies used by cells to scavenge and recycle essential nutrients are important for survival in nutrient-depleted environments such as cancer tissues. Autophagy and macropinocytosis are two major mechanisms that promote nutrient recycling and scavenging, which share considerable, yet poorly understood, cross-regulation. Here we review recent findings that connect these starvation response mechanisms and discuss the implications of their crosstalk. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Macropinocytosis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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67
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Urs AB, Yaming P, Malhotra R. An insight into the cannibalistic behavior of giant cell granulomas of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 22:449. [PMID: 30651707 PMCID: PMC6306579 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_67_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cellular cannibalism is defined as a large cell engulfing a smaller one within its cytoplasm. It is predominantly a feature of aggressive malignancies but has recently been demonstrated in giant cell (GC) lesions such as GC tumor of tendon sheath, central GC granuloma (CGCG) and peripheral GC granuloma (PGCG). Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the cannibalistic GCs in CGCG and PGCG and correlate with aggressiveness of the lesion. Settings and Design: Archival data of histopathologically confirmed cases of CGCG (n = 40) and PGCG (n = 25) were studied in the Department of Oral Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences. Materials and Methods: Quantification of cannibalistic cells was performed using H&E stain on microscopic sections. One hundred GCs were examined in each slide, and the number of cannibalistic cells was expressed in percentage. Results: GC cannibalism was observed in all cases. The mean number of cannibalistic GCs in CGCG was 44.67 which was significantly higher (P = 0.028) than PGCG (mean 28.04). In aggressive (n = 18) CGCG, the mean number of cannibalistic GCs was 51.27 which was significantly higher (P = 0.019) than cannibalistic GCs in nonaggressive (n = 22) CGCG (mean 39.27). No significant difference was observed between the number of cannibalistic cells in recurrent (mean = 52.9) and nonrecurrent (mean = 49.2) cases of CGCG (P > 0.05). Two of the nine cases treated initially by steroid showed fewer and smaller cannibalistic GCs with vesicular nuclei. Conclusion: There was a clear distinction in the mean cannibalistic count between aggressive and nonaggressive CGCG. Hence, the aggressiveness of the lesion could be assessed following which appropriate treatment modality can be constituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadithya B Urs
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Punyo Yaming
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rewa Malhotra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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68
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Abstract
Cell-in-cell structures are reported in numerous cancers, and their presence is an indicator for poor prognosis. Mechanistic studies have identified how cancer cells manage to ingest whole neighbouring cells to form such structures, and the consequences of cell-in-cell formation on cancer progression have been elucidated. In this Opinion article, we discuss how two related cell-in-cell processes, cell cannibalism and entosis, are regulated and how these mechanisms promote cancer progression. We propose that cannibalistic activity is a hallmark of cancer that results in part from selection by metabolic stress and serves to feed aggressive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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69
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Significant Neutrophilic Emperipolesis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Case Rep Oncol Med 2018; 2018:1301562. [PMID: 30538874 PMCID: PMC6260552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 53-year-old man was admitted for tooth mobility. A mass was identified at the tooth base by CT. Histopathology of the excisional biopsy revealed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Many intact neutrophils were observed within the malignant cell cytoplasm. The patient underwent partial maxillectomy and bilateral neck dissection. Significant neutrophilic emperipolesis was detected in the resected material. Four tumor recurrences developed in the head and neck region during follow-up. Surgery and chemoradiotherapy was performed. The latest tumor recurrence occurred in the peripharyngeal and the posterior parotideal region. The patient was started on pembrolizumab therapy and nearly complete treatment response occurred. Pembrolizumab was discontinued due to the adrenal insufficiency and pulmonary tuberculosis that developed as a treatment side effect. Pembrolizumab was commenced again when tumor recurrence occurred. The patient is currently alive with ongoing pembrolizumab and antituberculous treatment. We present this case to remark the presence of a significant neutrophilic emperipolesis in the squamous cell carcinoma of the hard palate and maxilla which is rarely encountered. Emperipolesis may predict tumor behavior and the consequences of immune-modulating treatment response in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck in regard to the findings of our case.
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70
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Campos A, Salomon C, Bustos R, Díaz J, Martínez S, Silva V, Reyes C, Díaz-Valdivia N, Varas-Godoy M, Lobos-González L, Quest AF. Caveolin-1-containing extracellular vesicles transport adhesion proteins and promote malignancy in breast cancer cell lines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2597-2609. [PMID: 30338706 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide, whereby mortality is largely attributable to the development of distant metastasis. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a multifunctional membrane protein that is typically upregulated in the final stages of cancer and promotes migration and invasion of tumor cells. Elevated levels of CAV1 have been detected in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from advanced cancer patients. EVs are lipid enclosed vesicular structures that contain bioactive proteins, DNA and RNAs, which can be transferred to other cells and promote metastasis. Therefore, we hypothesized that CAV1 containing EVs released from breast cancer cells may enhance migration and invasion of recipient cells. EVs were purified from conditioned media of MDA-MB-231 wild-type (WT), MDA-MB-231 (shCAV1; possessing the plasmid pLKO.1 encoding a 'small hairpin' directed against CAV1) and MDA-MB-231 (shC) short hairpin control cells. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an average particle size of 40-350 nm for all preparations. As anticipated, CAV1 was detected in MDA-MB-231 WT and shC EVs, but not in MDA-MB-231 (shCAV1) EVs. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of specific cell adhesion-related proteins, such as Cyr61, tenascin (TNC) and S100A9 only in WT and shC, but not in shCAV1 EVs. Importantly, EVs containing CAV1 promoted migration and invasion of cells lacking CAV1. We conclude that the presence of CAV1 in EVs from metastatic breast cancer cells is associated with enhanced migration and invasiveness of recipient cells in vitro, suggesting that intercellular communication promoted by EVs containing CAV1 will likely favor metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- America Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism & Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Exosome Biology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Jorge Díaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism & Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Martínez
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism & Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Natalia Díaz-Valdivia
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism & Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Bío Bío Region, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, La Barnechea, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Fg Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism & Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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71
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Novel Methylselenoesters Induce Programed Cell Death via Entosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102849. [PMID: 30241340 PMCID: PMC6213452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox active selenium (Se) compounds have gained substantial attention in the last decade as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Several Se compounds have shown high selectivity and sensitivity against malignant cells. The cytotoxic effects are exerted by their biologically active metabolites, with methylselenol (CH3SeH) being one of the key executors. In search of novel CH3SeH precursors, we previously synthesized a series of methylselenoesters that were active (GI50 < 10 µM at 72 h) against a panel of cancer cell lines. Herein, we refined the mechanism of action of the two lead compounds with the additional synthesis of new analogs (ethyl, pentyl, and benzyl derivatives). A novel mechanism for the programmed cell death mechanism for Se-compounds was identified. Both methylseleninic acid and the novel CH3SeH precursors induced entosis by cell detachment through downregulation of cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) and its downstream effector β1-integrin (CD29). To our knowledge, this is the first time that Se compounds have been reported to induce this type of cell death and is of importance in the characterization of the anticancerogenic properties of these compounds.
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72
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Sahoo M, Katara GK, Bilal MY, Ibrahim SA, Kulshrestha A, Fleetwood S, Suzue K, Beaman KD. Hematopoietic stem cell specific V-ATPase controls breast cancer progression and metastasis via cytotoxic T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33215-33231. [PMID: 30237863 PMCID: PMC6145706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of recruited immune effector cells and cancer cells within tumor microenvironment (TME) shapes the fate of cancer progression and metastasis. Many cancers including breast cancer, express a specific vacuolar ATPase (a2V) on their cell surface which acidifies the extracellular milieu helping cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. To understand the role of immune cell-associated-a2V during breast tumor pathogenesis, we knocked-out a2V (KO) from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and generated breast tumors in mice. The a2V-KO mice developed faster growing, larger, and metastatic breast tumors compared to control mice. Further investigation of the TME revealed a significant reduction in the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the a2V-KO tumors. Targeted RNA-Seq of the cells of the TME demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, death receptors, death receptor ligands, and cytotoxic effectors were significantly down-regulated within the a2V-KO TME. Interestingly, analysis of immune cells in the blood, spleen, and thymus of the non-tumor bearing a2V-KO mice revealed a significant decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations. For the first time, this study demonstrates that inhibition of V-ATPase expression in HSC leads to a decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations and thus promotes breast tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gajendra K Katara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahmood Y Bilal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Safaa A Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arpita Kulshrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Fleetwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kimiko Suzue
- Department of Pathology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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73
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Durgan J, Florey O. Cancer cell cannibalism: Multiple triggers emerge for entosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:831-841. [PMID: 29548938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a form of epithelial cell engulfment and cannibalism prevalent in human cancer. Until recently, the only known trigger for entosis was loss of attachment to the extracellular matrix, as often occurs in the tumour microenvironment. However, two new studies now reveal that entosis can also occur among adherent epithelial cells, induced by mitosis or glucose starvation. Together, these findings point to the intriguing notion that certain hallmark properties of cancer cells, including anchorage independence, aberrant proliferation and metabolic stress, can converge on the induction of cell cannibalism, a phenomenon so frequently observed in tumours. In this review, we explore the molecular, cellular and biophysical mechanisms underlying entosis and discuss the impact of cell cannibalism on tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Durgan
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - O Florey
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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74
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Cao Y, Chen M, Tang D, Yan H, Ding X, Zhou F, Zhang M, Xu G, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhuge Y, Wang L, Zou X. The proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole disrupts protein degradation systems and sensitizes cancer cells to death under various stresses. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:604. [PMID: 29789637 PMCID: PMC5964200 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) play a role in antitumor activity, with studies showing specialized impacts of PPIs on cancer cell apoptosis, metastasis, and autophagy. In this study, we demonstrated that pantoprazole (PPI) increased autophagosomes formation and affected autophagic flux depending on the pH conditions. PPI specifically elevated SQSTM1 protein levels by increasing SQSTM1 transcription via NFE2L2 activation independent of the specific effect of PPI on autophagic flux. Via decreasing proteasome subunits expression, PPI significantly impaired the function of the proteasome, accompanied by the accumulation of undegraded poly-ubiquitinated proteins. Notably, PPI-induced autophagy functioned as a downstream response of proteasome inhibition by PPI, while suppressing protein synthesis abrogated autophagy. Blocking autophagic flux in neutral pH condition or further impairing proteasome function with proteasome inhibitors, significantly aggravated PPI cytotoxicity by worsening protein degradation ability. Interestingly, under conditions of mitochondrial stress, PPI showed significant synergism when combined with Bcl-2 inhibitors. Taken together, these findings provide a new understanding of the impact of PPIs on cancer cells’ biological processes and highlight the potential to develop more efficient and effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Dehua Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwei Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhuge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Clinical Medical Center of Digestive Disease, Nanjing, China.
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75
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Fais S, Overholtzer M. Cell-in-cell phenomena, cannibalism, and autophagy: is there a relationship? Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:95. [PMID: 29367622 PMCID: PMC5833709 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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76
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Rethinking the Combination of Proton Exchanger Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Metabolites 2017; 8:metabo8010002. [PMID: 29295495 PMCID: PMC5875992 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental acidity is becoming a key target for the new age of cancer treatment. In fact, while cancer is characterized by genetic heterogeneity, extracellular acidity is a common phenotype of almost all cancers. To survive and proliferate under acidic conditions, tumor cells up-regulate proton exchangers and transporters (mainly V-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and carbonic anhydrases (CAs)), that actively extrude excess protons, avoiding intracellular accumulation of toxic molecules, thus becoming a sort of survival option with many similarities compared with unicellular microorganisms. These systems are also involved in the unresponsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy, leading to the protection of cancer cells from the vast majority of drugs, that when protonated in the acidic tumor microenvironment, do not enter into cancer cells. Indeed, as usually occurs in the progression versus malignancy, resistant tumor clones emerge and proliferate, following a transient initial response to a therapy, thus giving rise to more malignant behavior and rapid tumor progression. Recent studies are supporting the use of a cocktail of proton exchanger inhibitors as a new strategy against cancer.
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77
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Zhao H, Achreja A, Iessi E, Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Nagrath D, Fais S. The key role of extracellular vesicles in the metastatic process. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:64-77. [PMID: 29175553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have a key role in the paracrine communication between organs and compartments. EVs shuttle virtually all types of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites and even pharmacological compounds. Their ability to transfer their biomolecular cargo into target cells enables EVs to play a key role in intercellular communication that can regulate cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis and migration. This has led to the emergence of EVs as a key player in tumor growth and metastasis through the formation of "tumor niches" in target organs. Recent data have also been shown that EVs may transform the microenvironment of primary tumors thus favoring the selection of cancer cells with a metastatic behavior. The release of EVs from resident non-malignant cells may contribute to the metastatic processes as well. However, cancer EVs may induce malignant transformation in resident mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that the metastatic process is not exclusively due to circulating tumor cells. In this review, we outline and discuss evidence-based roles of EVs in actively regulating multiple steps of the metastatic process and how we can leverage EVs to impair metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Abhinav Achreja
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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78
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Sun L, Meng Z, Zhu Y, Lu J, Li Z, Zhao Q, Huang Y, Jiang L, Yao X. TM9SF4 is a novel factor promoting autophagic flux under amino acid starvation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:368-379. [PMID: 29125601 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly complicated process with participation of large numbers of autophagy-related proteins. Under nutrient starvation, autophagy promotes cell survival by breaking down nonessential cellular components for recycling use. However, due to its high complexity, molecular mechanism of autophagy is still not fully understood. In the present study, we report a novel autophagy-related protein TM9SF4, which plays a functional role in the induction phase of autophagic process. TM9SF4 proteins were abundantly expressed in the kidney, especially in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. At subcellular cells, TM9SF4 proteins were mostly localized in lysosome, Golgi, late endosome and autophagosome. Knockdown of TM9SF4 with TM9SF4-shRNAs markedly reduced the starvation-induced autophagy in HEK293 cells, the effect of which persisted in the presence of bafilomycin A1. TM9SF4-shRNAs also substantially attenuated the starvation-induced mTOR inactivation. In animal model, starvation was able to induce LC3-II accumulation and cause mTOR inactivation in renal cortical tissue in wild-type mice, the effect of which was minimal/absent in TM9SF4 knockout (TM9SF4-/-) mice. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay demonstrated physical interaction of TM9SF4 proteins with mTOR. In addition, knockdown or knockout of TM9SF4 reduced the starvation-induced cell death in HEK293 cells and animal model. Taken together, the present study identifies TM9SF4 as a novel autophagy-related protein. Under nutrient starvation, TM9SF4 functions to facilitate mTOR inactivation, resulting in an enhanced autophagic flux, which serves to protect cells from apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoyue Meng
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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79
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Yavorski JM, Blanck G. MHC class II associated stomach cancer mutations correlate with lack of subsequent tumor development. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:1119-1121. [PMID: 29285385 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor cell expression of major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) has been controversial, with evidence indicating that tumor cell expression of MHCII may lead to an anti-tumor immune response and to tumor cell apoptosis and that MHCII has pro-tumorigenic functions. The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) indicates numerous deleterious mutations for the highly specific, MHCII transcriptional activation proteins, RFX5, RFXAP, RFXANK and CIITA. Also, mutations in the non-polymorphic, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRA gene, which encodes the heavy chain for the most prominent human MHCII molecule, HLA-DR, are common. For many, if not most TCGA cancer datasets, the MHCII specific mutations do not associate with clinical outcomes. However, stomach carcinoma represents an exception, where the data indicate that MHCII-specific mutations are associated with a more favorable outcome. These data raise the question of whether stomach cancer mutations represent effective haploinsufficiency or whether mutations that are associated with a favorable outcome occur with other stomach cancer molecular features that limit the function of the two alleles that represent these MHCII-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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80
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Logozzi M, Angelini DF, Iessi E, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Federici C, Lugini L, Borsellino G, Gentilucci A, Pierella F, Marzio V, Sciarra A, Battistini L, Fais S. Increased PSA expression on prostate cancer exosomes in in vitro condition and in cancer patients. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:318-329. [PMID: 28694142 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most common, clinically validated test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). While neoplastic lesions of the prostate may cause aberrant levels of PSA in the blood, the quantitation of free or complexed PSA poorly discriminates cancer patients from those developing benign lesions, often leading to invasive and unnecessary surgical procedures. Microenvironmental acidity increases exosome release by cancer cells. In this study we evaluated whether acidity, a critical phenotype of malignancy, could influence exosome release and increase the PSA expression in nanovesicles released by PCa cells. To this aim, we exploited Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), an immunocapture-based ELISA, and nanoscale flow-cytometry. The results show that microenvironmental acidity induces an increased release of nanovesicles expressing both PSA and the exosome marker CD81. In order to verify whether the changes induced by the local selective pressure of extracellular acidity may correspond to a clinical pathway we used the same approach to evaluate the levels of PSA-expressing exosomes in the plasma of PCa patients and controls, including subjects with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). The results show that only PCa patients have high levels of nanovesicles expressing both CD81 and PSA. This study shows that tumor acidity exerts a selective pressure leading to the release of extracellular vesicles that express both PSA and exosome markers. A comparable scenario was shown in the plasma of prostate cancer patients as compared to both BPH and healthy controls. These results suggest that microenvironmental acidity may represent a key factor which determines qualitatively and quantitatively the release of extracellular vesicles by malignant tumors, including prostate cancer. This condition leads to the spill-over of nanovesicles into the peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients, where the levels of tumor biomarkers expressed by exosomes, such as PSA-exosomes, may represent a novel, non-invasive clinical tool for the screening and early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Federici
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Lugini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Gentilucci
- Department of Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pierella
- Department of Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Marzio
- Department of Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Department of Urological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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81
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Walton EL. Can cannibalizing cancer cells challenge classic cell death classification? Biomed J 2017; 40:129-132. [PMID: 28651733 PMCID: PMC6136293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn about a novel are still largely mysterious mechanism of cell death that is challenging classification systems of cell death pathways and could have important implications for future cancer therapy. We also learn of a promising biomarker to stratify patients into risk groups after stroke. Finally, this issue also includes two studies investigating factors that influence outcome after heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Louise Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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82
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Entosis: The emerging face of non-cell-autonomous type IV programmed death. Biomed J 2017; 40:133-140. [PMID: 28651734 PMCID: PMC6136291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes recent experimental evidences about the existence of the non-cell-autonomous death entosis in physiological and pathophysiological contexts, discusses some aspects of this form of cell death, including morphological, biochemical and signaling pathways that distinguish non-cell-autonomous demises from other death modalities and propose to define this new modality of death as type IV programmed cell death.
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83
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Vu TQ, de Castro RMB, Qin L. Bridging the gap: microfluidic devices for short and long distance cell-cell communication. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1009-1023. [PMID: 28205652 PMCID: PMC5473339 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01367h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is a crucial component of many biological functions. For example, understanding how immune cells and cancer cells interact, both at the immunological synapse and through cytokine secretion, can help us understand and improve cancer immunotherapy. The study of how cells communicate and form synaptic connections is important in neuroscience, ophthalmology, and cancer research. But in order to increase our understanding of these cellular phenomena, better tools need to be developed that allow us to study cell-cell communication in a highly controlled manner. Some technical requirements for better communication studies include manipulating cells spatiotemporally, high resolution imaging, and integrating sensors. Microfluidics is a powerful platform that has the ability to address these requirements and other current limitations. In this review, we describe some new advances in microfluidic technologies that have provided researchers with novel methods to study intercellular communication. The advantages of microfluidics have allowed for new capabilities in both single cell-cell communication and population-based communication. This review highlights microfluidic communication devices categorized as "short distance", or primarily at the single cell level, and "long distance", which mostly encompasses population level studies. Future directions and translation/commercialization will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Quang Vu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ricardo Miguel Bessa de Castro
- College of Engineering, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK and Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lidong Qin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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84
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Seyfried TN, Yu G, Maroon JC, D'Agostino DP. Press-pulse: a novel therapeutic strategy for the metabolic management of cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:19. [PMID: 28250801 PMCID: PMC5324220 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A shift from respiration to fermentation is a common metabolic hallmark of cancer cells. As a result, glucose and glutamine become the prime fuels for driving the dysregulated growth of tumors. The simultaneous occurrence of "Press-Pulse" disturbances was considered the mechanism responsible for reduction of organic populations during prior evolutionary epochs. Press disturbances produce chronic stress, while pulse disturbances produce acute stress on populations. It was only when both disturbances coincide that population reduction occurred. METHODS This general concept can be applied to the management of cancer by creating chronic metabolic stresses on tumor cell energy metabolism (press disturbance) that are coupled to a series of acute metabolic stressors that restrict glucose and glutamine availability while also stimulating cancer-specific oxidative stress (pulse disturbances). The elevation of non-fermentable ketone bodies protect normal cells from energy stress while further enhancing energy stress in tumor cells that lack the metabolic flexibility to use ketones as an efficient energy source. Mitochondrial abnormalities and genetic mutations make tumor cells vulnerable metabolic stress. RESULTS The press-pulse therapeutic strategy for cancer management is illustrated with calorie restricted ketogenic diets (KD-R) used together with drugs and procedures that create both chronic and intermittent acute stress on tumor cell energy metabolism, while protecting and enhancing the energy metabolism of normal cells. CONCLUSIONS Optimization of dosing, timing, and scheduling of the press-pulse therapeutic strategy will facilitate the eradication of tumor cells with minimal patient toxicity. This therapeutic strategy can be used as a framework for the design of clinical trials for the non-toxic management of most cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Yu
- George Washington University Medical Center Washington DC, and Aegis Medical & Research Associates Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Maroon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Suite 5C, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida USA
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85
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Fortunato A, Boddy A, Mallo D, Aktipis A, Maley CC, Pepper JW. Natural Selection in Cancer Biology: From Molecular Snowflakes to Trait Hallmarks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a029652. [PMID: 28148564 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution by natural selection is the conceptual foundation for nearly every branch of biology and increasingly also for biomedicine and medical research. In cancer biology, evolution explains how populations of cells in tumors change over time. It is a fundamental question whether this evolutionary process is driven primarily by natural selection and adaptation or by other evolutionary processes such as founder effects and drift. In cancer biology, as in organismal evolutionary biology, there is controversy about this question and also about the use of adaptation through natural selection as a guiding framework for research. In this review, we discuss the differences and similarities between evolution among somatic cells versus evolution among organisms. We review what is known about the parameters and rate of evolution in neoplasms, as well as evidence for adaptation. We conclude that adaptation is a useful framework that accurately explains the defining characteristics of cancer. Further, convergent evolution through natural selection provides the only satisfying explanation both for how a group of diverse pathologies have enough in common to usefully share the descriptive label of "cancer" and for why this convergent condition becomes life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fortunato
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Amy Boddy
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Diego Mallo
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287.,Biodesign Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287.,Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - John W Pepper
- Biometry Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
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86
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Spugnini E, Fais S. Proton pump inhibition and cancer therapeutics: A specific tumor targeting or it is a phenomenon secondary to a systemic buffering? Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:111-118. [PMID: 28088584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the unsolved mysteries in oncology includes the strategies that cancer cells adopt to cope with an adverse microenvironment. However, we knew, from the Warburg's discovery that through their metabolism based on sugar fermentation, cancer cells acidify their microenvironment and this progressive acidification induces a selective pressure, leading to the development of very malignant cells entirely armed to survive in the hostile microenvironment generated by their own metabolism. In the last decades a primordial role for proton exchangers has been supported as a key tumor advantage in facing off the acidic milieu. Proton exchangers do not allow intracellular acidification through a continuous elimination of H+ either outside the cells or within the internal vacuoles. This article wants to comment a translational process through that led to the preclinical demonstration that a class of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) exploited worldwide for peptic ulcer treatment and gastroprotection are indeed powerful chemosensitizers as well. In this process we achieved the clinical proof of concept that PPI may well be included in new anti-cancer strategies with a solid background and rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Spugnini
- SAFU, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via Chianesi 53, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Dept. of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome Italy.
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87
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Onishi T, Tazawa H, Hashimoto Y, Takeuchi M, Otani T, Nakamura S, Sakurai F, Mizuguchi H, Kishimoto H, Umeda Y, Shirakawa Y, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Fujiwara T. Tumor-specific delivery of biologics by a novel T-cell line HOZOT. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38060. [PMID: 27901098 PMCID: PMC5129011 DOI: 10.1038/srep38060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
“Cell-in-cell” denotes an invasive phenotype in which one cell actively internalizes in another. The novel human T-cell line HOZOT, established from human umbilical cord blood, was shown to penetrate a variety of human cancer cells but not normal cells. Oncolytic viruses are emerging as biological therapies for human cancers; however, efficient viral delivery is limited by a lack of tumor-specific homing and presence of pre-existing or therapy-induced neutralizing antibodies. Here, we report a new, intriguing approach using HOZOT cells to transmit biologics such as oncolytic viruses into human cancer cells by cell-in-cell invasion. HOZOT cells were successfully loaded via human CD46 antigen with an attenuated adenovirus containing the fiber protein of adenovirus serotype 35 (OBP-401/F35), in which the telomerase promoter regulates viral replication. OBP-401/F35–loaded HOZOT cells were efficiently internalized into human cancer cells and exhibited tumor-specific killing by release of viruses, even in the presence of anti-viral neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of HOZOT cells loaded with OBP-401/F35 significantly suppressed peritoneally disseminated tumor growth in mice. This unique cell-in-cell property provides a platform for selective delivery of biologics into human cancer cells, which has important implications for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Onishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Otani
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakamura
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc., Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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88
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Bartosh TJ. Cancer cell cannibalism and the SASP: Ripples in the murky waters of tumor dormancy. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 4:e1263715. [PMID: 28197538 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1263715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Relapse in cancer patients following an apparent cure and a prolonged latency period, known as tumor dormancy, remains an unrelenting clinical crisis. Here, I expand on our recent findings that potentially link cancer cell cannibalism of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and tumor dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Bartosh
- Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
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89
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Wang X. Cell-in-cell phenomenon: A New Paradigm in Life Sciences. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:810-8. [PMID: 26511712 PMCID: PMC5403960 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666151026095730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell, a phenomenon characterized by one or more viable cells entering actively into another cell, was observed more than a century and has only attracted more attention in recent years and is becoming a new hot topic in the biological field, owing its biological significance in evolutionary as well as physiological and pathological relevance in development, homeostasis and diseases. In this paper we focus on the diversity, evolutionary conservatism and clinical implication of cell-in-cell as well as latest opinions on the research strategies. Based on the findings from our laboratory and other research groups three working models of cell-in-cell are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Normal Aging & Geriatric, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.
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90
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Cancer cells enter dormancy after cannibalizing mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6447-E6456. [PMID: 27698134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612290113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer often develop malignant regrowth of residual drug-resistant dormant tumor cells years after primary treatment, a process defined as cancer relapse. Deciphering the causal basis of tumor dormancy therefore has obvious therapeutic significance. Because cancer cell behavior is strongly influenced by stromal cells, particularly the mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) that are actively recruited into tumor-associated stroma, we assessed the impact of MSCs on breast cancer cell (BCC) dormancy. Using 3D cocultures to mimic the cellular interactions of an emerging tumor niche, we observed that MSCs sequentially surrounded the BCCs, promoted formation of cancer spheroids, and then were internalized/degraded through a process resembling the well-documented yet ill-defined clinical phenomenon of cancer cell cannibalism. This suspected feeding behavior was less appreciable in the presence of a rho kinase inhibitor and in 2D monolayer cocultures. Notably, cannibalism of MSCs enhanced survival of BCCs deprived of nutrients but suppressed their tumorigenicity, together suggesting the cancer cells entered dormancy. Transcriptome profiles revealed that the resulting BCCs acquired a unique molecular signature enriched in prosurvival factors and tumor suppressors, as well as inflammatory mediators that demarcate the secretome of senescent cells, also referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Overall, our results provide intriguing evidence that cancer cells under duress enter dormancy after cannibalizing MSCs. Importantly, our practical 3D coculture model could provide a valuable tool to understand the antitumor activity of MSCs and cell cannibalism further, and therefore open new therapeutic avenues for the prevention of cancer recurrence.
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91
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Wang S, He M, Li L, Liang Z, Zou Z, Tao A. Cell-in-Cell Death Is Not Restricted by Caspase-3 Deficiency in MCF-7 Cells. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:231-241. [PMID: 27721872 PMCID: PMC5053307 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cell-in-cell structures are created by one living cell entering another homotypic or heterotypic living cell, which usually leads to the death of the internalized cell, specifically through caspase-dependent cell death (emperitosis) or lysosome-dependent cell death (entosis). Although entosis has attracted great attention, its occurrence is controversial, because one cell line used in its study (MCF-7) is deficient in caspase-3. Methods We investigated this issue using MCF-7 and A431 cell lines, which often display cell-in-cell invasion, and have different levels of caspase-3 expression. Cell-in-cell death morphology, microstructures, and signaling pathways were compared in the two cell lines. Results Our results confirmed that MCF-7 cells are caspase-3 deficient with a partial deletion in the CASP-3 gene. These cells underwent cell death that lacked typical apoptotic properties after staurosporine treatment, whereas caspase-3-sufficient A431 cells displayed typical apoptosis. The presence of caspase-3 was related neither to the lysosome-dependent nor to the caspase-dependent cell-in-cell death pathway. However, the existence of caspase-3 was associated with a switch from lysosome-dependent cell-in-cell death to the apoptotic cell-in-cell death pathway during entosis. Moreover, cellular hypoxia, mitochondrial swelling, release of cytochrome C, and autophagy were observed in internalized cells during entosis. Conclusion The occurrence of caspase-independent entosis is not a cell-specific process. In addition, entosis actually represents a cellular self-repair system, functioning through autophagy, to degrade damaged mitochondria resulting from cellular hypoxia in cell-in-cell structures. However, sustained autophagy-associated signal activation, without reduction in cellular hypoxia, eventually leads to lysosome-dependent intracellular cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linmei Li
- The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Liang
- The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehong Zou
- The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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92
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Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Kulkarni M, Patil S. Endocytosis of keratinocytes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ORAL ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/2057178x15618551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To quantify endocytosis of keratinocytes (EK) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate it with different clinical and histopathological parameters. Further, the expression of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and lysozyme was studied in tumor cells to corroborate this phenomenon. Materials and method: EK per high-power field (HPF) was calculated on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters. CD68 and lysozyme were studied in tumor cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: The mean EK per HPF was higher in stage IV (4.450 ± 2.241) than stage III (3.333 ± 1.543) OSCC ( p = 0.1978). Although there were more EK in N2 stage (4.362 ± 0.3405) as compared to N0–N1 (3.462 ± 0.4178), the results were statistically insignificant. Statistically significant difference in mean EK was observed in all the grades of OSCC: well versus moderate ( p = 0.0052), moderate versus poor ( p < 0.0001), and well versus poor ( p = 0.0001). There were significant differences in the mean EK ( p < 0.05) between different grades of stromal degenerations (mild: 2.654 ± 1.093, moderate: 5.115 ± 1.774, and severe: 7.250 ± 2.217). Statistically significant differences were observed in CD68 expression in tumor cells of various TNM stages ( p = 0.049), histopathological grades ( p = 0.045), and stromal degeneration ( p = 0.024). Likewise, lysozyme expression in tumor cells was also statistically significant in histopathological grades ( p = 0.004) and mean EK value ( p = 0.0119). Conclusion: The mean EK in OSCC increases with increasing histopathological grades, TNM stages, and stromal degeneration. CD68 and lysozyme can be used as markers of EK in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Meena Kulkarni
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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93
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Hypoxic stress: obstacles and opportunities for innovative immunotherapy of cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:439-445. [PMID: 27345407 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumors use several strategies to evade the host immune response, including creation of an immune-suppressive and hostile tumor environment. Tissue hypoxia due to inadequate blood supply is reported to develop very early during tumor establishment. Hypoxic stress has a strong impact on tumor cell biology. In particular, tissue hypoxia contributes to therapeutic resistance, heterogeneity and progression. It also interferes with immune plasticity, promotes the differentiation and expansion of immune-suppressive stromal cells, and remodels the metabolic landscape to support immune privilege. Therefore, tissue hypoxia has been regarded as a central factor for tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. In this regard, manipulating host-tumor interactions in the context of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment may be important in preventing or reverting malignant conversion. We will discuss how tumor microenvironment-driven transient compositional tumor heterogeneity involves hypoxic stress. Tumor hypoxia is a therapeutic concern since it can reduce the effectiveness of conventional therapies as well as cancer immunotherapy. Thus, understanding how tumor and stromal cells respond to hypoxia will allow for the design of innovative cancer therapies that can overcome these barriers. A better understanding of hypoxia-dependent mechanisms involved in the regulation of immune tolerance could lead to new strategies to enhance antitumor immunity. Therefore, discovery and validation of therapeutic targets derived from the hypoxic tumor microenvironment is of major importance. In this context, critical hypoxia-associated pathways are attractive targets for immunotherapy of cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms induced by tumor cell hypoxia with a special emphasis on therapeutic resistance and immune suppression. We emphasize mechanisms of manipulating hypoxic stress and its associated pathways, which may support the development of more durable and successful cancer immunotherapy approaches in the future.
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94
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Barger JF, Rahman MA, Jackson D, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam SP. Extracellular miRNAs as biomarkers in cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:66-72. [PMID: 27311798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite significant progress in the field leading to identification of molecular signatures of individual tumors and the development of targeted therapies, early cancer diagnosis remains a clinical challenge. The emerging era of personalized medicine has intensified research towards biomarkers that can be obtained via noninvasive means. The recent discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano-vesicles secreted by the cell, in circulation has stimulated interest in their clinical utility as cancer biomarkers. EVs are secreted from all types of cells and their contents reflect the physiological and pathological state of the cell. Multiple clinical trials are underway investigating the clinical potential of EV content to serve as biomarkers and therapeutics. However, much work remains to translate EV content into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Barger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Mohammad A Rahman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Devine Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Fernández A, Pupo A, Mena-Ulecia K, Gonzalez C. Pharmacological Modulation of Proton Channel Hv1 in Cancer Therapy: Future Perspectives. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:385-402. [PMID: 27260771 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has emerged as a relevant component for cancer therapy. Several approaches aiming to deplete innate and adaptive suppressive populations, to circumvent the impairment in antigen presentation, and to ultimately increase the frequency of activated tumor-specific T cells are currently being explored. In this review, we address the potentiality of targeting the voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, as a novel strategy to modulate the tumor microenvironment. The function of Hv1 in immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T cells has been associated with the maintenance of NADPH oxidase activity and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are required for the host defense against pathogens. We discuss evidence suggesting that the Hv1 proton channel could also be important for the function of these cells within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, as summarized here, tumor cells express Hv1 as a primary mechanism to extrude the increased amount of protons generated metabolically, thus maintaining physiologic values for the intracellular pH. Therefore, because this channel might be relevant for both tumor cells and immune cells supporting tumor growth, the pharmacological inhibition of Hv1 could be an innovative approach for cancer therapy. With that focus, we analyzed the available compounds that inhibit Hv1, highlighted the need to develop better drugs suitable for patients, and commented on the future perspectives of targeting Hv1 in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audry Fernández
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amaury Pupo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karel Mena-Ulecia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Gonzalez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences of Valparaíso, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaíso, Chile
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96
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Krishna S, Overholtzer M. Mechanisms and consequences of entosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2379-86. [PMID: 27048820 PMCID: PMC4889469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms have emerged where the engulfment of whole live cells, leading to the formation of what are called 'cell-in-cell' structures, induces cell death. Entosis is one such mechanism that drives cell-in-cell formation during carcinogenesis and development. Curiously, entotic cells participate actively in their own engulfment, by invading into their hosts, and are then killed non-cell-autonomously. Here we review the mechanisms of entosis and entotic cell death and the consequences of entosis on cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Krishna
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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97
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Gawande S, Patil S, Anand R, Patil SG, Patil P. Cellular cannibalism in giant cells of central giant cell granuloma of jaw bones and giant cell tumors of long bones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital; Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth; Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Sachin C. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital; Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth; Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Shailesh Gawande
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital; Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth; Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital; Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth; Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Rahul Anand
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital; Dr D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth; Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Shankar Gouda Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Dental Sciences; MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences; Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Department of Dentistry; Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research; Pune Maharashtra India
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Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics as specific and effective drugs against infectious agents has generated the belief that the famous Paul Erlich theory on magic bullet should be applied to cancer as well. However, after around 60 years of failures in finding a magic bullet against cancer, a question appears mandatory: does the magic bullet against cancer really exist? In trying to understand more on the issue, we propose three discoveries are coming from a nonmainstream approach against cancer. Tumor is acidic, and tumor acidity impairs drugs entering within tumor cells and isolates tumors from the rest of the body. Proton pumps are key in allowing tumor cells to live in the acidic microenvironment. A class of antiacidic drugs, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), were shown to have a potent anti-tumor effect, through inhibition of proton pumps in tumor cells. PPIs are indeed prodrugs needing acidity to be activated into the active molecule. So they use protonation by H+ as an activating mechanism, while the vast majority of drugs are totally neutralized by protonation. An anti-tumor therapy based on PPI showed to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. Differently from normal cells, cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation, and it appears conceivable that hypoxia and low nutrient transform tumor cells into fermenting anaerobes. This suggests that cancer cells are more similar to unicellular organisms, aimed at surviving in a continuous fighting, rather than cooperating, with other cells, as it occurs in the normal homeostasis of our body. We have shown that cancer cells take their fuel by "cannibalizing" other cells, either dead or alive, especially when starved and in acidic condition. This finding led to the discovery of a new oncogene TM9SF4 that human malignant cell shares with amoebas. The evidence is accumulating that almost all the cells release extracellular vehicles (EVs), from micro- to nanosize, which shuttle a variety of molecules. Tumor cells, particularly when stressed in their hostile microenvironment, release high levels of EVs, able to interact with target cells in various ways, within an organ or at a distance. They may represent both valuable tumor biomarker and shuttles for drugs with anti-tumor properties. This article wants to burst a real change in future anti-cancer strategies, based on the idea that tumors are much more common features than specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- a Anti-tumor Drug Section, Department of Therapeutic Research, Medicines Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health) , Rome , Italy
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Fonteneau JF, Brilot F, Münz C, Gannagé M. The Tumor Antigen NY-ESO-1 Mediates Direct Recognition of Melanoma Cells by CD4+ T Cells after Intercellular Antigen Transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:64-71. [PMID: 26608910 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cells are of interest for immune therapy against tumors, because it has been shown that their transfer into a patient with melanoma resulted in tumor regression. Therefore, we investigated how NY-ESO-1 is processed onto MHC class II molecules for direct CD4(+) T cell recognition of melanoma cells. We could rule out proteasome and autophagy-dependent endogenous Ag processing for MHC class II presentation. In contrast, intercellular Ag transfer, followed by classical MHC class II Ag processing via endocytosis, sensitized neighboring melanoma cells for CD4(+) T cell recognition. However, macroautophagy targeting of NY-ESO-1 enhanced MHC class II presentation. Therefore, both elevated NY-ESO-1 release and macroautophagy targeting could improve melanoma cell recognition by CD4(+) T cells and should be explored during immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, St. Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Monique Gannagé
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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100
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Prognostic Value of Homotypic Cell Internalization by Nonprofessional Phagocytic Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:359392. [PMID: 26504802 PMCID: PMC4609350 DOI: 10.1155/2015/359392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the prognostic role of homotypic tumor cell cannibalism in different cancer types. METHODS The phenomenon of one cell being internalized into another, which we refer to as "cell-in-cell event," was assessed in 416 cases from five head and neck cancer cohorts, as well as one anal and one rectal cancer cohort. The samples were processed into tissue microarrays and immunohistochemically stained for E-cadherin and cleaved caspase-3 to visualize cell membranes and apoptotic cell death. RESULTS Cell-in-cell events were found in all of the cohorts. The frequency ranged from 0.7 to 17.3 cell-in-cell events per mm(2). Hardly any apoptotic cells were found within the cell-in-cell structures, although apoptotic cell rates were about 1.6 to two times as high as cell-in-cell rates of the same tissue sample. High numbers of cell-in-cell events showed adverse effects on patients' survival in the head and neck and in the rectal cancer cohorts. In multivariate analysis, high frequency was an adverse prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Cell-in-cell events were found to predict patient outcomes in various types of cancer better than apoptosis and proliferation and might therefore be used to guide treatment strategies.
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