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Boduc M, Roessler M, Mandic R, Netzer C, Güldner C, Walliczek-Dworschak U, Stuck BA, Mandapathil M. Foxp3 expression in lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:1215-1219. [PMID: 28741409 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1353705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence and activity of regulatory T cells in patients with cancer correlates with poor prognosis. These cells are characterized by their expression of Forkhead box protein-3 (Foxp3). Squamous cell carcinoma is the most prevalent type of cancer in the head and neck region with overall poor survival rates, also due to early spread of metastatic cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary tumor specimens as well as lymph node specimens harvested during neck dissection of 65 patients with a diagnosis of HNSCC were subjected to immunohistochemical and H-score analysis of Foxp3 expression. Demographics, diagnoses, histopathology and subsequent outcome were analyzed. RESULTS The primary cancer was squamous cell carcinoma in all patients (male/female 55:10) with the following tumor locations: oral cavity n = 16, oropharynx n = 28, hypopharynx n = 11 and larynx n = 10 (Stage III n = 18; Stage IVA n = 45; Stage IVB n = 2). The H-score for Foxp3 expression in the primary lesion as well as metastatic lymph nodes was significantly higher in advanced stages compared to early stages with differences among tumor locations, which were not significant. High Foxp3 expression was associated with inferior overall survival rates at a mean follow-up of 83.4 months (6-204 months) Conclusions: Foxp3 expression in HNSCC varied from the anatomical site and correlated positively with tumor stage and was associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, Foxp3 expressions in primary lesions as well as lymphogenic metastases appear to predict high-risk HSNCC patients. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting Foxp3+ cells might seem promising for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Boduc
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marion Roessler
- Department of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Netzer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Güldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ute Walliczek-Dworschak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magis Mandapathil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
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52
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Davoodzadeh Gholami M, Kardar GA, Saeedi Y, Heydari S, Garssen J, Falak R. Exhaustion of T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment: Significance and effective mechanisms. Cell Immunol 2017; 322:1-14. [PMID: 29079339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play crucial roles in adaptive immune responses to tumors. However, due to different tolerance mechanisms and inhibitory effects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on T cells, responses to tumors are insufficient. In fact, cellular and molecular suppressive mechanisms repress T cell responses in the TME, resulting in senescent, anergic and exhausted lymphocytes. Exhaustion is a poor responsive status of T cells, with up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors, decreased production of effective cytokines, and reduced cytotoxic activity. Low immunogenicity of tumor antigens and inadequate presentation of tumor-specific antigens results in inappropriate activation of naive T lymphocytes against tumor antigens. Moreover, when effector cytotoxic T cells enter TME, they encounter a complicated network of cells and cytokines that suppress their effectiveness and turn them into exhausted T cells. Thus, the mechanism of T cell exhaustion in cancer is different from that in chronic infections. In this review we will discuss the main components such as inhibitory receptors, inflammatory cells, stromal cells, cytokine milieu as well as environmental and metabolic conditions in TME which play role in development of exhaustion. Furthermore, recent therapeutic methods available to overcome exhaustion will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Davoodzadeh Gholami
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yousef Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
| | - Sahel Heydari
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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53
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Liu D, Li G, Avella DM, Kimchi ET, Kaifi JT, Rubinstein MP, Camp ER, Rockey DC, Schell TD, Staveley-O'Carroll KF. Sunitinib represses regulatory T cells to overcome immunotolerance in a murine model of hepatocellular cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1372079. [PMID: 29296523 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1372079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful development of immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has been impeded by limited understanding of tumor-induced profound tolerance and lack of a clinically faithful HCC model. Recently, we developed a novel model that recapitulates typical features of human HCC. Using this clinically relevant model, we demonstrate that tumor growth impairs host immunity and causes a profound exhaustion of tumor antigen-specific (TAS) CD8+ T cells. Increase in frequency and suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is critically involved in this tumor-induced immune dysfunction. We further demonstrate that sunitinib suppresses Tregs and prevents tumor-induced immune tolerance, allowing TAS immunization to activate endogenous CD8+ T cells. As a result, this combinational strategy delays tumor growth. Importantly, the additional integration of exogenous naïve TAS CD8+ T cells by adoptive cell transfer (ACT) leads to the elimination of the established tumors without recurrence and promotes long-term survival of the treated mice. Mechanistically, sunitinib treatment primes the antitumor immune response by significantly decreasing Treg frequency, reducing TGF-β and IL-10 production by Tregs, and also protecting TAS CD8+ T cells from tumor-induced deletion in the setting of HCC. Taken together, sunitinib quantitatively and qualitatively modifies Tregs to overcome tumor-induced immune deficiency, suggesting the potential of sunitinib as a therapeutic immune activator for HCC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Eric T Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jussuf T Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - E Ramsay Camp
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Don C Rockey
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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Sbracia M, McKinnon B, Scarpellini F, Marconi D, Rossi G, Simmilion C, Mueller MD, Barnea ER, Mueller M. PreImplantation Factor in endometriosis: A potential role in inducing immune privilege for ectopic endometrium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184399. [PMID: 28902871 PMCID: PMC5597204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by the growth of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells outside the uterine cavity. In addition to Sampson’s theory of retrograde menstruation, endometriosis pathogenesis is facilitated by a privileged inflammatory microenvironment, with T regulatory FoxP3+ expressing T cells (Tregs) being a significant factor. PreImplantation Factor (PIF) is a peptide essential for pregnancy recognition and development. An immune modulatory function of the synthetic PIF analog (sPIF) has been successfully confirmed in multiple animal models. We report that PIF is expressed in the epithelial ectopic cells in close proximity to FoxP3+ stromal cells. We provide evidence that PIF interacts with FoxP3+ cells and modulates cell viability, dependent on cell source and presence of inflammatory mediators. Our finding represent a novel PIF-based mechanism in endometriosis that has potential for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sbracia
- Hungaria Center for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Brett McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Scarpellini
- Hungaria Center for Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marconi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Simmilion
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Mueller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eytan R. Barnea
- SIEP- The Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, Cherry Hill, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Research and Development, BioIncept LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ERB)
| | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM); (ERB)
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Economopoulou P, Kotsantis I, Psyrri A. Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancer: Rationale, Clinical Activity, and Potential Biomarkers. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 17:40. [PMID: 27315066 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-016-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The discovery and antibody targeting of immune regulatory molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathways have led to clinically meaningful anti-cancer results. Rapid advances are being made in a variety of tumor types resulting in regulatory approvals in melanoma, non small cell lung cancer, and renal cell cancer. Numerous ongoing studies are expected to establish the worth of PD-1 pathway inhibitors in other tumor types as well as in combinations with approved agents. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a complex group of malignancies characterized by profound immunosuppression and is an excellent candidate for investigation in this exciting field. However, given the fact that a subset of patients will likely benefit, it is critical to focus on biomarker development for appropriate patient selection and facilitation of trial design. As immunotherapy is settling in cancer treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitors are emerging as one of the most promising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Economopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kotsantis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1St Rimini St, 12462, Haidari, Athens, Greece.
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56
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Targeted Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer: An Update on Current Clinical Developments in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapies. Drugs 2017; 77:843-857. [PMID: 28382569 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) will present with locally advanced disease, requiring multimodality therapy. Despite this curative approach, a significant subset of these patients will develop locoregional failure and/or distant metastases. Despite significant progress in the treatment and subsequent prognosis of locally advanced HNSCC, the prognosis of those patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) HNSCC is poor, with short-lived responses to palliative chemotherapy and few therapeutic agents available. The discovery of the integral role of epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, coupled with emerging data on the role of tumor evasion of the immune system, has opened new pathways in the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of R/M HNSCC. As a result, cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, as well as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, monoclonal antibodies targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), are now US Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of R/M HNSCC. This review will detail the data supporting the use of these agents, as well as clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of other novel and promising drugs.
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57
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HNSCC subverts PBMCs to secrete soluble products that promote tumor cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60860-60874. [PMID: 28977830 PMCID: PMC5617390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system detects shifts from homeostasis and eliminates altered cells. However, neoplastic cells can modulate the host response to escape immunosurveillance thereby allowing tumor progression. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most immunosuppressive cancers but its role in co-opting the immune system to actively promote tumor growth has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the influence of soluble factors secreted by HNSCC and non-neoplastic epithelial cells on proliferation, apoptosis, activation, cytokine gene expression and phenotypic polarization of immune cells of healthy donors. Then, we determined if the immunomodulation caused by HNSCC-derived soluble products leads to immunosubversion by assessing proliferation, migration and survival of tumor cells exposed to soluble products secreted by modulated immune cells or co-cultured with immune cells. Soluble products from HNSCC inhibited proliferation and cytokine expression in PBMCs, activation of T cells, and polarization of CD4+ towards the Th17 phenotype. These changes co-opted the immune cells to favor cell proliferation, survival and migration of HNSCC. This immunosubversion was observed both indirectly with secreted products and with direct cell-to-cell contact. We conclude that HNSCC-derived secreted products create an immunosuppressive environment that facilitates evasion of tumor cells and subverts the immune cells into a pro-tumoral phenotype.
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58
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Clavijo PE, Moore EC, Chen J, Davis RJ, Friedman J, Kim Y, Van Waes C, Chen Z, Allen CT. Resistance to CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition reversed through selective elimination of granulocytic myeloid cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55804-55820. [PMID: 28915554 PMCID: PMC5593525 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Local immunosuppression remains a critical problem that limits clinically meaningful response to checkpoint inhibition in patients with head and neck cancer. Here, we assessed the impact of MDSC elimination on responses to CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition. Experimental Design Murine syngeneic carcinoma immune infiltrates were characterized by flow cytometry. Granulocytic MDSCs (gMDSCs) were depleted and T-lymphocyte antigen-specific responses were measured. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with MDSC depletion and CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade. Immune signatures within the human HNSCC datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed and differentially expressed genes from sorted human peripheral MDSCs were examined. Results gMDSCs accumulated with tumor progression and correlated with depletion of effector immune cells. Selective depletion of gMDSC restored tumor and draining lymph node antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses lost with tumor progression. A subset of T-cell inflamed tumors responded to CTLA-4 mAb alone, but the addition of gMDSC depletion induced CD8 T-lymphocyte-dependent rejection of established tumors in all treated mice that resulted in immunologic memory. MDSCs differentially expressed chemokine receptors. Analysis of the head and neck cancer TCGA cohort revealed high CTLA-4 and MDSC-related chemokine and an MDSC-rich gene expression profile with a T-cell inflamed phenotype in > 60% of patients. CXCR2 and CSF1R expression was validated on sorted peripheral blood MDSCs from HNSCC patients. Conclusions MDSCs are a major contributor to local immunosuppression that limits responses to checkpoint inhibition in head and neck cancer. Limitation of MDSC recruitment or function represents a rational strategy to enhance responses to CTLA-4-based checkpoint inhibition in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Clavijo
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen C Moore
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth J Davis
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay Friedman
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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59
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Moskovitz JM, Moy J, Seiwert TY, Ferris RL. Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapeutic Options. Oncologist 2017; 22:680-693. [PMID: 28507203 PMCID: PMC5469583 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have occurred rapidly over the past decade. Exciting results from clinical trials have led to new treatment options and improved survival for patients with a myriad of solid tumor pathologies. However, questions remain unanswered regarding duration and timing of therapy, combination regimens, appropriate biomarkers of disease, and optimal monitoring of therapeutic response. This article reviews emerging immunotherapeutic agents and significant clinical trials that have led to advancements in the field of immuno-oncology for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This review article summarizes recently developed agents that harness the immune system to fight head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A brief review of the immune system and its role in cancer development is included. Recently completed and emerging therapeutic trials centering on the immune system and head and neck cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Moskovitz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Moy
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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60
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Maggioni D, Pignataro L, Garavello W. T-helper and T-regulatory cells modulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1325066. [PMID: 28811959 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1325066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most diffused cancer types, characterized by a high reoccurrence rate, mainly due to the inability of current therapeutic approaches to completely eradicate cancer cells. HNSCC patients often have defective immune functions, thus allowing cancer immune escape and cancer spreading. Particularly important in driving immune escape during HNSCC progression are T-helper and T-regulatory cells. New insights into their mechanisms of action might support the development of effective and long-lasting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maggioni
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pignataro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Werner Garavello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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61
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Re M, Gioacchini FM, Bajraktari A, Tomasetti M, Kaleci S, Rubini C, Bertini A, Magliulo G, Pasquini E. Malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma and related genetic alterations: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2991-3000. [PMID: 28432463 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schneiderian papillomas are uncommon tumors which may develop within the nasal cavity and comprise three well-defined histological types: sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), exophytic papilloma, and oncocytic papilloma. It is well known the rate of Schneiderian papilloma may also present a malignant degeneration and SNIP represents the most important subgroup in consideration of its frequency and malignant propensity. Although HPV infection is always considered the first event favoring the development of SNIP, however, it is not established as an eventual connection between viral actions and malignant transformation. In fact, different molecular mechanisms are suspected to play a crucial role in this process and, currently, many authors agree that only by improving our knowledge about these mechanisms it will be possible to achieve new and effective targeted therapies. So the aim of this study was firstly to systematically review the literature focusing on different biomarkers that could be implicated in the stages of SNIP malignant degeneration. Secondly, a systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to better define the incidence of sinonasal malignancies originating from Schneiderian papilloma (SNIP, exophytic papilloma, and oncocytic papilloma). Twenty-nine studies comprising a total of 3177 patients were statistically analyzed. Results showed a 9% (95% CI = 7-11) overall rate of malignant transformation from Schneiderian papilloma. In conclusion, this analysis confirmed that the potential malignancy of Schneiderian papilloma should not be underestimated. On the other hand, our review showed the paucity of studies investigating the molecular alterations which may be related with the malignant transformation of SNIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti of Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - F M Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti of Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - A Bajraktari
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti of Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Tomasetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Kaleci
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Rubini
- Pathologic Anatomy and Histopathology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of the Marches, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Bertini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti of Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Magliulo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Audiology and Phoniatrics "G. Ferreri"University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - E Pasquini
- ENT Metropolitan Unit, Bellaria Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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62
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Ludwig S, Floros T, Theodoraki MN, Hong CS, Jackson EK, Lang S, Whiteside TL. Suppression of Lymphocyte Functions by Plasma Exosomes Correlates with Disease Activity in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4843-4854. [PMID: 28400428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) often induce profound immunosuppression, which contributes to disease progression and interferes with immune-based therapies. Body fluids of patients with HNC are enriched in exosomes potentially engaged in negative regulation of antitumor immune responses. The presence and content of exosomes derived from plasma of patients with HNC are evaluated for the ability to induce immune dysfunction and influence disease activity.Experimental Design: Exosomes were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography from plasma of 38 patients with HNC and 14 healthy donors. Morphology, size, numbers, and protein and molecular contents of the recovered exosomes were determined. Coculture assays were performed to measure exosome-mediated effects on functions of normal human lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells. The results were correlated with disease stage and activity.Results: The presence, quantity, and molecular content of isolated, plasma-derived exosomes discriminated patients with HNC with active disease (AD) from those with no evident disease (NED) after oncologic therapies. Exosomes of patients with AD were significantly more effective than exosomes of patients with NED in inducing apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, suppression of CD4+ T-cell proliferation, and upregulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppressor functions (all at P < 0.05). Exosomes of patients with AD also downregulated NKG2D expression levels in NK cells.Conclusions: Exosomes in plasma of patients with HNC carry immunosuppressive molecules and interfere with functions of immune cells. Exosome-induced immune suppression correlates with disease activity in HNC, suggesting that plasma exosomes could be useful as biomarkers of HNC progression. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4843-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Theofanis Floros
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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63
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Lo Presti E, Toia F, Oieni S, Buccheri S, Turdo A, Mangiapane LR, Campisi G, Caputo V, Todaro M, Stassi G, Cordova A, Moschella F, Rinaldi G, Meraviglia S, Dieli F. Squamous Cell Tumors Recruit γδ T Cells Producing either IL17 or IFNγ Depending on the Tumor Stage. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:397-407. [PMID: 28351891 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of reciprocal interactions between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the microenviroment may help us understand mechanisms of tumor growth inhibition or progression. We have assessed the frequencies of tumor-infiltrating and circulating γδ T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) from 47 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), to determine if they correlated with progression or survival. Vδ1 T cells infiltrated SSC tissue to a greater extent than normal skin, but SCC patients and healthy subjects had similar amounts circulating. However, Vδ2 T cells were present at higher frequencies in circulation than in the tissue of either cancer patients or healthy donors. Tregs were decreased in the peripheral blood of SCC patients, but were significantly increased in the tumor compartment of these patients. Tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells preferentially showed an effector memory phenotype and made either IL17 or IFNγ depending on the tumor stage, whereas circulating γδ T cells of SCC patients preferentially made IFNγ. Different cell types in the tumor microenvironment produced chemokines that could recruit circulating γδ T cells to the tumor site and other cytokines that could reprogram γδ T cells to produce IL17. These findings suggest the possibility that γδ T cells in SCC are recruited from the periphery and their features are then affected by the tumor microenvironment. Elevated frequencies of infiltrating Vδ2 T cells and Tregs differently correlated with early and advanced tumor stages, respectively. Our results provide insights into the functions of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells and define potential tools for tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(5); 397-407. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Toia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Oieni
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Buccheri
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Transplantation, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Turdo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological and Oral Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Rosa Mangiapane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological and Oral Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Campisi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological and Oral Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Cordova
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Moschella
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetana Rinaldi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. .,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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64
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Laytragoon Lewin N, Lewin F, Andersson BÅ, Löfgren S, Rutqvist LE. The use of rapid and cost-effective blood-based biomarkers in combination with tumour TNM stage for individual head and neck cancer patient treatment selection. Med Oncol 2017; 34:63. [PMID: 28316053 PMCID: PMC5357467 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck (H&N) cancer is an aggressive disease and the incidence has increased in younger population worldwide. Tumour TNM staging is the main basis for treatment decision despite significant variation in clinical outcome. Survival time of these patients has marginally improved during the last 30 years. Various biomarkers with cumbersome analysis, high cost, time consumption and requirement of special laboratory facilities have been investigated. However, none of these biomarkers have been shown to be suitable to use for individual H&N cancer patient treatment selection in the clinic. For practical use in clinical settings, the given biomarkers must be simple to analyse, rapid, cost effective and available in routine laboratories. With this intension, we suggested the combination of standard TNM staging and biomarkers associated with inflammation such as neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, plasma C-reactive protein or plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and single-nucleotide polymorphism in TNFa rs1800629 using blood-based analysis. The optimal treatment outcome of H&N cancer by using combination of TNM stage and these blood-based biomarkers for individual patient selection need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnit Laytragoon Lewin
- Division of Medical Diagnostic, Ryhov Hospital, 55322, Jönköping, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Freddi Lewin
- Department of Oncology, Ryhov Hospital, 55322, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Åke Andersson
- Division of Medical Diagnostic, Ryhov Hospital, 55322, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sture Löfgren
- Division of Medical Diagnostic, Ryhov Hospital, 55322, Jönköping, Sweden
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65
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Liu JF, Ma SR, Mao L, Bu LL, Yu GT, Li YC, Huang CF, Deng WW, Kulkarni AB, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 blockade drives an antitumor immune response in head and neck cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:235-247. [PMID: 28102051 PMCID: PMC5527458 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM3) contributes to immune suppression during progression of many cancers, but the precise role of TIM3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is not clearly understood. In this study, we report that TIM3 expression was significantly up‐regulated in patients with HNSCC and associated with lymph node metastasis. Additionally, TIM3 expression was increased in patients with recurrent HNSCC and patients with preradiotherapy or prechemotherapy. We also characterized CD8+ T cells and CD11b+CD33+ myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in human HNSCC, and found that their expression was positively correlated with TIM3 expression. To determine the underlying mechanism of TIM3 in immune response during HNSCC progression, we utilized the Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO HNSCC mouse model with TIM3 overexpression. Treatment with anti‐TIM3 monoclonal antibody effectively suppressed tumor growth through restoring effector T‐cell function by targeting CD4+TIM3+ cells and CD8+TIM3+ cells and decreasing MDSCs. Our findings demonstrate TIM3 expression in patients with HNSCC and suggest anti‐TIM3 immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic approach for effective treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Si-Rui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yi-Cun Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Cong-Fa Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
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66
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Bossi P, Platini F. Radiotherapy plus EGFR inhibitors: synergistic modalities. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 31093349 PMCID: PMC6460772 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Locally advanced (stage III or IV) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) often requires multimodal treatment, consisting of a combination of surgery, radiation, and/or systemic therapy, namely chemotherapy or targeted agents. The expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been detected in more than 90% of all cases of SCCHN and has been correlated with decreased survival rates, resistance to radiotherapy, loco-regional treatment failure, and increased rates of distant metastases. This paper discusses several strategies aimed at targeting EGFR in combination with radiation. Until now, cetuximab, an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, is the only targeted agent that has been shown to improve overall survival in combination with radiation therapy. However, considering that there are multiple mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors, we focused on dissecting molecular pathways of EGFR inhibition to find alternative or complementary strategies for increasing tumour responsiveness. We suggest that the combination of treatments targeting the EGFR pathway and drugs aimed at increasing immune responses represent a promising approach that deserves to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Platini
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
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67
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Masucci GV, Cesano A, Hawtin R, Janetzki S, Zhang J, Kirsch I, Dobbin KK, Alvarez J, Robbins PB, Selvan SR, Streicher HZ, Butterfield LH, Thurin M. Validation of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy in cancer: Volume I - pre-analytical and analytical validation. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:76. [PMID: 27895917 PMCID: PMC5109744 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have emerged as one of the most promising approaches to treat patients with cancer. Recently, there have been many clinical successes using checkpoint receptor blockade, including T cell inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Despite demonstrated successes in a variety of malignancies, responses only typically occur in a minority of patients in any given histology. Additionally, treatment is associated with inflammatory toxicity and high cost. Therefore, determining which patients would derive clinical benefit from immunotherapy is a compelling clinical question. Although numerous candidate biomarkers have been described, there are currently three FDA-approved assays based on PD-1 ligand expression (PD-L1) that have been clinically validated to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from a single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Because of the complexity of the immune response and tumor biology, it is unlikely that a single biomarker will be sufficient to predict clinical outcomes in response to immune-targeted therapy. Rather, the integration of multiple tumor and immune response parameters, such as protein expression, genomics, and transcriptomics, may be necessary for accurate prediction of clinical benefit. Before a candidate biomarker and/or new technology can be used in a clinical setting, several steps are necessary to demonstrate its clinical validity. Although regulatory guidelines provide general roadmaps for the validation process, their applicability to biomarkers in the cancer immunotherapy field is somewhat limited. Thus, Working Group 1 (WG1) of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Immune Biomarkers Task Force convened to address this need. In this two volume series, we discuss pre-analytical and analytical (Volume I) as well as clinical and regulatory (Volume II) aspects of the validation process as applied to predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. To illustrate the requirements for validation, we discuss examples of biomarker assays that have shown preliminary evidence of an association with clinical benefit from immunotherapeutic interventions. The scope includes only those assays and technologies that have established a certain level of validation for clinical use (fit-for-purpose). Recommendations to meet challenges and strategies to guide the choice of analytical and clinical validation design for specific assays are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe V Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rachael Hawtin
- Nodality, Inc, 170 Harbor Way, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc, 555 North Avenue, Fort Lee, 07024 NJ USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Covaris Inc, 14 Gill St, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
| | - Ilan Kirsch
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Kevin K Dobbin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, 101 Buck Road, Athens, 30602 GA USA
| | - John Alvarez
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | | | - Senthamil R Selvan
- Omni Array Biotechnology, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, 20855 MD USA
| | - Howard Z Streicher
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Diagnosis Program, DCTD, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA ; Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc, 1551 Eastlake Ave. E, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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68
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PD-L1 expression on immune cells, but not on tumor cells, is a favorable prognostic factor for head and neck cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36956. [PMID: 27841362 PMCID: PMC5107906 DOI: 10.1038/srep36956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and immune checkpoints and their prognostic value for resected head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC), abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and expression of the immune checkpoints were investigated in 402 HNSCC patients. PD-L1 expression on TC and IC was categorized into four groups according to the percentage of PD-L1-positive cells. PD-L1 positivity was defined as ≥5% of cells based on immunohistochemistry. High PD-L1 expression on IC, but not TC, was an independent favorable prognostic factor for RFS and OS adjusted for age, gender, smoking, stage, and HPV. High frequencies of CD3+ or CD8+ TILs, Foxp3+ Tregs, and PD-1+ TILs were strongly associated with favorable prognosis. PD-L1 was exclusively expressed on either TC or IC. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that IC3 expressed higher levels of the effector T cell markers than TC3, suggesting that PD-L1 expression is regulated via an adaptive IFNγ-mediated mechanism. High PD-L1 expression on IC, but not TC, and high abundance of PD-1+ T cells and Foxp3+ Tregs are favorable prognostic factors for resected HNSCC. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive assessment of both TC and IC.
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69
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Rancoule C, Vallard A, Espenel S, Guy JB, Xia Y, El Meddeb Hamrouni A, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Chargari C, Deutsch E, Magné N. Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: Harnessing profit on a system disruption. Oral Oncol 2016; 62:153-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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70
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Zhang D, Chen Z, Wang DC, Wang X. Regulatory T cells and potential inmmunotherapeutic targets in lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:277-90. [PMID: 25962964 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and metastasis are two of the most lethal diseases globally and seldom have effective therapies. Immunotherapy is considered as one of the powerful alternatives. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress the activation of the immune system, maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens, and contribute to immunosuppression of antitumor immunity, which is critical for tumor immune evasion in epithelial malignancies, including lung cancer. The present review gives an overview of the biological functions and regulations of Tregs associated with the development of lung cancer and metastasis and explores the potentials of Treg-oriented therapeutic targets. Subsets and features of Tregs mainly include naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) (CD4(+) nTregs and CD8(+) nTregs) and adaptive/induced Tregs (CD4(+) iTregs and CD8(+) iTregs). Tregs, especially in circulation or regional lymph nodes, play an important role in the progress and metastasis of lung cancer and are considered as therapeutic targets and biomarkers to predict the survival length and recurrence of lung cancer. Increasing understanding of Tregs' functional mechanisms will lead to a number of clinical trials on the discovery and development of Treg-oriented new therapies. Tregs play important roles in lung cancer and metastasis, and the understanding of Tregs becomes more critical for clinical applications and therapies. Thus, Tregs and associated factors can be potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
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71
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Won HY, Hwang ES. Transcriptional modulation of regulatory T cell development by novel regulators NR4As. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1530-1536. [PMID: 27778276 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells with high expression of both CD25 and Foxp3 are developed in the thymus and also peripheral tissues. Treg cells suppress the activation and functions of effector T cells raised against specific antigens and are crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis. Treg cell development is associated with the induction of and epigenetic alterations of forkhead transcription factor Foxp3. Foxp3 expression is increased by the activation of several transcription factors including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and Smad3 in response to various signals such as TGFβ, retinoic acid, and rapamycin. Recently, the orphan nuclear receptor 4A proteins (NR4As) including NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), and NR4A3 (Nor1) are reported to regulate Treg cell development through activation of Foxp3 and have therapeutic potentials in treating immune disorders. This review summarizes the function and regulatory mechanisms of Treg cells and also implicates current advances in immunomodulatory functions of NR4As and their therapeutic potentials in inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Won
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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72
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Budna J, Spychalski Ł, Kaczmarek M, Frydrychowicz M, Goździk-Spychalska J, Batura-Gabryel H, Sikora J. Regulatory T cells in malignant pleural effusions subsequent to lung carcinoma and their impact on the course of the disease. Immunobiology 2016; 222:499-505. [PMID: 27773662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumors exert suppressive effects on the host immune system and tumor progression can be linked to functional impairments of immune cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes and play a key role in suppressing immune responses against autoimmune diseases and cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of Treg in malignant and benign pleural effusions and to evaluate the relationship between Treg frequency and disease advance. Pleural effusions from 76 patients were subjected to a routine laboratory diagnosis and analyzed by conventional cytology. Biological materials were divided into three groups: malignant pleural effusions with malignant cells, effusions from patients with malignancy but without malignant cells, and non-malignant pleural effusions. The frequency of Treg in malignant pleural effusions was significantly higher compared to non-malignant effusions. In general, the increase in Treg frequency was correlated with a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes and an increase in T CD4+ and T CD4+ CD25+ cells. The highest percentage of Treg was observed among patients with the most advanced clinical stage of lung cancer in terms of size and location of a primary tumor, T4. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a statistically significant trend towards an adverse outcome for patients representing higher Treg counts. Overall, our results support the extraordinary potential of Treg control in future anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Budna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ł Spychalski
- Department of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Kaczmarek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - M Frydrychowicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Goździk-Spychalska
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - H Batura-Gabryel
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Sikora
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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73
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Deng WW, Mao L, Yu GT, Bu LL, Ma SR, Liu B, Gutkind JS, Kulkarni AB, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. LAG-3 confers poor prognosis and its blockade reshapes antitumor response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1239005. [PMID: 27999760 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1239005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint molecule-specific monoclonal antibody have obtained encouraging results from preclinical studies and clinical trials, which promoted us to explore whether this kind of immunotherapy could be applicable to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint control protein that negatively regulates T cells and immune response. Here, using the human tissue samples, we report these findings that LAG-3 is overexpressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; p < 0.001) and its overexpression correlates with the high pathological grades, lager tumor size and positive lymph node status in human primary HNSCC. Survival analysis identifies LAG-3 as a prognostic factor independent of tumor size and pathological grades for primary HNSCC patients with negative lymph node status (p = 0.014). Study in immunocompetent genetically defined HNSCC mouse model reports that LAG-3 is upregulated on CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vivo study, administration of LAG-3-specific antibody retards tumor growth in a way associated with enhanced systemic antitumor response by potentiating the antitumor response of CD8+ T cells and decreasing the population of immunosuppressive cells. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof supporting the immunomodulatory effects of LAG-3 and suggest a potential therapeutic target of immunotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Rui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Davis RJ, Ferris RL, Schmitt NC. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoint receptors in head and neck cancer: unleashing immune responses through therapeutic combinations. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2016; 1:12. [PMID: 31093342 PMCID: PMC6460794 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a model of escape from anti-tumor immunity. The high frequency of p53 tumor suppressor loss in HNSCC leads to genomic instability and immune stimulation through the generation of neoantigens. However, the aggressive nature of HNSCC tumors and significant rates of resistance to conventional therapies highlights the ability of HNSCC to evade this immune response. Advances in understanding the role of co-stimulatory and immune checkpoint receptors in HNSCC-mediated immunosuppression lay the foundation for development of novel therapeutic approaches. This article provides an overview of these co-stimulatory and immune checkpoint pathways, as well as a review of preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the modulation of these pathways in HNSCC. Finally, the synergistic potential of combining these approaches is discussed, along with an update of current clinical trials evaluating combinations of immune-based therapies in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J. Davis
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 5B-39, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
- Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
- Cancer Immunology Programm, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Nicole C. Schmitt
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 5B-39, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 6420 Rockledge Drive, Suite 4920, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
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75
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Li J, Shayan G, Avery L, Jie HB, Gildener-Leapman N, Schmitt N, Lu BF, Kane LP, Ferris RL. Tumor-infiltrating Tim-3 + T cells proliferate avidly except when PD-1 is co-expressed: Evidence for intracellular cross talk. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1200778. [PMID: 27853635 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) and T cell Ig and mucin domain-3 protein (Tim-3) are immune checkpoint receptors highly expressed on tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL). PD-1 inhibits T cell activation and type-1 T cell responses, while Tim-3 is proposed to mark more extensively exhausted cells, although the mechanisms underlying Tim-3 function are not clear. Trials of anti-PD-1 therapy have identified a large subset of non-responder patients, likely due to expression of alternative checkpoint molecules like Tim-3. We investigated the phenotypic and functional characteristics of T cells with differential expression of PD-1 (high/low) and Tim-3 (positive/negative), using TIL directly isolated from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Unexpectedly, we found that expression of Tim-3 alone does not necessarily mark TIL as dysfunctional/exhausted. In Tim-3-TIL, PD-1 levels correlate with T cell dysfunction, with a PD-1low/intermed phenotype identifying recently activated and still functional cells, whereas PD-1hiTim-3- T cells are actually exhausted. Nonetheless, PD-1intermed cells are still potently suppressed by PD-L1. PD-1 expression was associated with reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), whereas Tim-3 expression was associated with increased pS6. Using a novel mouse model for inducible Tim-3 expression, we confirmed that expression of Tim-3 does not necessarily render T cells refractory to further activation. These results suggest the existence of PD-1 and Tim-3 crosstalk in regulating antitumor T cell responses, with important implications for anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | | | - Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program - Deptartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hyun-Bae Jie
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Nicole Schmitt
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bin Feng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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76
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Santegoets SJAM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring of the Immune Dysfunction in Cancer Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030029. [PMID: 27598210 PMCID: PMC5041023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy shows promising clinical results in patients with different types of cancer, but its full potential is not reached due to immune dysfunction as a result of several suppressive mechanisms that play a role in cancer development and progression. Monitoring of immune dysfunction is a prerequisite for the development of strategies aiming to alleviate cancer-induced immune suppression. At this point, the level at which immune dysfunction occurs has to be established, the underlying mechanism(s) need to be known, as well as the techniques to assess this. While it is relatively easy to measure general signs of immune suppression, it turns out that accurate monitoring of the frequency and function of immune-suppressive cells is still difficult. A lack of truly specific markers, the phenotypic complexity among suppressive cells of the same lineage, but potentially with different functions and functional assays that may not cover every mechanistic aspect of immune suppression are among the reasons complicating proper assessments. Technical innovations in flow and mass cytometry will allow for more complete sets of markers to precisely determine phenotype and associated function. There is, however, a clear need for functional assays that recapitulate more of the mechanisms employed to suppress the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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77
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Gervais C, Scotté F. Les cancers des voies aériennes et digestives supérieures à l’ère de l’immunothérapie : rationnels et spécificités de prise en charge. ONCOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-016-2665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Pyter LM, Husain Y, Calero H, McKim DB, Lin HY, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF, Engeland CG, Marucha PT. Tumors Alter Inflammation and Impair Dermal Wound Healing in Female Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161537. [PMID: 27548621 PMCID: PMC4993492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair is an integral component of cancer treatment (e.g., due to surgery, chemotherapy, radiation). Previous work has emphasized the immunosuppressive effects of tumors on adaptive immunity and has shown that surgery incites cancer metastases. However, the extent to which and how tumors may alter the clinically-relevant innate immune process of wound healing remains an untapped potential area of improvement for treatment, quality of life, and ultimately, mortality of cancer patients. In this study, 3.5 mm full-thickness dermal excisional wounds were placed on the dorsum of immunocompetent female mice with and without non-malignant flank AT-84 murine oral squamous cell carcinomas. Wound closure rate, inflammatory cell number and inflammatory signaling in wounds, and circulating myeloid cell concentrations were compared between tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice. Tumors delayed wound closure, suppressed inflammatory signaling, and altered myeloid cell trafficking in wounds. An in vitro scratch “wounding” assay of adult dermal fibroblasts treated with tumor cell-conditioned media supported the in vivo findings. This study demonstrates that tumors are sufficient to disrupt fundamental and clinically-relevant innate immune functions. The understanding of these underlying mechanisms provides potential for therapeutic interventions capable of improving the treatment of cancer while reducing morbidities and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Pyter
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasmin Husain
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Humberto Calero
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. McKim
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yun Lin
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - John F. Sheridan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Deparment of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Engeland
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Phillip T. Marucha
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- College of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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79
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Economopoulou P, Agelaki S, Perisanidis C, Giotakis EI, Psyrri A. The promise of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1675-85. [PMID: 27380958 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (HNSCC) comprise a diverse group of malignancies that includes tobacco-related tumors in addition to an increasing number of human papillomavirus-associated cancers. Independently of cause, there is a growing body of evidence supporting that the immune system plays a pivotal role in HNSCC development, as tumor cells evade immunosurveillance by exploiting inhibitory checkpoint pathways that suppress anti-tumor T-cell responses. HNSCC cells have the ability to manipulate the immune system through a variety of different mechanisms, forcing it to promote tumor growth and spread. Over the last decade, discoveries in immunologic research resulted in increased understanding of complex interactions between HNSCC and the host immune system as well as T-cell regulatory mechanisms, promoting the development of a variety of novel immunotherapies. Following the availability of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, the challenge for clinicians is to understand how and in which clinical setting to use these agents in order to provide greater clinical benefit for patients. Combination of immunotherapies with standard treatment approaches also represents an evolving field of research. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of immune escape mechanisms in HNSCC, as well as current immunotherapy approaches under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Economopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens
| | - S Agelaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Perisanidis
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E I Giotakis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Psyrri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens
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80
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Greenplate AR, Johnson DB, Ferrell PB, Irish JM. Systems immune monitoring in cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2016; 61:77-84. [PMID: 27155446 PMCID: PMC4885747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatments that successfully modulate anti-cancer immunity have significantly improved outcomes for advanced stage malignancies and sparked intense study of the cellular mechanisms governing therapy response and resistance. These responses are governed by an evolving milieu of cancer and immune cell subpopulations that can be a rich source of biomarkers and biological insight, but it is only recently that research tools have developed to comprehensively characterize this level of cellular complexity. Mass cytometry is particularly well suited to tracking cells in complex tissues because >35 measurements can be made on each of hundreds of thousands of cells per sample, allowing all cells detected in a sample to be characterized for cell type, signalling activity, and functional outcome. This review focuses on mass cytometry as an example of systems level characterization of cancer and immune cells in human tissues, including blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and primary tumours. This review also discusses the state of the art in single cell tumour immunology, including tissue collection, technical and biological quality controls, computational analysis, and integration of different experimental and clinical data types. Ex vivo analysis of human tumour cells complements both in vivo monitoring, which generally measures far fewer features or lacks single cell resolution, and laboratory models, which incur cell type losses, signalling alterations, and genomic changes during establishment. Mass cytometry is on the leading edge of a new generation of cytomic tools that work with small tissue samples, such as a fine needle aspirates or blood draws, to monitor changes in rare or unexpected cell subsets during cancer therapy. This approach holds great promise for dissecting cellular microenvironments, monitoring how treatments affect tissues, revealing cellular biomarkers and effector mechanisms, and creating new treatments that productively engage the immune system to fight cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Greenplate
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Brent Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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81
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Davis RJ, Van Waes C, Allen CT. Overcoming barriers to effective immunotherapy: MDSCs, TAMs, and Tregs as mediators of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 58:59-70. [PMID: 27215705 PMCID: PMC4912416 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A significant subset of head and neck cancers display a T-cell inflamed phenotype, suggesting that patients with these tumors should respond to therapeutic approaches aimed at strengthening anti-tumor immune responses. A major barrier to the development of an effective anti-tumor immune response, at baseline or in response to immunotherapy, is the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Several well described mechanisms of effector immune cell suppression in the head and neck cancer microenvironment are discussed here, along with updates on current trials designed to translate what we have learned from pre-clinical and correlative clinical studies into improved responses in patients with head and neck cancer following immune activating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Davis
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clint T Allen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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82
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Lepone LM, Donahue RN, Grenga I, Metenou S, Richards J, Heery CR, Madan RA, Gulley JL, Schlom J. Analyses of 123 Peripheral Human Immune Cell Subsets: Defining Differences with Age and between Healthy Donors and Cancer Patients Not Detected in Analysis of Standard Immune Cell Types. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:5. [PMID: 28936253 PMCID: PMC5548330 DOI: 10.5772/62322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human immunology have led to the identification of novel immune cell subsets and the biological function of many of these subsets has now been identified. The recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of several immunotherapeutics for the treatment of a variety of cancer types and the results of ongoing immunotherapy clinical studies requires a more thorough interrogation of the immune system. We report here the use of flow cytometry-based analyses to identify 123 immune cell subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The use of these panels defines multiple differences in younger (< 40 years) vs. older (≥ 40 years) individuals and between aged-matched apparently healthy individuals and metastatic cancer patients, aspects not seen in the analysis of the following standard immune cell types: CD8, CD4, natural killer, natural killer-T, regulatory T, myeloid derived suppressor cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), plasmacytoid DCs and B cells. The use of these panels identifying 123 immune cell subsets may aid in the identification of patients who may benefit from immunotherapy, either prior to therapy or early in the immunotherapeutic regimen, for the treatment of cancer or other chronic or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Lepone
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Richards
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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83
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Jóźwicki W, Brożyna AA, Siekiera J, Slominski AT. Frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in peripheral blood in relation to urinary bladder cancer malignancy indicators before and after surgical removal. Oncotarget 2016; 7:11450-62. [PMID: 26862849 PMCID: PMC4905485 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells communicate with stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), to form microenvironment inhibiting immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) stimulate immune tolerance and facilitate tumor progression. We analyzed the changes in Treg frequencies assessed using flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of patients with urothelial bladder cancer before and after tumor-removal. Changes in Treg frequency were investigated in relation to clinicopathomorphological indicators of tumor malignancy and expression of RCAS1 on CAFs and TAMs. Higher Treg frequencies were observed in early phase of tumor growth (pTa-pT2), in larger tumors, with more aggressive type of invasion, and with expression of RCAS1. The later phase of tumor development, accompanied by a nonclassic differentiations and pT3-pT4 advancement, had lower number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and lower Treg frequency. Furthermore, in pT2-pT4 tumors, a decreased post-surgery Treg frequency was associated with poorer prognosis: patients with the lowest frequency of Tregs died first. These findings strongly suggest that the Treg frequencies at later phase of tumor growth, associated with a low anti-tumor response, represent a new and important prognostic indicator in urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
- Department of Tumour Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Jerzy Siekiera
- Department of Urology, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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84
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Tumor-derived exosomes regulate expression of immune function-related genes in human T cell subsets. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20254. [PMID: 26842680 PMCID: PMC4740743 DOI: 10.1038/srep20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEX) suppress functions of immune cells. Here, changes in the gene profiles of primary human T lymphocytes exposed in vitro to exosomes were evaluated. CD4+ Tconv, CD8+ T or CD4+ CD39+ Treg were isolated from normal donors’ peripheral blood and co-incubated with TEX or exosomes isolated from supernatants of cultured dendritic cells (DEX). Expression levels of 24–27 immune response-related genes in these T cells were quantified by qRT-PCR. In activated T cells, TEX and DEX up-regulated mRNA expression levels of multiple genes. Multifactorial data analysis of ΔCt values identified T cell activation and the immune cell type, but not exosome source, as factors regulating gene expression by exosomes. Treg were more sensitive to TEX-mediated effects than other T cell subsets. In Treg, TEX-mediated down-regulation of genes regulating the adenosine pathway translated into high expression of CD39 and increased adenosine production. TEX also induced up-regulation of inhibitory genes in CD4+ Tconv, which translated into a loss of CD69 on their surface and a functional decline. Exosomes are not internalized by T cells, but signals they carry and deliver to cell surface receptors modulate gene expression and functions of human T lymphocytes.
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85
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Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMID: 26788324 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century's work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
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86
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Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26788324 PMCID: PMC4717548 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century’s work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
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87
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Innovative perspectives of immunotherapy in head and neck cancer. From relevant scientific rationale to effective clinical practice. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 43:113-23. [PMID: 26827699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that head and neck cancer carcinogenesis is characterized by genetic instability and several immune defects, leading to unique host-tumor interactions. In such condition, recent improved comprehension and relevant findings could lead to identification of innovative molecular therapeutic targets, achieving considerable clinical and translational research. This review aims to summarize and to highlight most recent and relevant scientific rationale in this era of immunotherapy revival, and to correlate it to the near future clinical practice for the management of this challenging disease.
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88
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Hirayama M, Tomita Y, Yuno A, Tsukamoto H, Senju S, Imamura Y, Sayem MA, Irie A, Yoshitake Y, Fukuma D, Shinohara M, Hamada A, Jono H, Yuba E, Kono K, Yoshida K, Tsunoda T, Nakayama H, Nishimura Y. An oncofetal antigen, IMP-3-derived long peptides induce immune responses of both helper T cells and CTLs. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1123368. [PMID: 27471607 PMCID: PMC4938377 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP-3), an oncofetal antigen identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses, is overexpressed in several malignancies. IMP-3-derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes have been used for peptide-based immunotherapies against various cancers. In addition to CTLs, induction of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific helper T (Th) cells is crucial for establishment of effective antitumor immunity. In this study, we aimed to identify IMP-3-derived long peptides (IMP-3-LPs) carrying CTL and promiscuous Th-cell epitopes for use in cancer immunotherapy. IMP-3-derived Th-cell epitopes that bind to multiple HLA-class II molecules were predicted by in silico analysis, and their immunogenicity was determined by utilizing human T cells. We identified two highly immunogenic IMP-3-LPs presented by multiple HLA-class II molecules. One of the IMP-3-LPs encompassed two CTL epitopes that have been used for peptide-vaccine immunotherapy in ongoing clinical trials. IMP-3-LPs-specific Th cells responded to autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the recombinant IMP-3 proteins, suggesting that these s (LPs) can be naturally processed and presented. The IMP-3-LPs and specific Th cells augmented the expansion of IMP-3-specific CTLs, which was further enhanced by programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade. In addition, IMP-3-LP encapsulated in liposomes was efficiently cross-presented in vitro, and this LP successfully cross-primed CTLs in HLA-A2 transgenic mice (Tgm) in vivo. Furthermore, one of the IMP-3-LPs induced IMP-3-specific Th cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of head-and-neck malignant tumor (HNMT) patients. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of IMP-3-LPs in propagating both Th cells and CTLs and may have implications for IMP-3-LPs-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yuno
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Imamura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mohammad Abu Sayem
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Atsushi Irie
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshitake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daiki Fukuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Shinohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Yuba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
| | - Kenji Kono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshida
- OncoTherapy Science Incorporation, Research and Development Division, Kawasaki, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; AstraZeneca K.K., Oncology, Medical, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- OncoTherapy Science Incorporation, Research and Development Division, Kawasaki, Japan; Merck-Living Innovation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
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Deng WW, Mao L, Yu GT, Bu LL, Ma SR, Liu B, Gutkind JS, Kulkarni AB, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. LAG-3 confers poor prognosis and its blockade reshapes antitumor response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1239005. [PMID: 27999760 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint molecule-specific monoclonal antibody have obtained encouraging results from preclinical studies and clinical trials, which promoted us to explore whether this kind of immunotherapy could be applicable to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint control protein that negatively regulates T cells and immune response. Here, using the human tissue samples, we report these findings that LAG-3 is overexpressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs; p < 0.001) and its overexpression correlates with the high pathological grades, lager tumor size and positive lymph node status in human primary HNSCC. Survival analysis identifies LAG-3 as a prognostic factor independent of tumor size and pathological grades for primary HNSCC patients with negative lymph node status (p = 0.014). Study in immunocompetent genetically defined HNSCC mouse model reports that LAG-3 is upregulated on CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vivo study, administration of LAG-3-specific antibody retards tumor growth in a way associated with enhanced systemic antitumor response by potentiating the antitumor response of CD8+ T cells and decreasing the population of immunosuppressive cells. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof supporting the immunomodulatory effects of LAG-3 and suggest a potential therapeutic target of immunotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Rui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhou X, Su YX, Lao XM, Liang YJ, Liao GQ. CD19(+)IL-10(+) regulatory B cells affect survival of tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients and induce resting CD4(+) T cells to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Oral Oncol 2015; 53:27-35. [PMID: 26631955 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment predicts worse survival of patients with various types of cancer including tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Recently, the cross-talk between Tregs and regulatory B cells (Bregs) has been shown in several tumor models. However the relevance of Bregs to tumor immunity in humans remains elusive. Our objective was to investigate the distribution and function of Bregs in TSCC microenvironment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Double staining (Bregs: IL10/CD19 and Tregs: Foxp3/CD4) was performed on tissue sections of 46 TSCC, 20 metastasis lymph nodes, and tumor adjacent normal tissue. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the Bregs from magnetic bead-sorted B cells after co-culture with TSCC cell lines, and Tregs from sorted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells after co-culture with stimulated B cells. RESULTS The immunohistochemical (IHC) results showed that the frequency of Bregs/CD19(+) B in TSCC (0.80±0.08%) was significantly higher than adjacent normal tissue (0.52±0.04% p<0.01). And the increase of Bregs in TSCC microenvironment was related to Tregs and predicts worse survival in patients. Cytological experiments indicated that frequency of Bregs increased after co-culture with TSCC cell line and that the induced B cells converted CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells into Tregs. CONCLUSION The increased expression of Bregs in the TSCC microenvironment plays a significant role in the differentiation of resting CD4(+) T cells and influenced the prognosis of TSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xiong Su
- Discipline of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Lao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gui-Qing Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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91
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Caza T, Landas S. Functional and Phenotypic Plasticity of CD4(+) T Cell Subsets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:521957. [PMID: 26583116 PMCID: PMC4637038 DOI: 10.1155/2015/521957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of CD4(+) T cells allows individuals to respond to environmental stimuli in a context-dependent manner. A balance of CD4(+) T cell subsets is critical to mount responses against pathogen challenges to prevent inappropriate activation, to maintain tolerance, and to participate in antitumor immune responses. Specification of subsets is a process beginning in intrathymic development and continuing within the circulation. It is highly flexible to adapt to differences in nutrient availability and the tissue microenvironment. CD4(+) T cell subsets have significant cross talk, with the ability to "dedifferentiate" given appropriate environmental signals. This ability is dependent on the metabolic status of the cell, with mTOR acting as the rheostat. Autoimmune and antitumor immune responses are regulated by the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. When a homeostatic balance of subsets is not maintained, immunopathology can result. CD4(+) T cells carry complex roles within tumor microenvironments, with context-dependent immune responses influenced by oncogenic drivers and the presence of inflammation. Here, we examine the signals involved in CD4(+) T cell specification towards each subset, interconnectedness of cytokine networks, impact of mTOR signaling, and cellular metabolism in lineage specification and provide a supplement describing techniques to study these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Caza
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steve Landas
- Department of Pathology, Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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92
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Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A greater understanding of the dysregulation and evasion of the immune system in the evolution and progression of HNSCC provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. HNSCC cells evade the host immune system through manipulation of their own immunogenicity, production of immunosuppressive mediators, and promotion of immunomodulatory cell types. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides a brief overview of key components of the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, reviewing immunological principles related to head and neck cancer, including the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and immune escape. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
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93
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Elevated miR-155 expression induces immunosuppression via CD39(+) regulatory T-cells in sepsis patient. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 40:135-41. [PMID: 26433115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An altered microRNA profile exists in many infectious diseases, including sepsis. CD39(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) have a remarkable immunosuppressive effect and play an important role in the regulation of immune balance in sepsis. However, the correlation between microRNA changes and the ratio of CD39(+) Tregs in sepsis patients has not yet been reported. The altered microRNA expression profile in sepsis patients was analyzed in this study. Moreover, the correlation between microRNAs and disease severity and prognosis was investigated. Furthermore, the correlation between microRNAs and the percentage of peripheral blood CD39(+) Tregs was investigated and further verified in an animal model. METHODS Sixty sepsis patients and 30 healthy controls were included. The difference in microRNA expression was investigated by microRNA microarray and was further confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. The correlations between microRNA changes and the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, severity of sepsis, and survival were analyzed. The percentage CD39(+) Tregs in the peripheral blood of sepsis patients was measured by flow cytometry. The correlation between microRNAs and the percentage CD39(+) Tregs was analyzed and further confirmed in a mouse sepsis model. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, sepsis patients exhibited a significantly elevated microRNA-155 (miR-155) level (p < 0.05), which was positively related to a higher SOFA score (r = 0.641, p < 0.05) and a greater severity of sepsis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of miR-155 used for the prediction of 28-day survival was 0.763, with a cut-off point of 2.47. Patients with a miR-155 level >2.47 had a lower 28-day survival (p < 0.05). The miR-155 level of patients was proportional to the percentage of CD39(+) Tregs (r = 0.637, p < 0.05). After transfection with miR-155 inhibitor, the ratio of CD39(+) Tregs in mice with sepsis was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A higher level of miR-155 indicated a more severe condition and poorer prognosis in sepsis patients. The possible underlying mechanism could be that miR-155 induces an increased percentage of CD39(+) Tregs and thus immunosuppression.
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94
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Swick AD, Chatterjee A, De Costa AMA, Kimple RJ. Modulation of therapeutic sensitivity by human papillomavirus. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:342-5. [PMID: 26364887 PMCID: PMC4609293 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small double-stranded DNA viruses that pose significant public health concerns as the causative agent of approximately 5% of worldwide cancers. The HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 play key roles in carcinogenesis. In the last 15years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancers arising primarily in the oropharynx. Patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancers (HNCs) have a significantly improved prognosis compared to those with HPV-negative disease. In this review we will discuss data suggesting how HPV oncogenes modulate both the intrinsic radiation sensitivity of HNCs and also have important effects upon the tumor microenvironment. Together, these findings contribute to the improved outcomes seen in patients with HPV-positive HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Swick
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Anna-Maria A De Costa
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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95
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are generally considered to be significant contributors to tumor escape from the host immune system. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that in some human cancers, Treg are necessary to control chronic inflammation, prevent tissue damage, and limit inflammation-associated cancer development. The dual role of Treg in cancer and underpinnings of Treg diversity are not well understood. This review attempts to provide insights into the importance of Treg subsets in cancer development and its progression. It also considers the role of Treg as potential biomarkers of clinical outcome in cancer. The strategies for monitoring Treg in cancer patients are discussed as is the need for caution in the use of therapies which indiscriminately ablate Treg. A greater understanding of molecular pathways operating in various tumor microenvironments is necessary for defining the Treg impact on cancer and for selecting immunotherapies targeting Treg.
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96
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Futagbi G, Gyan B, Nunoo H, Tetteh JKA, Welbeck JE, Renner LA, Ofori M, Dodoo D, Edoh DA, Akanmori BD. High Levels of IL-10 and CD4+CD25hi+ Treg Cells in Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma Patients. Biomedicines 2015; 3:224-236. [PMID: 28536409 PMCID: PMC5344238 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection, malaria, and endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma is not well understood. Reports show diminished EBV-specific Th1 responses in children living in malaria endemic areas and deficiency of EBNA1-specific IFN-γ T cell responses in children with endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma (eBL). This study, therefore, examined some factors involved in the loss of EBNA-1-specific T cell responses in eBL. Methods: T-cell subset frequencies, activation, and IFN-γ- or IL-4-specific responses were analyzed by flow-cytometry. Plasma cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Results: CD4+ and CD8+ cells in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 3) expressed more IFN-γ in response to all immunostimulants than in pediatric endemic BL (eBL) patients (n = 4). In healthy controls, IFN-γ expression was higher than IL-4 expression, whereas in eBL patients the expression of IL-4 by CD4+ cells to EBNA-1 was slightly higher than IFN-γ. Moreover, the blood levels of TNF-α was significantly lower (p = 0.004) while IL-10 was significantly higher (p = 0.038), in eBL patients (n = 21) compared to controls (n = 16). Additionally, the frequency of CD4+CD25hi+ T cells was higher in both age-matched acute uncomplicated malaria (n = 26) and eBL (n = 14) patients compared to healthy controls (n = 19; p = 0.000 and p = 0.027, respectively). Conclusion: The data suggest that reduced Th1 response in eBL might be due to increased levels of IL-10 and T reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Futagbi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ben Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Harriet Nunoo
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - John K A Tetteh
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jennifer E Welbeck
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Lorna Awo Renner
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Michael Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Dominic A Edoh
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Bartholomew D Akanmori
- Division of Immunization, Vaccines & Emergencies (IVE), WHO Regional Office for Africa, Cité Djoué, PO Box 06 Brazzaville, Congo Republic.
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97
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Whiteside TL, Ferris RL, Szczepanski M, Tublin M, Kiss J, Johnson R, Johnson JT. Dendritic cell-based autologous tumor vaccines for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E494-501. [PMID: 25735641 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An autologous vaccine of apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) was administered to patients with stage III/IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to study safety and feasibility. METHODS Autologous DCs were generated from monocytes, loaded with ATCs, and delivered intranodally. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and immunological endpoints were measured prevaccination and postvaccination. Clinical follow-up was required. RESULTS Tumors obtained from 30 patients yielded 2 × 10(6) to 2 × 10(8) tumor cells. Only 19 of 30 (63%) were sterile. Ten of 30 patients (33%) had ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells required for vaccine production. Eight of 10 patients had positive recall DTH. Five of 10 patients were leukapheresed to generate DCs. Four of 5 patients were vaccinated. ATC-reactive T cells were detected in 3 of 4 patients. All 4 patients survived >5 years. The trial failed to enroll the projected 12 patients and was terminated. CONCLUSION This vaccine was safe and immunogenic but feasible only in patients with HNSCC with positive prevaccine DTH and ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells. All vaccinated patients were long-term disease-free survivors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E494-E501, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miroslaw Szczepanski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Tublin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Kiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Johnson
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas T Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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98
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Halvorsen EC, Mahmoud SM, Bennewith KL. Emerging roles of regulatory T cells in tumour progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1025-41. [PMID: 25359584 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer is a complex and life-threatening process that is only partially understood. Immune suppressive cells are recognized as important contributors to tumour progression and may also promote the development and growth of tumour metastases. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to promote primary tumour progression, and emerging pre-clinical data suggests that Tregs may promote metastasis and metastatic tumour growth. While the precise role that Tregs play in metastatic progression is understudied, recent findings have indicated that by suppressing innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity, Tregs may shield tumour cells from immune detection, and thereby allow tumour cells to survive, proliferate and acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination. This review will highlight our current understanding of Tregs in metastasis, including an overview of pre-clinical findings and discussion of clinical data regarding Tregs and therapeutic outcome. Evolving strategies to directly ablate Tregs or to inhibit their function will also be discussed. Improving our understanding of how Tregs may influence tumour metastasis may lead to novel treatments for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 9-202, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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99
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Kim JH, Han DS, Bang HY, Kim PS, Lee KY. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with gastric cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 89:81-6. [PMID: 26236697 PMCID: PMC4518034 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2015.89.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflects patients' inflammation status, clinical stage, and survival in various malignancies. However, only a limited amount of information on the clinical importance and prognostic significance of NLR in gastric cancer has been reported. The objective of this study is to assess the prognostic values of preoperative NLR in patients with gastric cancer. Methods During the period between August 1, 2005 and December 31, 2011, we collected data from 601 patients among those who had undergone surgery for gastric cancer at the Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center. We classified the subjects into high NLR (NLR ≥ 1.7) group and low NLR (NLR < 1.7) group. Results The gender, age, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score did not differ in the two NLR groups. The pathologic features (tumor size, histology, number of examined lymph node, T stage, N stage, and TNM stage) did not differ either, except for tumor location (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis identified TNM stage, NLR, and age as significant prognostic factors. Gender, tumor size, location, and histology did not show their prognostic significance when we applied the Cox proportional hazard model. Conclusion Our study verified that advanced stage, high preoperative NLR (NLR ≥ 1.7), and old age (≥ 70 years) are significant, independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Han
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yoon Bang
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyeong Su Kim
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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100
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Young MRI, Levingston C, Johnson SD. Cytokine and Adipokine Levels in Patients with Premalignant Oral Lesions or in Patients with Oral Cancer Who Did or Did Not Receive 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment upon Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1109-24. [PMID: 26120967 PMCID: PMC4586760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in levels of inflammation-modulating cytokines and adipokines in patients with premalignant oral lesions versus in patients that develop squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) were assessed. Also assessed was the impact of treating HNSCC patients with the immune regulatory mediator, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], on modulators of inflammation. Compared to healthy controls, patients with premalignant oral lesions had increases in their systemic levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17, and increases in the adipokine, leptin. However, levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokine were reduced in patients with HNSCC. Treatment of HNSCC patients with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased levels of each of the measured immune mediators. Levels of the anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin, were shifted inversely with the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and with leptin. These studies demonstrate heightened immune reactivity in patients with premalignant lesions, which wanes in patients with HNSCC, but which is restored by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rita I Young
- Medical Research Service (151), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Corinne Levingston
- Medical Research Service (151), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Sara D Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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