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Liu W, Yan J, Pan W, Tang M. Apelin/Elabela-APJ: a novel therapeutic target in the cardiovascular system. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:243. [PMID: 32309390 PMCID: PMC7154429 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela (ELA) are endogenous ligands of angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated proteins (APJ). Apelin/ELA-APJ signal is widely distributed in the cardiovascular system of fetuse and adult. The signal is involved in the development of the fetal heart and blood vessels and regulating vascular tension in adults. This review described the effects of apelin/ELA-APJ on fetal (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis) and adult cardiovascular function [vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vasodilation, positive myodynamia], and relative diseases [eclampsia, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis, etc.] in detail. The pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ regulating cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases are summarized. The drugs developed based on apelin and ELA suggests APJ is a prospective strategy for cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Weinan Pan
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Minato T, Nirasawa S, Sato T, Yamaguchi T, Hoshizaki M, Inagaki T, Nakahara K, Yoshihashi T, Ozawa R, Yokota S, Natsui M, Koyota S, Yoshiya T, Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K, Motoyama S, Gotoh T, Nakaoka Y, Penninger JM, Watanabe H, Imai Y, Takahashi S, Kuba K. B38-CAP is a bacteria-derived ACE2-like enzyme that suppresses hypertension and cardiac dysfunction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1058. [PMID: 32103002 PMCID: PMC7044196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is critically involved in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and is currently clinically evaluated to treat acute lung failure. Here we show that the B38-CAP, a carboxypeptidase derived from Paenibacillus sp. B38, is an ACE2-like enzyme to decrease angiotensin II levels in mice. In protein 3D structure analysis, B38-CAP homolog shares structural similarity to mammalian ACE2 with low sequence identity. In vitro, recombinant B38-CAP protein catalyzed the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin 1–7, as well as other known ACE2 target peptides. Treatment with B38-CAP suppressed angiotensin II-induced hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis in mice. Moreover, B38-CAP inhibited pressure overload-induced pathological hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction in mice. Our data identify the bacterial B38-CAP as an ACE2-like carboxypeptidase, indicating that evolution has shaped a bacterial carboxypeptidase to a human ACE2-like enzyme. Bacterial engineering could be utilized to design improved protein drugs for hypertension and heart failure. The enzyme ACE2 is involved in cardiac pathology and can counteract heart failure and other cardio-pulmonary diseases. Here the authors show that bacteria produce an ACE2-like enzyme that is effective in suppressing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Minato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoru Nirasawa
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Midori Hoshizaki
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tadakatsu Inagaki
- Department of Vascular Physiology, Research Institute National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakahara
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Ryo Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Saki Yokota
- Department of Materials Science, Applied Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-machi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Souichi Koyota
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshiya
- Peptide Institute, Inc., 7-2-9 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Motoyama
- Department of Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takeshi Gotoh
- Department of Materials Science, Applied Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-machi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakaoka
- Department of Vascular Physiology, Research Institute National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA -Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Campus Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, 1030, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Saori Takahashi
- Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, 4-26 Sanuki, Arayamachi, Akita, 010-1623, Japan
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
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Apelin Promotes ECM Synthesis by Enhancing Autophagy Flux via TFEB in Human Degenerative NP Cells under Oxidative Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4897170. [PMID: 32149109 PMCID: PMC7042543 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4897170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Apelin alleviates oxidative stress which contributes to the development of aging. IVDD is a disease closely correlated to aging and oxidative stress which is known to be harmful to NP cells' matrix synthesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Apelin in NP cells' matrix degradation under oxidative stress. Methods First, the mRNA and protein expressions of Apelin were checked by RT-PCR and Western blot in NP from normal and degenerative IVD to explore the relationship between Apelin and IVDD preliminarily. Then, H2O2 was used to mimic oxidative stress of NP cells. After treated with Apelin 13 and CQ, the GAG content was assessed by DMMB and the mRNA/protein expressions of NP matrix macromolecules (Collagen II and Aggrecan) and autophagy-related markers (LC3 and p62) were assessed by RT-PCR/Western blot. Finally, TFEB was knocked down by esiRNA-TFEB transfection and the nucleoprotein expression of TFEB and autophagy-related markers (LC3 and p62) were assessed by Western blot to discuss whether TFEB is involved in Apelin regulating autophagy flux in NP cells under oxidative stress. Results Our data first confirmed that the mRNA and protein expressions of Apelin were decreased with IVDD. Furthermore, Apelin increased GAG content of NP cells and mRNA/protein expressions of NP matrix macromolecules (Collagen II and Aggrecan) and promoted autophagic flux (LC3II/I increased and p62 decreased) under oxidative stress. Finally, after transfected with esiRNA-TFEB, Apelin cannot promote autophagic flux any more in human degenerative NP cells. Conclusion Our data indicated that Apelin promotes ECM synthesis by enhancing autophagy flux via TFEB in human degenerative NP cells under oxidative stress. This viewpoint may provide a new therapeutic idea for IVDD.
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Cellular cross-talks in the diseased and aging heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:136-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abbasloo E, Najafipour H, Vakili A. Chronic treatment with apelin, losartan and their combination reduces myocardial infarct size and improves cardiac mechanical function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:393-402. [PMID: 31630435 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a deleterious and apelin/APJ system has protective effect on the ischaemic heart. The collaboration between these systems in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is not clear. We determined the effect of chronic pretreatment with apelin, losartan and their combination on ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the isolated perfused rat heart and on the expression of apelin-13 receptor (APJ) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the myocardium. During 5 days before the induction of IR, saline (vehicle), apelin-13 (Apl), F13A (apelin antagonist), losartan (Los, AT1R antagonist) and the combination of Apl and Los were administered intraperitoneally in rats. Ischaemia was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 55 minutes in the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion system. Pretreatment with Apl, Los and the combination of Apl + Los significantly reduced infarct size by about 30, 33 and 48 percent respectively; and significantly improved the left ventricular function indices such as left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and rate pressure product (RPP). IR increased AT1R protein level but it did not change APJ significantly. AT1R expression was reduced in groups treated with Apl, Los and Apl + Los. Findings showed that chronic pretreatment with apelin along with AT1R antagonist had more protective effects against IR injury. Combination therapy may diminish the risk of IR-induced heart damage, by reducing AT1R expression, in the heart of patients with coronary artery disease that are at the risk of MI and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abedin Vakili
- Physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Xi Y, Yu D, Yang R, Zhao Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Qian K, Shi Z, Wang W, Brown R, Li Y, Tian Z, Gong DW. Recombinant Fc-Elabela fusion protein has extended plasma half-life andmitigates post-infarct heart dysfunction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:180-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sunjaya AP, Sunjaya AF, Ferdinal F. Apela/Elabela/Toddler: New perspectives in molecular mechanism of heart failure. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2019; 2019:e201915. [PMID: 31799290 PMCID: PMC6865182 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite significant therapeutic advances, heart failure (HF) remains unacceptably high in morbidity and mortality. Additionally, its high-care and costs make HF a deadly and costly disease. First reported independently by two group of researchers, Apela/Elabela/Toddler (ELA) is the second endogenous apelin-receptor ligand discovered which is encoded from a previously classified non-coding gene, and has emerged as a key signalling-pathway in the cardiovascular system. Aims. To explore and summarise the biological effects and diagnostic potential of ELA as a new biomarker for heart failure. Results. ELA (prepro-ELA 54 AA) is a molecule with three isoforms (ELA 11,16 and 32), recently identified as the second endogenous ligand to APJ-receptor and functions to mediate early cardiac development during zebrafish embryogenesis by inducing cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis and bone formation. In adults, it enhances cardiac contractility, promotes vasodilatory effects, mediates fluid homeostasis, reduces food intake, limits kidney dysfunction and exerts anti-atherosclerotic as well as anti-oxidative properties. Conclusion. These results show that ELA, an endogenous agonist of the APJ-receptor exerts cardiovascular effects comparable and potentially more potent than apelin and is found to be downregulated in experimental models and humans with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Sunjaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Angela F Sunjaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frans Ferdinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
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59
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Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating the essential roles played by neuropeptides, it has proven challenging to use this information to develop therapeutic strategies. Peptidergic signaling can involve juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuronal signaling, making it difficult to define physiologically important pathways. One of the final steps in the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides requires a single enzyme, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), and lack of amidation renders most of these peptides biologically inert. PAM, an ancient integral membrane enzyme that traverses the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways, also affects cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. While mice, zebrafish, and flies lacking Pam (PamKO/KO ) are not viable, we reasoned that cell type-specific elimination of Pam expression would generate mice that could be screened for physiologically important and tissue-specific deficits. Conditional PamcKO/cKO mice, with loxP sites flanking the 2 exons deleted in the global PamKO/KO mouse, were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. Eliminating Pam expression in excitatory forebrain neurons reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased locomotor responsiveness to cocaine, and improved thermoregulation in the cold. A number of amidated peptides play essential roles in each of these behaviors. Although atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is not amidated, Pam expression in the atrium exceeds levels in any other tissue. Eliminating Pam expression in cardiomyocytes increased anxiety-like behavior and improved thermoregulation. Atrial and serum levels of ANP fell sharply in PAM myosin heavy chain 6 conditional knockout mice, and RNA sequencing analysis identified changes in gene expression in pathways related to cardiac function. Use of this screening platform should facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches targeted to peptidergic pathways.
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60
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Uribesalgo I, Hoffmann D, Zhang Y, Kavirayani A, Lazovic J, Berta J, Novatchkova M, Pai TP, Wimmer RA, László V, Schramek D, Karim R, Tortola L, Deswal S, Haas L, Zuber J, Szűcs M, Kuba K, Dome B, Cao Y, Haubner BJ, Penninger JM. Apelin inhibition prevents resistance and metastasis associated with anti-angiogenic therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9266. [PMID: 31267692 PMCID: PMC6685079 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer, promoting growth and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic treatment has limited efficacy due to therapy-induced blood vessel alterations, often followed by local hypoxia, tumor adaptation, progression, and metastasis. It is therefore paramount to overcome therapy-induced resistance. We show that Apelin inhibition potently remodels the tumor microenvironment, reducing angiogenesis, and effectively blunting tumor growth. Functionally, targeting Apelin improves vessel function and reduces polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration. Importantly, in mammary and lung cancer, Apelin prevents resistance to anti-angiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor therapy, reducing growth and angiogenesis in lung and breast cancer models without increased hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment. Apelin blockage also prevents RTK inhibitor-induced metastases, and high Apelin levels correlate with poor prognosis of anti-angiogenic therapy patients. These data identify a druggable anti-angiogenic drug target that reduces tumor blood vessel densities and normalizes the tumor vasculature to decrease metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Uribesalgo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Jelena Lazovic
- VBCF Preclinical Imaging, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Berta
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tsung-Pin Pai
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reiner A Wimmer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktória László
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rezaul Karim
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sumit Deswal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miklós Szűcs
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard J Haubner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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61
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Zhu C, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Liu M, Chen B, Cao K, Wu Y, Yang M, Yin W, Zhao H, Tai H, Ou Y, Yu X, Liu C, Li S, Su B, Feng Y, Huang S. Aplnra/b Sequentially Regulate Organ Left-Right Patterning via Distinct Mechanisms. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1225-1239. [PMID: 31223282 PMCID: PMC6567806 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ/Aplnr has been widely reported to be involved in heart and vascular development and disease, but whether it contributes to organ left-right patterning is largely unknown. Here, we show that in zebrafish, aplnra/b coordinates organ LR patterning in an apela/apln ligand-dependent manner using distinct mechanisms at different stages. During gastrulation and early somitogenesis, aplnra/b loss of function results in heart and liver LR asymmetry defects, accompanied by disturbed KV/cilia morphogenesis and disrupted left-sided Nodal/spaw expression in the LPM. In this process, only aplnra loss of function results in KV/cilia morphogenesis defect. In addition, only apela works as the early endogenous ligand to regulate KV morphogenesis, which then contributes to left-sided Nodal/spaw expression and subsequent organ LR patterning. The aplnra-apela cascade regulates KV morphogenesis by enhancing the expression of foxj1a, but not fgf8 or dnh9, during KV development. At the late somite stage, both aplnra and aplnrb contribute to the expression of lft1 in the trunk midline but do not regulate KV formation, and this role is possibly mediated by both endogenous ligands, apela and apln. In conclusion, our study is the first to identify a role for aplnra/b and their endogenous ligands apela/apln in LR patterning, and it clarifies the distinct roles of aplnra-apela and aplnra/b-apela/apln in orchestrating organ LR patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Zhu
- College of Animal Science in Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Key Laboratary of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatics Science of Chongqing, Chongqing 402460, China.,UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhenghua Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Min Liu
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Bingyu Chen
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Kang Cao
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Min Yang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. USA
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Haoran Tai
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yu Ou
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shurong Li
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Bingyin Su
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yi Feng
- UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
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62
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Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060854. [PMID: 31208019 PMCID: PMC6617388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues-the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as "adipokines" and "batokines," respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, "exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)" were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors-adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA-in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.
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63
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Catalpol pretreatment attenuates cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction in rats. Anatol J Cardiol 2019; 19:296-302. [PMID: 29724983 PMCID: PMC6280265 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2018.33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of catalpol on cardiac function in rats with isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group, ISO group, catalpol (L, low dose) group, and catalpol (H, high dose) group. Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for 2 consecutive days to induce experimental MI. At the end of experiment, the effects of catalpol on cardiac function; apelin levels; apoptosis index; apelin, APJ, Bcl-2, and Bax protein expression; and caspase-3/9 activities were investigated. Results: The rats in the ISO group showed lower left ventricular maximum rate of positive or negative pressure development (±LVdp/dtmax) and left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVSP) and higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) than those in the control group, suggesting severe cardiac dysfunction. Interestingly, catalpol administration significantly ameliorated the ISO-induced cardiac dysfunction. The groups administered low and high dosages catalpol (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) showed higher ±LVdp/dtmax and LVSP and lower LVEDP than the group administered ISO alone. Catalpol markedly upregulated apelin levels in the plasma and myocardium. Further, catalpol increased the apelin and APJ expression levels in the myocardium of the ISO-treated rats. In addition, catalpol pretreatment inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis as indicated by a decrease in the TUNEL-positive cell percentage, alterations in the Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels, and a decline in caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Conclusion: Our results revealed that catalpol can improve cardiac function. Its protective effects may be linked to the enhancement of myocardium contractility, regulation of the apelin/APJ pathway, and inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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64
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Ding M, Guan L, Zhang C, Yang P, Yang H. (3R)‑5,6,7‑trihydroxy‑3‑isopropyl‑3‑methylisochroman‑1‑one attenuates cardiac dysfunction via the apelin/APJ signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5007-5014. [PMID: 30942406 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with a high risk of mortality and is a major global health concern. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of (3R)‑5,6,7‑trihydroxy‑3‑isopropyl‑3‑methylisochroman‑1‑one (TIM) against MI induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in a rat model and the underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups (n=10): The control group received saline treatment; the ISO group received an intraperitoneal injection of ISO (100 mg/kg); and the TIM (low) and TIM (high) groups received an intraperitoneal injection of ISO, plus a 1 and 2 mg/kg dose of TIM orally, respectively. TIM rats were treated with TIM daily for 12 days and received ISO injections on the final 2 days to induce MI. Cardiac function, apoptosis index and protein expression were subsequently determined. The levels of oxidative stress markers were determined by ELISAs, whereas DNA damage was detected using a Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. Gene and protein expression were determined via reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Following treatment with ISO, the maximum left ventricular contraction/relaxation velocity and left ventricular systolic pressure were significantly decreased, whereas the left ventricular end‑diastolic pressure was increased; however, treatment with TIM significantly ameliorated ISO‑induced cardiac dysfunction. Additionally, TIM treatment significantly decreased oxidative stress and inhibited the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, as determined by a decrease in caspase activities, increased expression of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and reduced expression of cleaved caspase‑3, cleaved caspase‑9 and Bcl‑2‑associated X. Furthermore, treatment with TIM upregulated the levels of apelin in the plasma and myocardium of ISO‑treated rats. The results indicated that TIM protected cardiomyocytes against ISO‑induced MI, potentially via the apelin/apelin receptor signaling pathway. The results of the present study suggested that TIM may be a potential novel therapy for the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Lianyue Guan
- Department of Hepatobiliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Yang
- Department of Emergency, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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65
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Elabela and Apelin actions in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:45-53. [PMID: 30910349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a dynamic and precisely organized process during which one or more baby develops. Embryonic development relies on the formation of the placenta, allowing nutrient and oxygen exchange between the mother and the fetus. Dysfunction of placental formation lead to pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE) with serious deleterious consequences for fetal and maternal health. Identifying factors involved in fetoplacental homeostasis could inform better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these pathological pregnancies. Here, we summarize actions of elabela, apelin and their common receptor APJ in the fetoplacental unit. Studies indicate that elabela is crucial for embryo cardiovascular system formation and early placental development, while apelin acts in mid/late gestation to modulate fetal angiogenesis and energy homeostasis. Most of these findings, drawn from animal models, indicate a key role of elabela/apelin-APJ system in the fetoplacental unit. This review also provides an overview of clinical studies investigating elabela/apelin-APJ system in pathological complicated pregnancies such as PE and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). While elabela-deficient mice display all the features of PE, current clinical studies show no difference in circulating elabela levels between PE and control patients which does not support a role in PE development. Conversely, apelin levels are increased during PE, but the use of apelin as an early PE marker remains to be fully investigated.
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66
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Luo J, Liu H, Zheng X, Lin B, Ye Q, Deng Y, Wu L. Inhibitory Effect of Apelin on Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy induced by Resistin in H9c2 Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.311.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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67
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Sawada N, Daimon M, Kawata T, Nakao T, Kimura K, Nakanishi K, Kurano M, Hirokawa M, Xu B, Yamanaka Y, Kato TS, Watanabe M, Yatomi Y, Komuro I. The Significance of the Effect of Visceral Adiposity on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in the General Population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4435. [PMID: 30872595 PMCID: PMC6418254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between visceral adiposity and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in association with plasma adiponectin levels in 213 subjects without overt cardiac diseases. Abdominal visceral fat area was quantified by computed tomography. Excessive visceral fat was significantly associated with impaired diastolic parameters including E/A, E′ and E/E′. Although serum adiponectin levels decreased with increased visceral adiposity, there was no independent association between serum adiponectin levels and diastolic parameters, which suggest that the role of adiponectin in this association might be indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sawada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Daimon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Kawata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Hirokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Boqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoko S Kato
- Department of Cardiology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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68
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Satish M, Saxena SK, Agrawal DK. Adipokine Dysregulation and Insulin Resistance with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Metabolic Syndrome or Independent Sequelae? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:415-424. [PMID: 30835048 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipokine dysregulation and insulin resistance are two hallmark sequelae attributed to the current clinical definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) that are also linked to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Here, we critically discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the interplay between the two sequelae. Adipokine dysregulation is involved with decreased nitric oxide, vascular inflammation, and insulin resistance in itself to promote atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance is involved with endothelial dysfunction by direct and indirect mechanisms that also promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. These mechanisms are discussed in atherosclerosis irrespective of MetS, and to evaluate the possibility of synergism in MetS. High retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and low cholesterol efflux in MetS may provide evidence of possible synergism and elevated atherosclerotic risk. An adverse adipokine panel that includes fetuin-A and adiponectin can potentially assess atherosclerotic risk in even those without MetS. Genetic possibilities may exist in atherosclerotic vascular diseases secondary to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Satish
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Department of Family Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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69
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Mastrella G, Hou M, Li M, Stoecklein VM, Zdouc N, Volmar MNM, Miletic H, Reinhard S, Herold-Mende CC, Kleber S, Eisenhut K, Gargiulo G, Synowitz M, Vescovi AL, Harter PN, Penninger JM, Wagner E, Mittelbronn M, Bjerkvig R, Hambardzumyan D, Schüller U, Tonn JC, Radke J, Glass R, Kälin RE. Targeting APLN/APLNR Improves Antiangiogenic Efficiency and Blunts Proinvasive Side Effects of VEGFA/VEGFR2 Blockade in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2298-2313. [PMID: 30718358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic therapy of glioblastoma (GBM) with bevacizumab, a VEGFA-blocking antibody, may accelerate tumor cell invasion and induce alternative angiogenic pathways. Here we investigate the roles of the proangiogenic apelin receptor APLNR and its cognate ligand apelin in VEGFA/VEGFR2 antiangiogenic therapy against distinct subtypes of GBM. In proneural GBM, apelin levels were downregulated by VEGFA or VEGFR2 blockade. A central role for apelin/APLNR in controlling GBM vascularization was corroborated in a serial implantation model of the angiogenic switch that occurs in human GBM. Apelin and APLNR are broadly expressed in human GBM, and knockdown or knockout of APLN in orthotopic models of proneural or classical GBM subtypes significantly reduced GBM vascularization compared with controls. However, reduction in apelin expression led to accelerated GBM cell invasion. Analysis of stereotactic GBM biopsies from patients as well as from in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed increased dissemination of APLNR-positive tumor cells when apelin levels were reduced. Application of apelin-F13A, a mutant APLNR ligand, blocked tumor angiogenesis and GBM cell invasion. Furthermore, cotargeting VEGFR2 and APLNR synergistically improved survival of mice bearing proneural GBM. In summary, we show that apelin/APLNR signaling controls GBM angiogenesis and invasion and that both pathologic features are blunted by apelin-F13A. We suggest that apelin-F13A can improve the efficiency and reduce the side effects of established antiangiogenic treatments for distinct GBM subtypes. SIGNIFICANCE: Pharmacologic targeting of the APLNR acts synergistically with established antiangiogenic treatments in glioblastoma and blunts therapy resistance to current strategies for antiangiogenesis.See related commentary by Amoozgar et al., p. 2104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mastrella
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mengzhuo Hou
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Min Li
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit M Stoecklein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Zdouc
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie N M Volmar
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Christel C Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kleber
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger-Institute (Neurological Institute), Goethe-University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Edinger-Institute (Neurological Institute), Goethe-University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg and NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), and Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Department of Pediatrics and Aflac Cancer Center of Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf and Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, German; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland E Kälin
- Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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70
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Noori-Zadeh A, Bakhtiyari S, Khanjari S, Haghani K, Darabi S. Elevated blood apelin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 148:43-53. [PMID: 30583036 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Apelin is a circulatory blood peptide acting as a ligand for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor known as APJ. Whether apelin blood levels can affect the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is an open question. In the present study, we aimed to assess the levels of circulatory apelin peptide in the type 2 diabetic subjects using systematic review and meta-analysis under random-effects model and standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect size. For heterogeneity testing, Q and I2% statistic indices as well as meta-regression were applied. METHODS Using specialized biomedical online databases of Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Medline, Google scholar, Scopus and Embase databases without the beginning date restriction until July 2018, the systematic review retrieved nine studies for meta-analysis after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS Analysis of Q and I2% statistic indices as well as meta-regression showed a high heterogeneity in the 16 selected studies (737.578 and 96.475, respectively), thus, the random-effects model was chosen. The primary analysis for the main hypothesis on a total number of 1102 cases and 1078 healthy control subjects found that the weighted pooled SMD for the impact of apelin blood concentration in type 2 diabetes mellitus was as follows: SMD = 2.136 (95% confidence interval, 1.580-2.693). The P-value for the significance of the combined SMD examined by the z-test was 0.000 and thus, it was clearly significant. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis presents evidence that apelin circulatory levels are higher in type 2 diabetic subjects than normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Shokoufeh Khanjari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
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71
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Liu Y, Wang L, Shi H. The biological function of ELABELA and APJ signaling in the cardiovascular system and pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:928-934. [PMID: 30626933 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. The etiology of PE is not completely understood but is believed to involve placental insufficiency and maternal vascular damage. Growing evidence supports an important role for the apelin receptor (APJ) system in regulating cardiovascular physiology. There are two vertebrate APJ ligands, APELIN and ELABELA, both of which mediate vasodilatory functions. A recent study linked deficient ELABELA signaling and the development of PE, though the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the biological function of the ELABELA and APJ system in cardiovascular homeostasis and discuss the potential mechanisms by which ELABELA and APJ regulate placenta trophoblast invasion and vascular functions and participate in the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongjun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Loss of Apelin Augments Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction and Pathological Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020239. [PMID: 30634441 PMCID: PMC6358887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an inotropic and cardioprotective peptide that exhibits beneficial effects through activation of the APJ receptor in the pathology of cardiovascular diseases. Apelin induces the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in failing hearts, thereby improving heart function in an angiotensin 1⁻7-dependent manner. Whether apelin antagonizes the over-activation of the renin⁻angiotensin system in the heart remains elusive. In this study we show that the detrimental effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) were exacerbated in the hearts of aged apelin-gene-deficient mice. Ang II-mediated cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy were augmented in apelin knockout mice. The loss of apelin increased the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to ACE2 expression in the Ang II-stressed hearts, and Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis was markedly enhanced in apelin knockout mice. mRNA expression of pro-fibrotic genes, such as transforming growth-factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, were significantly upregulated in apelin knockout hearts. Consistently, treatment with the ACE-inhibitor Captopril decreased cardiac contractility in apelin knockout mice. In vitro, apelin ameliorated Ang II-induced TGF-β expression in primary cardiomyocytes, accompanied with reduced hypertrophy. These results provide direct evidence that endogenous apelin plays a crucial role in suppressing Ang II-induced cardiac dysfunction and pathological remodeling.
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Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111:62-70. [PMID: 29684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/AGTRL1/APLNR and is widely expressed throughout human body. In adult hearts Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor axis is potently inotropic, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic and thereby contributes to maintaining homeostasis in normal and pathological hearts. Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor is also involved in heart development including endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, and coronary vascular formation. APJ/Apelin receptor had been originally identified as an orphan receptor for its sequence similarity to Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and it was later deorphanized by identification of Apelin in 1998. Both Apelin and Angiotensin II are substrates for Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which degrades the peptides and thus negatively regulates their agonistic activities. Elabela/Toddler, which shares little sequence homology with Apelin, has been recently identified as a second endogenous APJ ligand. Elabela plays crucial roles in heart development and disease conditions presumably at time points or at areas of the heart different from Apelin. Apelin and Elabela seem to constitute a spatiotemporal double ligand system to control APJ/Apelin receptor signaling in the heart. These expanding knowledges of Apelin systems would further encourage therapeutic applications of Apelin, Elabela, or their synthetic derivatives for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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74
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Sato T, Kuba K. [The functional role of endogenous APJ agonists; Apelin and Elabela/Toddler in cardiovascular diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:172-178. [PMID: 30971657 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for APJ receptor, which is widely expressed in human body, and exerts various physiological effects such as vasodilation, inotropic effect, water balance, heart development, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. The beneficial effects of Apelin in cardiovascular diseases have been elucidated, and the roles of Apelin in aging-associated diseases are recently implicated. The mechanisms for therapeutic effects of Aplein include an antagonistic action to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in addition to inotropic and vasodilatory actions. We have revealed that endogenous Apelin negatively regulates RAS via upregulation of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, a second ligand for APJ receptor, Elabela/Toddler, was identified as an essential hormone for heart development, and it has been reported to have physiological effects similar to Apelin. We and others have shown that Elabela exerts inotropic and protective effects in the heart. Although the number of heart failure patients is rapidly increasing, the pathophysiology of heart failure remains elusive and further development of new therapeutic option is awaited. Apelin is a unique bifunctional molecule, which has both inotropic and cardioprotective effects in heart failure, and thus further elucidation of the mechanisms for Apelin/Elabela-APJ signaling would contribute to development of a novel therapeutics for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
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75
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Santos RAS. Genetic Models. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetically altered rat and mouse models have been instrumental in the functional analysis of genes in a physiological context. In particular, studies on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have profited from this technology in the past. In this review, we summarize the existing animal models for the protective axis of the RAS consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7), and its receptor Mas. With the help of models with altered expression of the components of this axis in the brain and cardiovascular organs, its physiological and pathophysiological functions have been elucidated. Thus, novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases were revealed targeting ACE2 or Mas.
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76
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Goldmannová D, Spurná J, Krystyník O, Schovánek J, Cibičková L, Karásek D, Zadražil J. Adipocytokines and new onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Pearce LE, McBryde FD, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Blockade of Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Apelin Receptors Does Not Attenuate Arterial Pressure in SHR and L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1488. [PMID: 30459635 PMCID: PMC6232890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the apelinergic system, comprised of the neuropeptide apelin mediating its effects via the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ), may underlie the onset of cardiovascular disease such as hypertension. Apelin expression is increased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats, however, evidence that the apelinergic system chronically influences mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) under pathophysiological conditions remains to be established. In this study we investigated, in conscious unrestrained rats, whether APJ contributes to MABP and sympathetic vasomotor tone in the progression of two models of hypertension - SHR and L-NAME-treated rats - and whether APJ contributes to the development of hypertension in pre-hypertensive SHR. In SHR we showed that APJ gene (aplnr) expression was elevated in the RVLM, and there was a greater MABP increase following microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13 to the RVLM of SHR compared to WKY rats. Bilateral microinjection of a lentiviral APJ-specific-shRNA construct into the RVLM of WKY, SHR, and L-NAME-treated rats, chronically implanted with radiotelemeters to measure MABP, decreased aplnr expression in the RVLM and abolished acute [Pyr1]apelin-13-induced increases in MABP. However, chronic knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM did not affect MABP in either SHR or L-NAME-treated rats. Moreover, knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM of prehypertensive SHR did not protect against the development of hypertension. These results show that endogenous apelin, acting via APJ, is not involved in the genesis or maintenance of hypertension in either animal model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Pearce
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising target for anti-aging intervention. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 487:233-240. [PMID: 30296443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apelin, an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, is widely expressed in various organs. Recent research has indicated that the Apelin/APJ system plays an important role in aging. Apelin and APJ receptor expression are down-regulated with increasing age. In murine models, Apelin and APJ knockouts exhibit accelerated senescence whereas Apelin-restoration results in enhanced vigor and rejuvenated behavioral and circadian phenotypes. Furthermore, aged Apelin knockout mice develop progressive impairment of cardiac contractility associated with systolic dysfunction. Apelin is crucial to maintain cardiac contractility in aging. Moreover, the Apelin/APJ system appears to be involved in regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress which promotes aging. Likewise, the Apelin/APJ system regulates autophagy, stem cells and the sirtuin family thus contributing to anti-aging. In this review, we describe the relationship between Apelin/APJ system and aging. We elaborate on the role of the Apelin/APJ system in aging stimulators, aging inhibitors and age-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We conclude that Apelin/APJ system might become a novel promising therapeutic target for anti-aging.
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80
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Kasacka I, Piotrowska Ż, Filipek A, Lebkowski W. Comparative evaluation of cannabinoid receptors, apelin and S100A6 protein in the heart of women of different age groups. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:190. [PMID: 30286717 PMCID: PMC6172787 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown a significant role of the endocannabinoid system, apelin and S100A6 protein in the regulation of cardiovascular system functioning. The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the distribution of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), apelin and S100A6 protein in the heart of healthy women in different age groups. Methods The study was conducted on the hearts of 10 women (organ donors) without a history of cardiovascular disease, who were divided into two age groups: women older than 50 years and women under 50 years of age. Paraffin heart sections were processed by immunohistochemistry for detection of cannabinoids receptors (CB1 and CB2), apelin and S100A6 protein. Results CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes in the heart of women over 50 was weaker than in younger individuals. There was also strong immunoreactivity of CB1 in intercalated discs (ICDs) of the heart, only in women over 50. The presence of this receptor in this location was not found in women under 50. Apelin- and S100A6-immunoreactivity in the cardiomyocytes was stronger in older women compared to women under 50.The CB1, apelin and S100A6 immunostaining in the endothelium of myocardial vessels was weaker in women over 50 than in younger women, while intensity of CB2- immunoreaction in coronary endothelium was similar in both groups of women. The results of the study indicate the important role of endocannabinoids, apelin, and S100A6 protein in cardiac muscle function. Conclusion This report might contribute to a better understanding of the role of endocannabinoid system, apelin and S100 proteins in heart function as well as shed new light on processes involved in age-related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Żaneta Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Ludwika Pasteura 3 street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Lebkowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A street, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
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81
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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McAnally D, Siddiquee K, Gomaa A, Szabo A, Vasile S, Maloney PR, Divlianska DB, Peddibhotla S, Morfa CJ, Hershberger P, Falter R, Williamson R, Terry DB, Farjo R, Pinkerton AB, Qi X, Quigley J, Boulton ME, Grant MB, Smith LH. Repurposing antimalarial aminoquinolines and related compounds for treatment of retinal neovascularization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202436. [PMID: 30208056 PMCID: PMC6135396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization is the pathological driver of blinding eye diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and wet age-related macular degeneration. The loss of vision resulting from these diseases significantly impacts the productivity and quality of life of patients, and represents a substantial burden on the health care system. Current standard of care includes biologics that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator of neovascularization. While anti-VGEF therapies have been successful, up to 30% of patients are non-responsive. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic targets, and small molecule inhibitors of angiogenesis to complement existing treatments. Apelin and its receptor have recently been shown to play a key role in both developmental and pathological angiogenesis in the eye. Through a cell-based high-throughput screen, we identified 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drugs as potent selective antagonists of APJ. The prototypical 4-aminoquinoline, amodiaquine was found to be a selective, non-competitive APJ antagonist that inhibited apelin signaling in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, amodiaquine suppressed both apelin-and VGEF-induced endothelial tube formation. Intravitreal amodaiquine significantly reduced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesion volume in the laser-induced CNV mouse model, and showed no signs of ocular toxicity at the highest doses tested. This work firmly establishes APJ as a novel, chemically tractable therapeutic target for the treatment of ocular neovascularization, and that amodiaquine is a potential candidate for repurposing and further toxicological, and pharmacokinetic evaluation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McAnally
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khandaker Siddiquee
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andras Szabo
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stefan Vasile
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Maloney
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniela B. Divlianska
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Camilo J. Morfa
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul Hershberger
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Falter
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert Williamson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - David B. Terry
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafal Farjo
- EyeCRO LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anthony B. Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Judith Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Cardiovascular Pathobiology Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Wang YZ, Fan J, Zhong B, Xu Q. Apelin: A novel prognostic predictor for atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12580. [PMID: 30278567 PMCID: PMC6181607 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor, is involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, whether serum apelin can predict the recurrence of AF after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has not been determined.A prospective cohort study was performed in patients with AF (but without structural heart disease) who were undergoing first-time PVI. Serum apelin-12 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Echocardiographic examination was performed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after PVI. Patients were followed up for 6 months after PVI, and the association between baseline apelin-12 and AF recurrence (early recurrence: within 3 months after ablation; late recurrence: 3-6 months after ablation) was analyzed.A total of 61 patients were included in the study. Baseline serum level of apelin-12 was significant lower in patients with early (median [interquartile range]: 1844 [1607-2061] vs 2197 [1895-2455] ng/L, P = .01) and late (1639 [1524-1853] vs 1923 [1741-2303] ng/L, P = .02) AF recurrence compared with patients without these events. Results of Cox stepwise multivariate analysis demonstrated that lower baseline apelin-12 (<2265 ng/L) was independently associated with increased AF recurrence within 6 months after PVI (P < .05). The specificity and positive predictive value of apelin-12 for AF recurrence were significantly higher than those of baseline N-terminal brain proBNP (60.4% vs 28.6%, P < .001; 58.8% vs 34.4%, P = .01), although the sensitivity and negative predictive value were similar.Reduced baseline serum apelin-12 may be an independent risk factor for the recurrence of AF after PVI in patients without structural heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital
| | - Jinqi Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmia Therapeutic Service Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital
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84
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Grisanti LA, Schumacher SM, Tilley DG, Koch WJ. Designer Approaches for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Modulation for Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:550-562. [PMID: 30175279 PMCID: PMC6115700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The new horizon for cardiac therapy may lie beneath the surface, with the downstream mediators of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) activity. Targeted approaches have shown that receptor activation may be biased toward signaling through G proteins or through GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins, with divergent functional outcomes. In addition to these canonical roles, numerous noncanonical activities of GRKs and β-arrestins have been demonstrated to modulate GPCR signaling at all levels of receptor activation and regulation. Further, research continues to identify novel GRK/effector and β-arrestin/effector complexes with distinct impacts on cardiac function in the normal heart and the diseased heart. Coupled with the identification of once orphan receptors and endogenous ligands with beneficial cardiovascular effects, this expands the repertoire of GPCR targets. Together, this research highlights the potential for focused therapeutic activation of beneficial pathways, with simultaneous exclusion or inhibition of detrimental signaling, and represents a new wave of therapeutic development.
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Key Words
- AR, adrenergic receptor
- AT1R, angiotensin II type 1A receptor
- CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- G protein–coupled receptor kinases
- G protein–coupled receptors
- GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor
- GRK, G protein–coupled receptor kinase
- HF, heart failure
- ICL, intracellular loop
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- SERCA2a, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
- SII, [Sar(1), Ile (4), Ile(8)]-angiotensin II
- biased ligands
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Grisanti
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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85
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Yokoyama Y, Sekiguchi A, Fujiwara C, Uchiyama A, Uehara A, Ogino S, Torii R, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Inhibitory Regulation of Skin Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis by Apelin/APJ Signaling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1661-1672. [PMID: 29676521 DOI: 10.1002/art.40533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apelin/APJ signaling has been determined to regulate cardiac and arterial fibrosis and to be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Our objective was to elucidate the role of apelin in skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Expression of apelin/APJ in normal and SSc fibroblasts was compared. Effects of small interfering RNA depletion and the addition of apelin in fibroblasts were analyzed. The effect of apelin injections on bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice was investigated. We analyzed the effects of the biased agonist of APJ, MM07, on skin fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The expression of apelin in SSc fibroblasts was significantly lower than that in normal fibroblasts. Serum apelin levels were negatively correlated with the modified Rodnan skin thickness score in SSc patients. Stimulation with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) inhibited apelin expression in fibroblasts, suggesting that activation of TGFβ1 signaling in SSc might be responsible for reduced apelin expression in SSc fibroblasts. Small interfering RNA depletion of apelin from fibroblasts significantly enhanced fibrosis-related gene expression, and treatment with apelin protein significantly inhibited TGFβ1 signaling in fibroblasts. Administration of apelin significantly inhibited bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice. We demonstrated that MM07 had greater potential than apelin to inhibit fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Collectively, TGFβ1 signaling and apelin signaling may counteract each other in the fibrotic process of SSc. Inhibitory regulation of TGFβ1-induced skin fibrosis by apelin/APJ signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of SSc and could be a therapeutic target for fibrosis in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yokoyama
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Akihito Uehara
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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86
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Parikh VN, Liu J, Shang C, Woods C, Chang AC, Zhao M, Charo DN, Grunwald Z, Huang Y, Seo K, Tsao PS, Bernstein D, Ruiz-Lozano P, Quertermous T, Ashley EA. Apelin and APJ orchestrate complex tissue-specific control of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and contractility in the hypertrophy-heart failure transition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H348-H356. [PMID: 29775410 PMCID: PMC6139625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00693.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ is a promising therapeutic target for heart failure. Constitutive deletion of APJ in the mouse is protective against the hypertrophy-heart failure transition via elimination of ligand-independent, β-arrestin-dependent stretch transduction. However, the cellular origin of this stretch transduction and the details of its interaction with apelin signaling remain unknown. We generated mice with conditional elimination of APJ in the endothelium (APJendo-/-) and myocardium (APJmyo-/-). No baseline difference was observed in left ventricular function in APJendo-/-, APJmyo-/-, or control (APJendo+/+, APJmyo+/+) mice. After exposure to transaortic constriction, APJendo-/- mice displayed decreased left ventricular systolic function and increased wall thickness, whereas APJmyo-/- mice were protected. At the cellular level, carbon fiber stretch of freshly isolated single cardiomyocytes demonstrated decreased contractile responses to stretch in APJ-/- cardiomyocytes compared with APJ+/+ cardiomyocytes. Ca2+ transients did not change with stretch in either APJ-/- or APJ+/+ cardiomyocytes. Application of apelin to APJ+/+ cardiomyocytes resulted in decreased Ca2+ transients. Furthermore, hearts of mice treated with apelin exhibited decreased phosphorylation in cardiac troponin I NH2-terminal residues (Ser22 and Ser23) consistent with increased Ca2+ sensitivity. These data establish that APJ stretch transduction is mediated specifically by myocardial APJ, that APJ is necessary for stretch-induced increases in contractility, and that apelin opposes APJ's stretch-mediated hypertrophy signaling by lowering Ca2+ transients while maintaining contractility through myofilament Ca2+ sensitization. These findings underscore apelin's unique potential as a therapeutic agent that can simultaneously support cardiac function and protect against the hypertrophy-heart failure transition. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These data address fundamental gaps in our understanding of apelin-APJ signaling in heart failure by localizing APJ's ligand-independent stretch sensing to the myocardium, identifying a novel mechanism of apelin-APJ inotropy via myofilament Ca2+ sensitization, and identifying potential mitigating effects of apelin in APJ stretch-induced hypertrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Parikh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Ching Shang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | | | - Alex C Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital of Stanford University , Palo Alto, California
| | - David N Charo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Zachary Grunwald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Yong Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Kinya Seo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital of Stanford University , Palo Alto, California
| | | | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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87
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Vinel C, Lukjanenko L, Batut A, Deleruyelle S, Pradère JP, Le Gonidec S, Dortignac A, Geoffre N, Pereira O, Karaz S, Lee U, Camus M, Chaoui K, Mouisel E, Bigot A, Mouly V, Vigneau M, Pagano AF, Chopard A, Pillard F, Guyonnet S, Cesari M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Pahor M, Feige JN, Vellas B, Valet P, Dray C. The exerkine apelin reverses age-associated sarcopenia. Nat Med 2018; 24:1360-1371. [PMID: 30061698 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength, lacks early diagnostic tools and new therapeutic strategies to prevent the frailty-to-disability transition often responsible for the medical institutionalization of elderly individuals. Herein we report that production of the endogenous peptide apelin, induced by muscle contraction, is reduced in an age-dependent manner in humans and rodents and is positively associated with the beneficial effects of exercise in older persons. Mice deficient in either apelin or its receptor (APLNR) presented dramatic alterations in muscle function with increasing age. Various strategies that restored apelin signaling during aging further demonstrated that this peptide considerably enhanced muscle function by triggering mitochondriogenesis, autophagy and anti-inflammatory pathways in myofibers as well as enhancing the regenerative capacity by targeting muscle stem cells. Taken together, these findings revealed positive regulatory feedback between physical activity, apelin and muscle function and identified apelin both as a tool for diagnosis of early sarcopenia and as the target of an innovative pharmacological strategy to prevent age-associated muscle weakness and restore physical autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vinel
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Lukjanenko
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Batut
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradère
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nancy Geoffre
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophelie Pereira
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Karaz
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Umji Lee
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Camus
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bigot
- Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 UM76, Univ. Paris 6/U974, UMR7215, CNRS, Pitié-Salpétrière-INSERM, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 UM76, Univ. Paris 6/U974, UMR7215, CNRS, Pitié-Salpétrière-INSERM, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Vigneau
- Institut des Technologies Avancées en Science du Vivant-USR3505 Centre Pierre Potier, Toulouse, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Pillard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopole Toulouse-Purpan UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marco Pahor
- Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Aging Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopole Toulouse-Purpan UMR 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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88
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Wang W, Zhang D, Yang R, Xia W, Qian K, Shi Z, Brown R, Zhou H, Xi Y, Shi L, Chen L, Xu F, Sun X, Zhu D, Gong DW. Hepatic and cardiac beneficial effects of a long-acting Fc-apelin fusion protein in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e2997. [PMID: 29577579 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and exhibits anti-diabetes and anti-heart failure activities. However, short serum half-life of the apelin peptide limits its potential clinical applications. This study aimed to develop a long-acting apelin analog. METHODS To extend apelin's in vivo half-life, we made a recombinant protein by fusing the IgG Fc fragment to apelin-13 (Fc-apelin-13), conducted pharmacokinetics studies in mice, and determined in vitro biological activities in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling by reporter assays. We investigated the effects of Fc-apelin-13 on food intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance test, hepatic steatosis, and cardiac function and fibrosis by subcutaneous administration of Fc-apelin-13 in diet-induced obese mice for 4 weeks. RESULTS The estimated half-life of Fc-apelin-13 in blood was approximately 33 hours. Reporter assays showed that Fc-apelin-13 was active in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element and activating serum response element activities. Four weeks of Fc-apelin-13 treatment in obese mice did not affect food intake and body weight, but resulted in a significant improvement of glucose tolerance, and a decrease in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as well as in serum alanine transaminase levels. Moreover, cardiac stroke volume and output were increased and cardiac fibrosis was decreased in the treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Fc-apelin-13 fusion protein has an extended in vivo half-life and exerts multiple benefits on obese mice with respect to the improvement of glucose disposal, amelioration of liver steatosis and heart fibrosis, and increase of cardiac output. Hence, Fc-apelin-13 is potentially a therapeutic for obesity-associated disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhengrong Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yue Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojian Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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89
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Rai R, Ghosh AK, Eren M, Mackie AR, Levine DC, Kim SY, Cedernaes J, Ramirez V, Procissi D, Smith LH, Woodruff TK, Bass J, Vaughan DE. Downregulation of the Apelinergic Axis Accelerates Aging, whereas Its Systemic Restoration Improves the Mammalian Healthspan. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1471-1480. [PMID: 29117554 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging drives the occurrence of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies indicate that blood from young mice reduces age-associated pathologies. However, the "anti-aging" factors in juvenile circulation remain poorly identified. Here, we characterize the role of the apelinergic axis in mammalian aging and identify apelin as an anti-aging factor. The expression of apelin (apln) and its receptor (aplnr) exhibits an age-dependent decline in multiple organs. Reduced apln signaling perturbs organismal homeostasis; mice harboring genetic deficiency of aplnr or apln exhibit enhanced cardiovascular, renal, and reproductive aging. Genetic or pharmacological abrogation of apln signaling also induces cellular senescence mediated, in part, by the activation of senescence-promoting transcription factors. Conversely, restoration of apln in 15-month-old wild-type mice reduces cardiac hypertrophy and exercise-induced hypertensive response. Additionally, apln-restored mice exhibit enhanced vigor and rejuvenated behavioral and circadian phenotypes. Hence, a declining apelinergic axis promotes aging, whereas its restoration extends the murine healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rai
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mesut Eren
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander R Mackie
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel C Levine
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Veronica Ramirez
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniele Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Layton H Smith
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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90
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Akoumianakis I, Antoniades C. The interplay between adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system: is fat always bad? Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:999-1008. [PMID: 28582523 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, clinical research has revealed a paradoxically protective role for obesity in patients with chronic diseases including CVD, suggesting that the biological 'quality' of adipose tissue (AT) may be more important than overall AT mass or body weight. Importantly, AT is recognised as a dynamic organ secreting a wide range of biologically active adipokines, microRNAs, gaseous messengers, and other metabolites that affect the cardiovascular system in both endocrine and paracrine ways. Despite being able to mediate normal cardiovascular function under physiological conditions, AT undergoes a phenotypic shift characterised by acquisition of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory properties in cases of CVD. Crucially, recent evidence suggests that AT depots such as perivascular AT and epicardial AT are able to modify their phenotype in response to local signals of vascular and myocardial origin, respectively. Utilisation of this unique property of certain AT depots to dynamically track cardiovascular biology may reveal novel diagnostic and prognostic tools against CVD. Better understanding of the mechanisms controlling the 'quality' of AT secretome, as well as the communication links between AT and the cardiovascular system, is required for the efficient management of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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91
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Ranjbar Kohan N, Nazifi S, Tabandeh MR, Ansari Lari M. Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Apelin and Apelin Receptor (Apj) Expression in Cardiac Muscle of Obese Diabetic Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:427-434. [PMID: 29845798 PMCID: PMC6005003 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective L-carnitine (LC) has been shown to protect cardiac metabolism in diabetes patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Apelin, a newly discovered adipocytokines, is an important regulator of cardiac muscle function; however, the role of the level of expression of Apelin axis in improvement of cardiac function by LC in diabetic patients, is not clear. In the present study, obese insulin-resistant rats were used to determine the effect of LC, when given orally with a high-calorie diet, on Apelin and Apelin receptor (Apj) expression in cardiac muscle. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, rats were fed with high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet for five weeks and subsequently were injected with streptozotocin 30 mg/kg for induction of obesity and insulin resistance. After confirming the induction of diabetes (serum glucose above 7.5 mmol/L), the animals received LC 300 mg/kg in drinking water for 28 days. On days 0, 14 and 28 after treatment, cardiac Apelin and Apj gene expression was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Serum levels of insulin, Apelin, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also measured using commercial kits. Results Cardiac Apelin and Apj expression and serum Apelin were increased in obese rats, while LC supplementation decreased the serum levels of Apelin and down-regulated Apelin and Apj expression in cardiac muscle. These changes were associated with reduced insulin resistance markers and serum inflammatory factors and improved lipid profile. Conclusion We concluded that LC supplementation could attenuate the over-expression of Apelin axis in heart of diabetic rats, a novel mechanism by which LC improves cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Maryam Ansari Lari
- Department of Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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92
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Freyer L, Hsu CW, Nowotschin S, Pauli A, Ishida J, Kuba K, Fukamizu A, Schier AF, Hoodless PA, Dickinson ME, Hadjantonakis AK. Loss of Apela Peptide in Mice Causes Low Penetrance Embryonic Lethality and Defects in Early Mesodermal Derivatives. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2116-2130. [PMID: 28854362 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apela (also known as Elabela, Ende, and Toddler) is a small signaling peptide that activates the G-protein-coupled receptor Aplnr to stimulate cell migration during zebrafish gastrulation. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a null, reporter-expressing allele, we study the role of Apela in the developing mouse embryo. We found that loss of Apela results in low-penetrance cardiovascular defects that manifest after the onset of circulation. Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography revealed a higher penetrance of vascular remodeling defects, from which some mutants recover, and identified extraembryonic anomalies as the earliest morphological distinction in Apela mutant embryos. Transcriptomics at late gastrulation identified aberrant upregulation of erythroid and myeloid markers in mutant embryos prior to the appearance of physical malformations. Double-mutant analyses showed that loss of Apela signaling impacts early Aplnr-expressing mesodermal populations independently of the alternative ligand Apelin, leading to lethal cardiac defects in some Apela null embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laina Freyer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Pauli
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Junji Ishida
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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93
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Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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94
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Xu J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Li L. Biological functions of Elabela, a novel endogenous ligand of APJ receptor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6472-6482. [PMID: 29350399 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis, and energy metabolism regulation. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. In addition, increasing evidences show that Elabela is also intimate associated with a large number of physiological processes in adulthood. However, a comprehensive summary of Elabela has not been reported to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the biological functions of Elabela. Collectively, Elabela, a potential therapeutic peptide, exerts diverse biological functions in both embryos and adult organisms, such as dysontogenesis, self-renewing of human embryonic stem cells, endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, cardiac dyfunctions, blood pressure control, angiogenesis, blood pressure control, regulation of food and water intake, bone formation, and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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95
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Miller CN, Dye JA, Schladweiler MC, Richards JH, Ledbetter AD, Stewart E, Kodavanti UP. Acute inhalation of ozone induces DNA methylation of apelin in lungs of Long-Evans rats. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:178-186. [PMID: 29947284 PMCID: PMC6681647 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1483984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin has cardiopulmonary protective properties that promote vasodilation and maintenance of the endothelial barrier. While reductions in apelin have been identified as a contributor to various lung diseases, including pulmonary edema, its role in the effect of air pollutants has not been examined. Thus, in the current study, we sought to investigate if apelin is a downstream target of inhaled ozone and if such change in expression is related to altered DNA methylation in the lung. Male, Long-Evans rats were exposed to filtered air or 1.0 ppm ozone for 4 h. Ventilation changes were assessed using whole-body plethysmography immediately following exposure, and markers of pulmonary edema and inflammation were assessed in the bronchoaveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The enzymatic regulators of DNA methylation were measured in the lung, along with methylation and hydroxymethylation of the apelin promoter. Data showed that ozone exposure was associated with increased enhanced pause and protein leakage in the BAL fluid. Ozone exposure reduced DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and Dnmt3a/b gene expression. Exposure-induced upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, indicative of DNA damage, repair, and maintenance methylation. Increased methylation and reduced hydroxymethylation were measured on the apelin promoter. These epigenetic modifications accompanied ozone-induced reduction of apelin expression and development of pulmonary edema. In conclusion, epigenetic regulation, specifically increased methylation of the apelin promoter downstream of DNA damage, may lead to reductions in protective signaling of the apelinergic system, contributing to the pulmonary edema observed following the exposure to oxidant air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette N. Miller
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Janice A. Dye
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mette C. Schladweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judy H. Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Allen D. Ledbetter
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erica Stewart
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Urmila P. Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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96
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Yamaguchi T, Suzuki T, Sato T, Takahashi A, Watanabe H, Kadowaki A, Natsui M, Inagaki H, Arakawa S, Nakaoka S, Koizumi Y, Seki S, Adachi S, Fukao A, Fujiwara T, Natsume T, Kimura A, Komatsu M, Shimizu S, Ito H, Suzuki Y, Penninger JM, Yamamoto T, Imai Y, Kuba K. The CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex controls Atg7-dependent cell death and heart function. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/516/eaan3638. [PMID: 29438013 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shortening and removal of the polyadenylate [poly(A)] tail of mRNA, a process called deadenylation, is a key step in mRNA decay that is mediated through the CCR4-NOT (carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less) complex. In our investigation of the regulation of mRNA deadenylation in the heart, we found that this complex was required to prevent cell death. Conditional deletion of the CCR4-NOT complex components Cnot1 or Cnot3 resulted in the formation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyocyte death, leading to lethal heart failure accompanied by long QT intervals. Cnot3 bound to and shortened the poly(A) tail of the mRNA encoding the key autophagy regulator Atg7. In Cnot3-depleted hearts, Atg7 expression was posttranscriptionally increased. Genetic ablation of Atg7, but not Atg5, increased survival and partially restored cardiac function of Cnot1 or Cnot3 knockout mice. We further showed that in Cnot3-depleted hearts, Atg7 interacted with p53 and modulated p53 activity to induce the expression of genes encoding cell death-promoting factors in cardiomyocytes, indicating that defects in deadenylation in the heart aberrantly activated Atg7 and p53 to promote cell death. Thus, mRNA deadenylation mediated by the CCR4-NOT complex is crucial to prevent Atg7-induced cell death and heart failure, suggesting a role for mRNA deadenylation in targeting autophagy genes to maintain normal cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kadowaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsui
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Hideaki Inagaki
- Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.,Laboratory for Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yukio Koizumi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Seki
- Bioscience Education and Research Support Center, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Akira Fukao
- Molecular Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Fujiwara
- Molecular Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Campus Vienna BioCenter, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory for Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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97
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Li X, Yu L, Gao J, Bi X, Zhang J, Xu S, Wang M, Chen M, Qiu F, Fu G. Apelin Ameliorates High Glucose-Induced Downregulation of Connexin 43 via AMPK-Dependent Pathway in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. Aging Dis 2018; 9:66-76. [PMID: 29392082 PMCID: PMC5772859 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a common disorder, with increasing risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Studies have shown that altered connexin expression and gap junction remodeling under hyperglycemia contribute to the high prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and even sudden death. Connexin 43 (Cx43), a major protein that assembles to form cardiac gap junctions, has been found to be downregulated under high glucose conditions, along with inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). While, apelin, a beneficial adipokine, increases Cx43 protein expression in mouse and human embryonic stem cells during cardiac differentiation. However, it remains unknown whether apelin influences GJIC capacity in cardiomyocytes. Here, using Western blotting and dye transfer assays, we found that Cx43 protein expression was reduced and GJIC was impaired after treatment with high glucose, which, however, could be abrogated after apelin treatment for 48 h. We also found that apelin increased Cx43 expression under normal glucose. Real-time PCR showed that the Cx43 mRNA was not significantly affected under high glucose conditions in the presence of apelin or high glucose and apelin. High glucose decreased the phosphorylation of AMPKα; however, apelin activated AMPKα. Interestingly, we found that Cx43 expression was increased after treatment with AICAR, an activator of AMPK signaling. AMPKα inhibition mediated with transfection of siRNA-AMPKα1 and siRNA-AMPKα2 abolished the protective effect of apelin on Cx43 expression. Our data suggest that apelin attenuates high glucose-induced Cx43 downregulation and improves the loss of functional gap junctions partly through the AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Yu
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Gao
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xukun Bi
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juhong Zhang
- 2Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiming Xu
- 3Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meihui Wang
- 4Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuyu Qiu
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- 1Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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98
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Luo X, Liu J, Zhou H, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: A critical regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5180-5188. [PMID: 29215755 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
APJ, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is first identified through homology cloning in 1993. Apelin is endogenous ligand of APJ extracted from bovine stomach tissue in 1998. Apelin/APJ system is widely expressed in many kinds of cells such as endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, especially vascular smooth muscle cell. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), an integral part of the vascular wall, takes part in many normal physiological processes. Our experiment firstly finds that apelin/APJ system enhances VSMC proliferation by ERK1/2-cyclin D1 signal pathway. Accumulating studies also show that apelin/APJ system plays a pivotal role in mediating the function of VSMC. In this paper, we review the exact role of apelin/APJ system in VSMC, including induction of proliferation and migration, enhance of contraction and relaxation, inhibition of calcification. Furthermore, we discuss the role of apelin/APJ system in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the point of VSMC. Above all, apelin/APJ system is a promising target for managing vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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99
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wan Y, Fang C, Li J, Fang W, Yi R, Zhu G, Li J, Wang Y. Characterization of the Apelin/Elabela Receptors (APLNR) in Chickens, Turtles, and Zebrafish: Identification of a Novel Apelin-Specific Receptor in Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:756. [PMID: 30631305 PMCID: PMC6315173 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor(s) (APLNR) are suggested to mediate the actions of apelin and Elabela (ELA) peptides in many physiological processes, including cardiovascular development and food intake in vertebrates. However, the functionality of APLNR has not been examined in most vertebrate groups. Here, we characterized two APLNRs APLNR1, APLNR2) in chickens and red-eared sliders, and three APLNRs in zebrafish (APLNR2a, APLNR2b, APLNR3a), which are homologous to human APLNR. Using luciferase-reporter assays or Western blot, we demonstrated that in chickens, APLNR1 (not APLNR2) expressed in HEK293 cells was potently activated by chicken apelin-36 and ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, indicating a crucial role of APLNR1 in mediating apelin/ELA actions; in red-eared sliders, APLNR2 (not APLNR1) was potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32, suggesting that APLNR2 may mediate apelin/ELA actions; in zebrafish, both APLNR2a and APLNR2b were potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP signaling pathway, as previously proposed, whereas the novel APLNR3a was specifically and potently activated by apelin. Similarly, an apelin-specific receptor (APLNR3b) sharing 57% sequence identity with zebrafish APLNR3a was identified in Nile tilapia. Collectively, our data facilitates the uncovering of the roles of APLNR signaling in different vertebrate groups and suggests a key functional switch between APLNR1 and APLNR2/3 in mediating the actions of ELA and apelin during vertebrate evolution.
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100
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Qiao S, Yin L. Effects of Apelin on Cardiovascular Aging. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1035. [PMID: 29302260 PMCID: PMC5732982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor. The apelin-APJ signal transduction pathway is widely expressed in the cardiovascular system and is an important factor in cardiovascular homeostasis. This signal transduction pathway has long been related to diseases with high morbidity in the elderly, such as atherosclerosis, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, calcific aortic valve disease, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. In this review, we discuss the apelin-APJ signal transduction pathway related to age-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute of Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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