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Xie F, Zhan R, Yan LC, Gong JB, Zhao Y, Ma J, Qian LJ. Diet-induced elevation of circulating HSP70 may trigger cell adhesion and promote the development of atherosclerosis in rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:907-14. [PMID: 27435079 PMCID: PMC5003808 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence indicates that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) could be secreted into plasma and its levels have been found to have an ambiguous association with atherosclerosis, our knowledge for the exact role of circulating HSP70 in the development of atherosclerosis is still limited. In the present study, we report an adhesion-promoting effect of exogenous HSP70 and evaluate the potential involvement of elevated circulating HSP70 in the development of atherosclerosis. Time-dependent elevation of plasma HSP70 was found in diet-induced atherosclerotic rats, whose effect was investigated through further in vitro experiments. In rat aortic endothelial cell (RAEC) cultures, exogenous HSP70 incubation neither produced cell injuries by itself nor had protective effects on cell injuries caused by Ox-LDL or homocysteine. However, exogenous HSP70 administration could lead to a higher adhesion rate between rat peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) and RAECs. This adhesion-promoting effect appeared only when PBMCs, rather than RAECs, were pretreated with HSP70 incubation. PBMCs in an HSP70 environment released more IL-6 to supernatant, which subsequently up-regulated the expression of ICAM-1 in RAECs. These results indicate that the diet-induced elevation of circulating HSP70 could trigger cell adhesion with the help of IL-6 as a mediator, which provides a novel possible mechanism for understanding the role of circulating HSP70 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhan
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Cheng Yan
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Gong
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jia Qian
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, #27 Taiping Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Y, Cui L, Jiang S, Wang D, Jiang S, Xie C, Jia Y. S100A1 transgenic treatment of acute heart failure causes proteomic changes in rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1538-52. [PMID: 27357314 PMCID: PMC4940056 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 Ca2+-binding protein A1 (S100A1) is an important regulator of myocardial contractility. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying mechanisms of S100A1 activity via profiling the protein expression in rats administered with an S100A1 adenovirus (Ad-S100A1-EGFP) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). LTQ OrbiTrap mass spectrometry was used to profile the protein expression in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP and control groups post-AMI. Using Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis, 134 energy metabolism-associated proteins, which comprised 20 carbohydrate metabolism-associated and 27 lipid metabolism associated proteins, were identified as differentially expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP hearts compared with controls. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins identified were important enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The present study identified 12 Ca2+-binding proteins and 22 cytoskeletal proteins. The majority of the proteins expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group were upregulated compared with the control group. These results were further validated using western blot analysis. Following AMI, Ca2+ is crucial for the recovery of myocardial function in S100A1 transgenic rats as indicated by the upregulation of proteins associated with energy metabolism and Ca2+-binding. Thus, the current study ascertained that energy production and contractile ability were enhanced after AMI in the ventricular myocardium of the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Lianqun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Jiao Tong Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250063, P.R. China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) emerged in the neurosciences in the late 1970s to early 1980s and has extended to influence the fields of psychology, psychiatry, endocrinology, physiology, and the biomedical research community. This review documents the journey of PNI from the early 1980s to the present. Today, we recognize that the highly complex immune system interacts with an equally complex nervous system in a bidirectional manner. Evolutionarily old signals continue to play a role in these communications, as do mechanisms for protection of the host. The disparity between physical and psychological stressors is only an illusion. Host defense mechanisms respond in adaptive and meaningful ways to both. The present review will describe a new way of thinking about evolutionarily old molecules, heat shock proteins, adding to a body of evidence suggesting that activation of the acute stress response is a double-edged sword that can both benefit and derail optimal immunity.
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Emery SM, Dobrowsky RT. Promoting Neuronal Tolerance of Diabetic Stress: Modulating Molecular Chaperones. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 127:181-210. [PMID: 27133150 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) involves an interrelated series of metabolic and vascular insults that ultimately contribute to sensory neuron degeneration. In the quest to pharmacologically manage DPN, small-molecule inhibitors have targeted proteins and pathways regarded as "diabetes specific" as well as others whose activity are altered in numerous disease states. These efforts have not yielded any significant therapies, due in part to the complicating issue that the biochemical contribution of these targets/pathways to the progression of DPN does not occur with temporal and/or biochemical uniformity between individuals. In a complex, chronic neurodegenerative disease such as DPN, it is increasingly appreciated that effective disease management may not necessarily require targeting a pathway or protein considered to contribute to disease progression. Alternatively, it may prove sufficiently beneficial to pharmacologically enhance the activity of endogenous cytoprotective pathways to aid neuronal tolerance to and recovery from glucotoxic stress. In pursuing this paradigm shift, we have shown that modulating the activity and expression of molecular chaperones such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) may provide translational potential for the effective medical management of insensate DPN. Considerable evidence supports that modulating Hsp70 has beneficial effects in improving inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose sensitivity. Given the emerging potential of modulating Hsp70 to manage DPN, the current review discusses efforts to characterize the cytoprotective effects of this protein and the benefits and limitations that may arise in drug development efforts that exploit its cytoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Emery
- The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - R T Dobrowsky
- The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Prats-Puig A, Soriano-Rodríguez P, Oliveras G, Carreras-Badosa G, Espuña S, Díaz-Roldán F, de Zegher F, Ibáñez L, Bassols J, Puig T, López-Bermejo A. Soluble CRTC3: A Newly Identified Protein Released by Adipose Tissue That Is Associated with Childhood Obesity. Clin Chem 2016; 62:476-84. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.249136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 3 (CRTC3) is found in adipocytes, where it may promote obesity through disruption of catecholamine signaling. We wished to assess whether CRTC3 is a soluble protein secreted by adipose tissue, explore whether CRTC3 is detectable and quantifiable in the circulation, and ascertain whether CRTC3 serum concentrations are related to metabolic markers in children.
METHODS
Explants of adipose tissue from 12 children were cultured to study adipocyte cell size and the secretion of CRTC3 (immunoblot and ELISA). We also performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal study in 211 asymptomatic prepubertal white children at age 7 years, 115 of whom were followed up at age approximately 10 years. We measured circulating concentrations of CRTC3 and studied associations between serum CRTC3 and metabolic markers.
RESULTS
Measurable concentrations of CRTC3 were found in conditioned media of adipose tissue explants and in serum samples. CRTC3 concentrations in visceral adipose tissue were negatively associated with adipocyte cell size and positively related to adipocyte cell number (P < 0.05). In the cross-sectional study, higher CRTC3 concentrations were associated with higher body mass index (P = 0.001), waist circumference (P = 0.003), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.007) and lower high molecular weight adiponectin (P = 0.003). In the longitudinal study, serum concentrations of CRTC3 at age approximately 7 years were associated with changes in waist circumference (β = 0.254; P = 0.004; r = 0.145) and high molecular weight adiponectin (β=-0.271; P = 0.014; r = 0.101), respectively, at age approximately 10 years.
CONCLUSIONS
CRTC3, a newly identified protein that is related to childhood obesity, is present in the circulation, partly as a result of adipose tissue secretion. Higher serum CRTC3 concentrations are related to and predict a poorer metabolic profile in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prats-Puig
- Pediatrics Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES University School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Glòria Oliveras
- New Therapeutic Targets Lab (TargetsLab), Unit of Oncology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Carreras-Badosa
- Pediatrics Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Espuña
- Pediatrics, Salut Empordà Foundation, Figueres, Spain
| | - Ferran Díaz-Roldán
- Pediatrics Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, Esplugues, Barcelona
- CIBERDEM (Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Pediatrics Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutic Targets Lab (TargetsLab), Unit of Oncology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatrics Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
- TransLab Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Li H, Cang J, Zhang X. Sevoflurane exerts a more marked influence compared with propofol on gene expression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:448-454. [PMID: 26893629 PMCID: PMC4734237 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of the anesthetics propofol and sevoflurane on gene expression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and to provide a basis for the selection of the appropriate anesthetic. The gene expression profiles of patients receiving one of the two anesthetics were analyzed prior to and following the induction of anesthesia. GSE4386 microarray data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by significance analysis of the microarray. The data set contained data regarding atrial tissue samples from 40 patients that underwent CABG, and that received either propofol (n=10) or sevoflurane (n=10) or were control subjects (n=20). The 20 control samples comprised the same patients prior to undergoing CABG. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology (GO) Enrichment Analysis was applied to the DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery functional annotation bioinformatics microarray tool. A total of 242 and 560 DEGs were identified in the human atrial samples treated with propofol and sevoflurane, respectively. Among these, 116 upregulated DEGs and no downregulated DEGs were found to be unique to sevoflurane, while 10 upregulated and 212 downregulated DEGs were unique to propofol. The majority of the pathways that were significantly over-represented among the upregulated DEGs were associated with the immune response, such as Toll- and NOD-like receptors and Jak-STAT signaling pathways. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the downregulated DEGs unique to sevoflurane treatment were involved in the immune response and glucose metabolism, while the upregulated DEGs were associated with cellular ion homeostasis and epithelial cell development. Compared with propofol, sevoflurane appeared to exert a more marked effect on biological pathways, such as drug metabolism, glycolysis, cellular ion homeostasis and epithelial cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Qu B, Jia Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Ren G, Wang H. The detection and role of heat shock protein 70 in various nondisease conditions and disease conditions: a literature review. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:885-92. [PMID: 26139132 PMCID: PMC4595429 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As an intracellular polypeptide, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) can be exposed on the plasma membrane and/or released into the circulation. However, the role of HSP70 in various nondisease and disease conditions remains unknown. Quantitative methods for the detection of HSP70 have been used in clinical studies, revealing that an increase in circulating HSP70 is associated with various types of exercise, elderly patients presenting with inflammation, mobile phones, inflammation, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, carotid intima-media thickness, glutamine-treated ill patients, mortality, diabetes mellitus, active chronic glomerulonephritis, and cancers. Circulating HSP70 decreases with age in humans and in obstructive sleep apnea, arteriosclerosis, atrial fibrillation (AF) following coronary artery bypass surgery, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, moderate-to-severe alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic steatosis, and Helicobacter pylori infection. In conclusion, quantitative methods can be used to detect HSP70, particularly in determining circulating HSP70 levels, using more convenient and rapid screening methods. Studies have shown that changes in HSP70 are associated with various nondisease and disease conditions; thus, HSP70 might be a novel potential biomarker reflecting various nondisease conditions and also the severity of disease conditions. However, the reliability and accuracy, as well as the underlying mechanism, of this relationship remain poorly understood, and large-sample clinical research must be performed to verify the role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoge Qu
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiguo Jia
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxun Liu
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangying Ren
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Internal Medicine, Taishan Hospital, No. 3 Tianwaicun Street, Taian City, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
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58
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Kang JW, Kim SJ, Cho HI, Lee SM. DAMPs activating innate immune responses in sepsis. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:54-65. [PMID: 25816752 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the deleterious and non-resolving systemic inflammatory response of the host to microbial infection and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The pathogenesis of sepsis is highly complex. It is principally attributable to dysregulation of the innate immune system. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are actively secreted by innate immune cells and/or released passively by injured or damaged cells in response to infection or injury. In the present review, we highlight emerging evidence that supports the notion that extracellular DAMPs act as crucial proinflammatory danger signals. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of a wide array of DAMPs as therapeutic targets in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - So-Jin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Hong-Ik Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746 South Korea.
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59
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Kertai MD, Li YJ, Ji Y, Qi W, Lombard FW, Shah SH, Kraus WE, Stafford-Smith M, Newman MF, Milano CA, Waldron N, Podgoreanu MV, Mathew JP. Genome-wide association study of new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Am Heart J 2015; 170:580-90.e28. [PMID: 26385043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is a potentially life-threatening complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Genetic predisposition may predict risk for developing postoperative AF. METHODS Study subjects underwent CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at Duke University Medical Center. In a discovery cohort of 877 individuals from the Perioperative Genetics and Safety Outcomes Study, we performed a genome-wide association study using a logistic regression model with a covariate adjustment for AF risk index. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that met a P < 5 × 10(-5) were further tested using a replication dataset of 304 individuals from the CATHeterization GENetics biorepository, followed by meta-analysis. Potential pathways related to postoperative AF were identified through gene enrichment analysis using the top genome-wide association study SNPs (P < 10(-4)). RESULTS Nineteen SNPs met the a priori defined discovery threshold for replication, but only 3 met nominal significance (P < .05) in the CATHeterization GENetics group, with only one-rs10504554, in the intronic region in lymphocyte antigen 96 (LY96)-showing the same direction of the effect for postoperative AF (odds ratio [OR] 0.48, 95% CI 0.34-0.68, P = 2.9 × 10(-5) vs OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.99, P = .046) and strong overall association by meta-analysis (meta-P = 4.0 × 10(-6)). Gene enrichment analysis highlighted the role of LY96 in pathways of biologic relevance to activation and modulation of innate immune responses. Our analysis also showed potential association between LY96 and nuclear factor κ-B interaction and postoperative AF through their relevance to inflammatory signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing CABG surgery, we found genetic polymorphisms in LY96 associated with decreased risk of postoperative AF.
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Abstract
Although heat-shock (cell stress) proteins are commonly considered as being intracellular molecular chaperones that undertake a number of cytoprotective and cellular housekeeping functions, there is now a wealth of evidence to indicate that these proteins can be released by cells via active processes. Many molecular chaperones are secreted, or exist as cell surface proteins which can act as powerful signalling agonists and also as receptors for selected ligands. Levels of heat-shock (cell stress) proteins in biological fluids are now being associated with a plethora of clinical conditions, and these proteins therefore have potential utility as biomarkers of disease and/or response to therapeutic intervention. The present article summarizes current knowledge relating to extracellular cell stress proteins as biomarkers of human disease.
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Díaz-Araya G, Vivar R, Humeres C, Boza P, Bolivar S, Muñoz C. Cardiac fibroblasts as sentinel cells in cardiac tissue: Receptors, signaling pathways and cellular functions. Pharmacol Res 2015; 101:30-40. [PMID: 26151416 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) not only modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins homeostasis, but also respond to chemical and mechanical signals. CF express a variety of receptors through which they modulate the proliferation/cell death, autophagy, adhesion, migration, turnover of ECM, expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and differentiation into cardiac myofibroblasts (CMF). Differentiation of CF to CMF involves changes in the expression levels of various receptors, as well as, changes in cell phenotype and their associated functions. CF and CMF express the β2-adrenergic receptor, and its stimulation activates PKA and EPAC proteins, which differentially modulate the CF and CMF functions mentioned above. CF and CMF also express different levels of Angiotensin II receptors, in particular, AT1R activation increases collagen synthesis and cell proliferation, but its overexpression activates apoptosis. CF and CMF express different levels of B1 and B2 kinin receptors, whose stimulation by their respective agonists activates common signaling transduction pathways that decrease the synthesis and secretion of collagen through nitric oxide and prostacyclin I2 secretion. Besides these classical functions, CF can also participate in the inflammatory response of cardiac repair, through the expression of receptors commonly associated to immune cells such as Toll like receptor 4, NLRP3 and interferon receptor. The activation by their respective agonists modulates the cellular functions already described and the release of cytokines and chemokines. Thus, CF and CMF act as sentinel cells responding to a plethora of stimulus, modifying their own behavior, and that of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Díaz-Araya
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - R Vivar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Humeres
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Boza
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Bolivar
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Pharmacological and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic diseases ACCDiS, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Garamvölgyi Z, Prohászka Z, Rigó J, Kecskeméti A, Molvarec A. Increased circulating heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A) levels in gestational diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:575-81. [PMID: 25720752 PMCID: PMC4463915 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that serum Hsp70 (HSPA1A) levels are increased in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is no report in the literature on circulating Hsp70 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. In this pilot study, we measured serum Hsp70 levels in 11 pregnant women with pregestational diabetes, 38 women with gestational diabetes, and 40 healthy pregnant women with ELISA. Plasma glucose levels, serum insulin concentrations, HbA1c values, and the Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index were also determined. According to our results, serum Hsp70 concentrations were significantly higher in women with pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus than in healthy pregnant women. In addition, pregestational diabetic women had significantly higher Hsp70 levels than those with gestational diabetes. Furthermore, in the group of women with gestational diabetes mellitus, serum Hsp70 levels showed a significant positive correlation with HbA1c values. However, there was no other relationship between clinical features and metabolic parameters of the study subjects and their serum Hsp70 levels in either study group. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time in the literature that serum Hsp70 levels are increased and correlate with HbA1c values in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine whether circulating Hsp70 plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes or elevated serum Hsp70 levels are only consequences of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Garamvölgyi
- />First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 27, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- />Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- />Research Group of Inflammation Biology and Immunogenomics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Rigó
- />First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 27, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - András Kecskeméti
- />First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 27, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
| | - Attila Molvarec
- />First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross utca 27, Budapest, 1088 Hungary
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Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-015-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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Pourrajab F, Yazdi MB, Zarch MB, Zarch MB, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Baghi Yazdi
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mojtaba Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mohammadali Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
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Najafizadeh SR, Ghazizadeh Z, Nargesi AA, Mahdavi M, Abtahi S, Mirmiranpour H, Nakhjavani M. Analysis of serum heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A) concentrations for diagnosis and disease activity monitoring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:537-43. [PMID: 25739548 PMCID: PMC4406931 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been repeatedly implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The authors aimed to study applicability of heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A) serum levels as a diagnostic factor and a severity indicator in patients with RA and to quantify cut-off point that predicts status of RA with highest specificity. A total of 76 patients with RA and 36 healthy adults were studied in this case-control analysis. Patients had a higher HSPA1A level than the control group (0.78 ± 0.13 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 ng/mL, p = 0.006), irrespective of presence of absence of rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide. Next, diagnostic accuracy of the HSPA1A in diagnosis of RA was evaluated (area under curve 0.71; p < 0.05). HSPA1A predicted status of having RA in levels above 0.42 ng/mL with more than 90 % specificity. In addition to diagnostic value, HSPA1A can distinguish between high disease activity (1.66 ± 0.75 ng/mL) and low (0.49 ± 0.1 ng/mL), moderate (0.52 ± 0.12 ng/mL), or remission phase (0.48 ± 0.11 ng/mL). Moreover, patients in remission still had a higher HSPA1A level compared to normal subject (0.48 ± 0.11 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Our results showed that serum HSPA1A could be implemented as a specific tool to facilitate diagnosis and monitoring disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Najafizadeh
- />Rheumatology Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaniar Ghazizadeh
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Aghajani Nargesi
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mahdavi
- />Rheumatology Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Abtahi
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirmiranpour
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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66
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Pasqua T, Filice E, Mazza R, Quintieri AM, Carmela Cerra M, Iannacone R, Melfi D, Indiveri C, Gattuso A, Angelone T. Cardiac and hepatic role of r-AtHSP70: basal effects and protection against ischemic and sepsis conditions. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1492-503. [PMID: 25904190 PMCID: PMC4511348 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), highly conserved in all organisms, act as molecular chaperones activated by several stresses. The HSP70 class of stress-induced proteins is the most studied subtype in cardiovascular and inflammatory disease. Because of the high similarity between plant and mammalian HSP70, the aim of this work was to evaluate whether recombinant HSP70 of plant origin (r-AtHSP70) was able to protect rat cardiac and hepatic function under ischemic and sepsis conditions. We demonstrated for the first time that, in ex vivo isolated and perfused rat heart, exogenous r-AtHSP70 exerted direct negative inotropic and lusitropic effects via Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, induced post-conditioning cardioprotection via Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase and Survivor Activating Factor Enhancement pathways, and did not cause hepatic damage. In vivo administration of r-AtHSP70 protected both heart and liver against lipopolysaccharide-dependent sepsis, as revealed by the reduced plasma levels of interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. These results suggest exogenous r-AtHSP70 as a molecular modulator able to protect myocardial function and to prevent cardiac and liver dysfunctions during inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Mazza
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Quintieri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rina Iannacone
- ALSIA-Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto (MT), Italy
| | - Donato Melfi
- ALSIA-Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto (MT), Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
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67
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Ekström M, Söderberg S, Tornvall P. Acute Systemic Inflammation is Unlikely to Affect Adiponectin and Leptin Synthesis in Humans. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 26664879 PMCID: PMC4671352 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT), classically thought to be merely an energy store, has been shown to produce inflammatory and metabolically active cytokines. Recently, adiponectin and leptin, adipokines primarily synthesized by adipocytes, have attracted considerable attention because inflammation has been suggested to modulate adipokine levels. However, the regulation of adiponectin and leptin is complex and the knowledge about their synthesis within the early onset of inflammation is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate if the synthesis of adiponectin and leptin is affected during the early phase of an acute systemic inflammation. Eighteen healthy subjects were allocated to vaccination against Salmonella typhi or to a control group, and adiponectin and leptin concentrations measured in plasma during 24 h. Nine patients, without markers of inflammation, undergoing open heart surgery were investigated before and after the operation by analysis of plasma levels and AT gene expression of adiponectin and leptin. Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations were measured in both cohorts. Plasma levels of IL-6 were doubled after vaccination and increased 30-fold after open heart surgery. Plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin were unchanged after vaccination whereas adiponectin and leptin tended to decrease after surgery. The gene expression of adiponectin and leptin was unaltered in omental and subcutaneous AT after surgery. Despite the use of two models of stimulated in vivo systemic inflammation, we found no evidence of an early regulation of adiponectin and leptin synthesis, indicating that these two adipokines are not key elements in an acute systemic inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Ekström
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Solna , Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Cardiology, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Per Tornvall
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet , Södersjukhuset, Stockholm , Sweden
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68
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Monocyte hyporesponsiveness and Toll-like receptor expression profiles in coronary artery bypass grafting and its clinical implications for postoperative inflammatory response and pneumonia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015; 32:177-88. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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69
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Lobet E, Letesson JJ, Arnould T. Mitochondria: a target for bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:173-85. [PMID: 25707982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells developed strategies to detect and eradicate infections. The innate immune system, which is the first line of defence against invading pathogens, relies on the recognition of molecular patterns conserved among pathogens. Pathogen associated molecular pattern binding to pattern recognition receptor triggers the activation of several signalling pathways leading to the establishment of a pro-inflammatory state required to control the infection. In addition, pathogens evolved to subvert those responses (with passive and active strategies) allowing their entry and persistence in the host cells and tissues. Indeed, several bacteria actively manipulate immune system or interfere with the cell fate for their own benefit. One can imagine that bacterial effectors can potentially manipulate every single organelle in the cell. However, the multiple functions fulfilled by mitochondria especially their involvement in the regulation of innate immune response, make mitochondria a target of choice for bacterial pathogens as they are not only a key component of the central metabolism through ATP production and synthesis of various biomolecules but they also take part to cell signalling through ROS production and control of calcium homeostasis as well as the control of cell survival/programmed cell death. Furthermore, considering that mitochondria derived from an ancestral bacterial endosymbiosis, it is not surprising that a special connection does exist between this organelle and bacteria. In this review, we will discuss different mitochondrial functions that are affected during bacterial infection as well as different strategies developed by bacterial pathogens to subvert functions related to calcium homeostasis, maintenance of redox status and mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lobet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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70
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Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Falsaperla R, Lubrano R, Pavone P, Mahmood F, Gullotta M, Serra A, Mauro PD, Cocuzza S, Vitaliti G. Epilepsy and innate immune system: A possible immunogenic predisposition and related therapeutic implications. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2021-9. [PMID: 26260962 PMCID: PMC4635700 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1034921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental studies and pathological analyses of patient brain tissue samples with refractory epilepsy suggest that inflammatory processes and neuroinflammation plays a key-role in the etiopathology of epilepsy and convulsive disorders. These inflammatory processes lead to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for blood-brain-barrier disruption and involvement of resident immune cells in the inflammation pathway, occurring within the Central Nervous System (CNS). These elements are produced through activation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) by exogenous and endogenous ligands thereby increasing expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules through the activation of TLRs 2, 3, 4, and 9 as reported in murine studies.It has been demonstrated that IL-1β intracellular signaling and cascade is able to alter the neuronal excitability without cell loss. The activation of the IL-1β/ IL-1β R axis is strictly linked to the secretion of the intracellular protein MyD88, which interacts with other cell surface receptors, such as TLR4 during pathogenic recognition. Furthermore, TLR-signaling pathways are able to recognize molecules released from damaged tissues, such as damage-associated molecular patterns/proteins (DAMPs). Among these molecules, High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a component of chromatin that is passively released from necrotic cells and actively released by cells that are subject to profound stress. Moreover, recent studies have described models of epilepsy induced by the administration of bicuculline and kainic acid that highlight the nature of HMGB1-TLR4 interactions, their intracellular signaling pathway as well as their role in ictiogenesis and epileptic recurrence.The aim of our review is to focus on different branches of innate immunity and their role in epilepsy, emphasizing the role of immune related molecules in epileptogenesis and highlighting the research implications for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Matin
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Pediatrics Operative Unit; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lubrano
- Paediatric Department; Paediatric Nephrology Operative Unit of the Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Pavone
- Pediatrics Operative Unit; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Fahad Mahmood
- University Hospital of North Staffordshire; Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Melissa Gullotta
- University of Medical Science; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Serra
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Di Mauro
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitaliti
- Pediatrics Operative Unit; Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
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Krejsek J, Koláčková M, Manďák J, Kuneš P, Holubcová Z, Holmannová D, AbuAttieh M, Andrýs C. TLR2 AND TLR4 EXPRESSION ON BLOOD MONOCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES OF CARDIAC SURGICAL PATIENTS IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE USE OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2014; 56:57-66. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is inseparably linked to the activation of innate immunity cells recognizing danger signals of both endogenous and exogenous origin via pattern recognition receptors such as TLR receptors. Therefore, we followed by flow cytometry TLR2 and TLR4 expression on blood monocytes and granulocytes of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using beating heart surgery (off-pump, n = 34), with use of standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), (on-pump, n = 30), and miniinvasive CPB (mini on-pump, n = 25), respectively, before, during surgery, and up to 7th postoperative day. TLR2 and TLR4 expression both on monocytes and granulocytes was significantly diminished already at the end of CPB being highly significantly decreased at the end of surgery in all patients’ groups. TLR2 and TLR4 expression reached preoperative value at the 1st postoperative day being significantly higher at the 3rd postoperative day. Using intracellular staining we found the peak of TLR2 and TLR4 expression inside of monocytes and granulocytes at the first postoperative day in a subgroup of on-pump patients. In conclusion, TLR2 and TLR4 expression is significantly modulated in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting as a part of adaptive homeostatic mechanisms induced by major surgery. The very surgical trauma is responsible for TLR2 and TLR4 modulation. Surprisingly, cardiopulmonary bypass itself was little contributing to the modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression.
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72
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Calpain activity and Toll-like receptor 4 expression in platelet regulate haemostatic situation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and coagulation in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:484510. [PMID: 25258477 PMCID: PMC4167458 DOI: 10.1155/2014/484510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human platelets express Toll-like receptors (TLR) 4. However, the mechanism by which TLR4 directly affects platelet aggregation and blood coagulation remains to be explored. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the platelet TLR4 expression in patients who underwent CABG surgery; we explored the correlation between platelet TLR4 expression and the early outcomes in hospital of patients. Additionally, C57BL/6 and C57BL/6-TlrLPS−/− mice were used to explore the roles of platelet TLR4 in coagulation by platelet aggregometry and rotation thromboelastometry. In conclusion, our results highlight the important roles of TLR4 in blood coagulation and platelet function. Of clinical relevance, we also explored novel roles for platelet TLR4 that are associated with early outcomes in cardiac surgery.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading global cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins with diverse functions expressed by all cells exposed to environmental stress. Studies have reported that several HSPs may be potential risk markers of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, or may be directly involved in the atherogenic process itself. HSPs are expressed by cells in atherosclerotic plaque and anti-HSP has been reported to be increased in patients with vascular disease. Autoimmune responses may be generated against antigens present within the atherosclerotic plaque, including HSP and may lead to a cycle of ongoing vascular injury. It has been suggested that by inducing a state of tolerance to these antigens, the atherogenic process may be limited and thus provide a potential therapeutic approach. It has been suggested that anti-HSPs are independent predictors of risk of vascular disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of HSP in cardiovascular disease and highlight their potential role as diagnostic agents and therapeutic targets.
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Klawitter M, Hakozaki M, Kobayashi H, Krupkova O, Quero L, Ospelt C, Gay S, Hausmann O, Liebscher T, Meier U, Sekiguchi M, Konno SI, Boos N, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz K. Expression and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in human intervertebral disc cells. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:1878-91. [PMID: 24997157 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although inflammatory processes play an essential role in painful intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. This study was designed to investigate the expression, regulation and importance of specific toll-like receptors (TLRs)--which have been shown to play an essential role e.g. in osteoarthritis--during degenerative disc disease. METHODS The expression of TLRs in human IVDs was measured in isolated cells as well as in normal or degenerated IVD tissue. The role of IL-1β or TNF-α in regulating TLRs (expression/activation) as well as in regulating activity of down-stream pathways (NF-κB) and expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-6, IL-8, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1) was analyzed. RESULTS Expression of TLR1/2/3/4/5/6/9/10 was detected in isolated human IVD cells, with TLR1/2/4/6 being dependent on the degree of IVD degeneration. Stimulation with IL-1β or TNF-α moderately increased TLR1/TLR4 mRNA expression (TNF-α only), and strongly increased TLR2 mRNA expression (IL-1β/TNF-α), with the latter being confirmed on the protein level. Stimulation with IL-1β, TNF-α or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2-ligand) stimulated IL-6 and IL-8, which was inhibited by a TLR2 neutralizing antibody for Pam3CSK4; IL-1β and TNF-α caused NF-κB activation. HSP60, HSP70 and HMGB1 did not increase IL-6 or IL-8 and were not regulated by IL-1β/TNF-α. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that several TLRs are expressed in human IVD cells, with TLR2 possibly playing the most crucial role. As TLRs mediate catabolic and inflammatory processes, increased levels of TLRs may lead to aggravated disc degeneration, chronic inflammation and pain development. Especially with the identification of more endogenous TLR ligands, targeting these receptors may hold therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Klawitter
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
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75
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Immunological enhancement action of endotoxin-free tilapia heat shock protein 70 against Streptococcus iniae. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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76
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Jin C, Cleveland JC, Ao L, Li J, Zeng Q, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Human myocardium releases heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) after global ischemia: the proinflammatory effect of extracellular HSP27 through toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4. Mol Med 2014; 20:280-9. [PMID: 24918749 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardial inflammatory response contributes to cardiac functional injury associated with heart surgery obligating global ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the mechanism underlying myocardial I/R injury. The aim of this study was to examine the release of small constitutive heat shock proteins (HSPs) from human and mouse myocardium after global ischemia and examine the role of extracellular small HSP in myocardial injury. HSP27 release was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-HSP27 was applied to evaluate the role of extracellular HSP27 in the postischemic inflammatory response and functional injury in mouse hearts. Isolated hearts and cultured coronary vascular endothelial cells were exposed to recombinant HSP27 to determine its effect on proinflammatory signaling and production of proinflammatory mediators. HSP27 levels were markedly elevated in coronary sinus blood of patients and in coronary effluent of mouse hearts after global ischemia. Neutralizing extracellular HSP27 suppressed myocardial nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and interleukin (IL)-6 production and improved cardiac function in mouse hearts. Perfusion of HSP27 to mouse hearts induced NF-κB activation and IL-6 production and depressed contractility. Further, recombinant HSP27 induced NF-κB phosphorylation and upregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 production in both human and mouse coronary vascular endothelial cells. TLR2 knockout (KO) or TLR4 mutation abolished NF-κB phosphorylation and reduced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 production induced by extracellular HSP27 in endothelial cells. In conclusion, these results show that the myocardium releases HSP27 after global ischemia and that extracellular HSP27 is proinflammatory and contributes to the inflammatory mechanism of myocardial functional injury. Both TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in mediating the proinflammatory effect of extracellular HSP27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Jin
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America Center for Experimental Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph C Cleveland
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Plasma and lymphocyte Hsp72 responses to exercise in athletes with prior exertional heat illness. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1491-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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78
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Mistiaen WP. Cancer in heart disease patients: what are the limitations in the treatment strategy? Future Cardiol 2014; 9:535-47. [PMID: 23834694 DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and can both be present in one patient. In patients with simultaneous disease, the most threatening disease should be treated first. This is usually heart disease, but this can pose specific problems. If percutaneous coronary intervention is preferred, bleeding and thrombotic tendencies have to be taken into account in the subsequent treatment of the malignancy. With coronary artery bypass grafting, the advantages and disadvantages of one- or two-stage procedures, and the use of extracorporeal circulation have to be balanced. Development of heart disease after treatment of malignancy could be due to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The effects of these cancer treatments have to be taken into account for the treatment options of the heart disease and the postoperative prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm P Mistiaen
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Artesis-Plantijn University College Antwerp, J. De Boeckstr. 10, 2170 Antwerp, Belgium.
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79
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Lin L, Knowlton AA. Innate immunity and cardiomyocytes in ischemic heart disease. Life Sci 2014; 100:1-8. [PMID: 24486305 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is the most common cause of myocardial inflammation, which is primarily a manifestation of the innate immune responses. Innate immunity is activated when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) respond to molecular patterns common to microbes and to danger signals expressed by injured or infected cells, so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The expression of various PRRs in cardiomyocytes and the release of DAMPs from cardiomyocytes subjected to I/R injury, through active mechanisms as well as passive processes, enable cardiomyocytes to generate innate immune responses. Studies in isolated heart and cardiomyocytes have confirmed the inflammatory and functional effects of cardiac PRRs especially Toll-like receptors in response to I/R-derived DAMPs, such as heat shock proteins. This review addresses the active role of cardiomyocytes in mediating innate inflammatory responses to myocardial I/R. We propose that cardiomyocytes act as innate immune cells in myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Anne A Knowlton
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; The Northern California VA, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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80
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Luzina IG, Kopach P, Lockatell V, Kang PH, Nagarsekar A, Burke AP, Hasday JD, Todd NW, Atamas SP. Interleukin-33 potentiates bleomycin-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:999-1008. [PMID: 23837438 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0093oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain incompletely understood, although recent observations have suggested an important contribution by IL-33. Substantial elevations in IL-33 expression were found in the lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and scleroderma lung disease, as well as in the bleomycin injury mouse model. Most of the observed IL-33 expression was intracellular and intranuclear, suggesting involvement of the full-length (fl) protein, but not of the proteolytically processed mature IL-33 cytokine. The effects of flIL-33 on mouse lungs were assessed independently and in combination with bleomycin injury, using recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Bleomycin-induced changes were not affected by gene deficiency of the IL-33 receptor T1/ST2. Combined flIL-33 expression and bleomycin injury exerted a synergistic effect on pulmonary lymphocyte and collagen accumulation, which could be explained by synergistic regulation of the cytokines transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein\x{2013}1α, and tumor necrosis factor-α. By contrast, no increase in the levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, or IL-13 was evident. Moreover, flIL-33 was found to increase the expression of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) significantly, and in particular HSP70, which is known to be associated with ILD. Thus, flIL-33 is a synergistic proinflammatory and profibrotic regulator that acts by stimulating the expression of several non-Th2 cytokines, and activates the expression of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- 1 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and
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81
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Nguyen B, Luong L, Naase H, Vives M, Jakaj G, Finch J, Boyle J, Mulholland JW, Kwak JH, Pyo S, de Luca A, Athanasiou T, Angelini G, Anderson J, Haskard DO, Evans PC. Sulforaphane pretreatment prevents systemic inflammation and renal injury in response to cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:690-697.e3. [PMID: 24521949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic inflammatory responses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for systemic inflammation in response to cardiopulmonary bypass are poorly understood. METHODS A porcine model was established to study the signaling pathways that promote systemic inflammation in response to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass under well-controlled experimental conditions. The influence of sulforaphane, an anti-inflammatory compound derived from green vegetables, on inflammation and injury in response to cardiopulmonary bypass was also studied. Intracellular staining and flow cytometry were performed to measure phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB in granulocytes and mononuclear cells. RESULTS Surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for 1 to 2 hours enhanced phosphorylation of p38 (2.5-fold) and nuclear factor-κB (1.6-fold) in circulating mononuclear cells. Cardiopulmonary bypass also modified granulocytes by activating nuclear factor-κB (1.6-fold), whereas p38 was not altered. Histologic analyses revealed that cardiopulmonary bypass promoted acute tubular necrosis. Pretreatment of animals with sulforaphane reduced p38 (90% reduction) and nuclear factor-κB (50% reduction) phosphorylation in leukocytes and protected kidneys from injury. CONCLUSIONS Systemic inflammatory responses after cardiopulmonary bypass were associated with activation of p38 and nuclear factor-κB pathways in circulating leukocytes. Inflammatory responses to cardiopulmonary bypass can be reduced by sulforaphane, which reduced leukocyte activation and protected against renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Nguyen
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Le Luong
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hatam Naase
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vives
- Department of Anaesthesia, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gentjan Jakaj
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Finch
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Boyle
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W Mulholland
- Department of Clinical Perfusion Science, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jong-hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amalia de Luca
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thanos Athanasiou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Angelini
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Anderson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorian O Haskard
- BHF Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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82
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Yang Y, Takeda A, Yoshimura T, Oshima Y, Sonoda KH, Ishibashi T. IL-10 is significantly involved in HSP70-regulation of experimental subretinal fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80288. [PMID: 24376495 PMCID: PMC3869650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Subretinal fibrosis is directly related to severe visual loss, especially if occurs in the macula, and is frequently observed in advanced age-related macular degeneration and other refractory eye disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and uveitis. In this study, we analyzed the immunosuppressive mechanism of subretinal fibrosis using the novel animal model recently demonstrated. Both TLR2 and TLR4 deficient mice showed significant enlargement of subretinal fibrotic area as compared with wild-type mice. A single intraocular administration of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which is an endogenous ligand for TLR2 and TLR4, inhibited subretinal fibrosis in wild-type mice but not in TLR2 and TLR4-deficient mice. Additionally, HSP70 induced IL-10 production in eyes from wild-type mice but was impaired in both TLR2- and TLR4-deficient mice, indicating that HSP70-TLR2/TLR4 axis plays an immunomodulatory role in subretinal fibrosis. Thus, these results suggest that HSP70-TLR2/TLR4 axis is a new therapeutic target for subretinal fibrosis due to prognostic CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu university, Fukuoka, Japan
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83
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Lindman BR, Pibarot P, Arnold SV, Suri RM, McAndrew TC, Maniar HS, Zajarias A, Kodali S, Kirtane AJ, Thourani VH, Tuzcu EM, Svensson LG, Waksman R, Smith CR, Leon MB. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with diabetes and severe aortic stenosis at high risk for surgery: an analysis of the PARTNER Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 63:1090-9. [PMID: 24291272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine whether a less-invasive approach to aortic valve replacement (AVR) improves clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with aortic stenosis (AS). BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after surgical AVR for AS. METHODS Among treated patients with severe symptomatic AS at high risk for surgery in the PARTNER (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve) trial, we examined outcomes stratified according to diabetes status of patients randomly assigned to receive transcatheter or surgical AVR. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 1 year. RESULTS Among 657 patients enrolled in PARTNER who underwent treatment, there were 275 patients with diabetes (145 transcatheter, 130 surgical). There was a significant interaction between diabetes and treatment group for 1-year all-cause mortality (p = 0.048). Among diabetic patients, all-cause mortality at 1 year was 18.0% in the transcatheter group and 27.4% in the surgical group (hazard ratio: 0.60 [95% confidence interval: 0.36 to 0.99]; p = 0.04). Results were consistent among patients treated via transfemoral or transapical routes. In contrast, among nondiabetic patients, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality at 1 year (p = 0.48). Among diabetic patients, the 1-year rates of stroke were similar between treatment groups (3.5% transcatheter vs. 3.5% surgery; p = 0.88), but the rate of renal failure requiring dialysis >30 days was lower in the transcatheter group (0% vs. 6.1%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with diabetes and severe symptomatic AS at high risk for surgery, this post-hoc stratified analysis of the PARTNER trial suggests there is a survival benefit, no increase in stroke, and less renal failure from treatment with transcatheter AVR compared with surgical AVR. (The PARTNER Trial: Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve Trial; NCT00530894).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lindman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hersh S Maniar
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alan Zajarias
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susheel Kodali
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ajay J Kirtane
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Ron Waksman
- MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
| | - Craig R Smith
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Martin B Leon
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York; Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
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84
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Senf SM. Skeletal muscle heat shock protein 70: diverse functions and therapeutic potential for wasting disorders. Front Physiol 2013; 4:330. [PMID: 24273516 PMCID: PMC3822288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is a highly conserved protein with diverse intracellular and extracellular functions. In skeletal muscle, HSP70 is rapidly induced in response to both non-damaging and damaging stress stimuli including exercise and acute muscle injuries. This upregulation of HSP70 contributes to the maintenance of muscle fiber integrity and facilitates muscle regeneration and recovery. Conversely, HSP70 expression is decreased during muscle inactivity and aging, and evidence supports the loss of HSP70 as a key mechanism which may drive muscle atrophy, contractile dysfunction and reduced regenerative capacity associated with these conditions. To date, the therapeutic benefit of HSP70 upregulation in skeletal muscle has been established in rodent models of muscle injury, muscle atrophy, modified muscle use, aging, and muscular dystrophy, which highlights HSP70 as a key therapeutic target for the treatment of various conditions which negatively affect skeletal muscle mass and function. This article will review these important findings and provide perspective on the unanswered questions related to HSP70 and skeletal muscle plasticity which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Senf
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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85
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Trop S, Marshall JC, Mazer CD, Gupta M, Dumont DJ, Bourdeau A, Verma S. Perioperative cardiovascular system failure in South Asians undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with prolonged inflammation and increased Toll-like receptor signaling in inflammatory monocytes. J Surg Res 2013; 187:43-52. [PMID: 24176205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Asian ethnicity is an independent risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass. We tested the hypothesis that this risk results from a greater inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS This was a single-site prospective cohort study. We compared the inflammatory response to CPB in 20 Caucasians and 17 South Asians undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. RESULTS Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-12, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor) and anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and soluble TNF receptor I) were measured. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was examined in peripheral blood monocytes by flow cytometry, measuring surface expression of TLR2, TLR4, and coreceptor CD14 and activation of downstream messenger molecules (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, nuclear factor kappa from B cells (NF-κB), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Protein Kinase B). South Asians had persistently higher plasma levels of IL-6 and exhibited increased TLR signaling through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Protein Kinase B pathways in inflammatory monocytes after CPB. This increased inflammatory response was paralleled clinically by a higher sequential organ failure assessment score (5.1 ± 1.4 versus 1.5 ± 1.6, P = 0.027) and prolonged cardiovascular system failure (23.5% versus 0%) 48 h after CPB. CONCLUSIONS South Asians develop an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response after CPB, which may contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery bypass in this population. These patients may benefit from targeted anti-inflammatory therapies designed to mitigate the adverse consequences resulting from this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Trop
- Clinician Investigator Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Marshall
- Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdivisional Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C David Mazer
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Cardiovascular Research Network, Brampton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Dumont
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Bourdeau
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Subodh Verma
- Department of Surgery, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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86
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Dalboni MA, Quinto BMR, Grabulosa CC, Narciso R, Monte JC, Durão M, Rizzo L, Cendoroglo M, Santos OP, Batista MC. Tumour necrosis factor-α plus interleukin-10 low producer phenotype predicts acute kidney injury and death in intensive care unit patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:242-9. [PMID: 23607333 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism studies of cytokines may provide an insight into the understanding of acute kidney injury (AKI) and death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms of -308 G < A tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, -174 G > C interleukin (IL)-6 and -1082 G > A IL-10 may predispose ICU patients to the development of AKI and/or death. In a prospective nested case-control study, 303 ICU patients and 244 healthy individuals were evaluated. The study group included ICU patients who developed AKI (n = 139) and 164 ICU patients without AKI. The GG genotype of TNF-α (low producer phenotype) was significantly lower in the with AKI than without AKI groups and healthy individuals (55 versus 62 versus 73%, respectively; P = 0·01). When genotypes were stratified into four categories of TNF-α/IL-10 combinations, it was observed that low TNF-α plus low IL-10 producer phenotypes were more prevalent in patients with AKI, renal replacement therapy and death (P < 0·05). In logistic regression analysis, low TNF-α producer plus low IL-10 producer phenotypes remained as independent risk factors for AKI and/or death [odds ratio (OR) = 2·37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·16-4·84; P = 0·02] and for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and/or death (OR = 3·82, 95% CI: 1·19-12·23; P = 0·02). In this study, the combination of low TNF-α plus low IL-10 producer phenotypes was an independent risk factor to AKI and/or death and RRT and/or death in critically ill patients. Our results should be validated in a larger prospective study with long-term follow-up to emphasize the combination of these genotypes as potential risk factors to AKI in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dalboni
- Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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87
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Bhalla D, Dumas M, Preux PM. Neurological manifestations of filarial infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 114:235-42. [PMID: 23829914 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53490-3.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Filarial infections cause a huge public health burden wherever they are endemic. These filaria may locate anywhere in the human body. Their manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms, except the most common ones, are rarely investigated systematically. Their neurological manifestations, however, are being increasingly recognized particularly with onchocerciasis or Loa loa infections, Wuchereria bancrofti, or Mansonella perstans. The risk of developing these manifestations may also increase in cases that harbor multiple filariasis or coinfections, for instance as with Plasmodium. The microfilaria of Onchocerca and Loa loa are seen in cerebrospinal fluid. The pathogenesis of neurological manifestations of these infections is complex; however, pathogenic reactions may be caused by mechanical disruption, e.g., degeneration often followed by granulomas, causing fibrosis or mass effects on other tissues, vascular lesions, e.g., vascular block of cerebral vessels, or disordered inflammatory responses resulting in meningitis, encephalitis or localized inflammatory responses. The chances of having neurological manifestations may also depend upon the frequency and"heaviness"of infection over a lifetime. Hence, this type of infection should no longer be considered a disease of the commonly affected areas but one that may produce systemic effects or other manifestations, and these should be considered in populations where they are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devender Bhalla
- INSERM UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Limoges, France
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88
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Li Z, Song Y, Xing R, Yu H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao W. Heat shock protein 70 acts as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of heart failure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67964. [PMID: 23874478 PMCID: PMC3706597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early identification for heart failure (HF) may be useful for disease modifying treatment in order to reduce heart disease progression or even to reverse it. In our previous studies, we have revealed a group of heat shock proteins (HSPs) which might be related to neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by proteomic approach. Here, we confirm that HSPs, including HSP27 and HSP70, altered in the early stage of cardiac remodeling in vivo animal model. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of those HSPs and their potential screening value were evaluated at different stages in 222 patient subjects. Plasma HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results indicate that HSP70 was positively correlated to the severity (progression) of HF (r = 0.456, p<0.001). The area under the rate of change (ROC) curve was 0.601 (p = 0.017) in patients with stage B HF and 0.835 (p<0.001) in those with stage C HF. However, HSP27 and HSP90 did not display significant changes in any stage of HF in this study. Taken together, plasma concentrations of HSP70 elevated with the progression of HF and might act as a potential screening biomarker for early diagnosis of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
| | - Yao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
| | - Haiyi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WG); (ZL)
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovasicular Receptors Research Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WG); (ZL)
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89
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Senf SM, Howard TM, Ahn B, Ferreira LF, Judge AR. Loss of the inducible Hsp70 delays the inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury and severely impairs muscle regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62687. [PMID: 23626847 PMCID: PMC3633856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration following injury is a highly coordinated process that involves transient muscle inflammation, removal of necrotic cellular debris and subsequent replacement of damaged myofibers through secondary myogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms which coordinate these events are only beginning to be defined. In the current study we demonstrate that Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is increased following muscle injury, and is necessary for the normal sequence of events following severe injury induced by cardiotoxin, and physiological injury induced by modified muscle use. Indeed, Hsp70 ablated mice showed a significantly delayed inflammatory response to muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin, with nearly undetected levels of both neutrophil and macrophage markers 24 hours post-injury. At later time points, Hsp70 ablated mice showed sustained muscle inflammation and necrosis, calcium deposition and impaired fiber regeneration that persisted several weeks post-injury. Through rescue experiments reintroducing Hsp70 intracellular expression plasmids into muscles of Hsp70 ablated mice either prior to injury or post-injury, we confirm that Hsp70 optimally promotes muscle regeneration when expressed during both the inflammatory phase that predominates in the first four days following severe injury and the regenerative phase that predominates thereafter. Additional rescue experiments reintroducing Hsp70 protein into the extracellular microenvironment of injured muscles at the onset of injury provides further evidence that Hsp70 released from damaged muscle may drive the early inflammatory response to injury. Importantly, following induction of physiological injury through muscle reloading following a period of muscle disuse, reduced inflammation in 3-day reloaded muscles of Hsp70 ablated mice was associated with preservation of myofibers, and increased muscle force production at later time points compared to WT. Collectively our findings indicate that depending on the nature and severity of muscle injury, therapeutics which differentially target both intracellular and extracellular localized Hsp70 may optimally preserve muscle tissue and promote muscle functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Senf
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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90
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Up-regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on peripheral monocytes after major abdominal surgical operation. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:942-9. [PMID: 23086127 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is to investigate the time-course expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on peripheral monocytes in patients receiving major abdominal surgical operation. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from peripheral vein before and after an operation in 30 patients with gastrointestinal or pancreatic surgery. The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α and IL-6 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was analyzed by real-time PCR. The expressions of TLR2, TLR4, HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 on monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes responding to each agonist (zymosan and lipopolysaccharide) were also measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA showed significant up-regulation after the completion of the operation when compared with those before the operation. TLR2 expression reached its peak level on day 1 and TLR4 on days 1 and 3. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-operation in the expressions of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86. Stimulation with zymosan, increased the expression of TLR2 significantly after the operation and reached its highest value on day 3. Similarly, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, the expression of TLR4 was also increased and the highest level was observed on day 1. The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA decreased after completion of the operation and gradually returned to basal level. CONCLUSIONS The expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes were up-regulated during the early period after a major abdominal surgical operation in patients, which might be related to the activation of innate immunity.
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91
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Moghimpour Bijani F, Vallejo JG, Rezaei N. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular diseases: challenges and opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 31:379-95. [PMID: 23083347 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.706761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of surface molecules, are involved in innate immune responses. Recent studies indicated that TLRs play a critical role in inflammatory responses to exogenous and endogenous triggers. This article focuses on probable effects of TLRs in the morbidity of cardiovascular events, e.g., ischemic reperfusion (I/R) injury and atherosclerosis. TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to have the most fundamental role in promoting cytokine production and subsequent inflammatory damages in these states. Blockade of these receptors may be beneficial in both preventing the occurrence and decreasing the complications in cardiovascular events. However, controversies exist on the certainty of this beneficial effect; therefore, additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Moghimpour Bijani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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92
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Malyshev I. The Role of HSP70 in the Protection of: (A) The Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease and (B) The Heart in Cardiac Surgery. IMMUNITY, TUMORS AND AGING: THE ROLE OF HSP70 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5943-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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93
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Chen C, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Peng M, Wang Y, Chen Y. TLR4 signaling-induced heme oxygenase upregulation in the acute lung injury: role in hemorrhagic shock and two-hit induced lung inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1167-72. [PMID: 23065289 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitated hemorrhagic shock is believed to promote the development of acute lung injury (ALI) by priming the immune system for an exaggerated inflammatory response to a second trivial stimulus. This work explored effects of TLR4 on hemorrhage-induced ALI and "second-hit" responses, and further explore the mechanisms involved in "second-hit" responses. Expression of HO-1, IL-10, lung W/D and MPO markedly increased at nearly all time-points examined in HSR/LPS group as compared with sham/LPS group in WT mice. In HSR/LPS mice, the induced amount of IL-10 and the expressions of HO-1 of WT mice were significantly higher compared with TLR-4d/d. This study provides in vivo evidence that pulmonary infections after LPS instillation contribute to local tissue release of pro-inflammatory mediators after HSR systemic. Activation of TLR4 might induce HO-1 expression and HO-1 modulates proinflammatory responses that are triggered via TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Medical College of Wuhan University, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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94
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Virus-heat shock protein interaction and a novel axis for innate antiviral immunity. Cells 2012; 1:646-66. [PMID: 24710494 PMCID: PMC3901102 DOI: 10.3390/cells1030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections induce heat shock proteins that in turn enhance virus gene expression, a phenomenon that is particularly well characterized for the major inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70). However, hsp70 is also readily induced by fever, a phylogenetically conserved response to microbial infections, and when released from cells, hsp70 can stimulate innate immune responses through toll like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4). This review examines how the virus-hsp70 relationship can lead to host protective innate antiviral immunity, and the importance of hsp70 dependent stimulation of virus gene expression in this host response. Beginning with the well-characterized measles virus-hsp70 relationship and the mouse model of neuronal infection in brain, we examine data indicating that the innate immune response is not driven by intracellular sensors of pathogen associated molecular patterns, but rather by extracellular ligands signaling through TLR2 and 4. Specifically, we address the relationship between virus gene expression, extracellular release of hsp70 (as a damage associated molecular pattern), and hsp70-mediated induction of antigen presentation and type 1 interferons in uninfected macrophages as a novel axis of antiviral immunity. New data are discussed that examines the more broad relevance of this protective mechanism using vesicular stomatitis virus, and a review of the literature is presented that supports the probable relevance to both RNA and DNA viruses and for infections both within and outside of the central nervous system.
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95
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Chen L, Guo S, Ranzer MJ, DiPietro LA. Toll-like receptor 4 has an essential role in early skin wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:258-67. [PMID: 22951730 PMCID: PMC3519973 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in the initiation of innate immunity and in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Using microarray analysis and PCR, TLR4 expression was observed to increase in murine skin wounds at the early stages. The cellular location of TLR4 was primarily in keratinocytes at the wound edges. The closure of excisional wounds was significantly delayed in TLR4-deficient (C3H/HeJ) as compared with wild-type mice, and both IL-1β and IL-6 production were significantly lower in the wounds of TLR4-deficient mice. EGF also markedly decreased in the wound edge of epidermis in TLR4-deficient mice. In vitro studies confirmed that a wound stimulus induces TLR4 mRNA expression in primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). In vitro injury also induced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPK (Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase) and the expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α by NHEK. Blockade of TLR4 delayed NHEK migration and abolished the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPK, and blockade of TLR4 and/or p38/JNK abolished IL-1β production. The results suggest that inflammatory cytokine production by injured NHEK is stimulated via the TLR4-p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathway. Together, the results provide evidence for a role of TLR4 at sites of injury, and suggest that TLR4 is an important regulator of wound inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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96
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Doguet F, Tamion F, Le Guillou V, Bubenheim M, Thuillez C, Richard V, Bessou JP. Albumin limits mesenteric endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 2012; 36:962-71. [PMID: 22888788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and endothelial protective properties of albumin during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in an experimental porcine model. Two groups underwent CPB for 90 min (n = 7 in each group), and a baseline (BL) control group did not undergo CPB (n = 7). Priming consisted of a gelatin solution (4% gelofusine, CPBG group) or colloid solution (5% albumin, CPBA group). Mesenteric arterial segments were isolated and exposed in vitro to phenylephrine (with or without nitric oxide synthase inhibition) to assess contractility, and exposed to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside to assess relaxation. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, intestinal and pulmonary TNF-α and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA expression, and organ injury were studied. Upon sacrifice, TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the CPBG group than in the CPBA and BL groups. The contractile response was significantly higher in the CPBG group, whereas the response to acetylcholine was significantly lower in the CPBG group than in the other groups. HO-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in intestine samples in the CPBA group than in the CPBG and BL groups. HO-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in lung samples in the CPBA group than in the CPBG group. Leukocyte infiltration was significantly higher in intestine and lung samples in the CPBG group than in the CPBA and BL groups. Albumin priming reduced CPB-induced mesenteric vascular dysfunction and prevented the development of a systemic inflammatory response by modeling HO-1 expression in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Doguet
- INSERM U, Rouen Biomedical Research Institute, France.
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97
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Tynan GA, McNaughton A, Jarnicki A, Tsuji T, Lavelle EC. Polymyxin B inadequately quenches the effects of contaminating lipopolysaccharide on murine dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37261. [PMID: 22624003 PMCID: PMC3356265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) activation is commonly used as a measure of the immunomodulatory potential of candidate exogenous and endogenous molecules. Residual lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination is a recurring theme and the potency of LPS is not always fully appreciated. To address this, polymyxin B (PmB) is often used to neutralise contaminating LPS. However, the limited capacity of this antibiotic to successfully block these effects is neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the minimum LPS concentration required to induce murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation and cytokine secretion and to assess the ability of PmB to inhibit these processes. LPS concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml and 20 pg/ml induced secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α respectively, while a concentration of 50 pg/ml promoted secretion of IL-12p40. A much higher threshold exists for IL-12p70 as an LPS concentration of 500 pg/ml was required to induce secretion of this cytokine. The efficacy of PmB varied substantially for different cytokines but this antibiotic was particularly limited in its ability to inhibit LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, an LPS concentration of 50 pg/ml was sufficient to promote DC expression of costimulatory molecules and PmB was limited in its capacity to reverse this process when LPS concentrations of greater than 20 ng/ml were used. There is a common perception that LPS is heat resistant. However, heat treatment attenuated the ability of low concentrations of LPS to induce secretion of IL-6 and IL-12p40 by BMDCs, thus suggesting that heat-inactivation of protein preparations is also an ineffective control for discounting potential LPS contamination. Finally, LPS concentrations of less than 10 pg/ml were incapable of promoting secretion of IL-6 independently but could synergise with heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) to promote IL-6, indicating that reducing contaminating endotoxin concentrations to low pg/ml concentrations is essential to avoid misleading conclusions regarding candidate immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A. Tynan
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Immunology Research Centre, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne McNaughton
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Jarnicki
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Immunology Research Centre, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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98
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Ripoll È, Nacher V, Vidal A, Herrero E, Bolaños N, Torras J, Grinyó JM, Ruberte J, Herrero-Fresneda I. Cold ischaemia, innate immunity and deterioration of the glomerular filtration barrier in antibody-mediated acute rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3296-305. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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99
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STAT3 regulates monocyte TNF-alpha production in systemic inflammation caused by cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35070. [PMID: 22506067 PMCID: PMC3323636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery initiates a controlled systemic inflammatory response characterized by a cytokine storm, monocytosis and transient monocyte activation. However, the responsiveness of monocytes to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated activation decreases throughout the postoperative course. The purpose of this study was to identify the major signaling pathway involved in plasma-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by monocytes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Pediatric patients that underwent CPB-assisted surgical correction of simple congenital heart defects were enrolled (n = 38). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma samples were isolated at consecutive time points. Patient plasma samples were added back to monocytes obtained pre-operatively for ex vivo LPS stimulations and TNF-α and IL-6 production was measured by flow cytometry. LPS-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by patient plasma was assessed by Western blotting. A cell-permeable peptide inhibitor was used to block STAT3 signaling. We found that plasma samples obtained 4 h after surgery, regardless of pre-operative dexamethasone treatment, potently inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α but not IL-6 synthesis by monocytes. This was not associated with attenuation of p38 MAPK activation or IκB-α degradation. However, abrogation of the IL-10/STAT3 pathway restored LPS-induced TNF-α production in the presence of suppressive patient plasma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that STAT3 signaling plays a crucial role in the downregulation of TNF-α synthesis by human monocytes in the course of systemic inflammation in vivo. Thus, STAT3 might be a potential molecular target for pharmacological intervention in clinical syndromes characterized by systemic inflammation.
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100
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Calderwood SK, Murshid A, Gong J. Heat shock proteins: conditional mediators of inflammation in tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:75. [PMID: 22566956 PMCID: PMC3342006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (HSP)-based anticancer vaccines have undergone successful preclinical testing and are now entering clinical trial. Questions still remain, however regarding the immunological properties of HSPs. It is now accepted that many of the HSPs participate in tumor immunity, at least in part by chaperoning tumor antigenic peptides, introducing them into antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DC) that display the antigens on MHC class I molecules on the cell surface and stimulate cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). However, in order for activated CD8+ T cells to function as effective CTL and kill tumor cells, additional signals must be induced to obtain a sturdy CTL response. These include the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the DC surface and inflammatory events that can induce immunogenic cytokine cascades. That such events occur is indicated by the ability of Hsp70 vaccines to induce antitumor immunity and overcome tolerance to tumor antigens such as mucin1. Secondary activation of CTL can be induced by inflammatory signaling through Toll-like receptors and/or by interaction of antigen-activated T helper cells with the APC. We will discuss the role of the inflammatory properties of HSPs in tumor immunity and the potential role of HSPs in activating T helper cells and DC licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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