51
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Heallen TR, Kadow ZA, Wang J, Martin JF. Determinants of Cardiac Growth and Size. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037150. [PMID: 31615785 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the realm of zoological study, the question of how an organism reaches a specific size has been largely unexplored. Recently, studies performed to understand the regulation of organ size have revealed that both cellular signals and external cues contribute toward the determination of total cell mass within each organ. The establishment of final organ size requires the precise coordination of cell growth, proliferation, and survival throughout development and postnatal life. In the mammalian heart, the regulation of size is biphasic. During development, cardiomyocyte proliferation predominantly determines cardiac growth, whereas in the adult heart, total cell mass is governed by signals that regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the extrinsic factors and intrinsic mechanisms that control heart size during development. We also discuss the metabolic switch that occurs in the heart after birth and precedes homeostatic control of postnatal heart size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Heallen
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zachary A Kadow
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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52
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Huang Y, Zhou H, Feng Y, Zhou M, Tang H, Zhou G, Liu J, Liao W. Structured reporting of cardiovascular magnetic resonance based on expert consensuses and guidelines. Aging Med (Milton) 2020; 3:40-47. [PMID: 32232191 PMCID: PMC7099751 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a gap between China and developed countries in Europe and America as to the normalization of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) diagnostic reports. The aim of this study was to construct a structured CMR report template suitable for China's actual conditions. METHODS Cardiac magnetic resonance standardized image interpretation and post-processing guidelines and CMR report guidelines are the consensus and recommendations of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) experts whose goal is to ensure the consistent quality and repeatability of CMR reports. This structured CMR report template was constructed based on the guidelines for standardized image interpretation, post processing and reporting of CMR examinations, combined with the experiences learned in Germany and the practical experiences in China. It consisted of three parts: Device and Methods, Findings (Structure and function, Tissue Characterization), Summary and Conclusion. Detailed directions were provided section by section. RESULTS This structured CMR report template underlined the comprehensive analysis of the results of morphological, functional and tissue characteristics to provide conclusive opinions and answer the corresponding important questions raised by the clinicians. CONCLUSION The standardization of qualitative and quantitative assessments of CMR results is the core of structured reporting of CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Huang
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- Department of Radiology Shenzhen Baoan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Yabo Feng
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- PET-CT Center Chenzhou First People's Hospital Chenzhou China
| | - Moling Zhou
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Haixiong Tang
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- Department of Radiology Chenzhou Fourth People's Hospital Chenzhou China
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Jinkang Liu
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
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53
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Qi J, Luo X, Ma Z, Zhang B, Li S, Zhang J. Downregulation of miR-26b-5p, miR-204-5p, and miR-497-3p Expression Facilitates Exercise-Induced Physiological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Augmenting Autophagy in Rats. Front Genet 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32140172 PMCID: PMC7042403 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced autophagy is associated with physiological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and a growing body of evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate autophagy-related genes. However, the precise role of miRNAs in exercise induced autophagy in physiological LVH has not been fully defined. In this study, we investigated the microRNA–autophagy axis in physiological LVH and deciphered the underlying mechanism using a rat swimming exercise model. Rats were assigned to sedentary control (CON) and swimming exercise (EX) groups; those in the latter group completed a 10-week swimming exercise without any load. For in vitro studies, H9C2 cardiomyocyte cell line was stimulated with IGF-1 for hypertrophy. We found a significant increase in autophagy activity in the hearts of rats with exercise-induced physiological hypertrophy, and miRNAs showed a high score in the pathway enriched in autophagy. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-26b-5p, miR-204-5p, and miR-497-3p showed an obvious increase in rat hearts. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of miR-26b-5p, miR-204-5p, and miR-497-3p markedly attenuated IGF-1-induced hypertrophy in H9C2 cells by suppressing autophagy. Furthermore, miR-26b-5p, miR-204-5p, and miR-497-3p attenuated autophagy in H9C2 cells through targeting ULK1, LC3B, and Beclin 1, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that swimming exercise induced physiological LVH, at least in part, by modulating the microRNA–autophagy axis, and that miR-26b-5p, miR-204-5p, and miR-497-3p may help distinguish physiological and pathological LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Medical College, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Ma
- The School of Physical Education, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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54
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Pitoulis FG, Terracciano CM. Heart Plasticity in Response to Pressure- and Volume-Overload: A Review of Findings in Compensated and Decompensated Phenotypes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:92. [PMID: 32116796 PMCID: PMC7031419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human heart has an exceptional ability to alter its phenotype to adapt to changes in environmental demand. This response involves metabolic, mechanical, electrical, and structural alterations, and is known as cardiac plasticity. Understanding the drivers of cardiac plasticity is essential for development of therapeutic agents. This is particularly important in contemporary cardiology, which uses treatments with peripheral effects (e.g., on kidneys, adrenal glands). This review focuses on the effects of different hemodynamic loads on myocardial phenotype. We examine mechanical scenarios of pressure- and volume overload, from the initial insult, to compensated, and ultimately decompensated stage. We discuss how different hemodynamic conditions occur and are underlined by distinct phenotypic and molecular changes. We complete the review by exploring how current basic cardiac research should leverage available cardiac models to study mechanical load in its different presentations.
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55
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Wang X, Chen L, Zhao X, Xiao L, Yi S, Kong Y, Jiang Y, Zhang J. A cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide suppresses cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload by regulating IGFR1/PI3K/AKT and TLR9/AMPKα. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:96. [PMID: 32029708 PMCID: PMC7005284 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), an antimicrobial peptide, was reported to protect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the effect of CRAMP on pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy was unknown. This study explored the role of CRAMP on cardiac hypertrophy. A cardiac hypertrophy mouse model was induced by aortic banding surgery. Seven days after surgery, mice were given mCRAMP by intraperitoneal injection (8 mg/kg/d) for 7 weeks. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by the hypertrophic response and fibrosis level as well as cardiac function. Mice were also injected with AAV9-shCRAMP to knockdown CRAMP in the mouse heart. CRAMP levels first increased and then reduced in the remodeling heart, as well as in angiotensin II-stimulated endothelial cells but not in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. mCRAMP protected against the pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling process, while CRAMP knockdown accelerated this process. mCRAMP reduced the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the hypertrophic heart, while mCRAMP deficiency deteriorated the pressure overload-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress. mCRAMP inhibited the angiotensin II-stimulated hypertrophic response and oxidative stress in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, but mCRAMP did not help the angiotensin II-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Mechanistically, we found that mCRAMP suppressed the cardiac hypertrophic response by activating the IGFR1/PI3K/AKT pathway via directly binding to IGFR1. AKT knockout mice completely reversed the anti-hypertrophic effect of mCRAMP but not its anti-oxidative effect. We also found that mCRAMP ameliorated cardiac oxidative stress by activating the TLR9/AMPKa pathway. This was confirmed by a TLR9 knockout mouse experiment, in which a TLR9 knockout partly reversed the anti-hypertrophic effect of mCRAMP and completely counteracted the anti-oxidative effect of mCRAMP. In summary, mCRAMP protected against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by activating both the IGFR1/PI3K/AKT and TLR9/AMPKa pathways in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanting Yi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yawei Kong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Afliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Mohammadzadeh N, Melleby AO, Palmero S, Sjaastad I, Chakravarti S, Engebretsen KVT, Christensen G, Lunde IG, Tønnessen T. Moderate Loss of the Extracellular Matrix Proteoglycan Lumican Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis in Mice Subjected to Pressure Overload. Cardiology 2020; 145:187-198. [PMID: 31968347 DOI: 10.1159/000505318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The heart undergoes myocardial remodeling during progression to heart failure following pressure overload. Myocardial remodeling is associated with structural and functional changes in cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is accompanied by inflammation. Cardiac fibrosis, the accumulation of ECM molecules including collagens and collagen cross-linking, contributes both to impaired systolic and diastolic function. Insufficient mechanistic insight into what regulates cardiac fibrosis during pathological conditions has hampered therapeutic so-lutions. Lumican (LUM) is an ECM-secreted proteoglycan known to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis. Its expression in the heart is increased in clinical and experimental heart failure. Furthermore, LUM is important for survival and cardiac remodeling following pressure overload. We have recently reported that total lack of LUM increased mortality and left ventricular dilatation, and reduced collagen expression and cross-linking in LUM knockout mice after aortic banding (AB). Here, we examined the effect of LUM on myocardial remodeling and function following pressure overload in a less extreme mouse model, where cardiac LUM level was reduced to 50% (i.e., moderate loss of LUM). METHODS AND RESULTS mRNA and protein levels of LUM were reduced to 50% in heterozygous LUM (LUM+/-) hearts compared to wild-type (WT) controls. LUM+/- mice were subjected to AB. There was no difference in survival between LUM+/- and WT mice post-AB. Echocardiography revealed no striking differences in cardiac geometry between LUM+/- and WT mice 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-AB, although markers of diastolic dysfunction indicated better function in LUM+/- mice. LUM+/- hearts revealed reduced cardiac fibrosis assessed by histology. In accordance, the expression of collagen I and III, the main fibrillar collagens in the heart, and other ECM molecules central to fibrosis, i.e. including periostin and fibronectin, was reduced in the hearts of LUM+/- compared to WT 6 weeks post-AB. We found no differences in collagen cross-linking between LUM+/- and WT mice post-AB, as assessed by histology and qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Moderate lack of LUM attenuated cardiac fibrosis and improved diastolic dysfunction following pressure overload in mice, adding to the growing body of evidence suggesting that LUM is a central profibrotic molecule in the heart that could serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyereh Mohammadzadeh
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Olav Melleby
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheryl Palmero
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida G Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Molecular Medicine Norway, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theis Tønnessen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, .,KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,
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57
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MicroRNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194714. [PMID: 31547607 PMCID: PMC6801828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other organs, the heart undergoes normal adaptive remodeling, such as cardiac hypertrophy, with age. This remodeling, however, is intensified under stress and pathological conditions. Cardiac remodeling could be beneficial for a short period of time, to maintain a normal cardiac output in times of need; however, chronic cardiac hypertrophy may lead to heart failure and death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to have a role in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. This paper reviews recent advances in the field of miRNAs and cardiac hypertrophy, highlighting the latest findings for targeted genes and involved signaling pathways. By targeting pro-hypertrophic genes and signaling pathways, some of these miRNAs alleviate cardiac hypertrophy, while others enhance it. Therefore, miRNAs represent very promising potential pharmacotherapeutic targets for the management and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Song G, Zhu L, Ruan Z, Wang R, Shen Y. MicroRNA-122 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via targeting FoxO3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:682-688. [PMID: 31543343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE -microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel regulators for cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-122 is well recognized as a promising therapeutic target in liver disease, whereas recently plays important roles in cardiovascular diseases. The current study aimed to explore the effect of miR-122 on the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS -The cardiomyocytes isolated from the neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVMs) were collected and performed to Angiotensin II (Ang II) administration. We observed a dramatically increased miR-122 expression in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. The NRVMs transfected with miR-122 mimic or negative control were utilized for the functional analysis. Overexpression of miR-122 increased the morphology size of cardiomyocytes and promoted the pro-hypertrophic genes expression, whereas downregulated the anti-hypertrophic genes upon Ang II stimulation. The bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays exhibited that miR-122 directly targeted FoxO3 and attenuated its gene level in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Moreover, miR-122 negatively regulated FoxO3 but promoted calcineurin signaling pathway activation. Importantly, FoxO3 overexpression significantly reversed the effect of miR-122 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSION -Collected, our finding demonstrated that miR-122 accelerated the development of cardiomyocytes hypertrophy partially via directly regulation of FoxO3-calcineurin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China
| | - Zhongbao Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China
| | - Yahui Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou People's Hospital, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, 225300, China.
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Chen M, Arcari L, Engel J, Freiwald T, Platschek S, Zhou H, Zainal H, Buettner S, Zeiher AM, Geiger H, Hauser I, Nagel E, Puntmann VO. Aortic stiffness is independently associated with interstitial myocardial fibrosis by native T1 and accelerated in the presence of chronic kidney disease. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2019; 24:100389. [PMID: 31304234 PMCID: PMC6599886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have considerable cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk and related to left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Myocardial fibrosis is the pathophysiological hallmark of the failing heart. METHODS AND RESULTS An observational study of consecutive CKD patients (n = 276) undergoing comprehensive clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. The relationship between aortic stiffness, myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular remodeling and the severity of chronic kidney disease was examined. Compared to age-gender matched controls with no known kidney disease (n = 242), CKD patients had considerably higher myocardial native T1 and central aortic PWV (p ≪ 0.001), as well as abnormal diastolic relaxation by E/e' (mean) by echocardiography (p ≪ 0.01). A third of all patients had LGE, with similar proportions for the presence and the (ischaemic and non-ischaemic) pattern between the groups. PWV was strongly associated with and age, NT-proBNP and native T1 in both groups, but not with LGE presence or type; the associations were amplified in severe CKD stages. In multivariate analyses, PWV was independently associated with native T1 in both groups (p ≪ 0.01) with near two-fold increase in adjusted R2 in the presence of CKD (native T1 (10 ms) R2, B(95%CI) CKD vs. non-CKD 0.28, 0.2(0.15-0.25) vs. 0.18, 0.1(0.06-0.15), p ≪ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Aortic stiffness and interstitial myocardial fibrosis are interrelated; this association is accelerated in the presence of CKD, but independent of LGE. Our findings reiterate the significant contribution of CKD-related factors to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Chen
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luca Arcari
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Juergen Engel
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Tilo Freiwald
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Steffen Platschek
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Radiology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hafisyatul Zainal
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, , Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg. Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Stefan Buettner
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- Department of Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Hauser
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
| | - Eike Nagel
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Valentina O. Puntmann
- Institute of Experimental and Translational Cardiac Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt-am Main, Germany
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Guan P, Sun ZM, Wang N, Zhou J, Luo LF, Zhao YS, Ji ES. Resveratrol prevents chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2019; 233:116748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Myagmar BE, Ismaili T, Swigart PM, Raghunathan A, Baker AJ, Sahdeo S, Blevitt JM, Milla ME, Simpson PC. Coupling to Gq Signaling Is Required for Cardioprotection by an Alpha-1A-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist. Circ Res 2019; 125:699-706. [PMID: 31426700 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gq signaling in cardiac myocytes is classically considered toxic. Targeting Gq directly to test this is problematic, because cardiac myocytes have many Gq-coupled receptors. OBJECTIVE Test whether Gq coupling is required for the cardioprotective effects of an alpha-1A-AR (adrenergic receptor) agonist. METHODS AND RESULTS In recombinant cells, a mouse alpha-1A-AR with a 6-residue substitution in the third intracellular loop does not couple to Gq signaling. Here we studied a knockin mouse with this alpha-1A-AR mutation. Heart alpha-1A receptor levels and antagonist affinity in the knockin were identical to wild-type. In wild-type cardiac myocytes, the selective alpha-1A agonist A61603-stimulated phosphoinositide-phospholipase C and myocyte contraction. In myocytes with the alpha-1A knockin, both A61603 effects were absent, indicating that Gq coupling was absent. Surprisingly, A61603 activation of cardioprotective ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) was markedly impaired in the KI mutant myocytes, and A61603 did not protect mutant myocytes from doxorubicin toxicity in vitro. Similarly, mice with the α1A KI mutation had increased mortality after transverse aortic constriction, and A61603 did not rescue cardiac function in mice with the Gq coupling-defective alpha-1A receptor. CONCLUSIONS Gq coupling is required for cardioprotection by an alpha-1A-AR agonist. Gq signaling can be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Erdene Myagmar
- From the VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.S., A.R., A.J.B., P.C.S.).,University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., A.J.B., P.C.S.)
| | - Taylor Ismaili
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA (T.I., S.S., J.M.B.)
| | - Philip M Swigart
- From the VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.S., A.R., A.J.B., P.C.S.)
| | - Anaha Raghunathan
- From the VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.S., A.R., A.J.B., P.C.S.)
| | - Anthony J Baker
- From the VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.S., A.R., A.J.B., P.C.S.).,University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., A.J.B., P.C.S.)
| | - Sunil Sahdeo
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA (T.I., S.S., J.M.B.)
| | | | | | - Paul C Simpson
- From the VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA (B.-E.M., P.M.S., A.R., A.J.B., P.C.S.).,University of California, San Francisco (B.-E.M., A.J.B., P.C.S.)
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62
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Wu J, Dai F, Li C, Zou Y. Gender Differences in Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 13:73-84. [PMID: 31418109 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to abnormal physiological and pathological stimuli, which can be classified into concentric and eccentric hypertrophy, induced by pressure overload or volume overload, respectively. In both physiological and pathological scenarios, females generally show a more favorable form of hypertrophy compared with their male counterparts. However once established, cardiac hypertrophy is a stronger risk factor for heart failure in females. Pre-menopausal women are better protected against cardiac hypertrophy compared with men, but this protection is abolished following menopause and is partially restored after estrogen replacement therapy. Estrogen exerts its protection by counteracting pro-hypertrophy signaling pathways, whereas androgen mostly plays an opposite role in cardiac hypertrophy. We here summarize the progress in the understanding of sexual dimorphisms in cardiac hypertrophy and highlight recent breakthroughs in the regulatory role of sex hormones and their intricate molecular networks, in order to shed light on gender-oriented therapeutic efficacy for pathological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Fangjie Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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63
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Rodriguez ML, Werner TR, Becker B, Eschenhagen T, Hirt MN. A magnetics-based approach for fine-tuning afterload in engineered heart tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3663-3675. [PMID: 31637285 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Afterload plays important roles during heart development and disease progression, however, studying these effects in a laboratory setting is challenging. Current techniques lack the ability to precisely and reversibly alter afterload over time. Here, we describe a magnetics-based approach for achieving this control and present results from experiments in which this device was employed to sequentially increase afterload applied to rat engineered heart tissues (rEHTs) over a 7-day period. The contractile properties of rEHTs grown on control posts marginally increased over the observation period. The average post deflection, fractional shortening, and twitch velocities measured for afterload-affected tissues initially followed this same trend, but fell below control tissue values at high magnitudes of afterload. However, the average force, force production rate, and force relaxation rate for these rEHTs were consistently up to 3-fold higher than in control tissues. Transcript levels of hypertrophic or fibrotic markers and cell size remained unaffected by afterload, suggesting that the increased force output was not accompanied by pathological remodeling. Accordingly, the increased force output was fully reversed to control levels during a stepwise decrease in afterload over 4 hours. Afterload application did not affect systolic or diastolic tissue lengths, indicating that the afterload system was likely not a source of changes in preload strain. In summary, the afterload system developed herein is capable of fine-tuning EHT afterload while simultaneously allowing optical force measurements. Using this system, we found that small daily alterations in afterload can enhance the contractile properties of rEHTs, while larger increases can have temporary undesirable effects. Overall, these findings demonstrate the significant role that afterload plays in cardiac force regulation. Future studies with this system may allow for novel insights into the mechanisms that underlie afterload-induced adaptations in cardiac force development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita L Rodriguez
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tessa R Werner
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc N Hirt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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64
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Soares DDS, Pinto GH, Lopes A, Caetano DSL, Nascimento TG, Andrades ME, Clausell N, Rohde LEP, Leitão SAT, Biolo A. Cardiac hypertrophy in mice submitted to a swimming protocol: influence of training volume and intensity on myocardial renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R776-R782. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00205.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise promotes physiological cardiac hypertrophy and activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays an important role in cardiac physiology, both through the classical axis [angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) activated by angiotensin II (ANG II)] and the alternative axis [proto-oncogene Mas receptor (MASR) activated by angiotensin-(1–7)]. However, very intense exercise could have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. We aimed to analyze the cardiac hypertrophy phenotype and the classical and alternative RAS axes in the myocardium of mice submitted to swimming exercises of varying volume and intensity for the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Male Balb/c mice were divided into three groups, sedentary, swimming twice a day without overload (T2), and swimming three times a day with a 2% body weight overload (T3), totaling 6 wk of training. Both training groups developed similar cardiac hypertrophy, but only T3 mice improved their oxidative capacity. We observed that T2 had increased levels of MASR, which was followed by the activation of its main downstream protein AKT; meanwhile, AT1R and its main downstream protein ERK remained unchanged. Furthermore, no change was observed regarding the levels of angiotensin peptides, in either group. In addition, we observed no change in the ratio of expression of the myosin heavy chain β-isoform to that of the α-isoform. Fibrosis was not observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing exercise volume and intensity did not induce a pathological hypertrophy phenotype, but instead improved the oxidative capacity, and this process might have the participation of the RAS alternative axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas dos Santos Soares
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Graziela Hünning Pinto
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sturza Lucas Caetano
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Gomes Nascimento
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael E. Andrades
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nadine Clausell
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis E. Paim Rohde
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Santiago Alonso Tobar Leitão
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andreia Biolo
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory and Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Essandoh K, Deng S, Wang X, Jiang M, Mu X, Peng J, Li Y, Peng T, Wagner KU, Rubinstein J, Fan GC. Tsg101 positively regulates physiologic-like cardiac hypertrophy through FIP3-mediated endosomal recycling of IGF-1R. FASEB J 2019; 33:7451-7466. [PMID: 30884248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802338rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy has primarily been ascribed to the IGF-1 and its receptor, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and subsequent activation of the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. However, regulation of endosome-mediated recycling and degradation of IGF-1R during physiologic hypertrophy has not been investigated. In a physiologic hypertrophy model of treadmill-exercised mice, we observed that levels of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (Tsg101), a key member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport, were dramatically elevated in the heart compared with sedentary controls. To determine the role of Tsg101 on physiologic hypertrophy, we generated a transgenic (TG) mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of Tsg101. These TG mice exhibited a physiologic-like cardiac hypertrophy phenotype at 8 wk evidenced by: 1) the absence of cardiac fibrosis, 2) significant improvement of cardiac function, and 3) increased total and plasma membrane levels of IGF-1R and increased phosphorylation of Akt. Mechanistically, we identified that Tsg101 interacted with family-interacting protein 3 (FIP3) and IGF-1R, thereby stabilizing FIP3 and enhancing recycling of IGF-1R. In vitro, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Tsg101 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes resulted in cell hypertrophy, which was blocked by addition of monensin, an inhibitor of endosome-mediated recycling, and by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of FIP3. Furthermore, cardiac-specific KD of Tsg101 showed a significant reduction in levels of endosomal recycling compartment members (Rab11a and FIP3), IGF-1R, and Akt phosphorylation. Most interestingly, Tsg101-KD mice failed to develop cardiac hypertrophy after intense treadmill training. Taken together, our data identify Tsg101 as a novel positive regulator of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy through facilitating the FIP3-mediated endosomal recycling of IGF-1R.-Essandoh, K., Deng, S., Wang, X., Jiang, M., Mu, X., Peng, J., Li, Y., Peng, T., Wagner, K.-U., Rubinstein, J., Fan, G.-C. Tsg101 positively regulates physiologic-like cardiac hypertrophy through FIP3-mediated endosomal recycling of IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Min Jiang
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xingjiang Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiangtong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital-Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
The concept that mitochondria are highly dynamic is as widely accepted as it is untrue for a number of important contexts. Healthy mitochondria of the most energy-dependent and mitochondrial-rich mammalian organ, the heart, only rarely undergo fusion or fission and are seemingly static within cardiac myocytes. Here, we revisit mitochondrial dynamism with a fresh perspective developed from the recently discovered multifunctionality of mitochondrial fusion proteins and newly defined mechanisms for direct cross talk between mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, quality control, and trafficking pathways. Insights gained from comparing static mitochondrial biology in cardiac myocytes and dynamic mitochondrial biology in neurons are reviewed with the goal of understanding contextual fallacies of overly generalized characterizations of these essential and intriguing organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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67
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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68
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Putinski C, Abdul-Ghani M, Brunette S, Burgon PG, Megeney LA. Caspase Cleavage of Gelsolin Is an Inductive Cue for Pathologic Cardiac Hypertrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e010404. [PMID: 30486716 PMCID: PMC6405540 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive remodeling event that may improve or diminish contractile performance of the heart. Physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy yield distinct outcomes, yet both are dependent on caspase‐directed proteolysis. This suggests that each form of myocardial growth may derive from a specific caspase cleavage event(s). We examined whether caspase 3 cleavage of the actin capping/severing protein gelsolin is essential for the development of pathologic hypertrophy. Methods and Results Caspase targeting of gelsolin was established through protein analysis of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and mass spectrometry mapping of cleavage sites. Pathologic agonists induced late‐stage caspase‐mediated cleavage of gelsolin. The requirement of caspase‐mediated gelsolin cleavage for hypertrophy induction was evaluated in primary cardiomyocytes by cell size analysis, monitoring of prohypertrophy markers, and measurement of hypertrophy‐related transcription activity. The in vivo impact of caspase‐mediated cleavage was investigated by echo‐guided intramyocardial injection of adenoviral‐expressed gelsolin. Expression of the N‐terminal gelsolin caspase cleavage fragment was necessary and sufficient to cause pathologic remodeling in isolated cardiomyocytes and the intact heart, whereas expression of a noncleavable form prevents cardiac remodeling. Alterations in myocardium structure and function were determined by echocardiography and end‐stage cardiomyocyte cell size analysis. Gelsolin secretion was also monitored for its impact on naïve cells using competitive antibody trapping, demonstrating that hypertrophic agonist stimulation of cardiomyocytes leads to gelsolin secretion, which induces hypertrophy in naïve cells. Conclusions These results suggest that cell autonomous caspase cleavage of gelsolin is essential for pathologic hypertrophy and that cardiomyocyte secretion of gelsolin may accelerate this negative remodeling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Putinski
- 1 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada.,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Abdul-Ghani
- 1 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada.,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Steve Brunette
- 1 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick G Burgon
- 2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada.,3 Department of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada.,4 University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Lynn A Megeney
- 1 Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa Hospital Ottawa Ontario Canada.,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada.,3 Department of Medicine University of Ottawa Ontario Canada
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69
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Hieda M, Yoo JK, Sun DD, Okada Y, Parker RS, Roberts-Reeves MA, Adams-Huet B, Nelson DB, Levine BD, Fu Q. Time course of changes in maternal left ventricular function during subsequent pregnancy in women with a history of gestational hypertensive disorders. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R587-R594. [PMID: 29897820 PMCID: PMC6230888 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Women with a history of gestational hypertensive disorders (GHD) are at increased risk for developing perinatal cardiovascular complications (e.g., gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, etc.) in subsequent pregnancies. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, but impaired maternal left ventricular function may be one contributing factor for these complications. We evaluated the time course of changes in left ventricular function before, during, and after pregnancy in women with prior GHD. Sixteen women with a history of GHD (the high-risk group) and 25 women without such a history (controls) were enrolled. Resting hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were longitudinally performed before pregnancy, during early pregnancy (4-8 wk of gestation), during late pregnancy (32-36 wk of gestation), and postpartum (6-10 wk after delivery). Pregnancy outcomes were obtained after delivery. At prepregnancy, there was no difference in blood pressure and heart rate between the groups. Corrected isovolumic relaxation time was longer, E/ e' was larger, and Tei index was greater in the high-risk group than controls. Moreover, the rate of GHD during the study was significantly greater in the high-risk group than controls [odds ratio = 8.94 (95% confidence interval: 1.55-51.5), P = 0.007]. Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age demonstrated that prepregnancy E/ e' was an independent predictor for GHD ( P = 0.017). Thus, women with a history of GHD have modestly impaired cardiac function prepregnancy compared with controls, which identifies an increased susceptibility to developing cardiovascular complications during a subsequent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinari Hieda
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeung-Ki Yoo
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dan-Dan Sun
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yoshiyuki Okada
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rosemary S Parker
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Monique A Roberts-Reeves
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Beverley Adams-Huet
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David B Nelson
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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70
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Inhibition of ERK-Drp1 signaling and mitochondria fragmentation alleviates IGF-IIR-induced mitochondria dysfunction during heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 122:58-68. [PMID: 30098987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to myocyte loss and the development of heart failure. Myocytes have quality control mechanisms to retain functional mitochondria by removing damaged mitochondria via specialized autophagy, i.e., mitophagy. The underlying mechanisms of fission affect the survival of cardiomyocytes, and left ventricular function in the heart is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated the direct effect and potential mechanisms of mitochondrial functional defects associated with abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in heart failure. We observed that IGF-IIR signaling produced significant changes in mitochondrial morphology and function; such changes were associated with the altered expression and distribution of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and mitofusin (Mfn2). IGF-IIR signaled extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation to promote Drp1 phosphorylation and translocation to mitochondria for mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, IGF-IIR signaling triggered Rab9-dependent autophagosome formation by the JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at serine 87 and promoted ULK1/Beclin 1-dependent autophagic membrane formation. Excessive mitochondrial fission by Drp1 enhanced the Rab9-dependent autophagosome recognition and engulfing of damaged mitochondria and eventually decreased cardiomyocyte viability. Therefore, these results demonstrated the connection between Rab9-dependent autophagosomes and mitochondrial fission in cardiac myocytes, which provides a potential therapeutic strategy for treating heart disease.
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71
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Kwon HK, Jeong H, Hwang D, Park ZY. Comparative proteomic analysis of mouse models of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy, with selection of biomarkers of pathological hypertrophy by integrative Proteogenomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:S1570-9639(18)30118-3. [PMID: 30048702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine fundamental characteristics of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, protein expression profiles in two widely accepted models of cardiac hypertrophy (swimming-trained mouse for physiological hypertrophy and pressure-overload-induced mouse for pathological hypertrophy) were compared using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach. Among 3955 proteins (19,235 peptides, false-discovery rate < 0.01) identified in these models, 486 were differentially expressed with a log2 fold difference ≥ 0.58, or were detected in only one hypertrophy model (each protein from 4 technical replicates, p < .05). Analysis of gene ontology biological processes and KEGG pathways identified cellular processes enriched in one or both hypertrophy models. Processes unique to pathological hypertrophy were compared with processes previously identified in cardiac-hypertrophy models. Individual proteins with differential expression in processes unique to pathological hypertrophy were further confirmed using the results of previous targeted functional analysis studies. Using a proteogenomic approach combining transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, similar patterns of differential expression were observed for 23 proteins and corresponding genes associated with pathological hypertrophy. A total of 11 proteins were selected as early-stage pathological-hypertrophy biomarker candidates, and the results of western blotting for five of these proteins in independent samples confirmed the patterns of differential expression in mouse models of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyeong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobin Jeong
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea; Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea; Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Zee-Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Du P, Chang Y, Dai F, Wei C, Zhang Q, Li J. Role of heat shock transcription factor 1(HSF1)-upregulated macrophage in ameliorating pressure overload-induced heart failure in mice. Gene 2018; 667:10-17. [PMID: 29678661 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the role of macrophages in HSF1-mediated alleviation of heart failure, mice model of pressure overload-induced heart failure was established using transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Changes in cardiac function and morphology were studied in TAC and SHAM groups using ultrasonic device, tissue staining, electron microscopy, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR), and Western blotting. We found that mice in the TAC group showed evidence of impaired cardiac function and aggravation of fibrosis on ultrasonic and histopathological examination when compared to those in the SHAM group. The expressions of HSF1, LC3II/LC3I, Becline-1 and HIF-1, as well as autophagosome formation in TAC group were greater than that in SHAM group. On sub-group analyses in the TAC group, improved cardiac function and alleviation of fibrosis was observed in the HSF1 TG subgroup as compared to that in the wild type subgroup. Expressions of LC3II/LC3I, Becline-1 and HIF-1, too showed an obvious increase; and increased autophagosome formation was observed on electron microscopy. Opposite results were observed in the HSF1 KO subgroup. These results collectively suggest that in the pressure overload heart failure model, HSF1 promoted formation of macrophages by inducing upregulation of HIF-1 expression, through which heart failure was ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhao Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yaowei Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Fangjie Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Jiming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Ramasamy S, Velmurugan G, Rekha B, Anusha S, Shanmugha Rajan K, Shanmugarajan S, Ramprasath T, Gopal P, Tomar D, Karthik KV, Verma SK, Garikipati VNS, Sudarsan R. Egr-1 mediated cardiac miR-99 family expression diverges physiological hypertrophy from pathological hypertrophy. Exp Cell Res 2018; 365:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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74
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Leonard A, Bertero A, Powers JD, Beussman KM, Bhandari S, Regnier M, Murry CE, Sniadecki NJ. Afterload promotes maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in engineered heart tissues. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:147-158. [PMID: 29604261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) grown in engineered heart tissue (EHT) can be used for drug screening, disease modeling, and heart repair. However, the immaturity of hiPSC-CMs currently limits their use. Because mechanical loading increases during development and facilitates cardiac maturation, we hypothesized that afterload would promote maturation of EHTs. To test this we developed a system in which EHTs are suspended between a rigid post and a flexible one, whose resistance to contraction can be modulated by applying braces of varying length. These braces allow us to adjust afterload conditions over two orders of magnitude by increasing the flexible post resistance from 0.09 up to 9.2 μN/μm. After three weeks in culture, optical tracking of post deflections revealed that auxotonic twitch forces increased in correlation with the degree of afterload, whereas twitch velocities decreased with afterload. Consequently, the power and work of the EHTs were maximal under intermediate afterloads. When studied isometrically, the inotropy of EHTs increased with afterload up to an intermediate resistance (0.45 μN/μm) and then plateaued. Applied afterload increased sarcomere length, cardiomyocyte area and elongation, which are hallmarks of maturation. Furthermore, progressively increasing the level of afterload led to improved calcium handling, increased expression of several key markers of cardiac maturation, including a shift from fetal to adult ventricular myosin heavy chain isoforms. However, at the highest afterload condition, markers of pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis were also upregulated, although the bulk tissue stiffness remained the same for all levels of applied afterload tested. Together, our results indicate that application of moderate afterloads can substantially improve the maturation of hiPSC-CMs in EHTs, while high afterload conditions may mimic certain aspects of human cardiac pathology resulting from elevated mechanical overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Joseph D Powers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Kevin M Beussman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Shiv Bhandari
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle 98107, WA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, WA, USA.
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75
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Pokorný M, Mrázová I, Malý J, Pirk J, Netuka I, Vaňourková Z, Doleželová Š, Červenková L, Maxová H, Melenovský V, Šochman J, Sadowski J, Červenka L. Effects of increased myocardial tissue concentration of myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids on the course of cardiac atrophy of the failing heart unloaded by heterotopic transplantation. Physiol Res 2018; 67:13-30. [PMID: 29137478 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experiments were performed to evaluate if increased heart tissue concentration of fatty acids, specifically myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids that are believed to promote physiological heart growth, can attenuate the progression of unloading-induced cardiac atrophy in rats with healthy and failing hearts. Heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation (HT(x)) was used as a model for heart unloading. Cardiac atrophy was assessed from the ratio of the native- to-transplanted heart weight (HW). The degree of cardiac atrophy after HT(x) was determined on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HT(x) in recipients of either healthy or failing hearts. HT(x) of healthy hearts resulted in 23+/-3, 46+/-3, 48+/-4 and 46+/-4 % HW loss at the four time-points. HT(x) of the failing heart resulted in even greater HW losses, of 46+/-4, 58+/-3, 66+/-2 and 68+/-4 %, respectively (P<0.05). Activation of "fetal gene cardiac program" (e.g. beta myosin heavy chain gene expression) and "genes reflecting cardiac remodeling" (e.g. atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression) after HT(x) was greater in failing than in healthy hearts (P<0.05 each time). Exposure to isocaloric high sugar diet caused significant increases in fatty acid concentrations in healthy and in failing hearts. However, these increases were not associated with any change in the course of cardiac atrophy, similarly in healthy and post-HT(x) failing hearts. We conclude that increasing heart tissue concentrations of the fatty acids allegedly involved in heart growth does not attenuate the unloading-induced cardiac atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pokorný
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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76
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Eng QY, Thanikachalam PV, Ramamurthy S. Molecular understanding of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:296-310. [PMID: 28864169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic compound present in green tea [Camellia sinensis (Theaceae], has shown numerous cardiovascular health promoting activity through modulating various pathways. However, molecular understanding of the cardiovascular protective role of EGCG has not been reported. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to compile the preclinical and clinical studies that had been done on EGCG to investigate its protective effect on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in order to provide a systematic guidance for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research papers related to EGCG were obtained from the major scientific databases, for example, Science direct, PubMed, NCBI, Springer and Google scholar, from 1995 to 2017. RESULTS EGCG was found to exhibit a wide range of therapeutic properties including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. These therapeutic effects are mainly associated with the inhibition of LDL cholesterol (anti-atherosclerosis), inhibition of NF-κB (anti-cardiac hypertrophy), inhibition of MPO activity (anti-myocardial infarction), reduction in plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin level (anti-diabetes), reduction of inflammatory markers (anti-inflammatory) and the inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant). CONCLUSION EGCG shows different biological activities and in this review, a compilation of how this bioactive molecule plays its role in treating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yi Eng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia.
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77
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Wang L, Meng X, Li G, Zhou Q, Xiao J. Circular RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1087:191-204. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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78
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Nguyen-Truong M, Wang Z. Biomechanical Properties and Mechanobiology of Cardiac ECM. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1098:1-19. [PMID: 30238363 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97421-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The heart is comprised of cardiac cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) which function together to pump blood throughout the body, provide organs with nutrients and oxygen, and remove metabolic wastes. Cardiac ECM provides a scaffold to cardiac cells and contributes to the mechanical properties and function of the cardiac tissue. Recently, more evidence suggests that cardiac ECM plays an active role in cardiac remodeling in response to mechanical loads. To that end, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the heart and the currently available in vivo and ex vivo mechanical measurements of cardiac tissues. We also review the biomechanical properties of cardiac tissues including the myocardium and heart valves, with a discussion on the differences between the right ventricle and left ventricle. Lastly, we go into the mechanical factors involved in cardiac remodeling and review the mechanobiology of cardiac tissues, i.e., the biomechanical responses at the cellular and tissue level, with an emphasis on the impact on the cardiac ECM. The regulation of cardiac ECM on cell function, which is a new and open area of research, is also briefly discussed. Future investigation into the ECM deposition and the interaction of cardiac cells and ECM components for mechanotransduction can assist to understand cardiac remodeling and inspire new therapies for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Luckey SW, Haines CD, Konhilas JP, Luczak ED, Messmer-Kratzsch A, Leinwand LA. Cyclin D2 is a critical mediator of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1820-1830. [PMID: 28901173 PMCID: PMC5714145 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217731503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of signaling pathways underlying pathological cardiac hypertrophy have been identified. However, few studies have probed the functional significance of these signaling pathways in the context of exercise or physiological pathways. Exercise studies were performed on females from six different genetic mouse models that have been shown to exhibit alterations in pathological cardiac adaptation and hypertrophy. These include mice expressing constitutively active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3βS9A), an inhibitor of CaMK II (AC3-I), both GSK-3βS9A and AC3-I (GSK-3βS9A/AC3-I), constitutively active Akt (myrAkt), mice deficient in MAPK/ERK kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1-/-), and mice deficient in cyclin D2 (cyclin D2-/-). Voluntary wheel running performance was similar to NTG littermates for five of the mouse lines. Exercise induced significant cardiac growth in all mouse models except the cyclin D2-/- mice. Cardiac function was not impacted in the cyclin D2-/- mice and studies using a phospho-antibody array identified six proteins with increased phosphorylation (greater than 150%) and nine proteins with decreased phosphorylation (greater than 33% decrease) in the hearts of exercised cyclin D2-/- mice compared to exercised NTG littermate controls. Our results demonstrate that unlike the other hypertrophic signaling molecules tested here, cyclin D2 is an important regulator of both pathologic and physiological hypertrophy. Impact statement This research is relevant as the hypertrophic signaling pathways tested here have only been characterized for their role in pathological hypertrophy, and not in the context of exercise or physiological hypertrophy. By using the same transgenic mouse lines utilized in previous studies, our findings provide a novel and important understanding for the role of these signaling pathways in physiological hypertrophy. We found that alterations in the signaling pathways tested here had no impact on exercise performance. Exercise induced cardiac growth in all of the transgenic mice except for the mice deficient in cyclin D2. In the cyclin D2 null mice, cardiac function was not impacted even though the hypertrophic response was blunted and a number of signaling pathways are differentially regulated by exercise. These data provide the field with an understanding that cyclin D2 is a key mediator of physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Luckey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Biology Department, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Chris D Haines
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John P Konhilas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Luczak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antke Messmer-Kratzsch
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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De Haas S, Ghossein-Doha C, Geerts L, van Kuijk SMJ, van Drongelen J, Spaanderman MEA. Cardiac remodeling in normotensive pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 50:683-696. [PMID: 28078751 DOI: 10.1002/uog.17410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to describe comprehensively the pattern of cardiac remodeling during normotensive human singleton pregnancy and to compare it with that of pregnancy complicated by hypertension. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of the current literature on cardiac remodeling during normotensive and complicated pregnancies. Literature was retrieved from PubMed (NCBI) and EMBASE (Ovid) databases. Included studies needed to report a reference measurement (matched non-pregnant control group, prepregnancy or postpartum) and measurements made during predetermined gestational-age intervals. Mean differences between reference and pregnancy data were calculated using the random-effects model described by DerSimonian and Laird. RESULTS Forty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis, with publication dates ranging from 1977 to 2016. During normotensive pregnancy, most geometric indices started to increase in the second trimester. Left ventricular mass (LVM) increased by 28.36 (95% CI, 19.73-37.00) g (24%), and relative wall thickness (RWT) increased by 0.03 (95% CI, 0.02-0.05) (10%) compared with those in the reference group. During hypertensive pregnancy, LVM and RWT increased more than during normotensive pregnancy (92 (95% CI, 75.46-108.54) g (95%) and 0.14 (95% CI, 0.09-0.19) (56%), respectively). CONCLUSIONS During normotensive pregnancy, most cardiac geometric indices change from the second trimester onwards. Both LVM and RWT increase, by 20% and 10%, respectively, consistent with concentric rather than eccentric remodeling. Cardiac adaptation in hypertensive pregnancy deviates from that in healthy pregnancy by a greater change in LVM (95% increase from reference) and RWT (56% increase from reference). Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Ghossein-Doha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Geerts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S M J van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M E A Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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81
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Hershberger KA, Abraham DM, Martin AS, Mao L, Liu J, Gu H, Locasale JW, Hirschey MD. Sirtuin 5 is required for mouse survival in response to cardiac pressure overload. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19767-19781. [PMID: 28972174 PMCID: PMC5712617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In mitochondria, the sirtuin SIRT5 is an NAD+-dependent protein deacylase that controls several metabolic pathways. Although a wide range of SIRT5 targets have been identified, the overall function of SIRT5 in organismal metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. Given that SIRT5 expression is highest in the heart and that sirtuins are commonly stress-response proteins, we used an established model of pressure overload-induced heart muscle hypertrophy caused by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to determine SIRT5's role in cardiac stress responses. Remarkably, SIRT5KO mice had reduced survival upon TAC compared with wild-type mice but exhibited no mortality when undergoing a sham control operation. The increased mortality with TAC was associated with increased pathological hypertrophy and with key abnormalities in both cardiac performance and ventricular compliance. By combining high-resolution MS-based metabolomic and proteomic analyses of cardiac tissues from wild-type and SIRT5KO mice, we found several biochemical abnormalities exacerbated in the SIRT5KO mice, including apparent decreases in fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation as well as an overall decrease in mitochondrial NAD+/NADH. Together, these abnormalities suggest that SIRT5 deacylates protein substrates involved in cellular oxidative metabolism to maintain mitochondrial energy production. Overall, the functional and metabolic results presented here suggest an accelerated development of cardiac dysfunction in SIRT5KO mice in response to TAC, explaining increased mortality upon cardiac stress. Our findings reveal a key role for SIRT5 in maintaining cardiac oxidative metabolism under pressure overload to ensure survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Hershberger
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Dennis M Abraham
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Duke Cardiovascular Physiology Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Angelical S Martin
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lan Mao
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Duke Cardiovascular Physiology Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Juan Liu
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Hongbo Gu
- Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, and
| | - Jason W Locasale
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701,
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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82
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Grueter C, Gruber PJ. Invited Commentary. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 104:939-941. [PMID: 28838506 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Grueter
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter J Gruber
- Departments of Surgery, Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Rm 8302, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
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A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Development and Progression of Cardiac Remodeling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3920195. [PMID: 28751931 PMCID: PMC5511646 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3920195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathological molecular mechanisms involved in myocardial remodeling contribute to alter the existing structure of the heart, leading to cardiac dysfunction. Among the complex signaling network that characterizes myocardial remodeling, the distinct processes are myocyte loss, cardiac hypertrophy, alteration of extracellular matrix homeostasis, fibrosis, defective autophagy, metabolic abnormalities, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Several pathophysiological stimuli, such as pressure and volume overload, trigger the remodeling cascade, a process that initially confers protection to the heart as a compensatory mechanism. Yet chronic inflammation after myocardial infarction also leads to cardiac remodeling that, when prolonged, leads to heart failure progression. Here, we review the molecular pathways involved in cardiac remodeling, with particular emphasis on those associated with myocardial infarction. A better understanding of cell signaling involved in cardiac remodeling may support the development of new therapeutic strategies towards the treatment of heart failure and reduction of cardiac complications. We will also discuss data derived from gene therapy approaches for modulating key mediators of cardiac remodeling.
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84
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Booth SA, Charchar FJ. Cardiac telomere length in heart development, function, and disease. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:368-384. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive nucleoprotein structures at chromosome ends, and a decrease in the number of these repeats, known as a reduction in telomere length (TL), triggers cellular senescence and apoptosis. Heart disease, the worldwide leading cause of death, often results from the loss of cardiac cells, which could be explained by decreases in TL. Due to the cell-specific regulation of TL, this review focuses on studies that have measured telomeres in heart cells and critically assesses the relationship between cardiac TL and heart function. There are several lines of evidence that have identified rapid changes in cardiac TL during the onset and progression of heart disease as well as at critical stages of development. There are also many factors, such as the loss of telomeric proteins, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, that decrease cardiac TL and heart function. In contrast, antioxidants, calorie restriction, and exercise can prevent both cardiac telomere attrition and the progression of heart disease. TL in the heart is also indicative of proliferative potential and could facilitate the identification of cells suitable for cardiac rejuvenation. Although these findings highlight the involvement of TL in heart function, there are important questions regarding the validity of animal models, as well as several confounding factors, that need to be considered when interpreting results and planning future research. With these in mind, elucidating the telomeric mechanisms involved in heart development and the transition to disease holds promise to prevent cardiac dysfunction and potentiate regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Booth
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
| | - F. J. Charchar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Janssen R, Muller A, Simonides WS. Cardiac Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Heart Failure. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6:130-137. [PMID: 28785539 PMCID: PMC5527173 DOI: 10.1159/000469708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a principal target of thyroid hormone, and a reduction of cardiac thyroid hormone signaling is thought to play a role in pathological ventricular remodeling and the development of heart failure. Studies in various rodent models of heart disease have identified increased activity of cardiac type III deiodinase as a possible cause of diminished levels and action of thyroid hormone. Recent data indicate novel mechanisms underlying the induction of this thyroid hormone-degrading enzyme in the heart as well as post-transcriptional regulation of its expression by microRNAs. In addition, the relevance of diminished thyroid hormone signaling for cardiac remodeling is suggested to include miRNA-mediated effects on pathological signaling pathways. These and other recent studies are reviewed and discussed in the context of other processes and factors that have been implicated in the reduction of cardiac thyroid hormone signaling in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Warner S. Simonides
- *Warner S. Simonides, PhD, Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, NL–1081 HV Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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86
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Puntmann VO, Peker E, Chandrashekhar Y, Nagel E. T1 Mapping in Characterizing Myocardial Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Circ Res 2017; 119:277-99. [PMID: 27390332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance provides insights into myocardial structure and function noninvasively, with high diagnostic accuracy and without ionizing radiation. Myocardial tissue characterization in particular gives cardiovascular magnetic resonance a prime role among all the noninvasive cardiovascular investigations. Late gadolinium enhancement imaging is an established method for visualizing replacement scar, providing diagnostic and prognostic information in a variety of cardiac conditions. Late gadolinium enhancement, however, relies on the regional segregation of tissue characteristics to generate the imaging contrast. Thus, myocardial pathology that is diffuse in nature and affecting the myocardium in a rather uniform and global distribution is not well visualized with late gadolinium enhancement. Examples include diffuse myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and infiltration. T1 mapping is a novel technique allowing to diagnose these diffuse conditions by measurement of T1 values, which directly correspond to variation in intrinsic myocardial tissue properties. In addition to providing clinically meaningful indices, T1-mapping measurements also allow for an estimation of extracellular space by calculation of extracellular volume fraction. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a central role for T1 mapping in detection of diffuse myocardial disease in early disease stages and complements late gadolinium enhancement in visualization of the regional changes in common advanced myocardial disease. As a quantifiable measure, it may allow grading of disease activity, monitoring progress, and guiding treatment, potentially as a fast contrast-free clinical application. We present an overview of clinically relevant technical aspects of acquisition and processing, and the current state of art and evidence, supporting its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina O Puntmann
- From the Institute for Experimental and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging (V.O.P., E.P., E.N.) and Department of Cardiology (V.O.P., E.N.), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (E.P.); and University of Minnesota and VA Medical Centre, Minneapolis (Y.C.)
| | - Elif Peker
- From the Institute for Experimental and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging (V.O.P., E.P., E.N.) and Department of Cardiology (V.O.P., E.N.), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (E.P.); and University of Minnesota and VA Medical Centre, Minneapolis (Y.C.)
| | - Y Chandrashekhar
- From the Institute for Experimental and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging (V.O.P., E.P., E.N.) and Department of Cardiology (V.O.P., E.N.), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (E.P.); and University of Minnesota and VA Medical Centre, Minneapolis (Y.C.)
| | - Eike Nagel
- From the Institute for Experimental and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging (V.O.P., E.P., E.N.) and Department of Cardiology (V.O.P., E.N.), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey (E.P.); and University of Minnesota and VA Medical Centre, Minneapolis (Y.C.).
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87
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Effect of lithium on ventricular remodelling in infarcted rats via the Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160257. [PMID: 28115595 PMCID: PMC5469250 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling is the molecular pathway driving physiological hypertrophy. As lithium, a PI3K agonist, is highly toxic at regular doses, we assessed the effect of lithium at a lower dose on ventricular hypertrophy after myocardial infarction (MI). Male Wistar rats after induction of MI were randomized to either vehicle or lithium (1 mmol/kg per day) for 4 weeks. The dose of lithium led to a mean serum level of 0.39 mM, substantially lower than the therapeutic concentrations (0.8–1.2 mM). Infarction in the vehicle was characterized by pathological hypertrophy in the remote zone; histologically, by increased cardiomyocyte sizes, interstitial fibrosis and left ventricular dilatation; functionally, by impaired cardiac contractility; and molecularly, by an increase of p-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) levels, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, GATA4 expression and foetal gene expressions. Lithium administration mitigated pathological remodelling. Furthermore, lithium caused increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1), the downstream target of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Blockade of the Akt and mTOR signalling pathway with deguelin and rapamycin resulted in markedly diminished levels of p-4E-BP1, but not ERK. The present study demonstrated that chronic lithium treatment at low doses mitigates pathological hypertrophy through an Akt/mTOR dependent pathway.
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88
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Dworatzek E, Mahmoodzadeh S. Targeted basic research to highlight the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:27-35. [PMID: 28119050 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical and animal studies revealed that sex differences exist in the manifestation and outcome of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The underlying molecular mechanisms implicated in these sex differences are not fully understood. The reasons for sex differences in CVD are definitely multifactorial, but major evidence points to the contribution of sex steroid hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2), and its receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). In this review, we summarize past and present studies that implicate E2 and ER as important determinants of sexual dimorphism in the physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. In particular, we give an overview of studies aimed to reveal the role of E2 and ER in the physiology of the observed sex differences in CVD using ER knock-out mice. Finally, we discuss recent findings from novel transgenic mouse models, which have provided new information on the sexual dimorphic roles of ER specifically in cardiomyocytes under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dworatzek
- Institut of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charitè-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Mahmoodzadeh
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin), Berlin, Germany.
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89
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Iyngkaran P, Thomas MC, Johnson R, French J, Ilton M, McDonald P, Hare DL, Fatkin D. Contextualizing Genetics for Regional Heart Failure Care. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:231-42. [PMID: 27280306 PMCID: PMC5011192 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160606123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic and often devastating cardiovascular disorder with no cure. There has been much advancement in the last two decades that has seen improvements in morbidity and mortality. Clinicians have also noted variations in the responses to therapies. More detailed observations also point to clusters of diseases, phenotypic groupings, unusual severity and the rates at which CHF occurs. Medical genetics is playing an increasingly important role in answering some of these observations. This developing field in many respects provides more information than is currently clinically applicable. This includes making sense of the established single gene mutations or uncommon private mutations. In this thematic series which discusses the many factors that could be relevant for CHF care, once established treatments are available in the communities; this section addresses a contextual role for medical genetics.
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90
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Duran J, Oyarce C, Pavez M, Valladares D, Basualto-Alarcon C, Lagos D, Barrientos G, Troncoso MF, Ibarra C, Estrada M. GSK-3β/NFAT Signaling Is Involved in Testosterone-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168255. [PMID: 27977752 PMCID: PMC5158037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone induces cardiac hypertrophy through a mechanism that involves a concerted crosstalk between cytosolic and nuclear signaling pathways. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is associated with the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is considered to function as a negative regulator, mainly by modulating NFAT activity. However, the role played by calcineurin-NFAT and GSK-3β signaling in testosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy has remained unknown. Here, we determined that testosterone stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy through NFAT activation and GSK-3β inhibition. Testosterone increased the activity of NFAT-luciferase (NFAT-Luc) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with the activity peaking after 24 h of stimulation with 100 nM testosterone. NFAT-Luc activity induced by testosterone was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporine A and by 11R-VIVIT, a specific peptide inhibitor of NFAT. Conversely, testosterone inhibited GSK-3β activity as determined by increased GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9 and β-catenin protein accumulation, and also by reduction in β-catenin phosphorylation at residues Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41. GSK-3β inhibition with 1-azakenpaullone or a GSK-3β-targeting siRNA increased NFAT-Luc activity, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant (GSK-3βS9A) inhibited NFAT-Luc activation mediated by testosterone. Testosterone-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy was established by increased cardiac myocyte size and [3H]-leucine incorporation (as a measurement of cellular protein synthesis). Calcineurin-NFAT inhibition abolished and GSK-3β inhibition promoted the hypertrophy stimulated by testosterone. GSK-3β activation by GSK-3βS9A blocked the increase of hypertrophic markers induced by testosterone. Moreover, inhibition of intracellular androgen receptor prevented testosterone-induced NFAT-Luc activation. Collectively, these results suggest that cardiac myocyte hypertrophy induced by testosterone involves a cooperative mechanism that links androgen signaling with the recruitment of NFAT through calcineurin activation and GSK-3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Duran
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Pavez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Valladares
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcon
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Lagos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayarling Francisca Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Heart Failure Bioscience Department, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (CVMD), Innovative Medicines & Early Development iMED Biotech unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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91
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Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Causes Cardiac Dysfunction and the Impairment Is Attenuated by Resistance Training. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167029. [PMID: 27880816 PMCID: PMC5120843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paradoxical sleep deprivation activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, subsequently interfering with the cardiovascular system. The beneficial effects of resistance training are related to hemodynamic, metabolic and hormonal homeostasis. We hypothesized that resistance training can prevent the cardiac remodeling and dysfunction caused by paradoxical sleep deprivation. Methods Male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control (C), resistance training (RT), paradoxical sleep deprivation for 96 hours (PSD96) and both resistance training and sleep deprivation (RT/PSD96). Doppler echocardiograms, hemodynamics measurements, cardiac histomorphometry, hormonal profile and molecular analysis were evaluated. Results Compared to the C group, PSD96 group had a higher left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate and left atrium index. In contrast, the left ventricle systolic area and the left ventricle cavity diameter were reduced in the PSD96 group. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were also observed. Along with these alterations, reduced levels of serum testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), as well as increased corticosterone and angiotensin II, were observed in the PSD96 group. Prophylactic resistance training attenuated most of these changes, except angiotensin II, fibrosis, heart rate and concentric remodeling of left ventricle, confirmed by the increased of NFATc3 and GATA-4, proteins involved in the pathologic cardiac hypertrophy pathway. Conclusions Resistance training effectively attenuates cardiac dysfunction and hormonal imbalance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
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92
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Keen AN, Klaiman JM, Shiels HA, Gillis TE. Temperature-induced cardiac remodelling in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:147-160. [PMID: 27852752 PMCID: PMC5278617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation causes the heart of some fish species to undergo significant remodelling. This includes changes in electrical activity, energy utilization and structural properties at the gross and molecular level of organization. The purpose of this Review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of temperature-induced structural remodelling in the fish ventricle across different levels of biological organization, and to examine how such changes result in the modification of the functional properties of the heart. The structural remodelling response is thought to be responsible for changes in cardiac stiffness, the Ca2+ sensitivity of force generation and the rate of force generation by the heart. Such changes to both active and passive properties help to compensate for the loss of cardiac function caused by a decrease in physiological temperature. Hence, temperature-induced cardiac remodelling is common in fish that remain active following seasonal decreases in temperature. This Review is organized around the ventricular phases of the cardiac cycle – specifically diastolic filling, isovolumic pressure generation and ejection – so that the consequences of remodelling can be fully described. We also compare the thermal acclimation-associated modifications of the fish ventricle with those seen in the mammalian ventricle in response to cardiac pathologies and exercise. Finally, we consider how the plasticity of the fish heart may be relevant to survival in a climate change context, where seasonal temperature changes could become more extreme and variable. Summary: Thermal acclimation of some temperate fishes causes extensive remodelling of the heart. The resultant changes to the active and passive properties of the heart represent a highly integrated phenotypic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Keen
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Jordan M Klaiman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Todd E Gillis
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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93
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Nezafati MH, Eshraghi A, Vojdanparast M, Abtahi S, Nezafati P. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cardiovascular events: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:66. [PMID: 27904611 PMCID: PMC5122239 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.189647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the importance of the role of depression in predicting the outcome of cardiovascular disorders, current medications for treating depression, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are taken into consideration. This study aimed to systematically review the published findings in the use of SSRIs and the risk for cardiac events. MATERIALS AND METHODS An independent review of the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, CINAHL, index Copernicus, and Google Scholar, up to 2014, was performed. We identified studies evaluating the effect of SSRIs, on cardiovascular events. Articles in English with full text availability, review articles, and experimental studies were included in the study. Among 150 studies reviewed based on the included keywords, 17 met the study criteria and were finally reviewed. RESULTS The use of some types of SSRIs may prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation; control the cardiovascular risk profile including hypertension, insulin resistance, and body weight; and also inhibit inflammatory processes. The appearance of adverse cardiac events, including cardiac arrhythmias (torsade de pointes and QT prolongation), syncope, increased systolic and diastolic right ventricular volume, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading atherosclerosis development, has also been expected with the chronic use of some types of SSRIs. CONCLUSION According to our systematic review, both beneficial and adverse cardiovascular events can be established following the chronic use of various types of SSRIs. Therefore, when taking SSRIs, the cardiovascular effect of each SSRI has to be carefully considered, based on patients' cardiovascular risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Nezafati
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Eshraghi
- Atherosclerosis Prevention Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Vojdanparast
- Atherosclerosis Prevention Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Abtahi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pouya Nezafati
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Forces are important in the cardiovascular system, acting as regulators of vascular physiology and pathology. Residing at the blood vessel interface, cells (endothelial cell, EC) are constantly exposed to vascular forces, including shear stress. Shear stress is the frictional force exerted by blood flow, and its patterns differ based on vessel geometry and type. These patterns range from uniform laminar flow to nonuniform disturbed flow. Although ECs sense and differentially respond to flow patterns unique to their microenvironment, the mechanisms underlying endothelial mechanosensing remain incompletely understood. RECENT ADVANCES A large body of work suggests that ECs possess many mechanosensors that decorate their apical, junctional, and basal surfaces. These potential mechanosensors sense blood flow, translating physical force into biochemical signaling events. CRITICAL ISSUES Understanding the mechanisms by which proposed mechanosensors sense and respond to shear stress requires an integrative approach. It is also critical to understand the role of these mechanosensors not only during embryonic development but also in the different vascular beds in the adult. Possible cross talk and integration of mechanosensing via the various mechanosensors remain a challenge. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Determination of the hierarchy of endothelial mechanosensors is critical for future work, as is determination of the extent to which mechanosensors work together to achieve force-dependent signaling. The role and primary sensors of shear stress during development also remain an open question. Finally, integrative approaches must be used to determine absolute mechanosensory function of potential mechanosensors. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 373-388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Givens
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ellie Tzima
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,2 Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics , Oxford, United Kingdom
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Forteza-Albertí JF, Sanchis-Gomar F, Lippi G, Cervellin G, Lucia A, Calderón-Montero FJ. Limits of ventricular function: from athlete's heart to a failing heart. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 37:549-557. [PMID: 27328422 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the study of ventricular function has grown considerably in the last decades. In this review, we analyse the extreme values of ventricular function as obtained with Doppler echocardiography. We mainly focus on the parameters that have been used throughout the history of Doppler echocardiography to assess left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function. The 'athlete's heart' would be the highest expression of ventricular function whereas its lowest expression is represented by the failing heart, independently from the original aetiology leading to this condition. There are, however, morphological similarities (dilation and hypertrophy) between the athlete's and the failing heart, which emerge as physiological and pathophysiological adaptations, respectively. The introduction of new assessment techniques, specifically speckle tracking, may provide new insight into the properties that determine ventricular filling, specifically left ventricular twisting. The concept of ventricular function must be always considered, although it may not be always possible to distinguish the normal heart of sedentary individuals from that of highly trained hearts based solely on echocardiographic or basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre ('i+12'), Madrid, Spain.,European University, Madrid, Spain
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Hullmann J, Traynham CJ, Coleman RC, Koch WJ. The expanding GRK interactome: Implications in cardiovascular disease and potential for therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:52-64. [PMID: 27180008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic with the highest degree of mortality and morbidity of any disease presently studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are prominent regulators of cardiovascular function. Activated GPCRs are "turned off" by GPCR kinases (GRKs) in a process known as "desensitization". GRKs 2 and 5 are highly expressed in the heart, and known to be upregulated in HF. Over the last 20 years, both GRK2 and GRK5 have been demonstrated to be critical mediators of the molecular alterations that occur in the failing heart. In the present review, we will highlight recent findings that further characterize "non-canonical" GRK signaling observed in HF. Further, we will also present potential therapeutic strategies (i.e. small molecule inhibition, microRNAs, gene therapy) that may have potential in combating the deleterious effects of GRKs in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J Traynham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ryan C Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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97
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Abstract
Wnt signaling encompasses multiple and complex signaling cascades and is involved in many developmental processes such as tissue patterning, cell fate specification, and control of cell division. Consequently, accurate regulation of signaling activities is essential for proper embryonic development. Wnt signaling is mostly silent in the healthy adult organs but a reactivation of Wnt signaling is generally observed under pathological conditions. This has generated increasing interest in this pathway from a therapeutic point of view. In this review article, the involvement of Wnt signaling in cardiovascular development will be outlined, followed by its implication in myocardial infarct healing, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. The initial experiments not always offer consensus on the effects of activation or inactivation of the pathway, which may be attributed to (i) the type of cardiac disease, (ii) timing of the intervention, and (iii) type of cells that are targeted. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the exact implication of Wnt signaling in the conditions mentioned above to exploit it as a powerful therapeutic target.
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98
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Sun HJ, Chen D, Han Y, Zhou YB, Wang JJ, Chen Q, Li YH, Gao XY, Kang YM, Zhu GQ. Relaxin in paraventricular nucleus contributes to sympathetic overdrive and hypertension via PI3K-Akt pathway. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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99
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Wang H, Li X, Liu H, Sun L, Zhang R, Li L, Wangding M, Wang J. Six1 induces protein synthesis signaling expression in duck myoblasts mainly via up-regulation of mTOR. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:151-61. [PMID: 27007909 PMCID: PMC4807382 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a critical transcription factor, Six1 plays an important role in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle development. However, little is known about its regulatory mechanism associated with muscular protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of overexpression ofSix1 on the expression of key protein metabolism-related genes in duck myoblasts. Through an experimental model where duck myoblasts were transfected with a pEGFP-duSix1 construct, we found that overexpression of duckSix1 could enhance cell proliferation activity and increase mRNA expression levels of key genes involved in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, while the expression of FOXO1, MuRF1and MAFbx was not significantly altered, indicating thatSix1 could promote protein synthesis in myoblasts through up-regulating the expression of several related genes. Additionally, in duck myoblasts treated with LY294002 and rapamycin, the specific inhibitors ofPI3K and mTOR, respectively, the overexpression of Six1 could significantly ameliorate inhibitive effects of these inhibitors on protein synthesis. Especially, the mRNA expression levels of mTOR and S6K1 were observed to undergo a visible change, and a significant increase in protein expression of S6K1 was seen. These data suggested that Six1plays an important role in protein synthesis, which may be mainly due to activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Mincheng Wangding
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breedings, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Li Z, Liu L, Hou N, Song Y, An X, Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang J. miR-199-sponge transgenic mice develop physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:258-67. [PMID: 26976621 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Overexpression of either member of the miR-199 family, miR-199a-5p, or miR-199b-5p (hereinafter referred to as miR-199a or miR-199b) promotes pathological cardiac hypertrophy, but little is known about the role of endogenous miR-199 in cardiac development and disease. Our study aimed to determine the physiological function of the endogenous miR-199 family in cardiac homeostasis maintenance. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a sponge transgenic mouse model with a specific disruption of miR-199 in the heart. To our surprise, we found that knockdown of endogenous miR-199 caused physiological cardiac hypertrophy characterized by an increased heart weight and cardiomyocyte size, but with normal cardiac morphology and function. Furthermore, we also identified PGC1α as the target gene of the miR-199 family, and PGC1α was also increased in sponge transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Inhibition of endogenous miR-199 led to physiological cardiac hypertrophy probably due to the up-regulation of PGC1α, uncovering a surprising role for endogenous miR-199 in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ning Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yao Song
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbo An
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
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