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A Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Current Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050969. [PMID: 35632709 PMCID: PMC9147731 DOI: 10.3390/v14050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that recently re-emerged in many parts of the world causing large-scale outbreaks. CHIKV infection presents as a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). Infection is self-limited and characterized mainly by severe joint pain and myalgia that can last for weeks or months; however, severe disease presentation can also occur in a minor proportion of infections. Among the atypical CHIKV manifestations that have been described, severe arthralgia and neurological complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and Guillain–Barré Syndrome, are now reported in many outbreaks. Moreover, death cases were also reported, placing CHIKV as a relevant public health disease. Virus evolution, globalization, and climate change may have contributed to CHIKV spread. In addition to this, the lack of preventive vaccines and approved antiviral treatments is turning CHIKV into a major global health threat. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about CHIKV pathogenesis, with a focus on atypical disease manifestations, such as persistent arthralgia and neurologic disease presentation. We also bring an up-to-date review of the current CHIKV vaccine development. Altogether, these topics highlight some of the most recent advances in our understanding of CHIKV pathogenesis and also provide important insights into the current development and clinical trials of CHIKV potential vaccine candidates.
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Increased Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) Activity and Inflammatory Responses during Chikungunya Virus Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040444. [PMID: 35456119 PMCID: PMC9028473 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes intense cytokine/chemokine inflammatory responses and debilitating joint pain. Indoleamine2,3–dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) is an enzyme that initiates the tryptophan degradation that is important in initial host innate immune defense against infectious pathogens. Besides that, IDO-1 activation acts as a regulatory mechanism to prevent overactive host immune responses. In this study, we evaluated IDO-1 activity and cytokine/chemokine patterns in CHIKV patients. Higher IDO-1 (Kyn/Trp ratio) activation was observed during the early acute phase of CHIKV infection and declined in the chronic phase. Importantly, increased concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interferon γ (IFN-γ), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10/Interferon Protein-10 (CXCL10/IP-10) were found in the acute phase of infection, while C-C motif chemokine ligand 4/Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 β (CCL4/MIP-1β) was found at increased concentrations in the chronic phase. Likewise, CHIKV patients with arthritis had significantly higher concentrations of CCL4/MIP-1β compared to patients without arthritis. Taken together, these data demonstrated increased IDO-1 activity, possibly exerting both antiviral effects and regulating exacerbated inflammatory responses. CCL4/MIP-1β may have an important role in the persistent inflammation and arthritic symptoms following chikungunya infection.
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Beddingfield BJ, Sugimoto C, Wang E, Weaver SC, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Killeen SZ, Kuroda MJ, Roy CJ. Phenotypic and Kinetic Changes of Myeloid Lineage Cells in Innate Response to Chikungunya Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:192-199. [PMID: 35333631 PMCID: PMC9063200 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya (CHIKV) is an emerging worldwide viral threat. The immune response to infection can lead to protection and convalescence or result in long-term sequelae such as arthritis. Early innate immune events during acute infection have been characterized for some cell types, but more must be elucidated with respect to cellular responses of monocytes and other myeloid lineage cells. In addition to their roles in protection and inflammation resolution, monocytes and macrophages are sites for viral replication and may also act as viral reservoirs. These cells are also found in joints postinfection, possibly playing a role in long-term CHIKV-induced pathology. We examined kinetic and phenotypic changes in myeloid lineage cells, including monocytes, in cynomolgus macaques early after experimental infection with CHIKV. We found increased proliferation of monocytes and decreased proliferation of myeloid dendritic cells early during infection, with an accompanying decrease in absolute numbers of both cell types, as well as a simultaneous increase in plasmacytoid dendritic cell number. An increase in CD16 and CD14 was seen along with a decrease in monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR isotype expression within 3 days of infection, potentially indicating monocyte deactivation. A transient decrease in T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells correlated with lymphocytopenia observed during human infections with CHIKV. CD4+ T cell proliferation decreased in blood, indicating relocation of cells to effector sites. These data indicate CHIKV influences proliferation rates and kinetics of myeloid lineage cells early during infection and may prove useful in development of therapeutics and evaluation of infection-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Beddingfield
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Host Defense, Institute for Frontier Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga-gun, Japan
| | - Eryu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephanie Z Killeen
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Julander JG, Anderson N, Haese N, Andoh T, Streblow DN, Cortez P, Carter K, Marniquet X, Watson H, Mandron M. Therapeutic and prophylactic treatment with a virus-specific antibody is highly effective in rodent models of Chikungunya infection and disease. Antiviral Res 2022; 202:105295. [PMID: 35339583 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has re-emerged as a significant human pathogen in the 21st century, causing periodic, and sometimes widespread, outbreaks over the past 15 years. Although mortality is very rare, a debilitating arthralgia is very common and may persist for months or years. There are no antivirals that are approved for the treatment of CHIKV infection, and current treatment options consist of supportive care only. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of a CHIKV-specific antibody in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of CHIKV in mouse models of disease. The fully human anti-CHIKV monoclonal Ab SVIR023 demonstrated broad in vitro activity against representative strains from the three major CHIKV clades. Therapeutic treatment with SVIR023 administered 1- or 3-days post-infection resulted in reduced virus in various tissues in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Prophylactic treatment up to 4 weeks prior to virus challenge was also effective in preventing disease in mice. Mice treated with SVIR023 and infected with CHIKV were resistant to secondary challenge and no evidence of antibody enhancement of disease was observed. Treatment with SVIR023 was effective in mouse models of CHIKV infection and disease and further evaluation towards clinical development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Nicole Anderson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Nicole Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Takeshi Andoh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hugh Watson
- Evotec ID (Lyon), Lyon, France; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rawle DJ, Dumenil T, Tang B, Bishop CR, Yan K, Le TT, Suhrbier A. Microplastic consumption induces inflammatory signatures in the colon and prolongs a viral arthritis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152212. [PMID: 34890673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global microplastic (MP) contamination and the effects on the environment are well described. However, the potential for MP consumption to affect human health remains controversial. Mice consuming ≈80 μg/kg/day of 1 μm polystyrene MPs via their drinking water showed no weight loss, nor were MPs detected in internal organs. The microbiome was also not significantly changed. MP consumption did lead to small transcriptional changes in the colon suggesting plasma membrane perturbations and mild inflammation. Mice were challenged with the arthritogenic chikungunya virus, with MP consumption leading to a significantly prolonged arthritic foot swelling that was associated with elevated Th1, NK cell and neutrophil signatures. Immunohistochemistry also showed a significant increase in the ratio of neutrophils to monocyte/macrophages. The picture that emerges is reminiscent of enteropathic arthritis, whereby perturbations in the colon are thought to activate innate lymphoid cells that can inter alia migrate to joint tissues to promote inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bing Tang
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bishop
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Thuy T Le
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 and 4072, Australia.
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56
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Kafai NM, Diamond MS, Fox JM. Distinct Cellular Tropism and Immune Responses to Alphavirus Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:615-649. [PMID: 35134315 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-014952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging and reemerging viruses that cause disease syndromes ranging from incapacitating arthritis to potentially fatal encephalitis. While infection by arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses results in distinct clinical manifestations, both virus groups induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, differences in cellular tropism, type I interferon induction, immune cell recruitment, and B and T cell responses result in differential disease progression and outcome. In this review, we discuss aspects of immune responses that contribute to protective or pathogenic outcomes after alphavirus infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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Chikungunya virus as a trigger for different renal disorders: an exploratory study. J Nephrol 2022; 35:1437-1447. [PMID: 35119686 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chikungunya virus was detected in cases of acute chikungunya fever in renal tissue. However, chikungunya virus-related kidney injury still lacks characterization, and it is unknown whether the kidneys are reservoirs for the virus. We sought to detect histopathological changes and viral antigens in renal tissue, and to evaluate kidney injury markers in different phases of chikungunya fever. METHODS Two groups were evaluated in this exploratory study: patients with biopsy-proven kidney injury established after chikungunya fever, and patients with post-chikungunya fever chronic joint manifestations without known kidney injury, in whom we actively searched for kidney injury markers. RESULTS In the first group, 15 patients had kidney injury 0.5-24 months after chikungunya fever. The most frequent histopathological diagnoses were glomerular lesions. No viral antigens were detected in renal tissue. High-risk genotypes were detected in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. In the second group, 114 patients had post-chikungunya fever joint manifestations on average for 35.6 months. Mean creatinine and proteinuria were 0.9 mg/dl and 71.5 mg/day, respectively. One patient had isolated hematuria. There was no indication for renal biopsy in this group. CONCLUSIONS Several histopathological features were found after chikungunya fever, without virus detection in renal tissue. These findings suggest that chikungunya virus may trigger kidney lesions with varying degrees of severity at different stages of infection. However, the probability that this virus replicates in the renal tissue seems unlikely.
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58
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Zhang Y, Yan H, Li X, Zhou D, Zhong M, Yang J, Zhao B, Fan X, Fan J, Shu J, Lu M, Jin X, Zhang E, Yan H. A high-dose inoculum size results in persistent viral infection and arthritis in mice infected with chikungunya virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010149. [PMID: 35100271 PMCID: PMC8803182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that leads to acute fever and chronic debilitating polyarthralgia. To date, the mechanism underlying chronic recurrent arthralgia is unknown. In the present study, newborn wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infected with CHIKV, and the virological and pathological features of CHIKV infection were analyzed over a period of 50 days. Acute viral infection was readily established by footpad inoculation of CHIKV at doses ranging from 10 plaque forming unit (PFU) to 106 PFU, during which inoculation dose-dependent viral RNA and skeletal muscle damage were detected in the foot tissues. However, persistent CHIKV was observed only when the mice were infected with a high dose of 106 PFU of CHIKV, in which low copy numbers (103−104) of viral positive strand RNA were continuously detectable in the feet from 29 to 50 dpi, along with a low level and progressive reduction in virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. In contrast, viral negative strand RNA was detected at 50 dpi but not at 29 dpi and was accompanied by significant local skeletal muscle damage at 50 dpi when mild synovial hyperplasia appeared in the foot joints, although the damage was briefly repaired at 29 dpi. These results demonstrated that a high viral inoculation dose leads to viral persistence and progression to chronic tissue damage after recovery from acute infection. Taken together, these results provide a useful tool for elucidating the pathogenesis of persistent CHIKV infection and viral relapse-associated chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxu Fan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Shu
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xia Jin
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (EZ); (HY)
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Vaccine and Immunology Research Center, Translational Medical Research Institute, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (EZ); (HY)
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Mapalagamage M, Weiskopf D, Sette A, De Silva AD. Current Understanding of the Role of T Cells in Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020242. [PMID: 35215836 PMCID: PMC8878350 DOI: 10.3390/v14020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) are a major disease burden in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and there are no effective vaccinations or therapeutic drugs available at this time. Understanding the role of the T cell response is very important when designing effective vaccines. Currently, comprehensive identification of T cell epitopes during a DENV infection shows that CD8 and CD4 T cells and their specific phenotypes play protective and pathogenic roles. The protective role of CD8 T cells in DENV is carried out through the killing of infected cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, as CD4 T cells enhance B cell and CD8 T cell activities. A limited number of studies attempted to identify the involvement of T cells in CHIKV and ZIKV infection. The identification of human immunodominant ZIKV viral epitopes responsive to specific T cells is scarce, and none have been identified for CHIKV. In CHIKV infection, CD8 T cells are activated during the acute phase in the lymph nodes/blood, and CD4 T cells are activated during the chronic phase in the joints/muscles. Studies on the role of T cells in ZIKV-neuropathogenesis are limited and need to be explored. Many studies have shown the modulating actions of T cells due to cross-reactivity between DENV-ZIKV co-infections and have repeated heterologous/homologous DENV infection, which is an important factor to consider when developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Mapalagamage
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo 10390, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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Locke MC, Fox LE, Dunlap BF, Young AR, Monte K, Lenschow DJ. Interferon Alpha, but Not Interferon Beta, Acts Early To Control Chronic Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114321. [PMID: 34668781 PMCID: PMC8754211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01143-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes both debilitating acute and chronic disease. Previous work has shown that type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in limiting CHIKV pathogenesis and that interferon alpha (IFN-α) and interferon beta (IFN-β) control acute CHIKV infection by distinct mechanisms. However, the role of type I IFNs, especially specific subtypes, during chronic CHIKV disease is unclear. To address this gap in knowledge, we evaluated chronic CHIKV pathogenesis in mice lacking IFN-α or IFN-β. We found that IFN-α was the dominant subtype that controls chronic disease. Despite detecting a varying type I IFN response throughout the course of disease, IFN-α acts within the first few days of infection to control the levels of persistent CHIKV RNA. In addition, using a novel CHIKV-3'-Cre tdTomato reporter system that fate maps CHIKV-infected cells, we showed that IFN-α limits the number of cells that survive CHIKV at sites of dissemination, particularly dermal fibroblasts and immune cells. Though myofibers play a significant role in CHIKV disease, they were not impacted by the loss of IFN-α. Our studies highlight that IFN-α and IFN-β play divergent roles during chronic CHIKV disease through events that occur early in infection and that not all cell types are equally dependent on type I IFNs for restricting viral persistence. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging global pathogen with no effective vaccine or antiviral treatment for acute or chronic disease, and the mechanisms underlying chronic disease manifestations remain poorly defined. The significance of our research is in defining IFN-α, but not IFN-β, as an important host regulator of chronic CHIKV pathogenesis that acts within the first 48 hours of infection to limit persistent viral RNA and the number of cells that survive CHIKV infection 1 month post-infection. Loss of IFN-α had a greater impact on immune cells and dermal fibroblasts than myofibers, highlighting the need to delineate cell-specific responses to type I IFNs. Altogether, our work demonstrates that very early events of acute CHIKV infection influence chronic disease. Continued efforts to delineate early host-pathogen interactions may help stratify patients who are at risk for developing chronic CHIKV symptoms and identify therapeutics that may prevent progression to chronic disease altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lindsey E. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bria F. Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alissa R. Young
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristen Monte
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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de Sousa Palmeira PH, Gois BM, Guerra-Gomes IC, Peixoto RF, de Sousa Dias CN, Araújo JMG, Amaral IP, Keesen TSL. Downregulation of CD73 on CD4+ T cells from patients with chronic Chikungunya infection. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:306-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Lucas CJ, Morrison TE. Animal models of alphavirus infection and human disease. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:25-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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63
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Schilling E, Grahnert A, Pfeiffer L, Koehl U, Claus C, Hauschildt S. The Impact of Rubella Virus Infection on a Secondary Inflammatory Response in Polarized Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772595. [PMID: 34975859 PMCID: PMC8716696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are known to exhibit distinct responses to viral and bacterial infection, but how they react when exposed to the pathogens in succession is less well understood. Accordingly, we determined the effect of a rubella virus (RV)-induced infection followed by an LPS-induced challenge on cytokine production, signal transduction and metabolic pathways in human GM (M1-like)- and M (M2-like)-MΦ. We found that infection of both subsets with RV resulted in a low TNF-α and a high interferon (IFN, type I and type III) release whereby M-MΦ produced far more IFNs than GM-MΦ. Thus, TNF-α production in contrast to IFN production is not a dominant feature of RV infection in these cells. Upon addition of LPS to RV-infected MΦ compared to the addition of LPS to the uninfected cells the TNF-α response only slightly increased, whereas the IFN-response of both subtypes was greatly enhanced. The subset specific cytokine expression pattern remained unchanged under these assay conditions. The priming effect of RV was also observed when replacing RV by IFN-β one putative priming stimulus induced by RV. Small amounts of IFN-β were sufficient for phosphorylation of Stat1 and to induce IFN-production in response to LPS. Analysis of signal transduction pathways activated by successive exposure of MΦ to RV and LPS revealed an increased phosphorylation of NFκB (M-MΦ), but different to uninfected MΦ a reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (both subtypes). Furthermore, metabolic pathways were affected; the LPS-induced increase in glycolysis was dampened in both subtypes after RV infection. In conclusion, we show that RV infection and exogenously added IFN-β can prime MΦ to produce high amounts of IFNs in response to LPS and that changes in glycolysis and signal transduction are associated with the priming effect. These findings will help to understand to what extent MΦ defense to viral infection is modulated by a following exposure to a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Grahnert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pfeiffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sunna Hauschildt
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sunna Hauschildt,
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Khongwichit S, Chansaenroj J, Chirathaworn C, Poovorawan Y. Chikungunya virus infection: molecular biology, clinical characteristics, and epidemiology in Asian countries. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:84. [PMID: 34857000 PMCID: PMC8638460 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne human pathogen that causes chikungunya fever, which is typically accompanied by severe joint pain. In Asia, serological evidence indicated that CHIKV first emerged in 1954. From the 1950’s to 2005, sporadic CHIKV infections were attributed to the Asian genotype. However, the massive outbreak of CHIKV in India and the Southwest Indian Ocean Islands in 2005 has since raised chikungunya as a worldwide public health concern. The virus is spreading globally, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. The emergence of the CHIKV East/Central/South African genotype-Indian Ocean lineage (ECSA-IOL) has caused large outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia affected more than a million people over a decade. Notably, the massive CHIKV outbreaks before 2016 and the more recent outbreak in Asia were driven by distinct ECSA lineages. The first significant CHIKV ECSA strains harbored the Aedes albopictus-adaptive mutation E1: A226V. More recently, another mass CHIKV ECSA outbreak in Asia started in India and spread beyond South and Southeast Asia to Kenya and Italy. This virus lacked the E1: A226V mutation but instead harbored two novel mutations (E1: K211E and E2: V264A) in an E1: 226A background, which enhanced its fitness in Aedes aegypti. The emergence of a novel ECSA strain may lead to a more widespread geographical distribution of CHIKV in the future. This review summarizes the current CHIKV situation in Asian countries and provides a general overview of the molecular virology, disease manifestation, diagnosis, prevalence, genotype distribution, evolutionary relationships, and epidemiology of CHIKV infection in Asian countries over the past 65 years. This knowledge is essential in guiding the epidemiological study, control, prevention of future CHIKV outbreaks, and the development of new vaccines and antivirals targeting CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Khongwichit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Pott F, Postmus D, Brown RJP, Wyler E, Neumann E, Landthaler M, Goffinet C. Single-cell analysis of arthritogenic alphavirus-infected human synovial fibroblasts links low abundance of viral RNA to induction of innate immunity and arthralgia-associated gene expression. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2151-2168. [PMID: 34723780 PMCID: PMC8604527 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by (re-)emerging RNA arboviruses including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus primarily cause acute febrile disease and transient polyarthralgia. However, in a significant subset of infected individuals, debilitating arthralgia persists for weeks over months up to years. The underlying immunopathogenesis of chronification of arthralgia upon primary RNA-viral infection remains unclear. Here, we analysed cell-intrinsic responses to ex vivo arthritogenic alphaviral infection of primary human synovial fibroblasts isolated from knee joints, one the most affected joint types during acute and chronic CHIKV disease. Synovial fibroblasts were susceptible and permissive to alphaviral infection. Base-line and exogenously added type I interferon (IFN) partially and potently restricted infection, respectively. RNA-seq revealed a CHIKV infection-induced transcriptional profile that comprised upregulation of expression of several hundred IFN-stimulated and arthralgia-mediating genes. Single-cell virus-inclusive RNA-seq uncovered a fine-tuned switch from induction to repression of cell-intrinsic immune responses depending on the abundance of viral RNA in an individual cell. Specifically, responses were most pronounced in cells displaying low-to-intermediate amounts of viral RNA and absence of virus-encoded, fluorescent reporter protein expression, arguing for efficient counteraction of innate immunity in cells expressing viral antagonists at sufficient quantities. In summary, cell-intrinsic sensing of viral RNA that potentially persists or replicates at low levels in synovial fibroblasts and other target cell types in vivo may contribute to the chronic arthralgia induced by alphaviral infections. Our findings might advance our understanding of the immunopathophysiology of long-term pathogenesis of RNA-viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pott
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dylan Postmus
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Reece MD, Taylor RR, Song C, Gavegnano C. Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation for Viral Infections: Novel Targets for Immunomodulators. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768695. [PMID: 34790202 PMCID: PMC8591232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) cure is the latent viral reservoir, which persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), including across the non-dividing myeloid reservoir which is found systemically in sanctuary sites across tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike activated CD4+ T cells that undergo rapid cell death during initial infection (due to rapid viral replication kinetics), viral replication kinetics are delayed in non-dividing myeloid cells, resulting in long-lived survival of infected macrophages and macrophage-like cells. Simultaneously, persistent inflammation in macrophages confers immune dysregulation that is a key driver of co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurological deficits in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Macrophage activation and dysregulation is also a key driver of disease progression across other viral infections including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and chikungunya viruses, underscoring the interplay between macrophages and disease progression, pathogenesis, and comorbidity in the viral infection setting. This review discusses the role of macrophages in persistence and pathogenesis of HIV-1 and related comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. A special focus is given to novel immunomodulatory targets for key events driving myeloid cell dysregulation and reservoir maintenance across a diverse array of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Reece
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruby R Taylor
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Colin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Chikungunya Virus Exposure Partially Cross-Protects against Mayaro Virus Infection in Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0112221. [PMID: 34549980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related members of the Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex classified as belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. These viruses cause human disease, with sudden fever and joint inflammation that can persist for long periods. CHIKV is the causative agent of large outbreaks worldwide, and MAYV infection represents a growing public health concern in Latin America, causing sporadic cases and geographically limited outbreaks. Considering the relationship between CHIKV and MAYV, the present study aimed to evaluate if preexisting CHIKV immunity protects against MAYV infection. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally infected with CHIKV and, 4 weeks later, they were infected with MAYV in their hind paw. We observed that the preexistence of CHIKV immunity conferred partial cross-protection against secondary MAYV infection, reducing disease severity, tissue viral load, and histopathological scores. Interestingly, CHIKV antibodies from humans and mice showed low cross-neutralization to MAYV, but neutralizing activity significantly increased after secondary infection. Furthermore, depletion of adaptive immune cells (CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and CD19+ B cells) did not alter the cross-protection phenotype, suggesting that distinct cell subsets or a combination of adaptive immune cells stimulated by CHIKV are responsible for the partial cross-protection against MAYV. The reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), in animals secondarily infected by MAYV, suggests a role for innate immunity in cross-protection. Our findings shed light on how preexisting immunity to arthritogenic alphaviruses may affect secondary infection, which may further develop relevant influence in disease outcome and viral transmission. IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne viruses have a worldwide impact, especially in tropical climates. Chikungunya virus has been present mostly in developing countries, causing millions of infections, while Mayaro virus, a close relative, has been limited to the Caribbean and tropical regions of Latin America. The potential emergence and spread of Mayaro virus to other high-risk areas have increased the scientific community's attention to an imminent worldwide epidemic. Here, we designed an experimental protocol of chikungunya and Mayaro virus mouse infection, which develops a measurable and quantifiable disease that allows us to make inferences about potential immunological effects during secondary virus infection. Our results demonstrate that previous chikungunya virus infection is able to reduce the severity of clinical outcomes during secondary Mayaro infection. We provide scientific understanding of immunological features during secondary infection with the closely related virus, thus assisting in better comprehending viral transmission and the pathological outcome of these diseases.
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Bengue M, Pintong AR, Liegeois F, Nougairède A, Hamel R, Pompon J, de Lamballerie X, Roques P, Choumet V, Missé D. Favipiravir Inhibits Mayaro Virus Infection in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112213. [PMID: 34835018 PMCID: PMC8622800 DOI: 10.3390/v13112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emergent alphavirus that causes MAYV fever. It is often associated with debilitating symptoms, particularly arthralgia and myalgia. MAYV infection is becoming a considerable health issue that, unfortunately, lacks a specific antiviral treatment. Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, has recently been shown to exert anti-MAYV activity in vitro. In the present study, the potential of Favipiravir to inhibit MAYV replication in an in vivo model was evaluated. Immunocompetent mice were orally administrated 300 mg/kg/dose of Favipiravir at pre-, concurrent-, or post-MAYV infection. The results showed a significant reduction in infectious viral particles and viral RNA transcripts in the tissues and blood of the pre- and concurrently treated infected mice. A significant reduction in the presence of both viral RNA transcript and infectious viral particles in the tissue and blood of pre- and concurrently treated infected mice was observed. By contrast, Favipiravir treatment post-MAYV infection did not result in a reduction in viral replication. Interestingly, Favipiravir strongly decreased the blood levels of the liver disease markers aspartate- and alanine aminotransferase in the pre- and concurrently treated MAYV-infected mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Favipiravir is a potent antiviral drug when administered in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bengue
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Ai-rada Pintong
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Florian Liegeois
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1207, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1207, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Pierre Roques
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry BP4416, Guinea;
- Immunologie des Maladies Virales Auto-Immunes, Hématologiques et Bactériennes (IMVA-HB), Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT): Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1184, Université Paris Saclay, 92265 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux Groupe Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75724 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (A.-r.P.); (F.L.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (D.M.)
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Constant LEC, Rajsfus BF, Carneiro PH, Sisnande T, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744164. [PMID: 34675908 PMCID: PMC8524093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is currently one of the most relevant arboviruses to public health. It is a member of the Togaviridae family and alphavirus genus and causes an arthritogenic disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). It is characterized by a multifaceted disease, which is distinguished from other arbovirus infections by the intense and debilitating arthralgia that can last for months or years in some individuals. Despite the great social and economic burden caused by CHIKV infection, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs currently available. Recent outbreaks have shown a change in the severity profile of the disease in which atypical and severe manifestation lead to hundreds of deaths, reinforcing the necessity to understand the replication and pathogenesis processes. CHIKF is a complex disease resultant from the infection of a plethora of cell types. Although there are several in vivo models for studying CHIKV infection, none of them reproduces integrally the disease signature observed in humans, which is a challenge for vaccine and drug development. Therefore, understanding the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental models is imperative to advance in the field. In this context, the present review outlines the present knowledge on CHIKV epidemiology, replication, pathogenesis, and immunity and also brings a critical perspective on the current in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art experimental models of CHIKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E. C. Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia F. Rajsfus
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abdallah F, Coindre S, Gardet M, Meurisse F, Naji A, Suganuma N, Abi-Rached L, Lambotte O, Favier B. Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Regulating the Immune Response in Infectious Diseases: A Window of Opportunity to Pathogen Persistence and a Sound Target in Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717998. [PMID: 34594332 PMCID: PMC8478328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulatory receptors are essential for orchestrating an immune response as well as appropriate inflammation in infectious and non-communicable diseases. Among them, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) consist of activating and inhibitory receptors that play an important role in regulating immune responses modulating the course of disease progression. On the one hand, inhibitory LILRs constitute a safe-guard system that mitigates the inflammatory response, allowing a prompt return to immune homeostasis. On the other hand, because of their unique capacity to attenuate immune responses, pathogens use inhibitory LILRs to evade immune recognition, thus facilitating their persistence within the host. Conversely, the engagement of activating LILRs triggers immune responses and the production of inflammatory mediators to fight microbes. However, their heightened activation could lead to an exacerbated immune response and persistent inflammation with major consequences on disease outcome and autoimmune disorders. Here, we review the genetic organisation, structure and ligands of LILRs as well as their role in regulating the immune response and inflammation. We also discuss the LILR-based strategies that pathogens use to evade immune responses. A better understanding of the contribution of LILRs to host-pathogen interactions is essential to define appropriate treatments to counteract the severity and/or persistence of pathogens in acute and chronic infectious diseases lacking efficient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Abdallah
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sixtine Coindre
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Margaux Gardet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Florian Meurisse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Abderrahim Naji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku-City, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Cooperative Medicine Unit, Research and Education Faculty, Medicine Science Cluster, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku-City, Japan
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Mediterranean Infection, SNC5039 CNRS, Marseille, France.,SNC5039 CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Public-Hospital Assistance of Paris, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Paris-Saclay University Hospital Group, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Favier
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Chikungunya and arthritis: An overview. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 44:102168. [PMID: 34563686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya is caused by CHIKV (chikungunya virus), an emerging and re-emerging arthropod-vectored viral infection that causes a febrile disease with primarily long term sequelae of arthralgia and myalgia and is fatal in a small fraction of infected patients. Sporadic outbreaks have been reported from different parts of the world chiefly Africa, Asia, the Indian and Pacific ocean regions, Europe and lately even in the Americas. Currently, treatment is primarily symptomatic as no vaccine, antibody-mediated immunotherapy or antivirals are available. Chikungunya belongs to a family of arthritogenic alphaviruses which have many pathophysiological similarities. Chikungunya arthritis has similarities and differences with rheumatoid arthritis. Although research into arthritis caused by these alphaviruses have been ongoing for decades and significant progress has been made, the mechanisms underlying viral infection and arthritis are not well understood. In this review, we give a background to chikungunya and the causative virus, outline the history of alphavirus arthritis research and then give an overview of findings on arthritis caused by CHIKV. We also discuss treatment options and the research done so far on various therapeutic intervention strategies.
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72
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Pentosan polysulfate sodium prevents functional decline in chikungunya infected mice by modulating growth factor signalling and lymphocyte activation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255125. [PMID: 34492036 PMCID: PMC8423248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that causes large outbreaks world-wide leaving millions of people with severe and debilitating arthritis. Interestingly, clinical presentation of CHIKV arthritides have many overlapping features with rheumatoid arthritis including cellular and cytokine pathways that lead to disease development and progression. Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines available to treat CHIKV infections therefore advocating the need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat CHIKV rheumatic disease. Herein, we provide an in-depth analysis of an efficacious new treatment for CHIKV arthritis with a semi-synthetic sulphated polysaccharide, Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (PPS). Mice treated with PPS showed significant functional improvement as measured by grip strength and a reduction in hind limb foot swelling. Histological analysis of the affected joint showed local inflammation was reduced as seen by a decreased number of infiltrating immune cells. Additionally, joint cartilage was protected as demonstrated by increased proteoglycan staining. Using a multiplex-immunoassay system, we also showed that at peak disease, PPS treatment led to a systemic reduction of the chemokines CXCL1, CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL7 (MCP-3) and CCL12 (MCP-5) which may be associated with the reduction in cellular infiltrates. Further characterisation of the local effect of PPS in its action to reduce joint and muscle inflammation was performed using NanoString™ technology. Results showed that PPS altered the local expression of key functional genes characterised for their involvement in growth factor signalling and lymphocyte activation. Overall, this study shows that PPS is a promising treatment for alphaviral arthritis by reducing inflammation and protecting joint integrity.
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73
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Guerrero-Arguero I, Tellez-Freitas CM, Weber KS, Berges BK, Robison RA, Pickett BE. Alphaviruses: Host pathogenesis, immune response, and vaccine & treatment updates. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34435944 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens belonging to the Alphavirus genus, in the Togaviridae family, are transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The signs and symptoms associated with these viruses include fever and polyarthralgia, defined as joint pain and inflammation, as well as encephalitis. In the last decade, our understanding of the interactions between members of the alphavirus genus and the human host has increased due to the re-appearance of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Asia and Europe, as well as its emergence in the Americas. Alphaviruses affect host immunity through cytokines and the interferon response. Understanding alphavirus interactions with both the innate immune system as well as the various cells in the adaptive immune systems is critical to developing effective therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest research on alphavirus-host cell interactions, underlying infection mechanisms, and possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Brett E Pickett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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74
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Kril V, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Briant L, Amara A. New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:327-347. [PMID: 34255544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for major outbreaks of disease since 2004 in the Indian Ocean islands, South east Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV causes debilitating musculoskeletal disorders in humans that are characterized by fever, rash, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. The disease is often self-limiting and nonlethal; however, some patients experience atypical or severe clinical manifestations, as well as a chronic rheumatic syndrome. Unfortunately, no efficient antivirals against CHIKV infection are available so far, highlighting the importance of deepening our knowledge of CHIKV host cell interactions and viral replication strategies. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanisms that regulate CHIKV infection and lay down the foundations to understand viral pathogenesis. We describe the role of the recently identified host factors co-opted by the virus for infection and pathogenesis, and emphasize the importance of CHIKV nonstructural proteins in both replication complex assembly and host immune response evasion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliya Kril
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Olivier Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurence Briant
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ali Amara
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
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Abstract
El virus de chikunguña (CHIKV) es un Alfavirus perteneciente al grupo denominado del Viejo Mundo; estos son virus artritogénicos que causan una enfermedad febril caracterizada por artralgias y mialgias. Aunque la muerte por CHIKV es poco frecuente, la enfermedad puede llegar a ser incapacitante y generar un amplio espectro de manifestaciones atípicas, como complicaciones cardiovasculares, respiratorias, oculares, renales y dérmicas, entre otras. Cuando el dolor articular persiste por tres o más meses, da lugar a la forma crónica de la enfermedad denominada reumatismo inflamatorio crónico poschikunguña, el cual es la principal secuela de la enfermedad. Se considera que este virus no es neurotrópico, sin embargo, puede afectar el sistema nervioso central y generar secuelas graves y permanentes, principalmente, en niños y ancianos. En África, Asia y Europa se habían reportado anteriormente brotes epidémicos por CHIKV, pero solo hasta finales del 2013 se documentó la introducción del virus a las Américas; desde entonces, el virus se ha propagado a 45 países o territorios del continente y el número de casos acumulados ascendió a cerca de dos millones en dos años. Esta revisión describe de manera general la biología molecular del virus, sus manifestaciones clínicas, su patogénesis y las principales complicaciones posteriores a la infección. Además, reúne la información de la epidemia en Colombia y el continente americano publicada entre el 2014 y el 2020.
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Hibl BM, Dailey Garnes NJM, Kneubehl AR, Vogt MB, Spencer Clinton JL, Rico-Hesse RR. Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009427. [PMID: 34106915 PMCID: PMC8189471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for acute to chronic arthralgias and neuropathies. Although it originated in central Africa, recent reports of disease have come from many parts of the world, including the Americas. While limiting human CHIKV cases through mosquito control has been used, it has not been entirely successful. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments specific for CHIKV disease, thus more work is needed to develop effective countermeasures. Current animal research on CHIKV is often not representative of human disease. Most models use CHIKV needle inoculation via unnatural routes to create immediate viremia and localized clinical signs; these methods neglect the natural route of transmission (the mosquito vector bite) and the associated human immune response. Since mosquito saliva has been shown to have a profound effect on viral pathogenesis, we evaluated a novel model of infection that included the natural vector, Aedes species mosquitoes, transmitting CHIKV to mice containing components of the human immune system. Humanized mice infected by 3-6 mosquito bites showed signs of systemic infection, with demonstrable viremia (by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent antibody assay), mild to moderate clinical signs (by observation, histology, and immunohistochemistry), and immune responses consistent with human infection (by flow cytometry and IgM ELISA). This model should give a better understanding of human CHIKV disease and allow for more realistic evaluations of mechanisms of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne M. Hibl
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. M. Dailey Garnes
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Kneubehl
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Vogt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Rico-Hesse
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Costa DMDN, Coêlho MRCD, Gouveia PADC, Bezerra LA, Marques CDL, Duarte ALBP, Valente LM, Magalhães V. Long-Term Persistence of Serum-Specific Anti-Chikungunya IgM Antibody - A Case Series of Brazilian Patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0855. [PMID: 33886823 PMCID: PMC8047711 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0855-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of serum-specific anti-chikungunya IgM antibodies (CHIKV-IgM) can vary after chikungunya fever (CHIK) infection. However, the factors related to its production are not yet known. We described a case series drawn up from data collected from 57 patients between 12 and 36 months after the acute phase of CHIK infection in Northeastern Brazil. CHIKV-IgM was detectable in 7/57 (12.3%) patients after 28.3 months of infection. No frequency differences in chronic musculoskeletal manifestations and underlying conditions were detected between patients with or without CHIKV-IgM. CHIKV-IgM was detected for up to 35 months in Brazilian patients after CHIK infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Luan Araújo Bezerra
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Vera Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Hospital das Clínicas, Recife, PE, Brasil
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De Souza CG, Pegado R, Costa J, Morya E, Baptista AF, Unal G, Bikson M, Okano AH. Alternate sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduce chronic pain in women affected by chikungunya. A randomized clinical trial. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:541-548. [PMID: 33667699 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Thousands of people worldwide have been infected by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and the persistence of joint pain symptoms has been considered the main problem. Neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) act on brain areas involved in the processing of chronic pain. It was previously demonstrated that tDCS for five consecutive days significantly reduced pain in the chronic phase of chikungunya (CHIK). OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of alternate tDCS sessions on pain and functional capacity in individuals affected by CHIK. METHODS In a randomized clinical trial, 58 women in the chronic phase of CHIK were divided into two groups: active-tDCS (M1-S0, 2 mA, 20 min) and sham-tDCS. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) were used to assess pain, while the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) assessed functional capacity. These scales were used before and after six sessions of tDCS in nonconsecutive days on the primary motor cortex, and at follow-up consultation 7 and 15 days after the last session. A repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA was used for comparison between groups (significant p-values < 0.05). RESULTS A significant pain reduction (Z [3, 171] = 14.303; p < 0.0001) was observed in the tDCS group compared to the sham group; no significant difference in functional capacity was observed (Z [1.57] = 2.797; p = 0.1). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that six nonconsecutive sessions of active tDCS on M1 reduce pain in chronic CHIKV arthralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clecio Gabriel De Souza
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Collective Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Pegado
- Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil; NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil.
| | - Jardson Costa
- Faculty Estacio of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Neuroscience Institute, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, RN, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil.
| | - Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil
| | - Gozde Unal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN/CEPID-FAPESP), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; NAPeN Network (Rede de Núcleos de Assistência e Pesquisa em Neuromodulação), Brazil.
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79
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Bedoui Y, Septembre-Malaterre A, Giry C, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Selambarom J, Guiraud P, Gasque P. Robust COX-2-mediated prostaglandin response may drive arthralgia and bone destruction in patients with chronic inflammation post-chikungunya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009115. [PMID: 33596205 PMCID: PMC7920362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients following infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can suffer for months to years from arthralgia and arthritis. Interestingly, methotrexate (MTX) a major immune-regulatory drug has proved to be of clinical benefit. We have previously shown that CHIKV can persist in the joint of one patient 18 months post-infection and plausibly driving chronic joint inflammation but through ill-characterized mechanisms. We have pursued our investigations and report novel histological and in vitro data arguing for a plausible role of a COX-2-mediated inflammatory response post-CHIKV. In the joint, we found a robust COX-2 staining on endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts and more prominently on multinucleated giant cells identified as CD11c+ osteoclasts known to be involved in bone destruction. The joint tissue was also strongly stained for CD3, CD8, CD45, CD14, CD68, CD31, CD34, MMP2, and VEGF (but not for NO synthase and two B cell markers). Dendritic cells were rarely detected. Primary human synovial fibroblasts were infected with CHIKV or stimulated either by the synthetic molecule polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (PIC) to mimic chronic viral infection or cytokines. First, we found that PIC and CHIKV enhanced mRNA expression of COX-2. We further found that PIC but not CHIKV increased the mRNA levels of cPLA2α and of mPGES-1, two other central enzymes in PGE2 production. IFNβ upregulated cPLA2α and COX-2 transcription levels but failed to modulated mPGES-1 mRNA expression. Moreover, PIC, CHIKV and IFNβ decreased mRNA expression of the PGE2 degrading enzyme 15-PGDH. Interestingly, MTX failed to control the expression of all these enzymes. In sharp contrast, dexamethasone was able to control the capacity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β as well as TNFα, to stimulate mRNA levels of cPLA2α, COX-2 and mPGES-1. These original data argue for a concerted action of CHIKV (including viral RNA) and cytokines plausibly released from recruited leukocytes to drive a major COX-2-mediated PGE2 proinflammatory responses to induce viral arthritis. It is important to have a better understanding of the immuno-pathogenesis of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and particularly focusing on the chronic phase associated to arthralgia and arthritis. Benefiting from our prospective cohort studies, we herein provide novel in vivo data identifying for the first time the implication of COX-2 and several other enzymes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis and the persistence of the virus on the joint. Prostaglandin has major activities in inflammation and joint destruction. In vitro, we have used a model of human synovial fibroblasts to decipher the regulatory mechanisms of prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway. We have made important observations showing that the virus itself as well as major inflammatory cytokines can dramatically control the expression of all enzymes involved in the metabolism of prostaglandin. Interestingly, pharmacological investigations further revealed that dexamethasone, but not methotrexate (currently used to treat patients with chikungunya) may be of clinical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Bedoui
- Unité mixte de recherche sur les processus infectieux en milieu insulaire tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion—Plateforme Technologique CYROI Sainte-Clotilde, Île de La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire d’immunologie clinique et expérimentale de la zone de l’océan indien CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Axelle Septembre-Malaterre
- Unité de recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie, Université de la Réunion, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Claude Giry
- Laboratoire de biologie, CNR associé des arbovirus, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee
- Laboratoire de biologie, CNR associé des arbovirus, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Jimmy Selambarom
- Unité mixte de recherche sur les processus infectieux en milieu insulaire tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion—Plateforme Technologique CYROI Sainte-Clotilde, Île de La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Guiraud
- Unité mixte de recherche sur les processus infectieux en milieu insulaire tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion—Plateforme Technologique CYROI Sainte-Clotilde, Île de La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité mixte de recherche sur les processus infectieux en milieu insulaire tropical, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion—Plateforme Technologique CYROI Sainte-Clotilde, Île de La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire d’immunologie clinique et expérimentale de la zone de l’océan indien CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
- * E-mail: ,
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80
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Prophylactic strategies to control chikungunya virus infection. Virus Genes 2021; 57:133-150. [PMID: 33590406 PMCID: PMC7883954 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a (re)emerging arbovirus and the causative agent of chikungunya fever. In recent years, CHIKV was responsible for a series of outbreaks, some of which had serious economic and public health impacts in the affected regions. So far, no CHIKV-specific antiviral therapy or vaccine has been approved. This review gives a brief summary on CHIKV epidemiology, spread, infection and diagnosis. It furthermore deals with the strategies against emerging diseases, drug development and the possibilities of testing antivirals against CHIKV in vitro and in vivo. With our review, we hope to provide the latest information on CHIKV, disease manifestation, as well as on the current state of CHIKV vaccine development and post-exposure therapy.
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81
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Thite A, Agrawal M, Pavitrakar D, Cherian S, Damle R. Delineation of an epitope recognized by a chikungunya virus anti-capsid monoclonal antibody on the protease domain using an immuno-informatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5623-5633. [PMID: 33480314 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1872416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The capsid-protein (CP) of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is reported to generate a primary immune response in infected individuals during disease progression. CP-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed in our laboratory, exhibited promising potential in diagnosing recent CHIKV infection in IgM capture ELISA. In this study we focused on the molecular and structural characterization of one such representative mAb ClVE4/D9 to delineate the epitope recognized by it using an immuno-informatics approach. The antigen-antibody interacting residues were found to lie within the dimer interface region of the CP, also predicted as a conformational epitope. This implies that the mAb could interfere during the process of nucleocapsid assembly, ultimately preventing budding and egress of the virus particle. The binding specificity of the mAb highlights the possibility of using this anti-CP antibody for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment against CHIKV.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha Thite
- NIBEC, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Bioinformatics & Data Management, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Megha Agrawal
- Department of Bioinformatics & Data Management, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Daya Pavitrakar
- NIBEC, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Department of Bioinformatics & Data Management, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rekha Damle
- NIBEC, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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82
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Szurgot I, Ljungberg K, Kümmerer BM, Liljeström P. Infectious RNA vaccine protects mice against chikungunya virus infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21076. [PMID: 33273501 PMCID: PMC7712826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel vaccine platform that can generate protective immunity to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in C57BL/6J mice after a single immunization by employing an infectious RNA (iRNA), which upon introduction into a host cell launches an infectious attenuated virus. We and others have previously reported that an engineered deletion of 183 nucleotides in the nsP3 gene attenuates chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and reduces in vivo viral replication and viremia after challenge in mice, macaques and man. Here, we demonstrated that in vitro transfection of iRNA carrying the nsP3 deletion generated infectious viruses, and after intramuscular injection, the iRNA induced robust antibody responses in mice. The iRNA was superior at eliciting binding and neutralizing antibody responses as compared to a DNA vaccine encoding the same RNA (iDNA) or a non-propagating RNA replicon (RREP) lacking the capsid encoding gene. Subsequent challenge with a high dose of CHIKV demonstrated that the antibody responses induced by this vaccine candidate protected animals from viremia. The iRNA approach constitutes a novel vaccine platform with the potential to impact the spread of CHIKV. Moreover, we believe that this approach is likely applicable also to other positive-strand viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chikungunya Fever/immunology
- Chikungunya Fever/prevention & control
- Chikungunya Fever/virology
- Chikungunya virus/genetics
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity
- Female
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- mRNA Vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Szurgot
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karl Ljungberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Boussier J, Levi L, Weger-Lucarelli J, Poirier EZ, Vignuzzi M, Albert ML. Chikungunya virus superinfection exclusion is mediated by a block in viral replication and does not rely on non-structural protein 2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241592. [PMID: 33180795 PMCID: PMC7660575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is a process by which a virally infected cell is protected from subsequent infection by the same or a closely related virus. By preventing cell coinfection, SIE favors preservation of genome integrity of a viral strain and limits its recombination potential with other viral genomes, thereby impacting viral evolution. Although described in virtually all viral families, the precise step(s) impacted by SIE during the viral life cycle have not been systematically explored. Here, we describe for the first time SIE triggered by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of public health importance. Using single-cell technologies, we demonstrate that CHIKV excludes subsequent infection with: CHIKV; Sindbis virus, a related alphavirus; and influenza A, an unrelated RNA virus. We further demonstrate that SIE does not depend on the action of type I interferon, nor does it rely on host cell transcription. Moreover, exclusion is not mediated by the action of a single CHIKV protein; in particular, we observed no role for non-structural protein 2 (nsP2), making CHIKV unique among characterized alphaviruses. By stepping through the viral life cycle, we show that CHIKV exclusion occurs at the level of replication, but does not directly influence virus binding, nor viral structural protein translation. In sum, we characterized co-infection during CHIKV replication, which likely influences the rate of viral diversification and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Boussier
- Immubiology of Dendritic Cells unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,École doctorale Frontières du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Laura Levi
- Viral Population and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Viral Population and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Enzo Z Poirier
- Viral Population and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Population and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Immubiology of Dendritic Cells unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Insitro, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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84
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Geng T, Lin T, Yang D, Harrison AG, Vella AT, Fikrig E, Wang P. A Critical Role for STING Signaling in Limiting Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:2186-2196. [PMID: 33161431 PMCID: PMC8205639 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway controls both DNA and RNA virus infection. STING is essential for induction of innate immune responses during DNA virus infection, while its mechanism against RNA virus remains largely elusive. We show that STING signaling is crucial for restricting chikungunya virus infection and arthritis pathogenesis. Sting-deficient mice (Stinggt/gt) had elevated viremia throughout the viremic stage and viral burden in feet transiently, with a normal type I IFN response. Stinggt/gt mice presented much greater foot swelling, joint damage, and immune cell infiltration than wild-type mice. Intriguingly, expression of interferon-γ and Cxcl10 was continuously upregulated by approximately 7 to 10-fold and further elevated in Stinggt/gt mice synchronously with arthritis progression. However, expression of chemoattractants for and activators of neutrophils, Cxcl5, Cxcl7, and Cxcr2 was suppressed in Stinggt/gt joints. These results demonstrate that STING deficiency leads to an aberrant chemokine response that promotes pathogenesis of CHIKV arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew G Harrison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA,Correspondence: Penghua Wang, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut 29 Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 ()
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85
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Nghia VX, Giang NV, Canh NX, Ha NH, Duong NT, Hoang NH, Xuan NT. Stimulation of dendritic cell functional maturation by capsid protein from chikungunya virus. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1268-1274. [PMID: 33149858 PMCID: PMC7585544 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.40386.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Chikungunya virus (ChikV) infection is characterized by persistent infection in joints and lymphoid organs. The ChikV Capsid protein plays an important role in regulating virus replication. In this study, we hypothesized that capsid protein may stimulate dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation and trigger an inflammatory response in mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with capsid protein and examined for changes in immunophenotype in lymph nodes (LNs). Next, DCs were treated with capsid protein or LPS and then expression of maturation markers, cytokine production, and ability to stimulate CD4+ T cells in allo-MLR were analyzed. Results: Injection of mice with capsid protein led to recruitment of myeloid cells and increased activation of T lymphocytes in LNs. Importantly, treatment of DCs with capsid protein prolonged the activation of IKB-α and up-regulated the number of CD11c+CD86+DCs and release of TNF-α and IL-12p70 as well as reducing DC apoptosis, all effects were abolished in the presence of Bay 11-7082. In addition, IL-2 production was higher by CD4+ T cells stimulated with capsid-treated as compared with LPS-induced DCs. Conclusion: The observations revealed that capsid protein participates in the regulation of NF-κB signaling and maturation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Xuan Nghia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Giang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Ha
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Duong
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Xuan
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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86
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CXCL10 Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Arthritogenic Alphaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111252. [PMID: 33147869 PMCID: PMC7692144 DOI: 10.3390/v12111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging arthritogenic alphaviruses, such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O'nyong nyong virus, cause acute and chronic crippling arthralgia associated with inflammatory immune responses. Approximately 50% of CHIKV-infected patients suffer from rheumatic manifestations that last 6 months to years. However, the physiological functions of individual immune signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of alphaviral arthritis remain poorly understood. Here, we report that a deficiency in CXCL10, which is a chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages/T cells, led to the same viremia as wild-type animals, but fewer immune infiltrates and lower viral loads in footpads at the peak of arthritic disease (6-8 days post infection). Macrophages constituted the largest immune cell population in footpads following infection, and were significantly reduced in Cxcl10-/- mice. The viral RNA loads in neutrophils and macrophages were reduced in Cxcl10-/- compared to wild-type mice. In summary, our results demonstrate that CXCL10 signaling promotes the pathogenesis of alphaviral disease and suggest that CXCL10 may be a therapeutic target for mitigating alphaviral arthritis.
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87
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Felipe VLJ, Paula A V, Silvio UI. Chikungunya virus infection induces differential inflammatory and antiviral responses in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105619. [PMID: 32634389 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus that has caused several outbreaks in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide during the last 50 years. The virus is known to target different human cell types throughout the course of infection including epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblasts, primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The two latter are phagocytic cell populations of the innate immune system which are involved in some aspects of CHIKV pathogenesis. However, monocytes and macrophages also potentially contribute to the control of viral replication through the expression of different pattern recognition receptors sensing viral pathogens and subsequently, inducing an type I interferone (IFN-I)-dependent antiviral immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the modulation of the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine secretion capabilities and antiviral factor production in monocytes and MDMs following infection with CHIKV. Moreover, we sought to determine the replication kinetics of CHIKV in these two cell populations. We found that the maximum peak of CHIKV replication was observed between 18- and 24-hours post-infection (hpi), while after that the is strongly reduced. Furthermore, CHIKV infection induced the pro-inflammatory cytokine production starting from the first 6 hpi in both monocytes and MDMs, with similar kinetics but different protein levels. In contrast, the kinetics of transcriptional expression of some TLRs were different between both cell types. In addition, IFN-I, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) mRNA levels were detected in response to CHIKV infection of monocytes and MDMs, resulting the highest expression levels at 48 hpi. In conclusion, our data provides evidence that CHIKV infection activates the TLR pathways in primary monocytes and MDMs, which play a crucial role in CHIKV pathogenesis and/or host defense, differentially. However, additional studies are required to determine the functional role of TLRs in monocytes and MDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdés López Juan Felipe
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Velilla Paula A
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Urcuqui-Inchima Silvio
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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88
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Yang L, Geng T, Yang G, Ma J, Wang L, Ketkar H, Yang D, Lin T, Hwang J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Dai J, You F, Cheng G, Vella AT, Flavell RA, Fikrig E, Wang P. Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 controls Chikungunya virus infection through autophagy in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:556. [PMID: 33033362 PMCID: PMC7545163 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) mediates the endocytosis of modified low-density lipoproteins and plays an important antiviral role. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSR1 antiviral actions remains elusive. We report that MSR1 activates autophagy to restrict infection of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes acute and chronic crippling arthralgia. Msr1 expression was rapidly upregulated after CHIKV infection in mice. Msr1 knockout mice had elevated viral loads and increased susceptibility to CHIKV arthritis along with a normal type I IFN response. Induction of LC3 lipidation by CHIKV, a marker of autophagy, was reduced in Msr1-/- cells. Mechanistically, MSR1 interacted with ATG12 through its cytoplasmic tail and this interaction was enhanced by CHIKV nsP1 protein. MSR1 repressed CHIKV replication through ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 and this was dependent on the FIP200-and-WIPI2-binding domain, but not the WD40 domain of ATG16L1. Our results elucidate an antiviral role for MSR1 involving the autophagic function of ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Tingting Geng
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Guang Yang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Leilei Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Harshada Ketkar
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Duomeng Yang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Tao Lin
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jesse Hwang
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Present Address: Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027 China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuping You
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Richard. A. Flavell
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- grid.260917.b0000 0001 0728 151XDepartment of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA ,grid.208078.50000000419370394Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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89
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Diagne CT, Bengue M, Choumet V, Hamel R, Pompon J, Missé D. Mayaro Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission Mechanisms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090738. [PMID: 32911824 PMCID: PMC7558846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), isolated for the first time in Trinidad and Tobago, has captured the attention of public health authorities worldwide following recent outbreaks in the Americas. It has a propensity to be exported outside its original geographical range, because of the vast distribution of its vectors. Moreover, most of the world population is immunologically naïve with respect to infection with MAYV which makes this virus a true threat. The recent invasion of several countries by Aedesalbopictus underscores the risk of potential urban transmission of MAYV in both tropical and temperate regions. In humans, the clinical manifestations of MAYV disease range from mild fever, rash, and joint pain to arthralgia. In the absence of a licensed vaccine and clinically proven therapeutics against Mayaro fever, prevention focuses mainly on household mosquito control. However, as demonstrated for other arboviruses, mosquito control is rather inefficient for outbreak management and alternative approaches to contain the spread of MAYV are therefore necessary. Despite its strong epidemic potential, little is currently known about MAYV. This review addresses various aspects of MAYV, including its epidemiology, vector biology, mode of transmission, and clinical complications, as well as the latest developments in MAYV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.D.); (D.M.)
| | - Michèle Bengue
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité Environnement Risques Infectieux Groupe Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (R.H.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.D.); (D.M.)
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90
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Cooper TK, Logue J, Liu DX, Perry DL, Hart RJ, Hischak AMW, Bernbaum JG, Gerhardt DM, Rojas O, Bohannon JK, Hagen KR, Johnson RF, Crozier I, Jahrling PB, Hensley LE, Bennett RS. Filoviruses Infect Rhesus Macaque Synoviocytes in Vivo and Primary Human Synoviocytes in Vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1867-1880. [PMID: 32479821 PMCID: PMC7456742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly reported symptom of post-Ebola virus disease syndrome in survivors is arthralgia, yet involvement of the joints in acute or convalescent Ebola virus infection is not well characterized in human patients or animal models. Through immunohistochemistry, we found that the lining synovial intima of the stifle (knee) is a target for acute infection by Ebola virus/Kikwit, Ebola virus/Makona-C05, and Marburg virus/Angola in the rhesus macaque model. Furthermore, histologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy showed that synoviocytes of the stifle, shoulder, and hip are a target for mouse-adapted Ebola virus/Yambuku-Mayinga infection during acute disease in rhesus macaques. A time course of infection study with Ebola virus/Kikwit found that the large joint synovium became immunopositive beginning on postinfection day 6. In total, the synovium of 28 of 30 rhesus macaques with terminal filovirus disease had evidence of infection (64 of 96 joints examined). On the basis of immunofluorescence, infected cell types included CD68+ type A (macrophage-like) synoviocytes and CD44+ type B (fibroblast-like) synoviocytes. Cultured primary human fibroblast-like synoviocytes were permissive to infection with Ebola and Marburg viruses in vitro. Because synovial joints include immune privileged sites, these findings are significant for future investigations of filovirus pathogenesis and persistence as well as arthralgias in acute and convalescent filovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Randy J Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John G Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dawn M Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Oscar Rojas
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - J Kyle Bohannon
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Katie R Hagen
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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91
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de Lima STS, de Souza WM, Cavalcante JW, da Silva Candido D, Fumagalli MJ, Carrera JP, Simões Mello LM, De Carvalho Araújo FM, Cavalcante Ramalho IL, de Almeida Barreto FK, de Melo Braga DN, Simião AR, Miranda da Silva MJ, Alves Barbosa Oliveira RDM, Lima CPS, de Sousa Lins C, Barata RR, Pereira Melo MN, Caldas de Souza MP, Franco LM, Fernandes Távora FR, Queiroz Lemos DR, de Alencar CHM, de Jesus R, de Souza Fonseca V, Dutra LH, de Abreu AL, Lima Araújo EL, Ribas Freitas AR, Vianez Júnior JLDSG, Pybus OG, Figueiredo LTM, Faria NR, Nunes MRT, Cavalcanti LPDG, Miyajima F. Fatal Outcome of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2436-e2443. [PMID: 32766829 PMCID: PMC8492446 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) emerged in the Americas in 2013 and has caused approximately 2.1 million cases and >600 deaths. A retrospective investigation was undertaken to describe clinical, epidemiological, and viral genomic features associated with deaths caused by CHIKV in Ceará state, northeast Brazil. METHODS Sera, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tissue samples from 100 fatal cases with suspected arbovirus infection were tested for CHIKV, dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Clinical, epidemiological, and death reports were obtained for patients with confirmed CHIKV infection. Logistic regression analysis was undertaken to identify independent factors associated with risk of death during CHIKV infection. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using whole genomes from a subset of cases. RESULTS Sixty-eight fatal cases had CHIKV infection confirmed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (52.9%), viral antigen (41.1%), and/or specific immunoglobulin M (63.2%). Co-detection of CHIKV with DENV was found in 22% of fatal cases, ZIKV in 2.9%, and DENV and ZIKV in 1.5%. A total of 39 CHIKV deaths presented with neurological signs and symptoms, and CHIKV-RNA was found in the CSF of 92.3% of these patients. Fatal outcomes were associated with irreversible multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Patients with diabetes appear to die at a higher frequency during the subacute phase. Genetic analysis showed circulation of 2 CHIKV East-Central-South African (ECSA) lineages in Ceará and revealed no unique virus genomic mutation associated with fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS The investigation of the largest cross-sectional cohort of CHIKV deaths to date reveals that CHIKV-ECSA strains can cause death in individuals from both risk and nonrisk groups, including young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Camila de Sousa Lins
- Faculdade de Medicina do Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fabio Miyajima
- Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Branch Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
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Tritsch SR, Encinales L, Pacheco N, Cadena A, Cure C, McMahon E, Watson H, Porras Ramirez A, Mendoza AR, Li G, Khurana K, Jaller-Raad JJ, Castillo SM, Barrios Taborda O, Jaller-Char A, Echavez LA, Jiménez D, Gonzalez Coba A, Alarcon Gomez M, Ariza Orozco D, Bravo E, Martinez V, Guerra B, Simon G, Firestein GS, Chang AY. Chronic Joint Pain 3 Years after Chikungunya Virus Infection Largely Characterized by Relapsing-remitting Symptoms. J Rheumatol 2020; 47:1267-1274. [PMID: 31263071 PMCID: PMC7938419 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of chronic joint pain and stiffness 3 years after infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in a Latin American cohort. METHODS A cross-sectional followup of 120 patients from an initial cohort of 500 patients who reported joint pain 2 years after infection from the Atlántico Department, Colombia. Patients were clinically diagnosed as having CHIKV during the 2014-2015 epidemic, and baseline and followup symptoms at 40 months were evaluated in serologically confirmed cases. RESULTS Of the initial 500 patients enrolled in the study, 482 had serologically confirmed chikungunya infection. From this group, 123 patients reported joint pain 20 months after infection, and 54% of those patients reported continued joint pain 40 months after infection. Therefore, 1 out of every 8 people who tested serologically positive for CHIKV infection had persistent joint pain 3 years after infection. Participants who followed up in person were predominantly adult (mean ± SD age 51 ± 14 yrs) and female (86%). The most common type of pain reported in these patients at 40 months post-infection was pain with periods of relief and subsequent reoccurrence, and over 75% reported stiffness after immobility, with 39% experiencing morning stiffness. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe persistent joint pain and stiffness 40 months after viral infection. The high frequency of chronic disease highlights the need to develop prevention and treatment methods. Further studies should be conducted to understand the similarities between post-chikungunya joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Tritsch
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Liliana Encinales
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Nelly Pacheco
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Andres Cadena
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Carlos Cure
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Elizabeth McMahon
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Hugh Watson
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alexandra Porras Ramirez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alejandro Rico Mendoza
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Guangzhao Li
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Kunal Khurana
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Juan Jose Jaller-Raad
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Stella Mejia Castillo
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Onaldo Barrios Taborda
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Alejandro Jaller-Char
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Lil Avendaño Echavez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Dennys Jiménez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Andres Gonzalez Coba
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Magda Alarcon Gomez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Dores Ariza Orozco
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Eyda Bravo
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Victor Martinez
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Brenda Guerra
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Gary Simon
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Gary S Firestein
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- From George Washington University; George Mason University, Washington, DC; University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Allied Research Society LLC; Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; Biomelab; Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Atlántico; Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; Evotec ID, Lyon, France.
- S.R. Tritsch, MS, George Washington University; L. Encinales, MD, Allied Research Society LLC; N. Pacheco, Allied Research Society LLC; A. Cadena, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; C. Cure, MD, Biomelab; E. McMahon, George Washington University; H. Watson, PhD, Evotec ID; A. Porras Ramirez, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; A.R. Mendoza, PhD, Universidad El Bosque; G. Li, MS, George Washington University; K. Khurana, George Mason University; J.J. Jaller-Raad, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; S. Mejia Castillo, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; O. Barrios Taborda, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; J.J. Jaller-Char, MD, Centro de Reumatología y Ortopedia; L. Avendaño Echavez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Jiménez, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; A. Gonzalez Coba, MD, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; M. Alarcon Gomez, MD, Universidad Simón Bolívar; D. Ariza Orozco, Allied Research Society LLC; E. Bravo, Allied Research Society LLC; V. Martinez, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; B. Guerra, Clinica de La Costa Ltda.; G. Simon, MD, PhD, George Washington University; G.S. Firestein, MD, ScD, University of California, San Diego; A.Y. Chang, MD, MSPH, George Washington University.
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Cunha MS, Costa PAG, Correa IA, de Souza MRM, Calil PT, da Silva GPD, Costa SM, Fonseca VWP, da Costa LJ. Chikungunya Virus: An Emergent Arbovirus to the South American Continent and a Continuous Threat to the World. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32670231 PMCID: PMC7332961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of epidemic concern, transmitted by Aedes ssp. mosquitoes, and is the etiologic agent of a febrile and incapacitating arthritogenic illness responsible for millions of human cases worldwide. After major outbreaks starting in 2004, CHIKV spread to subtropical areas and western hemisphere coming from sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Even though CHIKV disease is self-limiting and non-lethal, more than 30% of the infected individuals will develop chronic disease with persistent severe joint pain, tenosynovitis, and incapacitating polyarthralgia that can last for months to years, negatively impacting an individual's quality of life and socioeconomic productivity. The lack of specific drugs or licensed vaccines to treat or prevent CHIKV disease associated with the global presence of the mosquito vector in tropical and temperate areas, representing a possibility for CHIKV to continually spread to different territories, make this virus an agent of public health burden. In South America, where Dengue virus is endemic and Zika virus was recently introduced, the impact of the expansion of CHIKV infections, and co-infection with other arboviruses, still needs to be estimated. In Brazil, the recent spread of the East/Central/South Africa (ECSA) and Asian genotypes of CHIKV was accompanied by a high morbidity rate and acute cases of abnormal disease presentation and severe neuropathies, which is an atypical outcome for this infection. In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about CHIKV epidemics, clinical manifestations of the human disease, the basic concepts and recent findings in the mechanisms underlying virus-host interaction, and CHIKV-induced chronic disease for both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. We aim to stimulate scientific debate on how the characterization of replication, host-cell interactions, and the pathogenic potential of the new epidemic viral strains can contribute as potential developments in the virology field and shed light on strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luciana J. da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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95
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Arboviruses and Muscle Disorders: From Disease to Cell Biology. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060616. [PMID: 32516914 PMCID: PMC7354517 DOI: 10.3390/v12060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections due to arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) have dramatically increased worldwide during the last few years. In humans, symptoms associated with acute infection of most arboviruses are often described as "dengue-like syndrome", including fever, rash, conjunctivitis, arthralgia, and muscular symptoms such as myalgia, myositis, or rhabdomyolysis. In some cases, muscular symptoms may persist over months, especially following flavivirus and alphavirus infections. However, in humans the cellular targets of infection in muscle have been rarely identified. Animal models provide insights to elucidate pathological mechanisms through studying viral tropism, viral-induced inflammation, or potential viral persistence in the muscle compartment. The tropism of arboviruses for muscle cells as well as the viral-induced cytopathic effect and cellular alterations can be confirmed in vitro using cellular models. This review describes the link between muscle alterations and arbovirus infection, and the underlying mechanisms.
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96
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Prow NA, Liu L, McCarthy MK, Walters K, Kalkeri R, Geiger J, Koide F, Cooper TH, Eldi P, Nakayama E, Diener KR, Howley PM, Hayball JD, Morrison TE, Suhrbier A. The vaccinia virus based Sementis Copenhagen Vector vaccine against Zika and chikungunya is immunogenic in non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:44. [PMID: 32550013 PMCID: PMC7265471 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) is a new vaccinia virus-derived, multiplication-defective, vaccine technology assessed herein in non-human primates. Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were vaccinated with a multi-pathogen recombinant SCV vaccine encoding the structural polyproteins of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). After one vaccination, neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and four strains of CHIKV, representative of distinct viral genotypes, were generated. A second vaccination resulted in significant boosting of neutralising antibody responses to ZIKV and CHIKV. Following challenge with ZIKV, SCV-ZIKA/CHIK-vaccinated animals showed significant reductions in viremias compared with animals that had received a control SCV vaccine. Two SCV vaccinations also generated neutralising and IgG ELISA antibody responses to vaccinia virus. These results demonstrate effective induction of immunity in non-human primates by a recombinant SCV vaccine and illustrates the utility of SCV as a multi-disease vaccine platform capable of delivering multiple large immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia.,Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Jillian Geiger
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Fusataka Koide
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640 Japan
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4029 and 4072 Australia
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97
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Chirathaworn C, Chansaenroj J, Poovorawan Y. Cytokines and Chemokines in Chikungunya Virus Infection: Protection or Induction of Pathology. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060415. [PMID: 32471152 PMCID: PMC7350363 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has been commonly detected in tropical countries. The clinical manifestations of CHIKV infection are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. Outbreaks of CHIKV infection in Thailand have been reported, and the inductions of various cytokines and chemokines in CHIKV patients during those outbreaks have been shown. Although immune responses in CHIKV infection have been increasingly reported, the mechanisms associated with pathology induction are still not clearly understood. This review focuses on cytokine and chemokine production in CHIKV infection, in association with the severity of joint inflammation. Several cytokines and chemokines involved in the induction or regulation of inflammatory responses were shown to associate with the severe and persistent symptoms in CHIKV infection. Further studies on the difference in immune responses observed in an autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious disease, and CHIKV infection, would provide additional insights useful for proper CHIKV therapy, especially in patients with severe joint pains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2256-4909; Fax: +66-2256-4929
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98
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Rossi SL, Comer JE, Wang E, Azar SR, Lawrence WS, Plante JA, Ramsauer K, Schrauf S, Weaver SC. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Measles Virus-Vectored Chikungunya Vaccine in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:735-742. [PMID: 31053842 PMCID: PMC6667792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can result in chikungunya fever (CHIKF), a self-limited acute febrile illness that can progress to chronic arthralgic sequelae in a large percentage of patients. A new measles virus-vectored vaccine was developed to prevent CHIKF, and we tested it for immunogenicity and efficacy in a nonhuman primate model. Methods Nine cynomolgus macaques were immunized and boosted with the measles virus-vectored chikungunya vaccine or sham-vaccinated. Sera were taken at multiple times during the vaccination phase to assess antibody responses against CHIKV. Macaques were challenged with a dose of CHIKV previously shown to cause fever and viremia, and core body temperature, viremia, and blood cell and chemistry panels were monitored. Results The vaccine was well tolerated in all macaques, and all seroconverted (high neutralizing antibody [PRNT80 titers, 40–640] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers) after the boost. Furthermore, the vaccinated primates were protected against viremia, fever, elevated white blood cell counts, and CHIKF-associated cytokine changes after challenge with the virulent La Reunión CHIKV strain. Conclusions These results further document the immunogenicity and efficacy of a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine that shows promise in Phase I–II clinical trials. These findings are critical to human health because no vaccine to combat CHIKF is yet licensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jason E Comer
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Eryu Wang
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Sasha R Azar
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - William S Lawrence
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | | | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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99
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Srivastava P, Kumar A, Hasan A, Mehta D, Kumar R, Sharma C, Sunil S. Disease Resolution in Chikungunya-What Decides the Outcome? Front Immunol 2020; 11:695. [PMID: 32411133 PMCID: PMC7198842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya disease (CHIKD) is a viral infection caused by an alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and triggers large outbreaks leading to epidemics. Despite the low mortality rate, it is a major public health concern owing to high morbidity in affected individuals. The complete spectrum of this disease can be divided into four phases based on its clinical presentation and immunopathology. When a susceptible individual is bitten by an infected mosquito, the bite triggers inflammatory responses attracting neutrophils and initiating a cascade of events, resulting in the entry of the virus into permissive cells. This phase is termed the pre-acute or the intrinsic incubation phase. The virus utilizes the cellular components of the innate immune system to enter into circulation and reach primary sites of infection such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Also, at this point, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present the viral antigens to the T cells thereby activating and initiating adaptive immune responses. This phase is marked by the exhibition of clinical symptoms such as fever, rashes, arthralgia, and myalgia and is termed the acute phase of the disease. Viremia reaches its peak during this phase, thereby enhancing the antigen-specific host immune response. Simultaneously, T cell-mediated activation of B cells leads to the formation of CHIKV specific antibodies. Increase in titres of neutralizing IgG/IgM antibodies results in the clearance of virus from the bloodstream and marks the initiation of the post-acute phase. Immune responses mounted during this phase of the infection determine the degree of disease progression or its resolution. Some patients may progress to a chronic arthritic phase of the disease that may last from a few months to several years, owing to a compromised disease resolution. The present review discusses the immunopathology of CHIKD and the factors that dictate disease progression and its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Hasan
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Mehta
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector-Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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100
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Chan YH, Teo TH, Utt A, Tan JJ, Amrun SN, Abu Bakar F, Yee WX, Becht E, Lee CYP, Lee B, Rajarethinam R, Newell E, Merits A, Carissimo G, Lum FM, Ng LF. Mutating chikungunya virus non-structural protein produces potent live-attenuated vaccine candidate. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201810092. [PMID: 31015278 PMCID: PMC6554673 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no commercially available live-attenuated vaccines against chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Here, CHIKVs with mutations in non-structural proteins (nsPs) were investigated for their suitability as attenuated CHIKV vaccines. R532H mutation in nsP1 caused reduced infectivity in mouse tail fibroblasts but an enhanced type-I IFN response compared to WT-CHIKV Adult mice infected with this nsP-mutant exhibited a mild joint phenotype with low-level viremia that rapidly cleared. Mechanistically, ingenuity pathway analyses revealed a tilt in the anti-inflammatory IL-10 versus pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 balance during CHIKV nsP-mutant infection that modified acute antiviral and cell signaling canonical pathways. Challenging CHIKV nsP-mutant-infected mice with WT-CHIKV or the closely related O'nyong-nyong virus resulted in no detectable viremia, observable joint inflammation, or damage. Challenged mice showed high antibody titers with efficient neutralizing capacity, indicative of immunological memory. Manipulating molecular processes that govern CHIKV replication could lead to plausible vaccine candidates against alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Age Utt
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jeslin Jl Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Farhana Abu Bakar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Wearn-Xin Yee
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Etienne Becht
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Evan Newell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Lisa Fp Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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