51
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Monda E, Rubino M, Lioncino M, Di Fraia F, Pacileo R, Verrillo F, Cirillo A, Caiazza M, Fusco A, Esposito A, Fimiani F, Palmiero G, Pacileo G, Calabrò P, Russo MG, Limongelli G. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Non-sarcomeric Causes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:632293. [PMID: 33718303 PMCID: PMC7947260 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.632293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a myocardial disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy not solely explained by abnormal loading conditions. Despite its rare prevalence in pediatric age, HCM carries a relevant risk of mortality and morbidity in both infants and children. Pediatric HCM is a large heterogeneous group of disorders. Other than mutations in sarcomeric genes, which represent the most important cause of HCM in adults, childhood HCM includes a high prevalence of non-sarcomeric causes, including inherited errors of metabolism (i.e., glycogen storage diseases, lysosomal storage diseases, and fatty acid oxidation disorders), malformation syndromes, neuromuscular diseases, and mitochondrial disease, which globally represent up to 35% of children with HCM. The age of presentation and the underlying etiology significantly impact the prognosis of children with HCM. Moreover, in recent years, different targeted approaches for non-sarcomeric etiologies of HCM have emerged. Therefore, the etiological diagnosis is a fundamental step in designing specific management and therapy in these subjects. The present review aims to provide an overview of the non-sarcomeric causes of HCM in children, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Monda
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Lioncino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Fraia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacileo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Verrillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Fusco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Augusto Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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52
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Singh SR, Meyer-Jens M, Alizoti E, Bacon WC, Davis G, Osinska H, Gulick J, Reischmann-Düsener S, Orthey E, McLendon PM, Molkentin JD, Schlossarek S, Robbins J, Carrier L. A high-throughput screening identifies ZNF418 as a novel regulator of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2020; 17:3124-3139. [PMID: 33249983 PMCID: PMC8526018 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1856493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) are two major protein degradation pathways in eukaryotic cells. Initially considered as two independent pathways, there is emerging evidence that they can work in concert. As alterations of UPS and ALP function can contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and cardiac disease, there is great interest in finding targets that modulate these catabolic processes. We undertook an unbiased, total genome high-throughput screen to identify novel effectors that regulate both the UPS and ALP. We generated a stable HEK293 cell line expressing a UPS reporter (UbG76V-mCherry) and an ALP reporter (GFP-LC3) and screened for genes for which knockdown increased both UbG76V-mCherry intensity and GFP-LC3 puncta. With stringent selection, we isolated 80 candidates, including the transcription factor ZNF418 (ZFP418 in rodents). After screen validation with Zfp418 overexpression in HEK293 cells, we evaluated Zfp418 knockdown and overexpression in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). Endogenous and overexpressed ZFP418 were localized in the nucleus. Subsequent experiments showed that ZFP418 negatively regulates UPS and positively regulates ALP activity in NRVMs. RNA-seq from Zfp418 knockdown revealed altered gene expression of numerous ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, decreased expression of autophagy activators and initiators and increased expression of autophagy inhibitors. We found that ZPF418 activated the promoters of Dapk2 and Fyco1, which are involved in autophagy. RNA-seq from Zfp418 knockdown revealed accumulation of several genes involved in cardiac development and/or hypertrophy. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that ZNF418 activates the ALP, inhibits the UPS and regulates genes associated with cardiomyocyte structure/function. Abbreviations: ACTN2, actinin alpha 2; ALP, autophagy-lysosomal pathway; COPB1, COPI coat complex subunit beta 1; DAPK2, death associated protein kinase 2; FYCO1, FYVE and coiled-coil domain autophagy adaptor 1; HEK293, human embryonic kidney cells 293; HTS, high-throughput screen; LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NRVMs, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; RPS6, ribosomal protein S6; TNNI3, troponin I, cardiac 3; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; VPS28, VPS28 subunit of ESCRT-I; ZNF418/ZFP418, zinc finger protein 418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Singh
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Moritz Meyer-Jens
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erda Alizoti
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Clark Bacon
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Davis
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hanna Osinska
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James Gulick
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silke Reischmann-Düsener
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Orthey
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick M McLendon
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Saskia Schlossarek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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53
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Engler M, Fidan M, Nandi S, Cirstea IC. Senescence in RASopathies, a possible novel contributor to a complex pathophenoype. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111411. [PMID: 33309600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a biological process that induces a permanent cell cycle arrest and a specific gene expression program in response to various stressors. Following studies over the last few decades, the concept of senescence has evolved from an antiproliferative mechanism in cancer (oncogene-induced senescence) to a critical component of physiological processes associated with embryonic development, tissue regeneration, ageing and its associated diseases. In somatic cells, oncogenic mutations in RAS-MAPK pathway genes are associated with oncogene-induced senescence and cancer, while germline mutations in the same pathway are linked to a group of monogenic developmental disorders generally termed RASopathies. Here, we consider that in these disorders, senescence induction may result in opposing outcomes, a tumour protective effect and a possible contributor to a premature ageing phenotype identified in Costello syndrome, which belongs to the RASopathy group. In this review, we will highlight the role of senescence in organismal homeostasis and we will describe the current knowledge about senescence in RASopathies. Additionally, we provide a perspective on examples of experimentally characterised RASopathy mutations that, alone or in combination with various stressors, may also trigger an age-dependent chronic senescence, possibly contributing to the age-dependent worsening of RASopathy pathophenotype and the reduction of lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Engler
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sayantan Nandi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ion Cristian Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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54
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Ding Y, Bu H, Xu X. Modeling Inherited Cardiomyopathies in Adult Zebrafish for Precision Medicine. Front Physiol 2020; 11:599244. [PMID: 33329049 PMCID: PMC7717946 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.599244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a highly heterogeneous group of heart muscle disorders. More than 100 causative genes have been linked to various cardiomyopathies, which explain about half of familial cardiomyopathy cases. More than a dozen candidate therapeutic signaling pathways have been identified; however, precision medicine is not being used to treat the various types of cardiomyopathy because knowledge is lacking for how to tailor treatment plans for different genetic causes. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) have a higher throughout than rodents and are an emerging vertebrate model for studying cardiomyopathy. Herein, we review progress in the past decade that has proven the feasibility of this simple vertebrate for modeling inherited cardiomyopathies of distinct etiology, identifying effective therapeutic strategies for a particular type of cardiomyopathy, and discovering new cardiomyopathy genes or new therapeutic strategies via a forward genetic approach. On the basis of this progress, we discuss future research that would benefit from integrating this emerging model, including discovery of remaining causative genes and development of genotype-based therapies. Studies using this efficient vertebrate model are anticipated to significantly accelerate the implementation of precision medicine for inherited cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Haisong Bu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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55
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Castoldi F, Frati G, Versaci F, Sadoshima J, Kroemer G, Maiuri MC. Caloric restriction mimetics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1434-1449. [PMID: 33098415 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are emerging as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. CRMs include natural and synthetic compounds able to inhibit protein acetyltransferases, to interfere with acetyl coenzyme A biosynthesis, or to activate (de)acetyltransferase proteins. These modifications mimic the effects of caloric restriction, which is associated with the activation of autophagy. Previous evidence demonstrated the ability of CRMs to ameliorate cardiac function and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and maladaptive remodelling in animal models of ageing, mechanical overload, chronic myocardial ischaemia, and in genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In addition, CRMs were found to reduce acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In many cases, these beneficial effects of CRMs appeared to be mediated by autophagy activation. In the present review, we discuss the relevant literature about the role of different CRMs in animal models of cardiac diseases, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these compounds and their potential future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 40100 Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 40100 Latina, Italy.,Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesco Versaci
- Division of Cardiology, S. Maria Goretti Hospital, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, G-609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Jiangsu 215163, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Metabolism, Cancer & Immunity", INSERM UMRS1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France.,Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
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56
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Kim JY, Plaman BA, Bishop AC. Targeting a Pathogenic Cysteine Mutation: Discovery of a Specific Inhibitor of Y279C SHP2. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3498-3507. [PMID: 32871078 PMCID: PMC7891893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An
intriguing challenge of drug discovery is targeting pathogenic
mutant proteins that differ from their wild-type counterparts by only
a single amino acid. In particular, pathogenic cysteine mutations
afford promising opportunities for mutant-specific drug discovery,
due to the unique reactivity of cysteine’s sulfhydryl-containing
side chain. Here we describe the first directed discovery effort targeting
a pathogenic cysteine mutant of a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP),
namely Y279C Src-homology-2-containing PTP 2 (SHP2), which has been
causatively linked to the developmental disorder Noonan syndrome with
multiple lentigines (NSML). Through a screen of commercially available
compounds that contain cysteine-reactive functional groups, we have
discovered a small-molecule inhibitor of Y279C SHP2 (compound 99; IC50 ≈ 6 μM) that has no appreciable
effect on the phosphatase activity of wild-type SHP2 or that of other
homologous PTPs (IC50 ≫ 100 μM). Compound 99 exerts its specific inhibitory effect through irreversible
engagement of Y279C SHP2’s pathogenic cysteine residue in a
manner that is time-dependent, is substrate-independent, and persists
in the context of a complex proteome. To the best of our knowledge, 99 is the first specific ligand of a disease-causing PTP mutant
to be identified. This study therefore provides both a starting point
for the development of NSML-directed therapeutic agents and a precedent
for the identification of mutant-specific inhibitors of other pathogenic
PTP mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Bailey A Plaman
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Anthony C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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57
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Nees SN, Chung WK. Genetic Basis of Human Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036749. [PMID: 31818857 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly with an incidence of ∼1% of live births and is a significant cause of birth defect-related mortality. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain incompletely understood. Known genetic causes include all classes of genetic variation including chromosomal aneuploidies, copy number variants, and rare and common single-nucleotide variants, which can be either de novo or inherited. Among patients with CHD, ∼8%-12% have a chromosomal abnormality or aneuploidy, between 3% and 25% have a copy number variation, and 3%-5% have a single-gene defect in an established CHD gene with higher likelihood of identifying a genetic cause in patients with nonisolated CHD. These genetic variants disrupt or alter genes that play an important role in normal cardiac development and in some cases have pleiotropic effects on other organs. This work reviews some of the most common genetic causes of CHD as well as what is currently known about the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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58
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Yi JS, Perla S, Enyenihi L, Bennett AM. Tyrosyl phosphorylation of PZR promotes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in PTPN11-associated Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137753. [PMID: 32584792 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that presents with cardio-cutaneous-craniofacial defects. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) represents the major life-threatening presentation in NSML. Mutations in the PTPN11 gene that encodes for the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), SHP2, represents the predominant cause of HCM in NSML. NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations render SHP2 catalytically inactive with an "open" conformation. NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations cause hypertyrosyl phosphorylation of the transmembrane glycoprotein, protein zero-related (PZR), resulting in increased SHP2 binding. Here we show that NSML mice harboring a tyrosyl phosphorylation-defective mutant of PZR (NSML/PZRY242F) that is defective for SHP2 binding fail to develop HCM. Enhanced AKT/S6 kinase signaling in heart lysates of NSML mice was reversed in NSML/PZRY242F mice, demonstrating that PZR/SHP2 interactions promote aberrant AKT/S6 kinase activity in NSML. Enhanced PZR tyrosyl phosphorylation in the hearts of NSML mice was found to drive myocardial fibrosis by engaging an Src/NF-κB pathway, resulting in increased activation of IL-6. Increased expression of IL-6 in the hearts of NSML mice was reversed in NSML/PZRY242F mice, and PZRY242F mutant fibroblasts were defective for IL-6 secretion and STAT3-mediated fibrogenesis. These results demonstrate that NSML-associated PTPN11 mutations that induce PZR hypertyrosyl phosphorylation trigger pathophysiological signaling that promotes HCM and cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liz Enyenihi
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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59
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Li R, Zupanic A, Talikka M, Belcastro V, Madan S, Dörpinghaus J, Berg CV, Szostak J, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Approach for Testing Chemical Cardiotoxicity in Larval Zebrafish. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2550-2564. [PMID: 32638588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic approaches can give insight into molecular mechanisms underlying chemical toxicity and are increasingly being used as part of toxicological assessments. To aid the interpretation of transcriptomic data, we have developed a systems toxicology method that relies on a computable biological network model. We created the first network model describing cardiotoxicity in zebrafish larvae-a valuable emerging model species in testing cardiotoxicity associated with drugs and chemicals. The network is based on scientific literature and represents hierarchical molecular pathways that lead from receptor activation to cardiac pathologies. To test the ability of our approach to detect cardiotoxic outcomes from transcriptomic data, we have selected three publicly available data sets that reported chemically induced heart pathologies in zebrafish larvae for five different chemicals. Network-based analysis detected cardiac perturbations for four out of five chemicals tested, for two of them using transcriptomic data collected up to 3 days before the onset of a visible phenotype. Additionally, we identified distinct molecular pathways that were activated by the different chemicals. The results demonstrate that the proposed integrational method can be used for evaluating the effects of chemicals on the zebrafish cardiac function and, together with observed cardiac apical end points, can provide a comprehensive method for connecting molecular events to organ toxicity. The computable network model is freely available and may be used to generate mechanistic hypotheses and quantifiable perturbation values from any zebrafish transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Li
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anze Zupanic
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sumit Madan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53754, Germany
| | - Jens Dörpinghaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin 53754, Germany
| | - Colette Vom Berg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Szostak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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60
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Hanses U, Kleinsorge M, Roos L, Yigit G, Li Y, Barbarics B, El-Battrawy I, Lan H, Tiburcy M, Hindmarsh R, Lenz C, Salinas G, Diecke S, Müller C, Adham I, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Paul T, Zimmermann WH, Hasenfuss G, Wollnik B, Cyganek L. Intronic CRISPR Repair in a Preclinical Model of Noonan Syndrome-Associated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2020; 142:1059-1076. [PMID: 32623905 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) is a multisystemic developmental disorder characterized by common, clinically variable symptoms, such as typical facial dysmorphisms, short stature, developmental delay, intellectual disability as well as cardiac hypertrophy. The underlying mechanism is a gain-of-function of the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. However, our understanding of the pathophysiological alterations and mechanisms, especially of the associated cardiomyopathy, remains limited and effective therapeutic options are lacking. METHODS Here, we present a family with two siblings displaying an autosomal recessive form of NS with massive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as clinically the most prevalent symptom caused by biallelic mutations within the leucine zipper-like transcription regulator 1 (LZTR1). We generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes of the affected siblings and investigated the patient-specific cardiomyocytes on the molecular and functional level. RESULTS Patients' induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes recapitulated the hypertrophic phenotype and uncovered a so-far-not-described causal link between LZTR1 dysfunction, RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling hyperactivity, hypertrophic gene response and cellular hypertrophy. Calcium channel blockade and MEK inhibition could prevent some of the disease characteristics, providing a molecular underpinning for the clinical use of these drugs in patients with NS, but might not be a sustainable therapeutic option. In a proof-of-concept approach, we explored a clinically translatable intronic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) repair and demonstrated a rescue of the hypertrophic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the human cardiac pathogenesis in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes from NS patients carrying biallelic variants in LZTR1 and identified a unique disease-specific proteome signature. In addition, we identified the intronic CRISPR repair as a personalized and in our view clinically translatable therapeutic strategy to treat NS-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hanses
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Mandy Kleinsorge
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Lennart Roos
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.)
| | - Boris Barbarics
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine (B.B., T.P.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.).,First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (I.E-B., H.L.)
| | - Huan Lan
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (I.E-B., H.L.)
| | - Malte Tiburcy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.T., W-H.Z.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Robin Hindmarsh
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry (C.L.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany (C.L.)
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.)
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.).,Stem Cell Core Facility, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (S.D.).,Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (S.D.)
| | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.)
| | - Ibrahim Adham
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.)
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (J.A., P.N.)
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (J.A., P.N.)
| | - Thomas Paul
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine (B.B., T.P.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
| | - Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.T., W-H.Z.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.).,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany (W-H.Z., G.H., B.W.)
| | - Gerd Hasenfuss
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.).,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany (W-H.Z., G.H., B.W.)
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics (G.Y., Y.L., G.S., C.M., I.A., B.W.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.).,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany (W-H.Z., G.H., B.W.)
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology (U.H., M.K., L.R., R.H., G.H., L.C.).,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Mannheim and Berlin, Germany (U.H., M.K., L.R., G.Y., B.B., I.E-B., M.T., R.H., S.D., T.P., W.-H.Z., G.H., B.W., L.C.)
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61
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Oeing CU, Nakamura T, Pan S, Mishra S, Dunkerly-Eyring BL, Kokkonen-Simon KM, Lin BL, Chen A, Zhu G, Bedja D, Lee DI, Kass DA, Ranek MJ. PKG1α Cysteine-42 Redox State Controls mTORC1 Activation in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2020; 127:522-533. [PMID: 32393148 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stimulated PKG1α (protein kinase G-1α) phosphorylates TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2) at serine 1365, potently suppressing mTORC1 (mechanistic [mammalian] target of rapamycin complex 1) activation by neurohormonal and hemodynamic stress. This reduces pathological hypertrophy and dysfunction and increases autophagy. PKG1α oxidation at cysteine-42 is also induced by these stressors, which blunts its cardioprotective effects. OBJECTIVE We tested the dependence of mTORC1 activation on PKG1α C42 oxidation and its capacity to suppress such activation by soluble GC-1 (guanylyl cyclase 1) activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiomyocytes expressing wild-type (WT) PKG1α (PKG1αWT) or cysteine-42 to serine mutation redox-dead (PKG1αCS/CS) were exposed to ET-1 (endothelin 1). Cells expressing PKG1αWT exhibited substantial mTORC1 activation (p70 S6K [p70 S6 kinase], 4EBP1 [elF4E binding protein-1], and Ulk1 [Unc-51-like kinase 1] phosphorylation), reduced autophagy/autophagic flux, and abnormal protein aggregation; all were markedly reversed by PKG1αCS/CS expression. Mice with global knock-in of PKG1αCS/CS subjected to pressure overload (PO) also displayed markedly reduced mTORC1 activation, protein aggregation, hypertrophy, and ventricular dysfunction versus PO in PKG1αWT mice. Cardioprotection against PO was equalized between groups by co-treatment with the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus. TSC2-S1365 phosphorylation increased in PKG1αCS/CS more than PKG1αWT myocardium following PO. TSC2S1365A/S1365A (TSC2 S1365 phospho-null, created by a serine to alanine mutation) knock-in mice lack TSC2 phosphorylation by PKG1α, and when genetically crossed with PKG1αCS/CS mice, protection against PO-induced mTORC1 activation, cardiodepression, and mortality in PKG1αCS/CS mice was lost. Direct stimulation of GC-1 (BAY-602770) offset disparate mTORC1 activation between PKG1αWT and PKG1αCS/CS after PO and blocked ET-1 stimulated mTORC1 in TSC2S1365A-expressing myocytes. CONCLUSIONS Oxidation of PKG1α at C42 reduces its phosphorylation of TSC2, resulting in amplified PO-stimulated mTORC1 activity and associated hypertrophy, dysfunction, and depressed autophagy. This is ameliorated by direct GC-1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian U Oeing
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Shi Pan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Sumita Mishra
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Brittany L Dunkerly-Eyring
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (B.L.D.-E., D.A.K.)
| | - Kristen M Kokkonen-Simon
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Brian L Lin
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Anna Chen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Guangshuo Zhu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Djahida Bedja
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - Dong Ik Lee
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
| | - David A Kass
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.).,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (B.L.D.-E., D.A.K.)
| | - Mark J Ranek
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD (C.U.O., T.N., S.P., S.M., K.M.K.-S., B.L.L., A.C., G.Z., D.B., D.I.L., D.A.K., M.J.R.)
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62
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Ranza E, Guimier A, Verloes A, Capri Y, Marques C, Auclair M, Mathieu-Dramard M, Morin G, Thevenon J, Faivre L, Thauvin-Robinet C, Innes AM, Dyment DA, Vigouroux C, Amiel J. Overlapping phenotypes between SHORT and Noonan syndromes in patients with PTPN11 pathogenic variants. Clin Genet 2020; 98:10-18. [PMID: 32233106 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Overlapping syndromes such as Noonan, Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous, Noonan syndrome (NS) with multiple lentigines and Costello syndromes are genetically heterogeneous conditions sharing a dysregulation of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and are known collectively as the RASopathies. PTPN11 was the first disease-causing gene identified in NS and remains the more prevalent. We report seven patients from three families presenting heterozygous missense variants in PTPN11 probably responsible for a disease phenotype distinct from the classical Noonan syndrome. The clinical presentation and common features of these seven cases overlap with the SHORT syndrome. The latter is the consequence of PI3K/AKT signaling deregulation with the predominant disease-causing gene being PIK3R1. Our data suggest that the phenotypic spectrum associated with pathogenic variants of PTPN11 could be wider than previously described, and this could be due to the dual activity of SHP2 (ie, PTPN11 gene product) on the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ranza
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP- Robert Debré University Hospital & INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Department of Genetics, APHP- Robert Debré University Hospital & INSERM UMR1141, Paris, France
| | - Charles Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Estacio, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martine Auclair
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, et Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Mathieu-Dramard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence maladies rares, CHU d'Amiens-site Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Morin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence maladies rares, CHU d'Amiens-site Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de Référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et syndrome malformatifs » de l'Est et Centre de Génétique, FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU, Dijon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, FHU TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, et Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Rares de l'Insulino-Sécrétion et de l'Insulino-Sensibilité (PRISIS), Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, and Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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63
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Ryu HH, Kim SY, Lee YS. Connecting the dots between SHP2 and glutamate receptors. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:129-135. [PMID: 32140036 PMCID: PMC7043995 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SHP2 is an unusual protein phosphatase that functions as an activator for several signaling pathways, including the RAS pathway, while most other phosphatases suppress their downstream signaling cascades. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of SHP2 have been extensively studied in the field of cancer research. Mutations in the PTPN11 gene which encodes SHP2 are also highly associated with developmental disorders, such as Noonan syndrome (NS), and cognitive deficits including learning disabilities are common among NS patients. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism by which SHP2 is involved in cognitive functions is not well understood. Recent studies using SHP2 mutant mice or pharmacological inhibitors have shown that SHP2 plays critical role in learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. Here, we review the recent studies demonstrating that SHP2 is involved in synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory, by the regulation of the expression and/or function of glutamate receptors. We suggest that each cell type may have distinct paths connecting the dots between SHP2 and glutamate receptors, and these paths may also change with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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64
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Gross AM, Frone M, Gripp KW, Gelb BD, Schoyer L, Schill L, Stronach B, Biesecker LG, Esposito D, Hernandez ER, Legius E, Loh ML, Martin S, Morrison DK, Rauen KA, Wolters PL, Zand D, McCormick F, Savage SA, Stewart DR, Widemann BC, Yohe ME. Advancing RAS/RASopathy therapies: An NCI-sponsored intramural and extramural collaboration for the study of RASopathies. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:866-876. [PMID: 31913576 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes that encode RAS pathway proteins. These disorders include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), and Costello syndrome (CS), and others. RASopathies are characterized by heterogenous manifestations, including congenital heart disease, failure to thrive, and increased risk of cancers. Previous work led by the NCI Pediatric Oncology Branch has altered the natural course of one of the key manifestations of the RASopathy NF1. Through the conduct of a longitudinal cohort study and early phase clinical trials, the MEK inhibitor selumetinib was identified as the first active therapy for the NF1-related peripheral nerve sheath tumors called plexiform neurofibromas (PNs). As a result, selumetinib was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA for the treatment of PN. Other RASopathy manifestations may also benefit from RAS targeted therapies. The overall goal of Advancing RAS/RASopathy Therapies (ART), a new NCI initiative, is to develop effective therapies and prevention strategies for the clinical manifestations of the non-NF1 RASopathies and for tumors characterized by somatic RAS mutations. This report reflects discussions from a February 2019 initiation meeting for this project, which had broad international collaboration from basic and clinical researchers and patient advocates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Gross
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megan Frone
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Department of Genetics, Division of Pediatrics, Al duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Department of Pediatrics, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Legius
- Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Staci Martin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Pamela L Wolters
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dina Zand
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brigitte C Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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65
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Shoji Y, Ida S, Niihori T, Aoki Y, Okamoto N, Etani Y, Kawai M. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis in Japanese patients with Noonan syndrome. Endocr J 2019; 66:983-994. [PMID: 31292302 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a heterogeneous disorder with multiple congenital malformations. Recent advances in molecular and genetic approaches have identified a number of responsible genes for NS, most of which are components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, and genotype-phenotype correlation analyses have been extensively performed; however, analysis of Japanese NS patients is limited. Here, we evaluated clinical characteristics in genetically diagnosed NS patients and their relationships to genotypes. A total of 48 clinically diagnosed NS were included, and responsible mutations were identified in 39 patients (81.3%) with PTPN11 mutations being the most prevalent followed by SOS1 mutations. Cardiac anomalies including pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were most prevalent (87.2%), and the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was greater in patients without PTPN11 mutations than in those with PTPN11 mutations. Short stature was the second-most prevalent (69.2%) characteristic, and present height SD score was significantly associated with height SD score at 1 year old. Patients with SOS1 mutations had greater present height SD score and better growth during infancy. These findings suggest the presence of a genotype-phenotype correlation in Japanese patients with NS, which enables us to use genetic information to predict the clinical course and may allow for genotype-based medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Shoji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yuri Etani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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Alfurayh N, Alsaif F, Alballa N, Zeitouni L, Ramzan K, Imtiaz F, Alakeel A. LEOPARD Syndrome with PTPN11 Gene Mutation in Three Family Members Presenting with Different Phenotypes. J Pediatr Genet 2019; 9:246-251. [PMID: 32765928 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
LEOPARD syndrome (LS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by multiple lentigines and various congenital anomalies. The clinical diagnosis of LS requires molecular confirmation. The most frequently reported mutations in LS patients are in the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 gene, PTPN11 . Herein, we report the cases of three family members from two generations who are affected by LS and all carry the PTPN11 mutation c.836A > G (p.Tyr279Cys), identified by next-generation sequencing, while exhibiting different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Alfurayh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsaif
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alballa
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Zeitouni
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alakeel
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Cui H, Song L, Zhu C, Zhang C, Tang B, Wang S, Wu G, Zou Y, Huang X, Hui R, Wang S, Wang J. mTOR pathway in human cardiac hypertrophy caused by LEOPARD syndrome: a different role compared with animal models? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:252. [PMID: 31722741 PMCID: PMC6854668 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal studies suggested that blocking the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway might be effective to treat cardiac hypertrophy in LEOPARD syndrome (LS) caused by PTPN11 mutations. Results In the present study, mTOR pathway activity was examined in human myocardial samples from two patients with LS, four patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and four normal controls. The two patients with LS had p.Y279C and p.T468 M mutations of the PTPN11 gene, respectively. Although PTPN11 mutation showed initially positive regulation on phosphoinositide 3-kinase, overall the mTOR complex 1 pathway showed widely attenuated activity in LS. This included mildly hypophosphorylated mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 kinase and significantly hypophosphorylated Akt308 and ribosomal protein S6, which is similar to HCM. Akt473 is a basal molecule of the mTOR complex 2 pathway. Akt473 was less affected and showed hyperactivity in LS compared with HCM and normal controls. Additionally, MAPK/ERK kinase and ERK1/2 were significantly more phosphorylated in both HCM and LS than normal controls. Conclusions In LS, the mTOR signaling pathway shows similar activity to HCM and is attenuated compared with normal controls. Thus, caution should be applied when using rapamycin to treat heart hypertrophy in LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shengwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Guixin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yubao Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shuiyun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Jizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Niogret C, Birchmeier W, Guarda G. SHP-2 in Lymphocytes' Cytokine and Inhibitory Receptor Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2468. [PMID: 31708921 PMCID: PMC6823243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somewhat counterintuitively, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 (SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2) is crucial for the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) downstream of various growth factor receptors, thereby exerting essential developmental functions. This phosphatase also deploys proto-oncogenic functions and specific inhibitors have recently been developed. With respect to the immune system, the role of SHP-2 in the signaling of cytokines relevant for myelopoiesis and myeloid malignancies has been intensively studied. The function of this phosphatase downstream of cytokines important for lymphocytes is less understood, though multiple lines of evidence suggest its importance. In addition, SHP-2 has been proposed to mediate the suppressive effects of inhibitory receptors (IRs) that sustain a dysfunctional state in anticancer T cells. Molecules involved in IR signaling are of potential pharmaceutical interest as blockade of these inhibitory circuits leads to remarkable clinical benefit. Here, we discuss the dichotomy in the functions ascribed to SHP-2 downstream of cytokine receptors and IRs, with a focus on T and NK lymphocytes. Further, we highlight the importance of broadening our understanding of SHP-2′s relevance in lymphocytes, an essential step to inform on side effects and unanticipated benefits of its therapeutic blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Guarda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Kaltenecker E, Schleihauf J, Meierhofer C, Shehu N, Mkrtchyan N, Hager A, Kühn A, Cleuziou J, Klingel K, Seidel H, Zenker M, Ewert P, Hessling G, Wolf CM. Long-term outcomes of childhood onset Noonan compared to sarcomere hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2019; 9:S299-S309. [PMID: 31737538 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2019.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background To compare outcome and cardiac pathology between patients with Noonan syndrome (N-HCM) and sarcomere protein-associated (S-HCM) childhood onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods Clinical data were recorded from medical charts. Primary endpoint was survival. Secondary endpoints were survival without hospitalization, without intervention or without arrhythmic events. Functional clinical status and results from genetic testing, imaging, electrocardiographic (ECG) studies, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and histopathology were compared between groups. Results Childhood HCM was diagnosed in 29 N-HCM and 34 S-HCM patients. Follow-up time was greater than 10 years in more than half of all patients. Mortality was below 7% and not different between groups. Children with N-HCM presented at a younger age and there was less time of survival without hospitalization for heart failure or intervention in N-HCM compared to S-HCM patients. Clinical functional status improved over time in N-HCM patients. On long-term follow-up, left ventricular posterior wall thickness indexed to body surface area decreased in N-HCM and increased in S-HCM patients. There was a trend to lower risk for severe arrhythmic events in N-HCM patients and only S-HCM individuals received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. There were no differences between groups in ventricular function, ECG and CPET parameters. Myocardial fibrosis as assessed by histopathology of myocardial specimens and cardiovascular magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement or T1 mapping was present in both groups. Conclusions When compared to S-HCM patients, children with N-HCM have increased morbidity during early disease course, but favorable long-term outcome with low mortality, stagnation of myocardial hypertrophy, and low risk for malignant arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kaltenecker
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schleihauf
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Meierhofer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nerejda Shehu
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Naira Mkrtchyan
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alfred Hager
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kühn
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Cleuziou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,(INSURE) Institute for Translational Cardiac Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heide Seidel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hessling
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cordula M Wolf
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ding Y, Dvornikov AV, Ma X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Lowerison M, Packard RR, Wang L, Chen J, Zhang Y, Hsiai T, Lin X, Xu X. Haploinsufficiency of mechanistic target of rapamycin ameliorates bag3 cardiomyopathy in adult zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm040154. [PMID: 31492659 PMCID: PMC6826022 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult zebrafish is an emerging vertebrate model for studying human cardiomyopathies; however, whether the simple zebrafish heart can model different subtypes of cardiomyopathies, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), remains elusive. Here, we generated and characterized an inherited DCM model in adult zebrafish and used this model to search for therapeutic strategies. We employed transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) genome editing technology to generate frame-shift mutants for the zebrafish ortholog of human BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), an established DCM-causative gene. As in mammals, the zebrafish bag3 homozygous mutant (bag3e2/e2 ) exhibited aberrant proteostasis, as indicated by impaired autophagy flux and elevated ubiquitinated protein aggregation. Through comprehensive phenotyping analysis of the mutant, we identified phenotypic traits that resembled DCM phenotypes in mammals, including cardiac chamber enlargement, reduced ejection fraction characterized by increased end-systolic volume/body weight (ESV/BW), and reduced contractile myofibril activation kinetics. Nonbiased transcriptome analysis identified the hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in bag3e2/e2 mutant hearts. Further genetic studies showed that mtorxu015/+ , an mTOR haploinsufficiency mutant, repaired abnormal proteostasis, improved cardiac function and rescued the survival of the bag3e2/e2 mutant. This study established the bag3e2/e2 mutant as a DCM model in adult zebrafish and suggested mtor as a candidate therapeutic target gene for BAG3 cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Clinical Center for Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China 410011
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Institute of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China 100029
| | | | - Rene R Packard
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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McCallen LM, Ameduri RK, Denfield SW, Dodd DA, Everitt MD, Johnson JN, Lee TM, Lin AE, Lohr JL, May LJ, Pierpont ME, Stevenson DA, Chatfield KC. Cardiac transplantation in children with Noonan syndrome. Pediatr Transplant 2019; 23:e13535. [PMID: 31259454 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NS and related RAS/MAPK pathway (RASopathy) disorders are the leading genetic cause of HCM presenting in infancy. HCM is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with Noonan spectrum disorders, especially in the first year of life. Previously, there have been only isolated reports of heart transplantation as a treatment for heart failure in NS. We report on 18 patients with NS disorders who underwent heart transplantation at seven US pediatric heart transplant centers. All patients carried a NS diagnosis: 15 were diagnosed with NS and three with NSML. Sixteen of eighteen patients had comprehensive molecular genetic testing for RAS pathway mutations, with 15 having confirmed pathogenic mutations in PTPN11, RAF1, and RIT1 genes. Medical aspects of transplantation are reported as well as NS-specific medical issues. Twelve of eighteen patients described in this series were surviving at the time of data collection. Three patients died following transplantation prior to discharge from the hospital, and another three died post-discharge. Heart transplantation in NS may be a more frequent occurrence than is evident from the literature or registry data. A mortality rate of 33% is consistent with previous reports of patients with HCM transplanted in infancy and early childhood. Specific considerations may be important in evaluation of this population for heart transplant, including a potentially increased risk for malignancies as well as lymphatic, bleeding, and coagulopathy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M McCallen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rebecca K Ameduri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Susan W Denfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Debra A Dodd
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melanie D Everitt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Teresa M Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamie L Lohr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lindsay J May
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mary Ella Pierpont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kathryn C Chatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Dvornikov AV, Wang M, Yang J, Zhu P, Le T, Lin X, Cao H, Xu X. Phenotyping an adult zebrafish lamp2 cardiomyopathy model identifies mTOR inhibition as a candidate therapy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 133:199-208. [PMID: 31228518 PMCID: PMC6705397 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish is an emerging vertebrate model for studying genetic basis of cardiomyopathies; but whether the simple fish heart can model essential features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remained unknown. Here, we report a comprehensive phenotyping of a lamp2 knockout (KO) mutant. LAMP2 encodes a lysosomal protein and is a causative gene of Danon disease that is characterized by HCM and massive autophagic vacuoles accumulation in the tissues. There is no effective therapy yet to treat this most lethal cardiomyopathy in the young. First, we did find the autophagic vacuoles accumulation in cardiac tissues from lamp2 KO. Next, through employing a set of emerging phenotyping tools, we revealed heart failure phenotypes in the lamp2 KO mutants, including decreased ventricular ejection fraction, reduced physical exercise capacity, blunted β-adrenergic contractile response, and enlarged atrium. We also noted changes of the following indices suggesting cardiac hypertrophic remodeling in lamp2 KO: a rounded heart shape, increased end-systolic ventricular volume and density of ventricular myocardium, elevated actomyosin activation kinetics together with increased maximal isometric tension at the level of cardiac myofibrils. Lastly, we assessed the function of lysosomal-localized mTOR on the lamp2-associated Danon disease. We found that haploinsufficiency of mtor was able to normalize some characteristics of the lamp2 KO, including ejection fraction, β-adrenergic response, and the actomyosin activation kinetics. In summary, we demonstrate the feasibility of modeling the inherited HCM in the adult zebrafish, which can be used to develop potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Dvornikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mingmin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tai Le
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Calcagni G, Digilio MC, Marino B, Tartaglia M. Pediatric patients with RASopathy-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the multifaceted consequences of PTPN11 mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:163. [PMID: 31277675 PMCID: PMC6610955 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The concomitant occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and congenital heart defect in patients with RASopathies has previously been reported as associated to a worse clinical outcome, particularly closed to cardiac surgery. Different mechanisms of disease have been demonstrated to be associated with the two classes of PTPN11 mutations underlying Noonan syndrome and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (also known as LEOPARD syndrome). Although differential diagnosis between these two syndromes could be difficult, particularly in the first age of life, we underline the relevance in discriminating these two disorders in terms of affected signaling pathway to allow an effective targeted pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Calcagni
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Viale di San Paolo 15, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Viale di San Paolo 15, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Viale di San Paolo 15, 00146, Rome, Italy
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. New Insights Into the Role of mTOR Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2019; 122:489-505. [PMID: 29420210 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a master regulator of several crucial cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cellular growth, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cell metabolism. mTOR interacts with specific adaptor proteins to form 2 multiprotein complexes, called mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2). In the cardiovascular system, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart. It is needed for embryonic cardiovascular development and for maintaining cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. Studies involving mTOR loss-of-function models revealed that mTORC1 activation is indispensable for the development of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to mechanical overload. mTORC2 is also required for normal cardiac physiology and ensures cardiomyocyte survival in response to pressure overload. However, partial genetic or pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 reduces cardiac remodeling and heart failure in response to pressure overload and chronic myocardial infarction. In addition, mTORC1 blockade reduces cardiac derangements induced by genetic and metabolic disorders and has been reported to extend life span in mice. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of mTOR may represent a therapeutic strategy to confer cardioprotection, although clinical evidence in support of this notion is still scarce. This review summarizes and discusses the new evidence on the pathophysiological role of mTOR signaling in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.).
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75
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Jaffré F, Miller CL, Schänzer A, Evans T, Roberts AE, Hahn A, Kontaridis MI. Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Reveal Aberrant Extracellular Regulated Kinase 5 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2 Signaling Concomitantly Promote Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in RAF1-Associated Noonan Syndrome. Circulation 2019; 140:207-224. [PMID: 31163979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.037227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 90% of individuals with Noonan syndrome (NS) with mutations clustered in the CR2 domain of RAF1 present with severe and often lethal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The signaling pathways by which NS RAF1 mutations promote HCM remain elusive, and so far, there is no known treatment for NS-associated HCM. METHODS We used patient-derived RAF1S257L/+ and CRISPR-Cas9-generated isogenic control inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes to model NS RAF1-associated HCM and to further delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. RESULTS We show that mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes phenocopy the pathology seen in hearts of patients with NS by exhibiting hypertrophy and structural defects. Through pharmacological and genetic targeting, we identify 2 perturbed concomitant pathways that, together, mediate HCM in RAF1 mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Hyperactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), but not extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, causes myofibrillar disarray, whereas the enlarged cardiomyocyte phenotype is a direct consequence of increased extracellular regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) signaling, a pathway not previously known to be involved in NS. RNA-sequencing reveals genes with abnormal expression in RAF1 mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and identifies subsets of genes dysregulated by aberrant MEK1/2 or ERK5 pathways that could contribute to the NS-associated HCM. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of our study identify the molecular mechanisms by which NS RAF1 mutations cause HCM and reveal downstream effectors that could serve as therapeutic targets for treatment of NS and perhaps other, more common, congenital HCM disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Jaffré
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (F.J., M.I.K.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.J., M.I.K.).,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (F.J., T.E.)
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (C.L.M.)
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology (A.S.), University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (F.J., T.E.)
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (A.E.R.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology (A.H.), University Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (F.J., M.I.K.).,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (M.I.K.).,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.J., M.I.K.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (M.I.K.).,Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, NY (M.I.K.)
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76
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Qu L, Pan C, He SM, Lang B, Gao GD, Wang XL, Wang Y. The Ras Superfamily of Small GTPases in Non-neoplastic Cerebral Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:121. [PMID: 31213978 PMCID: PMC6555388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases from the Ras superfamily play crucial roles in basic cellular processes during practically the entire process of neurodevelopment, including neurogenesis, differentiation, gene expression, membrane and protein traffic, vesicular trafficking, and synaptic plasticity. Small GTPases are key signal transducing enzymes that link extracellular cues to the neuronal responses required for the construction of neuronal networks, as well as for synaptic function and plasticity. Different subfamilies of small GTPases have been linked to a number of non-neoplastic cerebral diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), intellectual disability, epilepsy, drug addiction, Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a large number of idiopathic cerebral diseases. Here, we attempted to make a clearer illustration of the relationship between Ras superfamily GTPases and non-neoplastic cerebral diseases, as well as their roles in the neural system. In future studies, potential treatments for non-neoplastic cerebral diseases which are based on small GTPase related signaling pathways should be explored further. In this paper, we review all the available literature in support of this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Lang
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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77
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Takahara S, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Matsuura K, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Matsubara Y, Saiki Y, Aoki Y. New Noonan syndrome model mice with RIT1 mutation exhibit cardiac hypertrophy and susceptibility to β-adrenergic stimulation-induced cardiac fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:43-53. [PMID: 30898653 PMCID: PMC6491386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, a distinctive facial appearance, and heart defects. We recently discovered a novel NS gene, RIT1, which is a member of the RAS subfamily of small GTPases. NS patients with RIT1 mutations have a high incidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and edematous phenotype, but the specific role of RIT1 remains unclear. METHODS To investigate how germline RIT1 mutations cause NS, we generated knock-in mice that carried a NS-associated Rit1 A57G mutation (Rit1A57G/+). We investigated the phenotypes of Rit1A57G/+ mice in fetal and adult stages as well as the effects of isoproterenol on cardiac function in Rit1A57G/+ mice. FINDINGS Rit1A57G/+ embryos exhibited decreased viability, edema, subcutaneous hemorrhage and AKT activation. Surviving Rit1A57G/+ mice had a short stature, craniofacial abnormalities and splenomegaly. Cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis with increased expression of S100A4, vimentin and periostin were observed in Rit1A57G/+ mice compared to Rit1+/+ mice. Upon isoproterenol stimulation, cardiac fibrosis was drastically increased in Rit1A57G/+ mice. Phosphorylated (at Thr308) AKT levels were also elevated in isoproterenol-treated Rit1A57G/+ hearts. INTERPRETATION The A57G mutation in Rit1 causes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and other NS-associated features. Biochemical analysis indicates that the AKT signaling pathway might be related to downstream signaling in the RIT1 A57G mutant at a developmental stage and under β-adrenergic stimulation in the heart. FUND: The Grants-in-Aid were provided by the Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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78
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Abstract
Deviations from the precisely coordinated programme of human head development can lead to craniofacial and orofacial malformations often including a variety of dental abnormalities too. Although the aetiology is still unknown in many cases, during the last decades different intracellular signalling pathways have been genetically linked to specific disorders. Among these pathways, the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade is the focus of this review since it encompasses a large group of genes that when mutated cause some of the most common and severe developmental anomalies in humans. We present the components of the RAS/ERK pathway implicated in craniofacial and orodental disorders through a series of human and animal studies. We attempt to unravel the specific molecular targets downstream of ERK that act on particular cell types and regulate key steps in the associated developmental processes. Finally we point to ambiguities in our current knowledge that need to be clarified before RAS/ERK-targeting therapeutic approaches can be implemented.
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79
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Zech ATL, Singh SR, Schlossarek S, Carrier L. Autophagy in cardiomyopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118432. [PMID: 30831130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy (greek auto: self; phagein: eating) is a highly conserved process within eukaryotes that degrades long-lived proteins and organelles within lysosomes. Its accurate and constant operation in basal conditions ensures cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged cellular components and thereby acting not only as a quality control but as well as an energy supplier. An increasing body of evidence indicates a major role of autophagy in the regulation of cardiac homeostasis and function. In this review, we describe the different forms of mammalian autophagy, their regulations and monitoring with a specific emphasis on the heart. Furthermore, we address the role of autophagy in several forms of cardiomyopathy and the options for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia T L Zech
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonia R Singh
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Saskia Schlossarek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
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80
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Abstract
More than any other organ, the heart is particularly sensitive to gene expression deregulation, often leading in the long run to impaired contractile performances and excessive fibrosis deposition progressing to heart failure. Recent investigations provide evidences that the protein phosphatases (PPs), as their counterpart protein kinases, are important regulators of cardiac physiology and development. Two main groups, the protein serine/threonine phosphatases and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), constitute the PPs family. Here, we provide an overview of the role of PTP subfamily in the development of the heart and in cardiac pathophysiology. Based on recent in silico studies, we highlight the importance of PTPs as therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs to restore PTPs signaling in the early and late events of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallou Wade
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Belhaj
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia. .,Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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81
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Loss of Phd2 cooperates with BRAF V600E to drive melanomagenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5426. [PMID: 30575721 PMCID: PMC6303344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) is a well-known master oxygen sensor. However, the role of PHD2 in tumor initiation remains controversial. We find that during the transition of human nevi to melanoma, the expression of PHD2 protein is significantly decreased and lower expression PHD2 in melanoma is associated with worse clinical outcome. Knockdown of PHD2 leads to elevated Akt phosphorylation in human melanocytes. Mice with conditional melanocyte-specific expression of Phd2lox/lox (Tyr::CreER;Phd2lox/lox) fail to develop pigmented lesions. However, deletion of Phd2 in combination with expression of BRafV600E in melanocytes (Tyr::CreER;Phd2lox/lox;BRafCA) leads to the development of melanoma with 100% penetrance and frequent lymph node metastasis. Analysis of tumor tissues using reverse phase protein arrays demonstrates that Phd2 deletion activates the AKT-mTOR-S6 signaling axis in the recovered tumors. These data indicate that PHD2 is capable of suppressing tumor initiation largely mediated through inhibiting of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in the melanocyte lineage. Prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) regulates cellular response to hypoxia. Here the authors show that PHD2 is downregulated in melanoma and that PHD2 depletion, in a mouse model, promotes the progression of benign melanocytic lesions into melanoma, via activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling cascade.
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82
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Li J, Zhang D, Wiersma M, Brundel BJJM. Role of Autophagy in Proteostasis: Friend and Foe in Cardiac Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120279. [PMID: 30572675 PMCID: PMC6316637 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to ageing of the population, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases will increase in the coming years, constituting a substantial burden on health care systems. In particular, atrial fibrillation (AF) is approaching epidemic proportions. It has been identified that the derailment of proteostasis, which is characterized by the loss of homeostasis in protein biosynthesis, folding, trafficking, and clearance by protein degradation systems such as autophagy, underlies the development of common cardiac diseases. Among various safeguards within the proteostasis system, autophagy is a vital cellular process that modulates clearance of misfolded and proteotoxic proteins from cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, excessive autophagy may result in derailment of proteostasis and therefore cardiac dysfunction. Here, we review the interplay between autophagy and proteostasis in the healthy heart, discuss the imbalance between autophagy and proteostasis during cardiac diseases, including AF, and finally explore new druggable targets which may limit cardiac disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Deli Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit Wiersma
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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83
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Impact of genetic studies on comprehension and treatment of congenital heart disease. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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84
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Wang D, Wu Y, Chen Y, Wang A, Lv K, Kong X, He Y, Hu N. Focal selective chemo-ablation of spinal cardiac afferent nerve by resiniferatoxin protects the heart from pressure overload-induced hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:377-385. [PMID: 30399572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a selective transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist, can eliminate TRPV1+ primary sensory afferents and blunt cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex for a relatively long period. The present study determined the effects of intrathecal RTX administration on transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in rats. Five days before TAC, RTX (2 μg/10 μl) was injected intrathecally into the T2/T3 interspace of rats. Cardiac sympathetic nerve activities (CSNAs) and cardiac structure and function were determined eight weeks after TAC. Intrathecal RTX administration abolished TRPV1 expression in the dorsal horn and reduced over-activated CSNA in the TAC rat model. Hemodynamic analysis revealed that RTX reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, indicating the improvement of cardiac compliance. Histologic analysis, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blots showed that RTX prevented TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiac apoptosis and reduced the expression of apoptotic proteins and myocardial mRNAs. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that focal chemo-ablation of TRPV1+ afferents in the spinal cord protects the heart from pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction, which suggest a novel promising therapeutic method for cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguo Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China; Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Yueyun Chen
- Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Ancai Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Kun Lv
- Non-Coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China
| | - Xiang Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, PR China
| | - Yang He
- School of Basic Courses, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, PR China
| | - Nengwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Trinity College, Institute of Neuroscience, Biotechnology Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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85
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Ware SM. Cardiomyopathy in Children. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2339-2341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide information on the scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant RASopathy disorder characterized by clinical findings of facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and short stature. The degree of genetic heterogeneity has recently become evident in that Noonan syndrome is now known to be caused by mutations in a large variety of genes which produce dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. The scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome is quite variable depending on the gene mutation, with some mutations usually associated with a high incidence of congenital heart defects (PTPN11, KRAS, and others) while those with predominantly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have higher risk and morbidity profiles (RAF1, RIT1, and those associated with multiple lentigines). SUMMARY Cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome varies according to the type of gene mutation. The most common forms of cardiac disease include pulmonary stenosis, HCM, and atrial septal defect. HCM in general is associated with increased risk, mortality, and morbidity. New concepts for potential treatments are discussed.
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87
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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88
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Translating emerging molecular genetic insights into clinical practice in inherited cardiomyopathies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:993-1024. [PMID: 30128729 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are primarily genetic disorders of the myocardium associated with higher risk of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. The evolving knowledge in genomic medicine during the last decade has reshaped our understanding of cardiomyopathies as diseases of multifactorial nature and complex pathophysiology. Genetic testing in cardiomyopathies has subsequently grown from primarily a research tool into an essential clinical evaluation piece with important clinical implications for patients and their families. The purpose of this review is to provide with a contemporary insight into the implications of genetic testing in diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of patients with inherited cardiomyopathies. Here, we summarize the contemporary knowledge on genotype-phenotype correlations in inherited cardiomyopathies and highlight the recent significant achievements in the field of translational cardiovascular genetics.
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89
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Tamura A, Uemura S, Matsubara K, Kozuki E, Tanaka T, Nino N, Yokoi T, Saito A, Ishida T, Hasegawa D, Umeki I, Niihori T, Nakazawa Y, Koike K, Aoki Y, Kosaka Y. Co-occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in a neonate with Noonan syndrome, leading to premature death. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1202-1207. [PMID: 29988639 PMCID: PMC6028379 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a neonate with Noonan syndrome presenting with concurrent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, which resulted in premature death. Cases with Noonan syndrome diagnosed during the neonatal period might not necessarily show mild clinical course, and premature death is a possible outcome to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | - Suguru Uemura
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsKobe University School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Kousaku Matsubara
- Department of PediatricsKobe City Nishi‐Kobe Medical CenterKobeJapan
| | - Eru Kozuki
- Department of PediatricsKobe City Nishi‐Kobe Medical CenterKobeJapan
| | | | - Nanako Nino
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsKobe University School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takehito Yokoi
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
- Department of PediatricsOsaka University HospitalSuitaJapan
| | - Atsuro Saito
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | - Toshiaki Ishida
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
| | | | - Ikumi Umeki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of PediatricsShinshu University School of MedicineMatsumotoJapan
| | - Kenichi Koike
- Department of PediatricsShinonoi General HospitalMinami Nagano Medical CenterNaganoJapan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical GeneticsTohoku University School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and OncologyKobe Children's HospitalKobeJapan
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90
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Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Post-Receptor Inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT Pathway in the Growth Hormone Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1843. [PMID: 29932147 PMCID: PMC6073700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes in an organism. Determination of the correct structure and functioning of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) allowed for a more detailed research of its post-receptor regulators, which substantially influences its signal transduction. This review is focused on the description of the post-receptor inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway, which is one of the most important pathways in the transduction of the somatotropic axis signal. The aim of this review is the short characterization of the main post-receptor inhibitors, such as: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS) 1, 3 and PIAS4, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) 1B and H1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1, 2 and signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α1. The equilibrium between these regulators activity and inhibition is of special concern because, as many studies showed, even slight imbalance may disrupt the GH activity causing serious diseases. The regulation of the described inhibitors expression and activity may be a point of interest for pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland.
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91
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Rapamycin attenuates pathological hypertrophy caused by an absence of trabecular formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8584. [PMID: 29872120 PMCID: PMC5988815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac trabeculae are mesh-like muscular structures within ventricular walls. Subtle perturbations in trabeculation are associated with many congenital heart diseases (CHDs), and complete failure to form trabeculae leads to embryonic lethality. Despite the severe consequence of an absence of trabecular formation, the exact function of trabeculae remains unclear. Since ErbB2 signaling plays a direct and essential role in trabecular initiation, in this study, we utilized the erbb2 zebrafish mutant as a model to address the function of trabeculae in the heart. Intriguingly, we found that the trabeculae-deficient erbb2 mutant develops a hypertrophic-like (HL) phenotype that can be suppressed by inhibition of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling in a similar fashion to adult mammalian hearts subjected to mechanical overload. Further, cell transplantation experiments demonstrated that erbb2 mutant cells in an otherwise wildtype heart did not undergo hypertrophy, indicating that erbb2 mutant HL phenotypes are due to a loss of trabeculae. Together, we propose that trabeculae serve to enhance contractility and that defects in this process lead to wall-stress induced hypertrophic remodeling.
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92
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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93
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Abstract
RASopathies are a heterogeneous group of genetic syndromes characterized by mutations in genes that regulate cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, and metabolism. Excluding congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent cardiovascular defect in patients affected by RASopathies. A worse outcome (in terms of surgical risk and/or mortality) has been described in a specific subset of Rasopathy patients with early onset, severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting with heart failure. New short-term therapy with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor has recently been used to prevent heart failure in these patients with a severe form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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94
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Zheng H, Yu WM, Waclaw RR, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG, Qu CK. Gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 induce hydrocephalus in a catalytically dependent manner. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/522/eaao1591. [PMID: 29559584 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically activating mutations in Ptpn11, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, cause 50% of Noonan syndrome (NS) cases, whereas inactivating mutations in Ptpn11 are responsible for nearly all cases of the similar, but distinct, developmental disorder Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML; formerly called LEOPARD syndrome). However, both types of disease mutations are gain-of-function mutations because they cause SHP2 to constitutively adopt an open conformation. We found that the catalytic activity of SHP2 was required for the pathogenic effects of gain-of-function, disease-associated mutations on the development of hydrocephalus in the mouse. Targeted pan-neuronal knockin of a Ptpn11 allele encoding the active SHP2 E76K mutant resulted in hydrocephalus due to aberrant development of ependymal cells and their cilia. These pathogenic effects of the E76K mutation were suppressed by the additional mutation C459S, which abolished the catalytic activity of SHP2. Moreover, ependymal cells in NSML mice bearing the inactive SHP2 mutant Y279C were also unaffected. Mechanistically, the SHP2 E76K mutant induced developmental defects in ependymal cells by enhancing dephosphorylation and inhibition of the transcription activator STAT3. Whereas STAT3 activity was reduced in Ptpn11E76K/+ cells, the activities of the kinases ERK and AKT were enhanced, and neural cell-specific Stat3 knockout mice also manifested developmental defects in ependymal cells and cilia. These genetic and biochemical data demonstrate a catalytic-dependent role of SHP2 gain-of-function disease mutants in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronald R Waclaw
- Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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95
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Yu ZH, Zhang ZY. Regulatory Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Targeting Strategies for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1069-1091. [PMID: 28541680 PMCID: PMC5812791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An appropriate level of protein phosphorylation on tyrosine is essential for cells to react to extracellular stimuli and maintain cellular homeostasis. Faulty operation of signal pathways mediated by protein tyrosine phosphorylation causes numerous human diseases, which presents enormous opportunities for therapeutic intervention. While the importance of protein tyrosine kinases in orchestrating the tyrosine phosphorylation networks and in target-based drug discovery has long been recognized, the significance of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in cellular signaling and disease biology has historically been underappreciated, due to a large extent to an erroneous assumption that they are largely constitutive and housekeeping enzymes. Here, we provide a comprehensive examination of a number of regulatory mechanisms, including redox modulation, allosteric regulation, and protein oligomerization, that control PTP activity. These regulatory mechanisms are integral to the myriad PTP-mediated biochemical events and reinforce the concept that PTPs are indispensable and specific modulators of cellular signaling. We also discuss how disruption of these PTP regulatory mechanisms can cause human diseases and how these diverse regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for novel therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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96
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Reifsnyder PC, Ryzhov S, Flurkey K, Anunciado-Koza RP, Mills I, Harrison DE, Koza RA. Cardioprotective effects of dietary rapamycin on adult female C57BLKS/J-Lepr db mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1418:106-117. [PMID: 29377150 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (RAPA), an inhibitor of mTORC signaling, has been shown to extend life span in mice and other organisms. Recently, animal and human studies have suggested that inhibition of mTORC signaling can alleviate or prevent the development of cardiomyopathy. In view of this, we used a murine model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), BKS-Leprdb , to determine whether RAPA treatment can mitigate the development of T2D-induced cardiomyopathy in adult mice. Female BKS-Leprdb mice fed diet supplemented with RAPA from 11 to 27 weeks of age showed reduced weight gain and significant reductions of fat and lean mass compared with untreated mice. No differences in plasma glucose or insulin levels were observed between groups; however, RAPA-treated mice were more insulin sensitive (P < 0.01) than untreated mice. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio was lower in RAPA-treated mice, suggesting reduced diabetic nephropathy and improved kidney function. Echocardiography showed significantly reduced left ventricular wall thickness in mice treated with RAPA compared with untreated mice (P = 0.02) that was consistent with reduced heart weight/tibia length ratios, reduced myocyte size and cardiac fibrosis measured by histomorphology, and reduced mRNA expression of Col1a1, a marker for cardiomyopathy. Our results suggest that inhibition of mTORC signaling is a plausible strategy for ameliorating complications of obesity and T2D, including cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | | | - Rea P Anunciado-Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Ian Mills
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
| | | | - Robert A Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
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97
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Stroud MJ, Fang X, Veevers J, Chen J. Generation and Analysis of Striated Muscle Selective LINC Complex Protein Mutant Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1840:251-281. [PMID: 30141050 PMCID: PMC6887482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8691-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex mediates intracellular cross talk between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In striated muscle, the LINC complex provides structural support to the myocyte nucleus and plays an essential role in regulating gene expression and mechanotransduction. A wide range of cardiac and skeletal myopathies have been linked to mutations in LINC complex proteins. Studies utilizing tissue-specific knockout and mutant mouse models have revealed important insights into the roles of the LINC complex in striated muscle. In this chapter, we describe several feasible approaches for generating striated muscle-specific gene knockout and mutant mouse models to study LINC complex protein function in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The experimental procedures used for phenotyping and analysis of LINC complex knockout mice are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stroud
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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98
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The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Early Myelination and Contributes to Timely Remyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 38:787-802. [PMID: 29217681 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2864-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shp2 is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that has been shown to influence neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Shp2 is a known regulator of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and ERK signaling pathways in multiple cellular contexts, including oligodendrocytes. Its role during later postnatal CNS development or in response to demyelination injury has not been examined. Based on the current studies, we hypothesize that Shp2 is a negative regulator of CNS myelination. Using transgenic mouse technology, we show that Shp2 is involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation and early myelination, but is not necessary for myelin maintenance. We also show that Shp2 regulates the timely differentiation of oligodendrocytes following lysolecithin-induced demyelination, although apparently normal remyelination occurs at a delayed time point. These data suggest that Shp2 is a relevant therapeutic target in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the present study, we show that the protein phosphatase Shp2 is an important mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, both during developmental myelination as well as during myelin regeneration. We provide important insight into the signaling mechanisms regulating myelination and propose that Shp2 acts as a transient brake to the developmental myelination process. Furthermore, we show that Shp2 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation following demyelination and therefore has important therapeutic implications in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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99
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Bounihi A, Bitam A, Bouazza A, Yargui L, Koceir EA. Fruit vinegars attenuate cardiac injury via anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity actions in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:43-52. [PMID: 27595296 PMCID: PMC7011948 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1226369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fruit vinegars (FVs) are used in Mediterranean folk medicine for their hypolipidemic and weight-reducing properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the preventive effects of three types of FV, commonly available in Algeria, namely prickly pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill (Cectaceae)], pomegranate [Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)], and apple [Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae)], against obesity-induced cardiomyopathy and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into 12 groups. The first group served as normal control (distilled water, 7 mL/kg bw), and the remaining groups were respectively treated with distilled water (7 mL/kg bw), acetic acid (0.5% w/v, 7 mL/kg bw) and vinegars of pomegranate, apple or prickly pear (at doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 mL/kg bw, acetic acid content as mentioned above) along with a high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of the oral administration of FV for 18 weeks on the body and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) weights, plasma inflammatory and cardiac enzymes biomarkers, and in heart tissue were evaluated. RESULTS Vinegars treatments significantly (p < .05) attenuated the HFD-induced increase in bw (0.2-0.5-fold) and VAT mass (0.7-1.8-fold), as well as increase in plasma levels of CRP (0.1-0.3-fold), fibrinogen (0.2-0.3-fold), leptin (1.7-3.7-fold), TNF-α (0.1-0.6-fold), AST (0.9-1.4-fold), CK-MB (0.3-1.4-fold) and LDH (2.7-6.7-fold). Moreover, vinegar treatments preserved myocardial architecture and attenuated cardiac fibrosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings suggest that pomegranate, apple and prickly pear vinegars may prevent HFD-induced obesity and obesity-related cardiac complications, and that this prevention may result from the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity properties of these vinegars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdenour Bounihi
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Arezki Bitam
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Asma Bouazza
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lyece Yargui
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Central Biochemistry Laboratory, Mustapha Bacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Elhadj Ahmed Koceir
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
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100
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Houssaini A, Adnot S. mTOR: A Key to Both Pulmonary Vessel Remodeling and Right Ventricular Function in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:509-511. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0245ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Houssaini
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB
- Département de PhysiologieHôpital Henri Mondor, APHPCréteil, Franceand
- Université Paris-Est CréteilCréteil, France
| | - Serge Adnot
- INSERM U955, DHU A-TVB
- Département de PhysiologieHôpital Henri Mondor, APHPCréteil, Franceand
- Université Paris-Est CréteilCréteil, France
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