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Mateus AP, Anjos L, Cardoso JR, Power DM. Chronic stress impairs the local immune response during cutaneous repair in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.). Mol Immunol 2017; 87:267-283. [PMID: 28521279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scale removal in fish triggers a damage-repair program to re-establish the lost epidermis and scale and an associated local immune response. In mammals, chronic stress is known to delay wound healing and to modulate the cutaneous stress axis, but this is unstudied in teleost fish the most successful extant vertebrates. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic stress impairs cutaneous repair in teleost fish as a consequence of suppression of the immune response. The hypothesis was tested by removing the scales and damaging the skin on one side of the body of fish previously exposed for 4 weeks to a chronic crowding stress and then evaluating cutaneous repair for 1 week. Scale removal caused the loss of the epidermis although at 3days it was re-established. At this stage the basement membrane was significantly thicker (p=0.038) and the hypodermis was significantly thinner (p=0.016) in the regenerating skin of stressed fish relative to the control fish. At 3days, stressed fish also had a significantly lower plasma osmolality (p=0.015) than control fish indicative of reduced barrier function. Chronic stress caused a significant down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (gr) in skin before damage (time 0, p=0.005) and of star at 3 and 7days (p<0.05) after regeneration relative to control fish. In regenerating skin key transcripts of cutaneous repair, pcna, colivα1 and mmp9, and the inflammatory response, tgfβ1, csf-1r, mpo and crtac2, were down-regulated (p<0.05) by chronic stress. Irrespective of chronic stress and in contrast to intact skin many hyper pigmented masses, putative melanomacrophages, infiltrated the epidermis of regenerating skin. This study reveals that chronic stress suppresses the local immune response to scale removal and impairs the expression of key transcripts of wound healing. Elements of the stress axis were identified and modulated by chronic stress during cutaneous repair in gilthead seabream skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Mateus
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Av. Dr. Adelino da Palma Carlos, 8000-510 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Anjos
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - João R Cardoso
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Hodes A, Lodish MB, Tirosh A, Meyer J, Belyavskaya E, Lyssikatos C, Rosenberg K, Demidowich A, Swan J, Jonas N, Stratakis CA, Zilbermint M. Hair cortisol in the evaluation of Cushing syndrome. Endocrine 2017; 56:164-174. [PMID: 28194652 PMCID: PMC5437744 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hair cortisol evaluation has been used to help detect patients with suspected Cushing syndrome. Our goal was to correlate segmental hair cortisol with biochemical testing in patients with Cushing syndrome and controls. This study was a prospective analysis of hair cortisol in confirmed Cushing syndrome cases over 16 months. METHODS Thirty-six subjects (26.5 ± 18.9 years, 75% female, and 75% Caucasian) were analyzed by diurnal serum cortisol, 24 h urinary free cortisol corrected for body surface area (UFC/BSA), and 24 h urinary 17-hydroxysteroids corrected for creatinine (17OHS/Cr). Thirty patients were diagnosed with Cushing syndrome, and six were defined as controls. 3-cm hair samples nearest to the scalp, cut into 1-cm segments (proximal, medial, and distal), were analyzed for cortisol by enzyme immunoassay and measured as pmol cortisol/g dry hair. Hair cortisol levels were compared with laboratory testing done within previous 2 months of the evaluation. RESULTS Proximal hair cortisol was higher in Cushing syndrome patients (266.6 ± 738.4 pmol/g) than control patients (38.9 ± 25.3 pmol/g) (p = 0.003). Proximal hair cortisol was highest of all segments in 25/36 (69%) patients. Among all subjects, proximal hair cortisol was strongly correlated with UFC/BSA (r = 0.5, p = 0.005), midnight serum cortisol (r = 0.4, p = 0.03), and 17OHS/Cr, which trended towards significance (r = 0.3, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Among the three examined hair segments, proximal hair contained the highest cortisol levels and correlated the most with the initial biochemical tests for Cushing syndrome in our study. Further studies are needed to validate proximal hair cortisol in the diagnostic workup for Cushing syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hodes
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amit Tirosh
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Jerrold Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kendra Rosenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Andrew Demidowich
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeremy Swan
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nichole Jonas
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mihail Zilbermint
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Mi Y, Wang W, Zhang C, Liu C, Lu J, Li W, Zuo R, Myatt L, Sun K. Autophagic Degradation of Collagen 1A1 by Cortisol in Human Amnion Fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1005-1014. [PMID: 28323983 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rupture of fetal membranes can initiate parturition at both term and preterm. Collagen is the crucial factor determining the tensile strength of the membranes. Toward the end of gestation, a feed-forward regeneration of cortisol via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 exists in fetal membranes. It remains undetermined whether cortisol contributes to collagen reduction in fetal membranes. In this study, we have examined whether cortisol accumulation is a causative factor for collagen reduction in human amnion fibroblasts, the major source of collagens in the membranes. Cortisol had no effect on collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) and 1A2 (COL1A2) messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance but decreased their protein abundance. The latter effect was affected by neither mRNA transcription inhibitor nor protein translation inhibitor. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reduction in COL1A1 but not COL1A2 protein by cortisol was blocked by lysosome inhibitor chloroquine or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of autophagy-related protein 7, an essential protein for autophagy, whereas the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and bortezomib were ineffective. Further analysis showed that cortisol dose dependently increased the ratio of LC3II/LC3I, a marker of lysosome activation, an effect blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486 and siRNA-mediated knockdown of GR. Consistently, cortisol decreased COL1A1 and COL1A2 protein abundance in amnion tissue explants, and decreased COL1A1 and COL1A2 protein abundance was observed at parturition in the amnion tissue. Conclusively, cortisol regeneration in fetal membranes may contribute to rupture of fetal membranes at parturition by reducing collagen protein abundance. Lysosome-mediated autophagy accounts for the reduction in COL1A1 by cortisol, but the mechanism underlying the reduction in COL1A2 awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Mi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wangsheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiangwen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenjiao Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rujuan Zuo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R. China
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54
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Novel 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors reduce cortisol levels in keratinocytes and improve dermal collagen content in human ex vivo skin after exposure to cortisone and UV. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171079. [PMID: 28152550 PMCID: PMC5289826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity and selectivity assessment of new bi-aryl amide 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors, prepared in a modular manner via Suzuki cross-coupling, are described. Several compounds inhibiting 11β-HSD1 at nanomolar concentrations were identified. Compounds 2b, 3e, 7b and 12e were shown to selectively inhibit 11β-HSD1 over 11β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2. These inhibitors also potently inhibited 11β-HSD1 activity in intact HEK-293 cells expressing the recombinant enzyme and in intact primary human keratinocytes expressing endogenous 11β-HSD1. Moreover, compounds 2b, 3e and 12e were tested for their activity in human skin biopsies. They were able to prevent, at least in part, both the cortisone- and the UV-mediated decreases in collagen content. Thus, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by these compounds can be further investigated to delay or prevent UV-mediated skin damage and skin aging.
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55
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Gray GA, White CI, Castellan RFP, McSweeney SJ, Chapman KE. Getting to the heart of intracellular glucocorticoid regeneration: 11β-HSD1 in the myocardium. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R1-R13. [PMID: 27553202 PMCID: PMC5148800 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids influence the development and function of the heart and its response to injury and pressure overload via actions on glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. Systemic corticosteroid concentration depends largely on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but glucocorticoid can also be regenerated from intrinsically inert metabolites by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), selectively increasing glucocorticoid levels within cells and tissues. Extensive studies have revealed the roles for glucocorticoid regeneration by 11β-HSD1 in liver, adipose, brain and other tissues, but until recently, there has been little focus on the heart. This article reviews the evidence for glucocorticoid metabolism by 11β-HSD1 in the heart and for a role of 11β-HSD1 activity in determining the myocardial growth and physiological function. We also consider the potential of 11β-HSD1 as a therapeutic target to enhance repair after myocardial infarction and to prevent the development of cardiac remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Gray
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher I White
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raphael F P Castellan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sara J McSweeney
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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56
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Azher S, Azami O, Amato C, McCullough M, Celentano A, Cirillo N. The Non-Conventional Effects of Glucocorticoids in Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2368-73. [PMID: 27115293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic corticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including pre-malignant and malignant conditions. In striking contrast, recent evidence suggests that corticosteroids can bear tumor-promoting effects in solid tumors of epithelial origin. We have recently shown that epithelial tissues, including the mucosa of the oral cavity and the skin, are able to modulate the local concentration of active corticosteroids and to produce steroids de novo. This has important clinical and physiopathological implications, because tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoids plays a key role in the overall effect of these molecules. In the present review of the current English literature, performed using MEDLINE/PubMed/Ovid databases, we collected published evidence to demonstrate that corticosteroids induce effects that are more complex and controversial than previously acknowledged. Published studies clearly demonstrate that this class of molecules influences pathophysiological processes that are strictly related to malignancy, providing the rationale for further investigation. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2368-2373, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simra Azher
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omid Azami
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caterina Amato
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The first mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, spironolactone, was developed almost 60 years ago to treat primary aldosteronism and pathological edema. Its use waned in part because of its lack of selectivity. Subsequently, knowledge of the scope of MR function was expanded along with clinical evidence of the therapeutic importance of MR antagonists to prevent the ravages of inappropriate MR activation. Forty-two years elapsed between the first and MR-selective second generation of MR antagonists. Fifteen years later, despite serious shortcomings of the existing antagonists, a third-generation antagonist has yet to be marketed. Progress has been slowed by the lack of appreciation of the large variety of cell types that express the MR and its diverse cell-type-specific actions, and also its unique complex interaction actions at the molecular level. New MR antagonists should preferentially target the inflammatory and fibrotic effects of MR and perhaps its excitatory effects on sympathetic nervous system, but not the renal tubular epithelium or neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. This review briefly describes efforts to develop a third-generation MR antagonist and why fourth generation antagonists and selective agonists based on structural determinants of tissue and ligand-specific MR activation should be contemplated.
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58
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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59
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Jaisser F, Farman N. Emerging Roles of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pathology: Toward New Paradigms in Clinical Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:49-75. [PMID: 26668301 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone are the principal modulators of hormone-regulated renal sodium reabsorption. In addition to the kidney, there are several other cells and organs expressing MR, in which its activation mediates pathologic changes, indicating potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological MR antagonism. Steroidal MR antagonists have been used for decades to fight hypertension and more recently heart failure. New therapeutic indications are now arising, and nonsteroidal MR antagonists are currently under development. This review is focused on nonclassic MR targets in cardiac, vascular, renal, metabolic, ocular, and cutaneous diseases. The MR, associated with other risk factors, is involved in organ fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and aging; for example, in the kidney and heart MR mediates hormonal tissue-specific ion channel regulation. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of MR expression/activity that have been documented in hypertension may also present significant risk factors in other diseases and be susceptible to MR antagonism. Excess mineralocorticoid signaling, mediated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids binding, now appears deleterious in the progression of pathologies that may lead to end-stage organ failure and could therefore benefit from the repositioning of pharmacological MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jaisser
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
| | - N Farman
- INSERM UMR 1138 Team 1, Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France (F.J., N.F); and University Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France (F.J.)
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Epidermal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Plays Beneficial and Adverse Effects in Skin and Mediates Glucocorticoid Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2417-2426. [PMID: 27464843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate skin homeostasis and combat cutaneous inflammatory diseases; however, adverse effects of chronic GC treatments limit their therapeutic use. GCs bind and activate the GC receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), transcription factors that recognize identical hormone responsive elements. Whether epidermal MR mediates beneficial or deleterious GC effects is of great interest for improving GC-based skin therapies. MR epidermal knockout mice exhibited increased keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and showed resistance to GC-induced epidermal thinning. However, crucially, loss of epidermal MR rendered mice more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli and skin damage. MR epidermal knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammation with higher cytokine induction. Likewise, cultured MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes had increased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation, highlighting an anti-inflammatory function for MR. GC-induced transcription was reduced in MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes, at least partially due to decreased recruitment of GC receptor to hormone responsive element-containing sequences. Our results support a role for epidermal MR in adult skin homeostasis and demonstrate nonredundant roles for MR and GC receptor in mediating GC actions.
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61
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Terao M, Katayama I. Local cortisol/corticosterone activation in skin physiology and pathology. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:11-16. [PMID: 27431412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone are the endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) in humans and rodents, respectively. Systemic GC is released through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to various stressors. Over the last decade, extra-adrenal production/activation of cortisol/corticosterone has been reported in many tissues. The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hormonally inactive cortisone/11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) into active cortisol/corticosterone in cells is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD). The 11β-HSD1 isoform is predominantly a reductase, which catalyzes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen-dependent conversion of cortisone/11-DHC to cortisol/corticosterone, and is widely expressed and present at the highest levels in the liver, lungs, adipose tissues, ovaries, and central nervous system. The 11β-HSD2 isoform, which catalyzes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent inactivation of cortisol/corticosterone to cortisone/11-DHC, is highly expressed in distal nephrons, the colon, sweat glands, and the placenta. In healthy skin, 11β-HSD1 is expressed in the epidermis and in dermal fibroblasts. On the other hand, 11β-HSD2 is expressed in sweat glands but not in the epidermis. The role of 11β-HSD in skin physiology and pathology has been reported recently. In this review, we summarize the recently reported role of 11β-HSD in the skin, focusing on its function in cell proliferation, wound healing, inflammation, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Re-Epithelialization of Pathological Cutaneous Wounds Is Improved by Local Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2080-2089. [PMID: 27262545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cutaneous wound healing is a social burden. It occurs as a consequence of glucocorticoid treatment in several pathologies. Glucocorticoids (GC) bind not only to the glucocorticoid receptor but also to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), both expressed by keratinocytes. In addition to its beneficial effects through the glucocorticoid receptor, GC exposure may lead to inappropriate MR occupancy. We hypothesized that dermatological use of MR antagonists (MRA) might be beneficial by overcoming the negative impact of GC treatment on pathological wounds. The potent GC clobetasol, applied as an ointment to mouse skin, or added to cultured human skin explants, induced delayed wound closure and outgrowth of epidermis with reduced proliferation of keratinocytes. Delayed wound re-epithelialization was rescued by local MRA application. Normal skin was unaffected by MRA. The benefit of MR blockade is explained by the increased expression of MR in clobetasol-treated mouse skin. Blockade of the epithelial sodium channel by phenamil also rescued cultured human skin explants from GC-impaired growth of the epidermis. MRA application over post-biopsy wounds of clobetasol-treated skin zones of healthy volunteers (from the Interest of Topical Spironolactone's Administration to Prevent Corticoid-induced Epidermal Atrophy clinical trial) also accelerated wound closure. In conclusion, we propose repositioning MRA for cutaneous application to improve delayed wound closure occurring in pathology.
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63
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Jiang YJ, Celli A, Uchida Y, Mauro TM, Bikle DD, Elias PM, Holleran WM. UVB induces epidermal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:370-6. [PMID: 25739654 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detrimental consequences of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin include photoageing, immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis, processes also significantly regulated by local glucocorticoid (GC) availability. In man, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) generates the active GC cortisol from cortisone (or corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents). 11β-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity requires the cofactor NADPH, generated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated increased 11β-HSD1 levels in skin obtained from photoexposed versus photoprotected anatomical regions. However, the direct effect of UVR on 11β-HSD1 expression remains to be elucidated. To investigate the cutaneous regulation of 11β-HSD1 following UVR in vivo, the dorsal skin of female SKH1 mice was irradiated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB. Measurement of transepidermal water loss, 11β-HSD1 activity, mRNA/protein expression and histological studies was taken at 1, 3 and 7 days postexposure. 11β-HSD1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression peaked 1 day postexposure to 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB before subsequently declining (days 3 and 7). Corresponding increases in 11β-HSD1 protein and enzyme activity were observed 3 days postexposure coinciding with reduced GC receptor mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence studies revealed 11β-HSD1 localization to hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes in UVB-exposed skin. 11β-HSD1 expression and activity were also induced by 200 and 100 (but not 50) mJ/cm(2) UVB and correlated with increased transepidermal water loss (indicative of barrier disruption). UVB-induced 11β-HSD1 activation represents a novel mechanism that may contribute to the regulation of cutaneous responses to UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Terao M, Itoi S, Matsumura S, Yang L, Murota H, Katayama I. Local Glucocorticoid Activation by 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 in Keratinocytes: The Role in Hapten-Induced Dermatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1499-510. [PMID: 27070821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, extra-adrenal cortisol production was reported in various tissues. The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hormonally inactive cortisone into active cortisol in cells is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1). We recently reported that 11β-HSD1 is also expressed in keratinocytes and regulates inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. To investigate the function of 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes during inflammation in vivo, we created keratinocyte-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout (K5-Hsd11b1-KO) mice and analyzed the inflammatory response in models of hapten-induced contact irritant dermatitis. K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice showed enhanced ear swelling in low-dose oxazolone-, 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB)-, and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced irritant dermatitis associated with increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Topical application of corticosterone dose dependently suppressed TNCB-induced ear swelling and cytokine expression. Similarly in mouse keratinocytes in vitro, corticosterone dose dependently suppressed 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced IL-1α and IL-1β expression. The effect of 11-dehydrocorticosterone was attenuated in TNCB-induced irritant dermatitis in K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. In human samples, 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in epidermis of psoriasis vulgaris compared with healthy skin. Taken together, these data suggest that corticosterone activation by 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes suppresses hapten-induced irritant dermatitis through suppression of expression of cytokines, such as IL-1α and IL-1β, in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Saori Itoi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Vanella R, Callari R, Weston A, Heider H, Schwab MS, Kübler E. Yeast-based assays for screening 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:52. [PMID: 26980090 PMCID: PMC4791775 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and regulates, among many physiological processes, collagen metabolism in skin. At the peripheral level the concentration of active glucocorticoids is mainly regulated by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme, involved in the conversion of cortisone into the biologically active hormone cortisol. Cortisol interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and regulates the expression of different classes of genes within the nucleus. Due to its implication in glucocorticoid metabolism, the inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity has become a dominant strategy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, inhibitors of this target enzyme can be used for development of formulations to counteract skin ageing. Here we present the construction of two yeast cell based assays that can be used for the screening of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. RESULTS The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a host organism for the expression of human 11β-HSD1 as well as a genetically encoded assay system that allows intracellular screening of molecules with 11β-HSD1 inhibitory activity. As proof of concept the correlation between 11β-HSD1 inhibition and fluorescent output signals was successfully tested with increasing concentrations of carbenoxolone and tanshinone IIA, two known 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. The first assay detects a decrease in fluorescence upon 11β-HSD1 inhibition, whereas the second assay relies on stabilization of yEGFP upon inhibition of 11β-HSD1, resulting in a positive read-out and thus minimizing the rate of false positives sometimes associated with read-outs based on loss of signals. Specific inhibition of the ABC transporter Pdr5p improves the sensitivity of the assay strains to cortisone concentrations by up to 60 times. CONCLUSIONS Our yeast assay strains provide a cost-efficient and easy to handle alternative to other currently available assays for the screening of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. These assays are designed for an initial fast screening of large numbers of compounds and enable the selection of cell permeable molecules with target inhibitory activity, before proceeding to more advanced selection processes. Moreover, they can be employed in yeast synthetic biology platforms to reconstitute heterologous biosynthetic pathways of drug-relevant scaffolds for simultaneous synthesis and screening of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors at intracellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vanella
- />University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Callari
- />University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- />Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Anna Weston
- />University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Harald Heider
- />Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Kübler
- />University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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The prediction and monitoring of toxicity associated with long-term systemic glucocorticoid therapy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 17:513. [PMID: 25903665 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-015-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are often required for adequate control of inflammation in many serious inflammatory diseases; common indications for long-term treatment include polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy is, however, associated with many adverse effects involving skin, gastro-intestinal, eye, skeletal muscle, bone, adrenal, cardio-metabolic and neuropsychiatric systems. This balance between benefits and risks of glucocorticoids is important for clinical practice and glucocorticoid-related adverse effects can significantly impair health-related quality of life. Understanding the nature and mechanisms of glucocorticoid-related adverse effects may inform how patients are monitored for toxicity and identify those groups, such as older people, that may need closer monitoring. For clinical trials in diseases commonly treated with glucocorticoids, standardised measurement of glucocorticoid-related adverse effects would facilitate future evidence synthesis and meta-analysis.
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Itoi-Ochi S, Terao M, Murota H, Katayama I. Local corticosterone activation by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in keratinocytes: the role in narrow-band UVB-induced dermatitis. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2016; 8:e1119958. [PMID: 27195053 PMCID: PMC4862380 DOI: 10.1080/19381980.2015.1119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes are known to synthesize cortisol through activation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1). To confirm the function of 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes during inflammation in vivo, we created keratinocyte-specific-11β-HSD1 knockout mice (K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice) and analyzed the response to narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) irradiation. Firstly, we measured the mRNA and protein levels of 11β-HSD1 following NB-UVB irradiation and found that the expression of 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes of mouse ear skin was enhanced at 3 and 24 hours after 250 mJ/cm(2), 500 mJ/cm(2), 1 J/cm(2), and 2 J/cm(2) NB-UVB irradiation. Next, we determined that 24 hours after exposure to 1 J/cm(2) NB-UVB irradiation, the numbers of F4/80-, CD45-, and Gr-1-positive cells were increased in K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, the expression of the chemokine (C-X-C-motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and interleukin (IL)-6 was also significantly enhanced in NB-UVB-irradiated K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared with WT mice. In addition, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) after NB-UVB irradiation was enhanced in K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared to that in WT mice. Thus, NB-UVB-induced inflammation is augmented in K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared with WT mice. These results indicate that 11β-HSD1 may suppress NB-UVB-induced inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Itoi-Ochi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Pharmacophore Models and Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening: Concepts and Applications Exemplified on Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Molecules 2015; 20:22799-832. [PMID: 26703541 PMCID: PMC6332202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods are well-established tools in the drug discovery process and can be employed for a variety of tasks. Common applications include lead identification and scaffold hopping, as well as lead optimization by structure-activity relationship analysis and selectivity profiling. In addition, compound-target interactions associated with potentially harmful effects can be identified and investigated. This review focuses on pharmacophore-based virtual screening campaigns specifically addressing the target class of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Many members of this enzyme family are associated with specific pathological conditions, and pharmacological modulation of their activity may represent promising therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, unintended interference with their biological functions, e.g., upon inhibition by xenobiotics, can disrupt steroid hormone-mediated effects, thereby contributing to the development and progression of major diseases. Besides a general introduction to pharmacophore modeling and pharmacophore-based virtual screening, exemplary case studies from the field of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) research are presented. These success stories highlight the suitability of pharmacophore modeling for the various application fields and suggest its application also in futures studies.
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Farman N, Nguyen VT. A novel actor in skin biology: the mineralocorticoid receptor. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:24-5. [PMID: 26519358 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Farman
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 2% of the Western world population suffer from chronic wounds, resulting from underlying disorders (e.g., diabetes, excessive pressure, vascular insufficiencies and vasculitis), with a significant adverse effect on Quality of Life. Despite high incidence and economic burden, management of chronic wounds is still far from effective and novel therapies are in urgent need. Wound healing is a dynamic process of transient expression, function and clearance of mediators, enzymes and cell types. Failure to initiate, terminate or regulate leads to pathologic wound healing. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses patents of the seven most promising classes of biological agents, mostly published in 2009 - 2014 (CYP11B1 inhibitors, peptide growth factors, prolyl-4-hydroxylase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, elastase and connexin43 inhibitors). Relevant information from peer-reviewed journals is also presented. EXPERT OPINION The aforementioned biological agents have different mechanisms of action, and considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of chronic wounds, they hold promise in treating chronic wounds. However, as administration of a certain biological agent may be beneficial in an early phase, it may slow down wound healing in a later phase. Basic and clinical research on chronic wound healing should therefore investigate the efficacy of these agents, alone and in concert, during the consecutive phases of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J van Koppen
- ElexoPharm GmbH , Im Stadtwald, Building A1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany +49 681 30268320 ; +49 681 9102894 ;
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Altaf QA, Barnett AH, Tahrani AA. Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:319-34. [PMID: 25308775 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. Hence improving IR is a major target of treatment in patients with T2D. Obesity and lack of exercise are major causes of IR. However, recent evidence implicates sleep disorders and disorders of the circadian rhythm in the pathogenesis of IR. Weight loss and lifestyle changes are the cornerstone and most effective treatments of IR, but adherence and patient's acceptability are poor. Bariatric surgery results in significant and sustainable long-term weight loss associated with beneficial impact on IR and glucose metabolism, making this an attractive treatment option for patients with T2D. Currently available pharmacological options targeting IR (such as metformin and thiazolidinediones) do not maintain glycaemic measures within targets long term and can be associated with significant side effects. Over the last two decades, many pharmacological agents targeting different aspects of the insulin signalling pathway were developed to improve IR, but only a minority reached clinical trials. Such treatments need to be specific and reversible as many of the components of the insulin signalling pathway are involved in other cellular functions such as apoptosis. Recent evidence highlighted the role of circadian rhythm and sleep-related disorders in the pathogenesis of IR. In this article, we review the latest developments in the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions targeting IR including bariatric surgery. We will also review the role of circadian rhythm and sleep-related disorders in the development and treatment of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-A Altaf
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Woods C, Tomlinson JW. The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Jones CM, Boelaert K. The Endocrinology of Ageing: A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2014; 61:291-300. [PMID: 25471682 DOI: 10.1159/000367692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in health and social wellbeing have led to linear gains in life expectancy and an accompanying increase in the burden imposed by age-related morbidities. Complex alterations in hormonal networks which regulate homeostasis and survival may underlie this poor adaptation to later life, as exemplified by an increased fracture risk amongst post-menopausal women. Beyond overt under- or overactivity of hormonal axes, changes in the concentrations of regulatory hormones may also impact on health and disease. Subclinical hyperthyroidism, a disorder characterised by normal thyroxine levels in the presence of decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone, is, for instance, independently associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation amongst elderly populations. Both the menopause and subclinical thyroid disease demonstrate the difficulty in reversing endocrine changes in later life, with minimal impact from thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism and multiple reports of harm resulting from hormone replacement therapy in peri- and post-menopausal women. Given these findings, strategies to locally regulate hormone bioavailability by altering pre-receptor metabolism may offer greater therapeutic potential in the fight against age-related disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the ageing endocrine system and its potential impact on health and disease in the elderly. It will postulate that strategies to coordinate pre-receptor hormone metabolism and a greater understanding of putative hormonal longevity pathways may offer key new drug targets in the fight against ageing, and will argue against applying the conventional endocrine maxim of 'block and replace' to hormonal changes seen during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jones
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Heise T, Morrow L, Hompesch M, Häring HU, Kapitza C, Abt M, Ramsauer M, Magnone MC, Fuerst-Recktenwald S. Safety, efficacy and weight effect of two 11β-HSD1 inhibitors in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:1070-7. [PMID: 24828020 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We assessed safety and efficacy of two selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors (RO5093151/RO-151 and RO5027383/RO-838) in this randomized, controlled study in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Patients either received placebo (N = 21), RO-151 BID 5 mg (N = 24) or 200 mg (N = 20) or RO-838 QD 50 mg (N = 21) or 200 mg (N = 24) for 28 days. Metabolic assessments comprising of nine-point plasma glucose profiles, oral glucose tolerance tests and determination of metabolic biomarkers including insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, HbA1c and lipids were done at baseline and end of treatment. RESULTS Despite the short treatment duration, both RO-151 and RO-838 showed trends for improved HbA1c and consistent reductions in body weight (-0.86 to -1.67 kg) exceeding those observed with placebo (-0.28 kg, p = 0.019 for 200 mg RO-151 vs. placebo). Insulin sensitivity parameters (e.g. HOMA-IR and Matsuda-Index) improved non-significantly with 200 mg RO-151. Lipid parameters did not consistently improve with either compound, but RO-838 led to non-significant increases in triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol versus placebo. Both compounds were well tolerated and showed inhibitory effects on 11β-HSD1 activity based on urinary corticosteroid excretion. As reported for other 11β-HSD1-inhibitors increased concentrations of ACTH and adrenal androgen precursors were found with RO-151, but not with RO-838. CONCLUSIONS Slight metabolic improvements were seen, in particular with RO-151 high dose, however, the observed changes often did not reach statistical significance and were not clearly dose dependent. Studies of longer duration are needed to further investigate potential benefits and risks of these compounds.
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Hong S, Tian H, Lu Y, Laborde JM, Muhale FA, Wang Q, Alapure BV, Serhan CN, Bazan NG. Neuroprotectin/protectin D1: endogenous biosynthesis and actions on diabetic macrophages in promoting wound healing and innervation impaired by diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C1058-67. [PMID: 25273880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00270.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of macrophages (MΦs) in diabetic wounds impairs the healing. MΦs produce anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving neuroprotectin/protectin D1 (NPD1/PD1, 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-hexaenoic acid); however, little is known about endogenous NPD1 biosynthesis by MΦs and the actions of NPD1 on diabetic MΦ functions in diabetic wound healing. We used an excisional skin wound model of diabetic mice, MΦ depletion, MΦs isolated from diabetic mice, and mass spectrometry-based targeted lipidomics to study the time course progression of NPD1 levels in wounds, the roles of MΦs in NPD1 biosynthesis, and NPD1 action on diabetic MΦ inflammatory activities. We also investigated the healing, innervation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress in diabetic wounds treated with NPD1 or NPD1-modulated MΦs from diabetic mice. Injury induced endogenous NPD1 biosynthesis in wounds, but diabetes impeded NPD1 formation. NPD1 was mainly produced by MΦs. NPD1 enhanced wound healing and innervation in diabetic mice and promoted MΦs functions that accelerated these processes. The underlying mechanisms for these actions of NPD1 or NPD1-modulated MΦs involved 1) attenuating MΦ inflammatory activities and chronic inflammation and oxidative stress after acute inflammation in diabetic wound, and 2) increasing MΦ production of IL10 and hepatocyte growth factor. Taken together, NPD1 appears to be a MΦs-produced factor that accelerates diabetic wound healing and promotes MΦ pro-healing functions in diabetic wounds. Decreased NPD1 production in diabetic wound is associated with impaired healing. This study identifies a new molecular target that might be useful in development of more effective therapeutics based on NPD1 and syngeneic diabetic MΦs for treatment of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana;
| | - Haibin Tian
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yan Lu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James Monroe Laborde
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - Filipe A Muhale
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Quansheng Wang
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bhagwat V Alapure
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Anaesthesia (Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology), Harvard Medical School; Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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78
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Haertel E, Werner S, Schäfer M. Transcriptional regulation of wound inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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79
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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80
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11β-HSD1 is the major regulator of the tissue-specific effects of circulating glucocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2482-91. [PMID: 24889609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323681111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse metabolic effects of prescribed and endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) excess, Cushing syndrome, create a significant health burden. We found that tissue regeneration of GCs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), rather than circulating delivery, is critical to developing the phenotype of GC excess; 11β-HSD1 KO mice with circulating GC excess are protected from the glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, adiposity, hypertension, myopathy, and dermal atrophy of Cushing syndrome. Whereas liver-specific 11β-HSD1 KO mice developed a full Cushingoid phenotype, adipose-specific 11β-HSD1 KO mice were protected from hepatic steatosis and circulating fatty acid excess. These data challenge our current view of GC action, demonstrating 11β-HSD1, particularly in adipose tissue, is key to the development of the adverse metabolic profile associated with circulating GC excess, offering 11β-HSD1 inhibition as a previously unidentified approach to treat Cushing syndrome.
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81
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Stomby A, Andrew R, Walker BR, Olsson T. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol regeneration by 11βHSD1 in obesity: has it promised too much? Diabetologia 2014; 57:1100-10. [PMID: 24710966 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome, caused by increased production of cortisol, leads to metabolic dysfunction including visceral adiposity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. The similarities with the metabolic syndrome are striking and major efforts have been made to find obesity-associated changes in the regulation of glucocorticoid action and synthesis, both at a systemic level and tissue level. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific alterations in glucocorticoid metabolism, with increased activity of the glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue and decreased conversion of cortisone to cortisol, interpreted as decreased 11βHSD1 activity, in the liver. In addition, genetic manipulation of 11βHSD1 activity in rodents can either induce (by overexpression of Hsd11b1, the gene encoding 11βHSD1) or prevent (by knocking out Hsd11b1) obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Taken together with earlier evidence that non-selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 enhance insulin sensitivity, these results led to the hypothesis that inhibition of 11βHSD1 might be a promising target for treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Several selective 11βHSD1 inhibitors have now been developed and shown to improve metabolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the small magnitude of the glucose-lowering effect has precluded their further commercial development.This review focuses on the role of 11βHSD1 as a tissue-specific regulator of cortisol exposure in obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. We consider the potential of inhibition of 11βHSD1 as a therapeutic strategy that might address multiple complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, and provide our thoughts on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stomby
- Department for Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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82
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:369-374. [PMID: 24888781 PMCID: PMC4046116 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has the ability to synthesize glucocorticoids de novo from cholesterol or from steroid intermediates of systemic origin. By interacting with glucocorticoid receptors, they regulate skin immune functions as well as functions and phenotype of the epidermal, dermal and adnexal compartments. Most of the biochemical (enzyme and transporter activities) and regulatory (neuropeptides mediated activation of cAMP and protein kinase A dependent pathways) principles of steroidogenesis in the skin are similar to those operating in classical steroidogenic organs. However, there are also significant differences determined by the close proximity of synthesis and action (even within the same cells) allowing para-, auto- or intracrine modes of regulation. We also propose that ultraviolet light B (UVB) can regulate the availability of 7-dehydrocholesterol for transformation to cholesterol with its further metabolism to steroids, oxysterols or ∆7 steroids, because of its transformation to vitamin D3. In addition, UVB can rearrange locally produced ∆7 steroids to the corresponding secosteroids with a short- or no-side chain. Thus, different mechanisms of regulation occur in the skin that can be either stochastic or structuralized. We propose that local glucocorticosteroidogenic systems and their regulators, in concert with cognate receptors operate to stabilize skin homeostasis and prevent or attenuate skin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee, Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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83
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Uchida Y, Mauro T, Elias PM, Holleran WM. Increased glucocorticoid activation during mouse skin wound healing. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:51-61. [PMID: 24464022 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess inhibits wound healing causing increased patient discomfort and infection risk. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activates GCs (converting 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone in rodents) in many tissues including skin, where de novo steroidogenesis from cholesterol has also been reported. To examine the regulation of 11β-HSD1 and steroidogenic enzyme expression during wound healing, 5 mm wounds were generated in female SKH1 mice and compared at days 0, 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21 relative to unwounded skin. 11β-HSD1 expression (mRNA and protein) and enzyme activity were elevated at 2 and 4 days post-wounding, with 11β-HSD1 localizing to infiltrating inflammatory cells. 11β-HSD2 (GC-deactivating) mRNA expression and activity were undetectable. Although several steroidogenic enzymes displayed variable expression during healing, expression of the final enzyme required for the conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), was lacking in unwounded skin and post-wounding. Consequently, 11-deoxycorticosterone was the principal progesterone metabolite in mouse skin before and after wounding. Our findings demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 activates considerably more corticosterone than is generated de novo from progesterone in mouse skin and drives GC exposure during healing, demonstrating the basis for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to accelerate wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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84
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Terao M, Tani M, Itoi S, Yoshimura T, Hamasaki T, Murota H, Katayama I. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 specific inhibitor increased dermal collagen content and promotes fibroblast proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93051. [PMID: 24667799 PMCID: PMC3965512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are one of the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs for treating acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, several studies have shown that GCs alter collagen metabolism in the skin and induce skin atrophy. Cortisol is the endogenous GC that is released in response to various stressors. Over the last decade, extraadrenal cortisol production in various tissues has been reported. Skin also synthesizes cortisol through a de novo pathway and through an activating enzyme. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hormonally inactive cortisone to active cortisol in cells. We previously found that 11β-HSD1 negatively regulates proliferation of keratinocytes. To determine the function of 11β-HSD1 in dermal fibroblasts and collagen metabolism, the effect of a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor was studied in mouse tissues and dermal fibroblasts. The expression of 11β-HSD1 increased with age in mouse skin. Subcutaneous injection of a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor increased dermal thickness and collagen content in the mouse skin. In vitro, proliferation of dermal fibroblasts derived from 11β-HSD1 null mice (Hsd11b1−/− mice) was significantly increased compared with fibroblasts from wild-type mice. However, in vivo, dermal thickness of Hsd11b1−/− mice was not altered in 3-month-old and 1-year-old mouse skin compared with wild-type mouse skin. These in vivo findings suggest the presence of compensatory mechanisms in Hsd11b1−/− mice. Our findings suggest that 11β-HSD1 inhibition may reverse the decreased collagen content observed in intrinsically and extrinsically aged skin and in skin atrophy that is induced by GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mamori Tani
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saori Itoi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Engineering, The Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hamasaki
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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85
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Hardy RS, Raza K, Cooper MS. Glucocorticoid metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1318:18-26. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan S. Hardy
- Rheumatology Research Group; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Karim Raza
- Rheumatology Research Group; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cooper
- ANZAC Research Institute; Concord Repatriation General Hospital; University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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86
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Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear hormone family of transcription factors, plays key physiological roles in many organs, including the skin. In this issue, Latorre et al. demonstrate that mice lacking GR in the epidermis exhibit increased vulnerability to chemical carcinogenesis. Evidence supporting an involvement of GR signaling in physiological and pathophysiological processes in skin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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87
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Kilgour AHM, Gallagher IJ, MacLullich AMJ, Andrew R, Gray CD, Hyde P, Wackerhage H, Husi H, Ross JA, Starr JM, Chapman KE, Fearon KCH, Walker BR, Greig CA. Increased skeletal muscle 11βHSD1 mRNA is associated with lower muscle strength in ageing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84057. [PMID: 24391882 PMCID: PMC3877148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function with age, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms is limited. Glucocorticoids (GC) in excess cause muscle weakness and atrophy. We hypothesized that GC may contribute to sarcopenia through elevated circulating levels or increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling by increased expression of either GR or the GC-amplifying enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in muscle. Methods There were 82 participants; group 1 comprised 33 older men (mean age 70.2years, SD 4.4) and 19 younger men (22.2years, 1.7) and group 2 comprised 16 older men (79.1years, 3.4) and 14 older women (80.1years, 3.7). We measured muscle strength, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, fasting morning plasma cortisol, quadriceps muscle GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA, and urinary glucocorticoid metabolites. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, gender and body size. Results Muscle strength and size were not associated with plasma cortisol, total urinary glucocorticoids or the ratio of urinary 5β-tetrahydrocortisol +5α-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone (an index of systemic 11βHSD activity). Muscle strength was associated with 11βHSD1 mRNA levels (β -0.35, p = 0.04), but GR mRNA levels were not significantly associated with muscle strength or size. Conclusion Although circulating levels of GC are not associated with muscle strength or size in either gender, increased cortisol generation within muscle by 11βHSD1 may contribute to loss of muscle strength with age, a key component of sarcopenia. Inhibition of 11βHSD1 may have therapeutic potential in sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixe H. M. Kilgour
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair M. J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum D. Gray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Hyde
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Husi
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Ross
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth C. H. Fearon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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88
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Staumont-Sallé D. [What's new in dermatological research?]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 140 Suppl 3:S254-62. [PMID: 24365497 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(13)70141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, news from research has clearly shown that dermatology is bound to occupy a more important place in fundamental research. Among these evidences are an increasing number of papers devoted to "Skin" in journals with the highest impact factors and the excellence of the scientific program of the International Investigative Dermatology Meeting held in May in Edinburgh. This paper outlines a selection of scientific works published between September 2012 and August 2013 or presented as communications at the IID Meeting. This selection was made based on the quality of methods used by the authors to obtain results, and on the impact of these scientific results in terms of pathophysiological and therapeutical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Staumont-Sallé
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital Claude-Huriez, CHRU de Lille, France; Université Lille 2, Inserm U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France.
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89
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Itoi S, Terao M, Murota H, Katayama I. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 contributes to the pro-inflammatory response of keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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90
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Seibel MJ, Cooper MS, Zhou H. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: mechanisms, management, and future perspectives. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:59-70. [PMID: 24622268 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for their unsurpassed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids is almost always limited by substantial adverse outcomes such as osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. These unwanted outcomes are a major dilemma for clinicians because improvements in the primary disorder seem to be achievable only by accepting substantial adverse effects that are often difficult to prevent or treat. To understand the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, it is necessary to consider that the actions of glucocorticoids on bone and mineral metabolism are strongly dose and time dependent. At physiological concentrations, endogenous glucocorticoids are key regulators of mesenchymal cell differentiation and bone development, with additional regulatory roles in renal and intestinal calcium handling. However, at supraphysiological concentrations, glucocorticoids affect the same systems in different and often unfavourable ways. For many years, these anabolic and catabolic actions of glucocorticoids on bone were deemed paradoxical. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the physiology and pathophysiology of glucocorticoid action on the skeleton and discuss present and future management strategies for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Seibel
- Bone Research Program, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark S Cooper
- Adrenal Steroid Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Concord Clinical School, Concord Hospital, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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91
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Penno CA, Morgan SA, Vuorinen A, Schuster D, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. Impaired oxidoreduction by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 results in the accumulation of 7-oxolithocholic acid. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2874-83. [PMID: 23933573 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) mediates glucocorticoid activation and is currently considered as therapeutic target to treat metabolic diseases; however, biomarkers to assess its activity in vivo are still lacking. Recent in vitro experiments suggested that human 11β-HSD1 metabolizes the secondary bile acid 7-oxolithocholic acid (7-oxoLCA) to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and minor amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Here, we provide evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a major role of 11β-HSD1 in the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and compare its level and metabolism in several species. Hepatic microsomes from liver-specific 11β-HSD1-deficient mice were devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Importantly, circulating and intrahepatic levels of 7-oxoLCA and its taurine conjugate were significantly elevated in mouse models of 11β-HSD1 deficiency. Moreover, comparative enzymology of 11β-HSD1-dependent oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA revealed that the guinea-pig enzyme is devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Unlike in other species, 7-oxoLCA and its glycine conjugate are major bile acids in guinea-pigs. In conclusion, the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and its conjugated metabolites are catalyzed by 11β-HSD1, and the lack of this activity leads to the accumulation of these bile acids in guinea-pigs and 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. Thus, 7-oxoLCA and its conjugates may serve as biomarkers of impaired 11β-HSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Penno
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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92
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Meyer A, Vuorinen A, Zielinska AE, Strajhar P, Lavery GG, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Formation of threohydrobupropion from bupropion is dependent on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1671-8. [PMID: 23804523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bupropion is widely used for treatment of depression and as a smoking-cessation drug. Despite more than 20 years of therapeutic use, its metabolism is not fully understood. While CYP2B6 is known to form hydroxybupropion, the enzyme(s) generating erythro- and threohydrobupropion have long remained unclear. Previous experiments using microsomal preparations and the nonspecific inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid suggested a role for 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in the formation of both erythro- and threohydrobupropion. 11β-HSD1 catalyzes the conversion of inactive glucocorticoids (cortisone, prednisone) to their active forms (cortisol, prednisolone). Moreover, it accepts several other substrates. Here, we used for the first time recombinant 11β-HSD1 to assess its role in the carbonyl reduction of bupropion. Furthermore, we applied human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes and a selective inhibitor to characterize species-specific differences and to estimate the relative contribution of 11β-HSD1 to bupropion metabolism. The results revealed 11β-HSD1 as the major enzyme responsible for threohydrobupropion formation. The reaction was stereoselective and no erythrohydrobupropion was formed. Human liver microsomes showed 10 and 80 times higher activity than rat and mouse liver microsomes, respectively. The formation of erythrohydrobupropion was not altered in experiments with microsomes from 11β-HSD1-deficient mice or upon incubation with 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, indicating the existence of another carbonyl reductase that generates erythrohydrobupropion. Molecular docking supported the experimental findings and suggested that 11β-HSD1 selectively converts R-bupropion to threohydrobupropion. Enzyme inhibition experiments suggested that exposure to bupropion is not likely to impair 11β-HSD1-dependent glucocorticoid activation but that pharmacological administration of cortisone or prednisone may inhibit 11β-HSD1-dependent bupropion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Meyer
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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