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CX3CR1 Depletion Promotes the Formation of Platelet-Neutrophil Complexes and Aggravates Acute Peritonitis. Shock 2021; 56:287-297. [PMID: 33481549 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritonitis is a life-threatening condition on intensive care units. Inflammatory cytokines and their receptors drive inflammation, cause the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes (PNCs) and therefore the migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) into the inflamed tissue. CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 are expressed in various cells, and promote inflammation. The shedding of CX3CL1 is mediated by a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17. The role of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis in acute peritonitis remains elusive. METHODS In zymosan-induced peritonitis, we determined the formation of PNCs in the blood and the expression of PNC-related molecules on PNCs. PMN migration into the peritoneal lavage was evaluated in wild-type (WT) and CX3CR1-/- animals by flow cytometry. CX3CL1, ADAM17, and the expression of various inflammatory cytokines were detected. Further, we determined the inflammation-associated activation of the intracellular transcription factor extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) by Western blot. RESULTS The PMN accumulation in the peritoneal lavage and the PNC formation in the circulation were significantly raised in CX3CR1-/- compared with WT animals. The expression of PNC-related selectins on PNCs was significantly increased in the blood of CX3CR1-/- animals, as well as cytokine levels. Further, we observed an increased activation of ERK1/2 and elevated ADAM17 expression in CX3CR1-/- during acute inflammation. Selective ERK1/2 inhibition ameliorated inflammation-related increased ADAM17 expression. CONCLUSIONS A CX3CR1 deficiency raised the release of inflammatory cytokines and increased the PNC formation respectively PMN migration via an elevated ERK1/2 activation during acute peritonitis. Further, we observed a link between the ERK1/2 activation and an elevated ADAM17 expression on PNC-related platelets and PMNs during inflammation. Our data thus illustrate a crucial role of CX3CR1 on the formation of PNCs and regulating inflammation in acute peritonitis.
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Ruiz-Rosado JDD, Robledo-Avila F, Cortado H, Rangel-Moreno J, Justice SS, Yang C, Spencer JD, Becknell B, Partida-Sanchez S. Neutrophil-Macrophage Imbalance Drives the Development of Renal Scarring during Experimental Pyelonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:69-85. [PMID: 33148615 PMCID: PMC7894670 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In children, the acute pyelonephritis that can result from urinary tract infections (UTIs), which commonly ascend from the bladder to the kidney, is a growing concern because it poses a risk of renal scarring and irreversible loss of kidney function. To date, the cellular mechanisms underlying acute pyelonephritis-driven renal scarring remain unknown. METHODS We used a preclinical model of uropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced acute pyelonephritis to determine the contribution of neutrophils and monocytes to resolution of the condition and the subsequent development of kidney fibrosis. We used cell-specific monoclonal antibodies to eliminate neutrophils, monocytes, or both. Bacterial ascent and the cell dynamics of phagocytic cells were assessed by biophotonic imaging and flow cytometry, respectively. We used quantitative RT-PCR and histopathologic analyses to evaluate inflammation and renal scarring. RESULTS We found that neutrophils are critical to control bacterial ascent, which is in line with previous studies suggesting a protective role for neutrophils during a UTI, whereas monocyte-derived macrophages orchestrate a strong, but ineffective, inflammatory response against uropathogenic, E. coli-induced, acute pyelonephritis. Experimental neutropenia during acute pyelonephritis resulted in a compensatory increase in the number of monocytes and heightened macrophage-dependent inflammation in the kidney. Exacerbated macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses promoted renal scarring and compromised renal function, as indicated by elevated serum creatinine, BUN, and potassium. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a previously unappreciated outcome for neutrophil-macrophage imbalance in promoting host susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis and the development of permanent renal damage. This suggests targeting dysregulated macrophage responses might be a therapeutic tool to prevent renal scarring during acute pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Frank Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hanna Cortado
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Sheryl S. Justice
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ching Yang
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John David Spencer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Becknell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Santiago Partida-Sanchez
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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Biswas PS. Vaccine-Induced Immunological Memory in Invasive Fungal Infections - A Dream so Close yet so Far. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671068. [PMID: 33968079 PMCID: PMC8096976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of mortality due to infectious disease worldwide. Majority of the IFIs are caused by opportunistic fungi including Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Lack of approved antifungal vaccines and the emergence of antifungal drug-resistant strains pose major constraints in controlling IFIs. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response is required to develop novel fungal vaccines to prevent death from IFIs. In this review, we have discussed the challenges associated with the development of antifungal vaccines. We mentioned how host-pathogen interactions shape immunological memory and development of long-term protective immunity to IFIs. Furthermore, we underscored the contribution of long-lived innate and adaptive memory cells in protection against IFIs and summarized the current vaccine strategies.
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Nguyen NZN, Tran VG, Lee S, Kim M, Kang SW, Kim J, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Cho HR, Kwon B. CCR5-mediated Recruitment of NK Cells to the Kidney Is a Critical Step for Host Defense to Systemic Candida albicans Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e49. [PMID: 33425434 PMCID: PMC7779867 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) regulates the trafficking of various immune cells to sites of infection. In this study, we showed that expression of CCR5 and its ligands was rapidly increased in the kidney after systemic Candida albicans infection, and infected CCR5−/− mice exhibited increased mortality and morbidity, indicating that CCR5 contributes to an effective defense mechanism against systemic C. albicans infection. The susceptibility of CCR5−/− mice to C. albicans infection was due to impaired fungal clearance, which in turn resulted in exacerbated renal inflammation and damage. CCR5-mediated recruitment of NK cells to the kidney in response to C. albicans infection was necessary for the anti-microbial activity of neutrophils, the main fungicidal effector cells. Mechanistically, C. albicans induced expression of IL-23 by CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs). IL-23 in turn augmented the fungicidal activity of neutrophils through GM-CSF production by NK cells. As GM-CSF potentiated production of IL-23 in response to C. albicans, a positive feedback loop formed between NK cells and DCs seemed to function as an amplification point for host defense. Taken together, our results suggest that CCR5-mediated recruitment of NK cells to the site of fungal infection is an important step that underlies innate resistance to systemic C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Z N Nguyen
- BK21 Integrated Immunometabolism Education and Research Team, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Vuvi G Tran
- BK21 Integrated Immunometabolism Education and Research Team, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Saerom Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang W Kang
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Juyang Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hye J Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jong S Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hong R Cho
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- BK21 Integrated Immunometabolism Education and Research Team, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Austermeier S, Kasper L, Westman J, Gresnigt MS. I want to break free – macrophage strategies to recognize and kill Candida albicans, and fungal counter-strategies to escape. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li XN, Zhang LM, Wang YY, Zhang Y, Jin ZH, Li J, Wang RR, Xiao WL. SWL-1 Reverses Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans by Regulating the Glycolytic Pathway. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:572608. [PMID: 33178156 PMCID: PMC7596347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.572608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a ubiquitous clinical fungal pathogen. Prolonged use of the first-line antifungal agent fluconazole (FLC) has intensified fungal resistance and limited its effectiveness for the treatment of fungal infections. The combined administration of drugs has been extensively studied and applied. SWL-1 is a lignin compound derived from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Schisandra chinensis. In this study, we show that SWL-1 reverses resistance to fluconazole in C. albicans when delivered in combination, with a sharp decrease in the IC50 of fluconazole from >200 to 3.74 ± 0.25 μg/ml, and also reverses the fluconazole resistance of C. albicans in vitro, with IC50 from >200 to 5.3 ± 0.3 μg/ml. Moreover, killing kinetics curves confirmed the synergistic effects of fluconazole and SWL-1. Intriguingly, when SWL-1 was administered in combination with fluconazole in a mouse model of systemic infection, the mortality of mice was markedly decreased and fungal colonization of the kidney and lung was reduced. Further mechanistic studies showed that SWL-1 significantly decreased intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and inhibited the function of the efflux pump responsible for fluconazole resistance of C. albicans. Proteomic analysis of the effects of SWL-1 on C. albicans showed that several enzymes were downregulated in the glycolytic pathway. We speculate that SWL-1 significantly decreased intracellular ATP levels by hindering the glycolysis, and the function of the efflux pump responsible for fluconazole resistance of C. albicans was inhibited, resulting in restoration of fluconazole sensitivity in FLC-resistant C. albicans. This study clarified the effects and mechanism of SWL-1 on C. albicans in vitro and in vivo, providing a novel approach to overcoming fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lu-Mei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- College of Oceanology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ze-Hua Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Tanaka Y, Hoshino-Negishi K, Kuboi Y, Tago F, Yasuda N, Imai T. Emerging Role of Fractalkine in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:241-253. [PMID: 33178636 PMCID: PMC7649223 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s277991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects joints and is characterized by synovial hyperplasia and bone erosion associated with neovascularization and infiltration of proinflammatory cells. The introduction of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs has dramatically changed the treatment of RA over the last 20 years. However, fewer than 50% of RA patients enter remission, and 10–15% are treatment refractory. There is currently no cure for RA. Fractalkine (FKN, also known as CX3CL1) is a cell membrane-bound chemokine that can be induced on activated vascular endothelial cells. FKN has dual functions as a cell adhesion molecule and a chemoattractant. FKN binds specifically to the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which is selectively expressed on subsets of immune cells such as patrolling monocytes and killer lymphocytes. The FKN–CX3CR1 axis is thought to play important roles in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade and can contribute to exacerbation of tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, studies in animal models have shown that inhibition of the FKN–CX3CR1 axis not only improves rheumatic diseases but also reduces associated complications, such as pulmonary fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. Recently, a humanized anti-FKN monoclonal antibody, E6011, showed promising efficacy with a dose-dependent clinical response and favorable safety profile in a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with RA (NCT02960438). Taken together, the preclinical and clinical results suggest that E6011 may represent a new therapeutic approach for rheumatic diseases by suppressing a major contributor to inflammation and mitigating concomitant cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases. In this review, we describe the role of the FKN–CX3CR1 axis in rheumatic diseases and the therapeutic potential of anti-FKN monoclonal antibodies to fulfill unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan
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EphA2 Is a Neutrophil Receptor for Candida albicans that Stimulates Antifungal Activity during Oropharyngeal Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 28:423-433.e5. [PMID: 31291578 PMCID: PMC6638578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), Candida albicans proliferates and invades the superficial oral epithelium. Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) functions as an oral epithelial cell β-glucan receptor that triggers the production of proinflammatory mediators in response to fungal infection. Because EphA2 is also expressed by neutrophils, we investigated its role in neutrophil candidacidal activity during OPC. We found that EphA2 on stromal cells is required for the accumulation of phagocytes in the oral mucosa of mice with OPC. EphA2 on neutrophils is also central to host defense against OPC. The interaction of neutrophil EphA2 with serum- opsonized C. albicans yeast activates the MEK-ERK signaling pathway, leading to NADPH subunit p47phox site-specific phospho-priming. This priming increases intracellular reactive oxygen species production and enhances fungal killing. Thus, in neutrophils, EphA2 serves as a receptor for β-glucans that augments Fcγ receptor-mediated antifungal activity and controls early fungal proliferation during OPC. In oral epithelial cells, EphA2 functions as a β-glucan receptor that triggers the production of proinflammatory mediators in response to oropharyngeal candidiasis. Here, Swidergall et al. show that, in neutrophils, EphA2 recognition of β-glucans augments Fcγ receptor-mediated antifungal activity and prevents fungal proliferation during the initiation of oropharyngeal infection.
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Weerasinghe H, Traven A. Immunometabolism in fungal infections: the need to eat to compete. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:32-40. [PMID: 32781324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells, including macrophages and monocytes, remodel their metabolism and have specific nutritional needs when dealing with microbial pathogens. While we are just beginning to understand immunometabolism in fungal infections, emerging themes include recognition of fungal cell surface molecule driving metabolic remodelling to increase glycolysis, the critical role of glycolysis in the production of antifungal cytokines and fungicidal effector molecules, and the need for maintaining host glucose homeostasis to defeat fungal infections. A crosstalk between host and pathogen metabolic pathways determines the fate of immune cells and fungi when they interact. Thus, immunometabolic interactions offer potential for innovation in antifungal treatments in the future. For this to become a reality, we must decipher the mechanisms by which diverse fungal pathogens activate and manipulate immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Weerasinghe
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton (Melbourne), 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton (Melbourne), 3800 Victoria, Australia.
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König A, Hube B, Kasper L. The Dual Function of the Fungal Toxin Candidalysin during Candida albicans-Macrophage Interaction and Virulence. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080469. [PMID: 32722029 PMCID: PMC7471981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is both a harmless commensal organism on mucosal surfaces and an opportunistic pathogen. Under certain predisposing conditions, the fungus can overgrow the mucosal microbiome and cause both superficial and life-threatening systemic infections after gaining access to the bloodstream. As the first line of defense of the innate immune response, infecting C. albicans cells face macrophages, which mediate the clearance of invading fungi by intracellular killing. However, the fungus has evolved sophisticated strategies to counteract macrophage antimicrobial activities and thus evade immune surveillance. The cytolytic peptide toxin, candidalysin, contributes to this fungal defense machinery by damaging immune cell membranes, providing an escape route from the hostile phagosome environment. Nevertheless, candidalysin also induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to an increased host-protective pro-inflammatory response in mononuclear phagocytes. Therefore, candidalysin facilitates immune evasion by acting as a classical virulence factor but also contributes to an antifungal immune response, serving as an avirulence factor. In this review, we discuss the role of candidalysin during C. albicans infections, focusing on its implications during C. albicans-macrophage interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika König
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (L.K.)
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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Muraoka S, Nishio J, Kuboi Y, Imai T, Nanki T. Rationale for and clinical development of anti-fractalkine antibody in rheumatic diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1309-1319. [PMID: 32401060 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1764931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are inflammatory diseases that damage target organs via multiple subsets of immune cells. Fractalkine (FKN) acts as chemoattractant as well as adhesion molecule. It contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases through multiple mechanisms: the migration of monocytes and cytotoxic effector T cells, the proliferation and activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. FKN has potential as a new therapeutic target, and clinical trials on anti-FKN monoclonal antibodies for RA are ongoing. FKN-targeted therapy has been developed and a humanized anti-FKN monoclonal antibody is currently being tested in phase 2 clinical trials. Areas covered: This review summarizes accumulated evidence on the involvement of FKN in RA and other rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, inflammatory myositis, Sjögren's syndrome (SS), osteoarthritis, and systemic vasculitis. Expert opinion: A phase 1/2a clinical trial on anti-FKN demonstrated its safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy. Anti-FKN therapy has potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis and interstitial lung diseases associated with RA. Based on recent findings, other rheumatic diseases, including SLE, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and SS, may also be treated using anti-FKN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Muraoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Nishio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology and Immunoregulation, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshihiro Nanki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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Liu F, Dai S, Feng D, Qin Z, Peng X, Sakamuri SSVP, Ren M, Huang L, Cheng M, Mohammad KE, Qu P, Chen Y, Zhao C, Zhu F, Liang S, Aktas BH, Yang X, Wang H, Katakam PVG, Busija DW, Fischer T, Datta PK, Rappaport J, Gao B, Qin X. Distinct fate, dynamics and niches of renal macrophages of bone marrow or embryonic origins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2280. [PMID: 32385245 PMCID: PMC7210253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal macrophages (RMs) participate in tissue homeostasis, inflammation and repair. RMs consist of embryo-derived (EMRMs) and bone marrow-derived RMs (BMRMs), but the fate, dynamics, replenishment, functions and metabolic states of these two RM populations remain unclear. Here we investigate and characterize RMs at different ages by conditionally labeling and ablating RMs populations in several transgenic lines. We find that RMs expand and mature in parallel with renal growth after birth, and are mainly derived from fetal liver monocytes before birth, but self-maintain through adulthood with contribution from peripheral monocytes. Moreover, after the RMs niche is emptied, peripheral monocytes rapidly differentiate into BMRMs, with the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 signaling axis being essential for the maintenance and regeneration of both EMRMs and BMRMs. Lastly, we show that EMRMs have a higher capacity for scavenging immune complex, and are more sensitive to immune challenge than BMRMs, with this difference associated with their distinct glycolytic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhongnan Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Xiao Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mi Ren
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kabir E Mohammad
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ping Qu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shujian Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bertal H Aktas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kidney dendritic cells: fundamental biology and functional roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:391-407. [PMID: 32372062 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are chief inducers of adaptive immunity and regulate local inflammatory responses across the body. Together with macrophages, the other main type of mononuclear phagocyte, DCs constitute the most abundant component of the intrarenal immune system. This network of functionally specialized immune cells constantly surveys its microenvironment for signs of injury or infection, which trigger the initiation of an immune response. In the healthy kidney, DCs coordinate effective immune responses, for example, by recruiting neutrophils for bacterial clearance in pyelonephritis. The pro-inflammatory actions of DCs can, however, also contribute to tissue damage in various types of acute kidney injury and chronic glomerulonephritis, as DCs recruit and activate effector T cells, which release toxic mediators and maintain tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates. These actions are counterbalanced by DC subsets that promote the activation and maintenance of regulatory T cells to support resolution of the immune response and allow kidney repair. Several studies have investigated the multiple roles for DCs in kidney homeostasis and disease, but it has become clear that current tools and subset markers are not sufficient to accurately distinguish DCs from macrophages. Multidimensional transcriptomic analysis studies promise to improve mononuclear phagocyte classification and provide a clearer view of DC ontogeny and subsets.
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65
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Yamanaka D, Takatsu K, Kimura M, Swamydas M, Ohnishi H, Umeyama T, Oyama F, Lionakis MS, Ohno N. Development of a novel β-1,6-glucan-specific detection system using functionally-modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5362-5376. [PMID: 32132174 PMCID: PMC7170528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,3-d-Glucan is a ubiquitous glucose polymer produced by plants, bacteria, and most fungi. It has been used as a diagnostic tool in patients with invasive mycoses via a highly-sensitive reagent consisting of the blood coagulation system of horseshoe crab. However, no method is currently available for measuring β-1,6-glucan, another primary β-glucan structure of fungal polysaccharides. Herein, we describe the development of an economical and highly-sensitive and specific assay for β-1,6-glucan using a modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase having diminished glucan hydrolase activity. The purified β-1,6-glucanase derivative bound to the β-1,6-glucan pustulan with a KD of 16.4 nm We validated the specificity of this β-1,6-glucan probe by demonstrating its ability to detect cell wall β-1,6-glucan from both yeast and hyphal forms of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, without any detectable binding to glucan lacking the long β-1,6-glucan branch. We developed a sandwich ELISA-like assay with a low limit of quantification for pustulan (1.5 pg/ml), and we successfully employed this assay in the quantification of extracellular β-1,6-glucan released by >250 patient-derived strains of different Candida species (including Candida auris) in culture supernatant in vitro We also used this assay to measure β-1,6-glucan in vivo in the serum and in several organs in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Our work describes a reliable method for β-1,6-glucan detection, which may prove useful for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Kazushiro Takatsu
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC2), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hiroaki Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Umeyama
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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66
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Polymorphisms within the ARNT2 and CX3CR1 Genes Are Associated with the Risk of Developing Invasive Aspergillosis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00882-19. [PMID: 31964743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection that affects an increasing number of patients undergoing chemotherapy or allo-transplantation, and recent studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility. In this two-stage, population-based, case-control study, we evaluated whether 7 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ARNT2 and CX3CR1 genes influence the risk of IA in high-risk hematological patients. We genotyped selected SNPs in a cohort of 500 hematological patients (103 of those had been diagnosed with proven or probable IA), and we evaluated their association with the risk of developing IA. The association of the most interesting markers of IA risk was then validated in a replication population, including 474 subjects (94 IA and 380 non-IA patients). Functional experiments were also performed to confirm the biological relevance of the most interesting markers. The meta-analysis of both populations showed that carriers of the ARNT2 rs1374213G, CX3CR1 rs7631529A, and CX3CR1 rs9823718G alleles (where the RefSeq identifier appears as a subscript) had a significantly increased risk of developing IA according to a log-additive model (P value from the meta-analysis [P Meta] = 9.8 · 10-5, P Meta = 1.5 · 10-4, and P Meta =7.9 · 10-5, respectively). Haplotype analysis also confirmed the association of the CX3CR1 haplotype with AG CGG with an increased risk of IA (P = 4.0 · 10-4). Mechanistically, we observed that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from subjects carrying the ARNTR2 rs1374213G allele or the GG genotype showed a significantly impaired fungicidal activity but that MDM from carriers of the ARNT2 rs1374213G and CX3CR1 rs9823718G or CX3CR1 rs7631529A alleles had deregulated immune responses to Aspergillus conidia. These results, together with those from expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data browsers showing a strong correlation of the CX3CR1 rs9823718G allele with lower levels of CX3CR1 mRNA in whole peripheral blood (P = 2.46 · 10-7) and primary monocytes (P = 4.31 · 10-7), highlight the role of the ARNT2 and CX3CR1 loci in modulating and predicting IA risk and provide new insights into the host immune mechanisms involved in IA development.
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67
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Nguyen WNT, Jacobsen EA, Finney CAM, Colarusso P, Patel KD. Intravital imaging of eosinophils: Unwrapping the enigma. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:83-91. [PMID: 32170880 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hr0220-396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are traditionally associated with allergic and parasitic inflammation. More recently, eosinophils have also been shown to have roles in diverse processes including development, intestinal health, thymic selection, and B-cell survival with the majority of these insights being derived from murine models and in vitro assays. Despite this, tools to measure the dynamic activity of eosinophils in situ have been lacking. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that enables direct visualization of leukocytes and their dynamic behavior in real-time in a wide range of processes in both health and disease. Until recently eosinophil researchers have not been able to take full advantage of this technology due to a lack of tools such as genetically encoded reporter mice. This mini-review examines the history of intravital microscopy with a focus on eosinophils. The development and use of eosinophil-specific Cre (EoCre) mice to create GFP and tdTomato fluorescent reporter animals is also described. Genetically encoded eosinophil reporter mice combined with intravital microscopy provide a powerful tool to add to the toolbox of technologies that will help us unravel the mysteries still surrounding this cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N T Nguyen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Constance A M Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kamala D Patel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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68
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Singh DK, Tóth R, Gácser A. Mechanisms of Pathogenic Candida Species to Evade the Host Complement Attack. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:94. [PMID: 32232011 PMCID: PMC7082757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are common colonizers of the human skin, vagina, and the gut. As human commensals, Candida species do not cause any notable damage in healthy individuals; however, in certain conditions they can initiate a wide range of diseases such as chronic disseminated candidiasis, endocarditis, vaginitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis. The incidence of Candida caused infections has increased worldwide, with mortality rates exceeding 70% in certain patient populations. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are responsible for more than 90% of Candida-related infections. Interestingly, the host immune response against these closely related fungi varies. As part of the innate immune system, complement proteins play a crucial role in host defense, protecting the host by lysing pathogens or by increasing their phagocytosis by phagocytes through opsonization. This review summarizes interactions of host complement proteins with pathogenic Candida species, including C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species such as C. parapsilosis. We will also highlight the various ways of complement activation, describe the antifungal effects of complement cascades and explore the mechanisms adopted by members of pathogenic Candida species for evading complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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69
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Merkhofer RM, Klein BS. Advances in Understanding Human Genetic Variations That Influence Innate Immunity to Fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:69. [PMID: 32185141 PMCID: PMC7058545 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous. Yet, despite our frequent exposure to commensal fungi of the normal mammalian microbiota and environmental fungi, serious, systemic fungal infections are rare in the general population. Few, if any, fungi are obligate pathogens that rely on infection of mammalian hosts to complete their lifecycle; however, many fungal species are able to cause disease under select conditions. The distinction between fungal saprophyte, commensal, and pathogen is artificial and heavily determined by the ability of an individual host's immune system to limit infection. Dramatic examples of commensal fungi acting as opportunistic pathogens are seen in hosts that are immune compromised due to congenital or acquired immune deficiency. Genetic variants that lead to immunological susceptibility to fungi have long been sought and recognized. Decreased myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils was first reported as a mechanism for susceptibility to Candida infection in 1969. The ability to detect genetic variants and mutations that lead to rare or subtle susceptibilities has improved with techniques such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays, whole exome sequencing (WES), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Still, these approaches have been limited by logistical considerations and cost, and they have been applied primarily to Mendelian impairments in anti-fungal responses. For example, loss-of-function mutations in CARD9 were discovered by studying an extended family with a history of fungal infection. While discovery of such mutations furthers the understanding of human antifungal immunity, major Mendelian susceptibility loci are unlikely to explain genetic disparities in the rate or severity of fungal infection on the population level. Recent work using unbiased techniques has revealed, for example, polygenic mechanisms contributing to candidiasis. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of susceptibility to fungal infections will be a powerful tool in the age of personalized medicine. Future application of this knowledge may enable targeted health interventions for susceptible individuals, and guide clinical decision making based on a patient's individual susceptibility profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Merkhofer
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bruce S Klein
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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70
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Salei N, Rambichler S, Salvermoser J, Papaioannou NE, Schuchert R, Pakalniškytė D, Li N, Marschner JA, Lichtnekert J, Stremmel C, Cernilogar FM, Salvermoser M, Walzog B, Straub T, Schotta G, Anders HJ, Schulz C, Schraml BU. The Kidney Contains Ontogenetically Distinct Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subtypes throughout Development That Differ in Their Inflammatory Properties. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:257-278. [PMID: 31932472 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), are phagocytic cells with important roles in immunity. The developmental origin of kidney DCs has been highly debated because of the large phenotypic overlap between macrophages and DCs in this tissue. METHODS We used fate mapping, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and histo-cytometry to assess the origin and phenotypic and functional properties of renal DCs in healthy kidney and of DCs after cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced kidney injury. RESULTS Adult kidney contains at least four subsets of MPs with prominent Clec9a-expression history indicating a DC origin. We demonstrate that these populations are phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptionally distinct from each other. We also show these kidney MPs exhibit unique age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. Kidneys from newborn mice contain a prominent population of embryonic-derived MHCIInegF4/80hiCD11blow macrophages that express T cell Ig and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) and MER receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK). These macrophages are replaced within a few weeks after birth by phenotypically similar cells that express MHCII but lack TIM-4 and MERTK. MHCII+F4/80hi cells exhibit prominent Clec9a-expression history in adulthood but not early life, indicating additional age-dependent developmental heterogeneity. In AKI, MHCIInegF4/80hi cells reappear in adult kidneys as a result of MHCII downregulation by resident MHCII+F4/80hi cells, possibly in response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). RNA sequencing further suggests MHCII+F4/80hi cells help coordinate the recruitment of inflammatory cells during renal injury. CONCLUSIONS Distinct developmental programs contribute to renal DC and macrophage populations throughout life, which could have important implications for therapies targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Salei
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Stephan Rambichler
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Johanna Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Nikos E Papaioannou
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Ronja Schuchert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Dalia Pakalniškytė
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Na Li
- Division of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shen Zhen, China.,Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Stremmel
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | | | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I and.,DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung [German Center for Cardiovascular Research]), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Munich, .,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
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71
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Nur S, Sparber F, Lemberg C, Guiducci E, Schweizer TA, Zwicky P, Becher B, LeibundGut-Landmann S. IL-23 supports host defense against systemic Candida albicans infection by ensuring myeloid cell survival. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008115. [PMID: 31887131 PMCID: PMC6957211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans can cause invasive infections in susceptible hosts and the innate immune system, in particular myeloid cell-mediated immunity, is critical for rapid immune protection and host survival during systemic candidiasis. Using a mouse model of the human disease, we identified a novel role of IL-23 in antifungal defense. IL-23-deficient mice are highly susceptible to systemic infection with C. albicans. We found that this results from a drastic reduction in all subsets of myeloid cells in the infected kidney, which in turn leads to rapid fungal overgrowth and renal tissue injury. The loss in myeloid cells is not due to a defect in emergency myelopoiesis or the recruitment of newly generated cells to the site of infection but, rather, is a consequence of impaired survival of myeloid cells at the site of infection. In fact, the absence of a functional IL-23 pathway causes massive myeloid cell apoptosis upon C. albicans infection. Importantly, IL-23 protects myeloid cells from apoptosis independently of the IL-23-IL-17 immune axis and independently of lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells. Instead, our results suggest that IL-23 acts in a partially autocrine but not cell-intrinsic manner within the myeloid compartment to promote host protection from systemic candidiasis. Collectively, our data highlight an unprecedented and non-canonical role of IL-23 in securing survival of myeloid cells, which is key for maintaining sufficient numbers of cells at the site of infection to ensure efficient host protection. Linked to advances in medical technology and the resulting increase in the number of intensive care patients, nosocomial infections with Candida albicans are on the rise. In patients suffering from invasive candidiasis the innate immune response is typically severely impaired. Strengthening the innate immune system has become a promising approach complementing the use of antifungal drugs. Our findings identify an unexpected and IL-17-independent role of IL-23 that prevents rapid death of myeloid cells during systemic candidiasis and thereby promotes optimal protection from disease. As such, IL-23 represents an important new piece in the puzzle of the finely tuned network of cytokines that regulates the innate immune response to fungal infection. Our results contribute to a better understanding of myeloid cell regulation during infection and thereby open new perspectives for future immunotherapeutic applications that may improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Nur
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Sparber
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Guiducci
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano A. Schweizer
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1105-1119. [PMID: 31786023 PMCID: PMC7106516 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of mankind has constantly been influenced by the pathogens encountered. The various populations of modern humans that ventured out of Africa adapted to different environments and faced a large variety of infectious agents, resulting in local adaptations of the immune system for these populations. The functional variation of immune genes as a result of evolution is relevant in the responses against infection, as well as in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations. Understanding how host-pathogen interactions have influenced the human immune system from an evolutionary perspective might contribute to unveiling the causes behind different immune-mediated disorders and promote the development of new strategies to detect and control such diseases.
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Abstract
Purpose of review Fungal infections cause significant mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiencies including AIDS, hematological malignancies, transplantation, and receipt of corticosteroids, biologics or small-molecule kinase inhibitors that impair key immune pathways. The contribution of several such pathways in antifungal immunity has been uncovered by inherited immunodeficiencies featuring profound fungal susceptibility. Furthermore, the risk of fungal infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiencies may be modulated by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune-related genes. This review outlines key features underlying human genetic fungal predisposition. Recent findings The discovery of monogenic disorders that cause fungal disease and the characterization of immune-related gene SNPs that may regulate fungal susceptibility have provided important insights into how genetic variation affects development and outcome of fungal infections in humans. Summary Recognition of individualized genetic fungal susceptibility traits in humans should help devise precision-medicine strategies for risk assessment, prognostication and treatment of patients with opportunistic fungal infections.
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74
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Li XV, Leonardi I, Iliev ID. Gut Mycobiota in Immunity and Inflammatory Disease. Immunity 2019; 50:1365-1379. [PMID: 31216461 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by a wealth of microorganisms-including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi-that are all integrated into a functional trans-kingdom community. Characterization of the composition of the fungal community-the mycobiota-has advanced further than the much-needed mechanistic studies. Recent findings have revealed roles for the gut mycobiota in the regulation of host immunity and in the development and progression of human diseases of inflammatory origin. We review these findings here while placing them in the context of the current understanding of the pathways and cellular networks that induce local and systemic immune responses to fungi in the gastrointestinal tract. We discuss gaps in knowledge and argue for the importance of considering bacteria-fungal interactions as we aim to define the roles of mycobiota in immune homeostasis and immune-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin V Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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75
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Domínguez‐Andrés J, Ferreira AV, Jansen T, Smithers N, Prinjha RK, Furze RC, Netea MG. Bromodomain inhibitor I-BET151 suppresses immune responses during fungal-immune interaction. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:2044-2050. [PMID: 31206650 PMCID: PMC6899658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the epigenetic landscape of immune cells are a crucial component of gene activation during the induction of inflammatory responses, therefore it has been hypothesized that epigenetic modulation could be employed to restore homeostasis in inflammatory scenarios. Fungal pathogens cause a large burden of morbidity and even mortality due to the hyperinflammatory processes that induce mucosal, allergic or systemic infections. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are considered as one as the most tantalizing pharmacological targets for the modulation of inflammatory responses at the epigenetic level. Nothing is known of the role of BET inhibitors on the inflammation induced by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of the small molecular histone mimic BET inhibitor I-BET151 to modulate innate immune responses during fungal-immune interaction with the clinically relevant fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Our results prove that BET inhibitors (I-BETs) represent an important modulator of inflammation induced by fungal pathogens: both direct production of proinflammatory cytokines and the induction of trained immunity were inhibited by I-BET151. These modulatory effects are likely to have important potential implications in clinically relevant situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Domínguez‐Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI)Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre6500HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Anaísa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI)Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre6500HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Universidade do Porto4050‐313PortoPortugal
| | - Trees Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI)Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre6500HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Smithers
- Epigenetics DPU, Immuno‐Inflammation Therapy AreaGlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research CentreStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- Epigenetics DPU, Immuno‐Inflammation Therapy AreaGlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research CentreStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Rebecca C. Furze
- Epigenetics DPU, Immuno‐Inflammation Therapy AreaGlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research CentreStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI)Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre6500HBNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of Bonn53115BonnGermany
- Human Genomics LaboratoryCraiova University of Medicine and PharmacyCraiovaRomania
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76
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Gadjeva M. Microglia and Neutrophils to the Rescue. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:555-556. [PMID: 31133466 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is a medical condition that is challenging to treat. A recent study (Drummond et al.Nat. Immunol. 2019;20:559-570) reveals new insights into the role of microglia and neutrophils in limiting fungal dissemination to the mouse brain. Gaining knowledge into tissue-specific protection mechanisms may ensure improved prognosis and disease management against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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77
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Intravital Imaging Reveals Divergent Cytokine and Cellular Immune Responses to Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00266-19. [PMID: 31088918 PMCID: PMC6520444 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00266-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern medicine, physicians are frequently forced to balance immune suppression against immune stimulation to treat patients such as those undergoing transplants and chemotherapy. More-targeted therapies designed to preserve immunity and prevent opportunistic fungal infection in these patients could be informed by an understanding of how fungi interact with professional and nonprofessional immune cells in mucosal candidiasis. In this study, we intravitally imaged these host-pathogen dynamics during Candida infection in a transparent vertebrate model host, the zebrafish. Single-cell imaging revealed an unexpected partitioning of the inflammatory response between phagocytes and epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that in vivo cytokine profiles more closely match in vitro responses of epithelial cells rather than phagocytes. Furthermore, we identified a disconnect between canonical inflammatory cytokine production and phagocyte recruitment to the site of infection, implicating noncytokine chemoattractants. Our study contributes to a new appreciation for the specialization and cross talk among cell types during mucosal infection. Candida yeasts are common commensals that can cause mucosal disease and life-threatening systemic infections. While many of the components required for defense against Candida albicans infection are well established, questions remain about how various host cells at mucosal sites assess threats and coordinate defenses to prevent normally commensal organisms from becoming pathogenic. Using two Candida species, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, which differ in their abilities to damage epithelial tissues, we used traditional methods (pathogen CFU, host survival, and host cytokine expression) combined with high-resolution intravital imaging of transparent zebrafish larvae to illuminate host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level in the complex environment of a mucosal infection. In zebrafish, C. albicans grows as both yeast and epithelium-damaging filaments, activates the NF-κB pathway, evokes proinflammatory cytokines, and causes the recruitment of phagocytic immune cells. On the other hand, C. parapsilosis remains in yeast morphology and elicits the recruitment of phagocytes without inducing inflammation. High-resolution mapping of phagocyte-Candida interactions at the infection site revealed that neutrophils and macrophages attack both Candida species, regardless of the cytokine environment. Time-lapse monitoring of single-cell gene expression in transgenic reporter zebrafish revealed a partitioning of the immune response during C. albicans infection: the transcription factor NF-κB is activated largely in cells of the swimbladder epithelium, while the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is expressed in motile cells, mainly macrophages. Our results point to different host strategies for combatting pathogenic Candida species and separate signaling roles for host cell types.
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78
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Mondor I, Baratin M, Lagueyrie M, Saro L, Henri S, Gentek R, Suerinck D, Kastenmuller W, Jiang JX, Bajénoff M. Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Are Essential Components of the Subcapsular Sinus Macrophage Niche. Immunity 2019; 50:1453-1466.e4. [PMID: 31053503 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In lymph nodes, subcapsular sinus macrophages (SSMs) form an immunological barrier that monitors lymph drained from peripheral tissues. Upon infection, SSMs activate B and natural killer T (NKT) cells while secreting inflammatory mediators. Here, we investigated the mechanisms regulating development and homeostasis of SSMs. Embryonic SSMs originated from yolk sac hematopoiesis and were replaced by a postnatal wave of bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes that proliferated to establish the adult SSM network. The SSM network self-maintained by proliferation with minimal BM contribution. Upon pathogen-induced transient deletion, BM-derived cells contributed to restoring the SSM network. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were the main source of CSF-1 within the lymph node and conditional deletion of Csf1 in adult LECs decreased the network of SSMs and medullary sinus macrophages (MSMs). Thus, SSMs have a dual hematopoietic origin, and LECs are essential to the niche supporting these macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Baratin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Lisa Saro
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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79
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Jia D, Jiang H, Weng X, Wu J, Bai P, Yang W, Wang Z, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. Interleukin-35 Promotes Macrophage Survival and Improves Wound Healing After Myocardial Infarction in Mice. Circ Res 2019; 124:1323-1336. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daile Jia
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Hao Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xinyu Weng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.W., Z.W., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Jian Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.W., Z.W., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China (P.B.)
| | - Wenlong Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Zeng Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.W., Z.W., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Kai Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Aijun Sun
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.W., Z.W., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Junbo Ge
- From the Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China (D.J., H.J., X.W., J.W., W.Y., Z.W., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.W., Z.W., A.S., J.G.)
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80
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Muñoz JF, Delorey T, Ford CB, Li BY, Thompson DA, Rao RP, Cuomo CA. Coordinated host-pathogen transcriptional dynamics revealed using sorted subpopulations and single macrophages infected with Candida albicans. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1607. [PMID: 30962448 PMCID: PMC6453965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of fungal infections depends on interactions with innate immune cells. Within a population of macrophages encountering Candida albicans, there are distinct host-pathogen trajectories; however, little is known about the molecular heterogeneity that governs these fates. Here we developed an experimental system to separate interaction stages and single macrophage cells infected with C. albicans from uninfected cells and assessed transcriptional variability in the host and fungus. Macrophages displayed an initial up-regulation of pathways involved in phagocytosis and proinflammatory response after C. albicans exposure that declined during later time points. Phagocytosed C. albicans shifted expression programs to survive the nutrient poor phagosome and remodeled the cell wall. The transcriptomes of single infected macrophages and phagocytosed C. albicans displayed a tightly coordinated shift in gene expression co-stages and revealed expression bimodality and differential splicing that may drive infection outcome. This work establishes an approach for studying host-pathogen trajectories to resolve heterogeneity in dynamic populations. The outcomes of the interactions between individual host cells and pathogens are heterogeneous. Here, the authors assess transcriptional variability in both host and pathogen during infection of macrophages with the fungus Candida albicans, using sorted subpopulations and single macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Toni Delorey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | | | - Bi Yu Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Dawn A Thompson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Reeta P Rao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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81
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Shimamura S, Miyazaki T, Tashiro M, Takazono T, Saijo T, Yamamoto K, Imamura Y, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Kohno S, Mukae H. Autophagy-Inducing Factor Atg1 Is Required for Virulence in the Pathogenic Fungus Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:27. [PMID: 30761093 PMCID: PMC6362428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is one of the leading causes of candidiasis and serious invasive infections in hosts with weakened immune systems. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that resides in healthy hosts. Little is known about the mechanisms of C. glabrata virulence. Autophagy is a ‘self-eating’ process developed in eukaryotes to recycle molecules for adaptation to various environments. Autophagy is speculated to play a role in pathogen virulence by supplying sources of essential proteins for survival in severe host environments. Here, we investigated the effects of defective autophagy on C. glabrata virulence. Autophagy was induced by nitrogen starvation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in C. glabrata. A mutant strain lacking CgAtg1, an autophagy-inducing factor, was generated and confirmed to be deficient for autophagy. The Cgatg1Δ strain was sensitive to nitrogen starvation and H2O2, died rapidly in water without any nutrients, and showed high intracellular ROS levels compared with the wild-type strain and the CgATG1-reconstituted strain in vitro. Upon infecting mouse peritoneal macrophages, the Cgatg1Δ strain showed higher mortality from phagocytosis by macrophages. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed using two mouse models of disseminated candidiasis and intra-abdominal candidiasis. The Cgatg1Δ strain showed significantly decreased CFUs in the organs of the two mouse models. These results suggest that autophagy contributes to C. glabrata virulence by conferring resistance to unstable nutrient environments and immune defense of hosts, and that Atg1 is a novel fitness factor in Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shimamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Imamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kohno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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82
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Kinney JW, Bemiller SM, Murtishaw AS, Leisgang AM, Salazar AM, Lamb BT. Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2018; 4:575-590. [PMID: 30406177 PMCID: PMC6214864 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1171] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by cognitive decline and the presence of two core pathologies, amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Over the last decade, the presence of a sustained immune response in the brain has emerged as a third core pathology in AD. The sustained activation of the brain's resident macrophages (microglia) and other immune cells has been demonstrated to exacerbate both amyloid and tau pathology and may serve as a link in the pathogenesis of the disorder. In the following review, we provide an overview of inflammation in AD and a detailed coverage of a number of microglia-related signaling mechanisms that have been implicated in AD. Additional information on microglia signaling and a number of cytokines in AD are also reviewed. We also review the potential connection of risk factors for AD and how they may be related to inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson W. Kinney
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Shane M. Bemiller
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Murtishaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Amanda M. Leisgang
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Arnold M. Salazar
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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83
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López-Muñoz A, Nicolás FE, García-Moreno D, Pérez-Oliva AB, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Hernández-Oñate MA, Herrera-Estrella A, Torres-Martínez S, Ruiz-Vázquez RM, Garre V, Mulero V. An Adult Zebrafish Model Reveals that Mucormycosis Induces Apoptosis of Infected Macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12802. [PMID: 30143654 PMCID: PMC6109148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by various ubiquitous filamentous fungi of the Mucorales order, although Rhizopus spp. and Mucor spp. are the most prevalent causal agents. The limited therapeutic options available together with a rapid progression of the infection and a difficult early diagnosis produce high mortality. Here, we developed an adult zebrafish model of Mucor circinelloides infection which allowed us to confirm the link between sporangiospore size and virulence. Transcriptomic studies revealed a local, strong inflammatory response of the host elicited after sporangiospore germination and mycelial tissue invasion, while avirulent and UV-killed sporangiospores failed to induce inflammation and were rapidly cleared. Of the 857 genes modulated by the infection, those encoding cytokines, complement factors, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, and iron acquisition are particularly interesting. Furthermore, neutrophils and macrophages were similarly recruited independently of sporangiospore virulence and viability, which results in a robust depletion of both cell types in the hematopoietic compartment. Strikingly, our model also reveals for the first time the ability of mucormycosis to induce the apoptosis of recruited macrophages but not neutrophils. The induction of macrophage apoptosis, therefore, might represent a key virulence mechanism of these fungal pathogens, providing novel targets for therapeutic intervention in this lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena López-Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco E Nicolás
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana B Pérez-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María I Navarro-Mendoza
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Santiago Torres-Martínez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa M Ruiz-Vázquez
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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84
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A Genome-Wide Screen of Deletion Mutants in the Filamentous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Background Identifies Ergosterol as a Direct Trigger of Macrophage Pyroptosis. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01204-18. [PMID: 30065091 PMCID: PMC6069111 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01204-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells such as macrophages play an important role in the host defense mechanisms mounted in response to the common human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In vitro, C. albicans triggers macrophage NLRP3-Casp1/11-mediated pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death pathway. Here, we provide evidence that Casp1/11-dependent pyroptosis occurs in the kidney of infected mice during the early stages of infection. We have also used a genome-wide screen of nonessential Σ1278b Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes to identify genes required for yeast-triggered macrophage pyroptosis. The set of genes identified by this screen was enriched for those with functions in lipid and sterol homeostasis and trafficking. These observations led us to discover that cell surface localization and/or total levels of ergosterol correlate with the ability of S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans to trigger pyroptosis. Since the mammalian sterol cholesterol triggers NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, we hypothesized that ergosterol may also do so. Consistent with that hypothesis, ergosterol-containing liposomes but not ergosterol-free liposomes induce pyroptosis. Cell wall mannoproteins directly bind ergosterol, and we found that Dan1, an ergosterol receptor mannoprotein, as well as specific mannosyltransferases, is required for pyroptosis, suggesting that cell wall-associated ergosterol may mediate the process. Taken together, these data indicate that ergosterol, like mammalian cholesterol, plays a direct role in yeast-mediated pyroptosis. Innate immune cells such as macrophages are key components of the host response to the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Macrophages undergo pyroptosis, an inflammatory, programmed cell death, in response to some species of pathogenic yeast. Prior to the work described in this report, yeast-triggered pyroptosis has been observed only in vitro; here, we show that pyroptosis occurs in the initial stages of murine kidney infection, suggesting that it plays an important role in the initial response of the innate immune system to invasive yeast infection. We also show that a key component of the fungal plasma membrane, ergosterol, directly triggers pyroptosis. Ergosterol is also present in the fungal cell wall, most likely associated with mannoproteins, and is increased in hyphal cells compared to yeast cells. Our data indicate that specific mannoproteins are required for pyroptosis. This is consistent with a potential mechanism whereby ergosterol present in the outer mannoprotein layer of the cell wall is accessible to the macrophage-mediated process. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that ergosterol plays a direct role in the host-pathogen interactions of fungi.
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85
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Phagocytes from Mice Lacking the Sts Phosphatases Have an Enhanced Antifungal Response to Candida albicans. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00782-18. [PMID: 30018105 PMCID: PMC6050958 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00782-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking expression of the homologous phosphatases Sts-1 and Sts-2 (Sts−/− mice) are resistant to disseminated candidiasis caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. To better understand the immunological mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance of Sts−/− mice, we examined the kinetics of fungal clearance at early time points. In contrast to the rapid C. albicans growth seen in normal kidneys during the first 24 h postinfection, we observed a reduction in kidney fungal CFU within Sts−/− mice beginning at 12 to 18 h postinfection. This corresponds to the time period when large numbers of innate leukocytes enter the renal environment to counter the infection. Because phagocytes of the innate immune system are important for host protection against pathogenic fungi, we evaluated responses of bone marrow leukocytes. Relative to wild-type cells, Sts−/− marrow monocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) displayed a heightened ability to inhibit C. albicans growth ex vivo. This correlated with significantly enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Sts−/− BMDCs downstream of Dectin-1, a C-type lectin receptor that plays a critical role in stimulating host responses to fungi. We observed no visible differences in the responses of other antifungal effector pathways, including cytokine production and inflammasome activation, despite enhanced activation of the Syk tyrosine kinase downstream of Dectin-1 in Sts−/− cells. Our results highlight a novel mechanism regulating the immune response to fungal infections. Further understanding of this regulatory pathway could aid the development of therapeutic approaches to enhance protection against invasive candidiasis. Systemic candidiasis caused by fungal Candida species is becoming an increasingly serious medical problem for which current treatment is inadequate. Recently, the Sts phosphatases were established as key regulators of the host antifungal immune response. In particular, genetic inactivation of Sts significantly enhanced survival of mice infected intravenously with Candida albicans. The Sts−/−in vivo resistance phenotype is associated with reduced fungal burden and an absence of inflammatory lesions. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied phagocyte responses. Here, we demonstrate that Sts−/− phagocytes have heightened responsiveness to C. albicans challenge relative to wild-type cells. Our data indicate the Sts proteins negatively regulate phagocyte activation via regulating selective elements of the Dectin-1–Syk tyrosine kinase signaling axis. These results suggest that phagocytes lacking Sts respond to fungal challenge more effectively and that this enhanced responsiveness partially underlies the profound resistance of Sts−/− mice to systemic fungal challenge.
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86
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Sakai M, Takeuchi H, Yu Z, Kikuchi Y, Ono C, Takahashi Y, Ito F, Matsuoka H, Tanabe O, Yasuda J, Taki Y, Kawashima R, Tomita H. Polymorphisms in the microglial marker molecule CX3CR1 affect the blood volume of the human brain. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:409-422. [PMID: 29485193 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM CX3CR1, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is involved in various inflammatory processes. Two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, V249I (rs3732379) and T280M (rs3732378), are located in the sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the CX3CR1 protein, respectively. Previous studies have indicated significant associations between T280M and leukocyte functional characteristics, including adhesion, signaling, and chemotaxis, while the function of V249I is unclear. In the brain, microglia are the only proven and widely accepted CX3CR1-expressing cells. This study aimed to specify whether there were specific brain regions on which these two single nucleotide polymorphisms exert their biological impacts through their functional effects on microglia. METHODS Associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and brain characteristics, including gray and white matter volumes, white matter integrity, resting arterial blood volume, and cerebral blood flow, were evaluated among 1300 healthy Japanese individuals. RESULTS The major allele carriers (V249 and T280) were significantly associated with an increased total arterial blood volume of the whole brain, especially around the bilateral precuneus, left posterior cingulate cortex, and left posterior parietal cortex. There were no significant associations between the genotypes and other brain structural indicators. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that the CX3CR1 variants may affect arterial structures in the brain, possibly via interactions between microglia and brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sakai
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kikuchi
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Osamu Tanabe
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Smart Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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87
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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88
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Drummond RA, Lionakis MS. Candidiasis of the Central Nervous System in Neonates and Children with Primary Immunodeficiencies. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2018; 12:92-97. [PMID: 30393511 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-018-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Candida infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a life-threatening complication of invasive infections that most often affect vulnerable groups of patients, including neonates and children with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). Here, we review the currently known risk factors for CNS candidiasis, focusing predominantly on the PID caused by biallelic mutations in CARD9. Recent Findings How the CNS is protected itself against fungal invasion is poorly understood. CARD9 promotes neutrophil recruitment and function, and is the only molecule shown to be critical for protection against CNS candidiasis in humans thus far. Summary Fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of CNS candidiasis gained from studying rare CARD9-deficient patients has significant implications for other patients at risk for this disease, such as CARD9-sufficient neonates. These findings will be important for the development of adjunctive immune-based therapies, which are urgently needed to tackle the global burden of invasive fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
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89
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Tucey TM, Verma J, Harrison PF, Snelgrove SL, Lo TL, Scherer AK, Barugahare AA, Powell DR, Wheeler RT, Hickey MJ, Beilharz TH, Naderer T, Traven A. Glucose Homeostasis Is Important for Immune Cell Viability during Candida Challenge and Host Survival of Systemic Fungal Infection. Cell Metab 2018; 27:988-1006.e7. [PMID: 29719235 PMCID: PMC6709535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To fight infections, macrophages undergo a metabolic shift whereby increased glycolysis fuels antimicrobial inflammation and killing of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the pathogen Candida albicans turns this metabolic reprogramming into an Achilles' heel for macrophages. During Candida-macrophage interactions intertwined metabolic shifts occur, with concomitant upregulation of glycolysis in both host and pathogen setting up glucose competition. Candida thrives on multiple carbon sources, but infected macrophages are metabolically trapped in glycolysis and depend on glucose for viability: Candida exploits this limitation by depleting glucose, triggering rapid macrophage death. Using pharmacological or genetic means to modulate glucose metabolism of host and/or pathogen, we show that Candida infection perturbs host glucose homeostasis in the murine candidemia model and demonstrate that glucose supplementation improves host outcomes. Our results support the importance of maintaining glucose homeostasis for immune cell survival during Candida challenge and for host survival in systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Tucey
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyoti Verma
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul F Harrison
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Snelgrove
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Tricia L Lo
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison K Scherer
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Adele A Barugahare
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Traude H Beilharz
- Development and Stem Cells Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
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90
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Alsina-Beauchamp D, Escós A, Fajardo P, González-Romero D, Díaz-Mora E, Risco A, Martín-Serrano MA, Del Fresno C, Dominguez-Andrés J, Aparicio N, Zur R, Shpiro N, Brown GD, Ardavín C, Netea MG, Alemany S, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ, Cuenda A. Myeloid cell deficiency of p38γ/p38δ protects against candidiasis and regulates antifungal immunity. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8485. [PMID: 29661910 PMCID: PMC5938613 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a frequent aetiologic agent of sepsis associated with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Developing new antifungal therapies is a medical need due to the low efficiency and resistance to current antifungal drugs. Here, we show that p38γ and p38δ regulate the innate immune response to C. albicans We describe a new TAK1-TPL2-MKK1-ERK1/2 pathway in macrophages, which is activated by Dectin-1 engagement and positively regulated by p38γ/p38δ. In mice, p38γ/p38δ deficiency protects against C. albicans infection by increasing ROS and iNOS production and thus the antifungal capacity of neutrophils and macrophages, and by decreasing the hyper-inflammation that leads to severe host damage. Leucocyte recruitment to infected kidneys and production of inflammatory mediators are decreased in p38γ/δ-null mice, reducing septic shock. p38γ/p38δ in myeloid cells are critical for this effect. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of p38γ/p38δ in mice reduces fungal burden, revealing that these p38MAPKs may be therapeutic targets for treating C. albicans infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Escós
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Fajardo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego González-Romero
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Díaz-Mora
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Dominguez-Andrés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Aparicio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafal Zur
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Shpiro
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Sir James Black Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Alemany
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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91
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Li XY, Zhang YQ, Xu G, Li SH, Li H. miR-124/MCP-1 signaling pathway modulates the protective effect of itraconazole on acute kidney injury in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3468-3476. [PMID: 29568906 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP‑1), also referred to as C‑C motif chemokine ligand 2, has a significant role in the pathogenesis of sepsis, however, how microRNAs (miRs) contribute to this process remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, using a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, the renoprotective effect of itraconazole (ITR) and adenovirus‑delivered miR‑124 was investigated. The mice were treated with ITR (50 mg/kg) or transfected with miR‑124 mimics via tail‑vein injection 7 days prior to Candida albicans infection. The survival outcome was monitored following candidiasis‑induced sepsis with ITR or miR‑124 mimics treatment. The levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) and IL‑6, were determined using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays. The mRNA and protein levels were assayed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. The results showed that ITR and miR‑124 mimics improved the survival outcome in candidiasis‑induced septic mice. The findings also indicated a significant downregulation in the serum levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6 in the septic mice treated with ITR or miR‑124 mimics. Of note, ITR treatment significantly increased the expression of miR‑124 and decreased the levels of MCP‑1 in the kidneys of the septic mice. It was also shown that the overexpression of miR‑124 reduced the expression of MCP‑1 and attenuated candidiasis‑induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic mice. Transfection with miR‑124 mimics was equivalent to ITR in reducing the excessive inflammatory response and renal lesions in septic mice. These results provided evidence supporting the use of miR‑124 mimics as a therapeutic approach for attenuating candidiasis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guanxi 541199, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guanxi 541199, P.R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Hong Li
- Department of Emergency, TungWah Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523220, P.R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, TungWah Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523220, P.R. China
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92
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Abstract
Fungi have emerged as premier opportunistic microbes of the 21st century, having a considerable impact on human morbidity and mortality. The huge increase in incidence of these diseases is largely due to the HIV pandemic and use of immunosuppressive therapies, underscoring the importance of the immune system in defense against fungi. This article will address how the mammalian immune system recognizes and mounts a defense against medically relevant fungal species.
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93
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Bellomo A, Gentek R, Bajénoff M, Baratin M. Lymph node macrophages: Scavengers, immune sentinels and trophic effectors. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:168-174. [PMID: 29397903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) are secondary lymphoid organs dispersed throughout the body that filter lymph and assist the immune system in mounting immune responses. These functions are supported by a complex stromal microarchitecture composed of mesenchymal and vascular elements. Different subsets of macrophages (MΦ) reside in the LN and are endowed with immune and trophic functions. Here we review these different subsets with particular emphasis on the recently described T cell zone MΦ. We also address the potential crosstalk between LN stromal cells and MΦ, proposing that the former constitute niches for the latter by supplying factors required for their specification, survival and turnover. In turn, MΦ could inform their stromal partners about the immune status of the LN and orchestrate the remodelling of its microanatomy during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bellomo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Baratin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.
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94
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Collar AL, Swamydas M, O’Hayre M, Sajib MS, Hoffman KW, Singh SP, Mourad A, Johnson MD, Ferre EM, Farber JM, Lim JK, Mikelis CM, Gutkind JS, Lionakis MS. The homozygous CX3CR1-M280 mutation impairs human monocyte survival. JCI Insight 2018; 3:95417. [PMID: 29415879 PMCID: PMC5821174 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have demonstrated that mouse Cx3cr1 signaling promotes monocyte/macrophage survival. In agreement, we previously found that, in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, genetic deficiency of Cx3cr1 resulted in increased mortality and impaired tissue fungal clearance associated with decreased macrophage survival. We translated this finding by showing that the dysfunctional CX3CR1 variant CX3CR1-M280 was associated with increased risk and worse outcome of human systemic candidiasis. However, the impact of this mutation on human monocyte/macrophage survival is poorly understood. Herein, we hypothesized that CX3CR1-M280 impairs human monocyte survival. We identified WT (CX3CR1-WT/WT), CX3CR1-WT/M280 heterozygous, and CX3CR1-M280/M280 homozygous healthy donors of European descent, and we show that CX3CL1 rescues serum starvation-induced cell death in CX3CR1-WT/WT and CX3CR1-WT/M280 but not in CX3CR1-M280/M280 monocytes. CX3CL1-induced survival of CX3CR1-WT/WT monocytes is mediated via AKT and ERK activation, which are both impaired in CX3CR1-M280/M280 monocytes, associated with decreased blood monocyte counts in CX3CR1-M280/M280 donors at steady state. Instead, CX3CR1-M280/M280 does not affect monocyte CX3CR1 surface expression or innate immune effector functions. Together, we show that homozygocity of the M280 polymorphism in CX3CR1 is a potentially novel population-based genetic factor that influences human monocyte signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Collar
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) , and
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) , and
| | - Morgan O’Hayre
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Md Sanaullah Sajib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin W. Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (LMI), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ahmad Mourad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa D. Johnson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elise M.N. Ferre
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) , and
| | - Joshua M. Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (LMI), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantinos M. Mikelis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) , and
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95
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Leonardi I, Li X, Semon A, Li D, Doron I, Putzel G, Bar A, Prieto D, Rescigno M, McGovern DPB, Pla J, Iliev ID. CX3CR1 + mononuclear phagocytes control immunity to intestinal fungi. Science 2018; 359:232-236. [PMID: 29326275 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fungi are an important component of the microbiota, and recent studies have unveiled their potential in modulating host immune homeostasis and inflammatory disease. Nonetheless, the mechanisms governing immunity to gut fungal communities (mycobiota) remain unknown. We identified CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) as being essential for the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses to intestinal fungi. CX3CR1+ MNPs express antifungal receptors and activate antifungal responses in a Syk-dependent manner. Genetic ablation of CX3CR1+ MNPs in mice led to changes in gut fungal communities and to severe colitis that was rescued by antifungal treatment. In Crohn's disease patients, a missense mutation in the gene encoding CX3CR1 was identified and found to be associated with impaired antifungal responses. These results unravel a role of CX3CR1+ MNPs in mediating interactions between intestinal mycobiota and host immunity at steady state and during inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexa Semon
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dalin Li
- The F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Itai Doron
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jesus Pla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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96
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Organ-specific mechanisms linking innate and adaptive antifungal immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:78-90. [PMID: 29366628 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a significant global health problem in humans. Fungi infect millions of people worldwide and cause from acute superficial infections to life-threatening systemic disease to chronic illnesses. Trying to decipher the complex innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect humans from pathogenic fungi is therefore a key research goal that may lead to immune-based therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize how the cells and molecules of the innate immune system activate the adaptive immune system to elicit long-term immunity to fungi. We present current knowledge and exciting new advances in the context of organ-specific immunity, outlining the tissue-specific tropisms for the major pathogenic fungi of humans, the antifungal functions of tissue-resident myeloid cells, and the adaptive immune responses required to protect specific organs from fungal challenge.
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97
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Yolk sac macrophage progenitors traffic to the embryo during defined stages of development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:75. [PMID: 29311541 PMCID: PMC5758709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages in many adult organs originate from yolk sac (YS) progenitors, which invade the developing embryo and persist by means of local self-renewal. However, the route and characteristics of YS macrophage trafficking during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Here we show the early migration dynamics of YS-derived macrophage progenitors in vivo using fate mapping and intravital microscopy. From embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) CX3CR1+ pre-macrophages are present in the mouse YS where they rapidly proliferate and gain access to the bloodstream to migrate towards the embryo. Trafficking of pre-macrophages and their progenitors from the YS to tissues peaks around E10.5, dramatically decreases towards E12.5 and is no longer evident from E14.5 onwards. Thus, YS progenitors use the vascular system during a restricted time window of embryogenesis to invade the growing fetus. These findings close an important gap in our understanding of the development of the innate immune system.
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98
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Lee EKS, Gillrie MR, Li L, Arnason JW, Kim JH, Babes L, Lou Y, Sanati-Nezhad A, Kyei SK, Kelly MM, Mody CH, Ho M, Yipp BG. Leukotriene B4-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Causes Pulmonary Capillaritis during Lethal Fungal Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 23:121-133.e4. [PMID: 29290576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans bloodstream infection causes fungal septicaemia and death in over half of afflicted patients. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) mediate defense against invasive candidiasis, but their role in protection versus tissue injury and sepsis is unclear. We observe PMN intravascular swarming and subsequent clustering in response to C. albicans yeast in a lethal septic mouse and human pulmonary circulation model. Live C. albicans sequester to the endothelium and are immediately captured by complement-dependent PMN chemotaxis, which is required for host survival. However, complement activation also leads to Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-mediated intravascular PMN clustering and occlusion, resulting in capillaritis with pulmonary hemorrhage and hypoxemia. This clustering is unique to fungi and triggered by fungal cell wall components. PMN clustering is absent in mice lacking LTB4-receptor, and capillaritis is attenuated upon pharmacological LTB4 blockade without affecting phagocytosis. Therefore, therapeutically disrupting infection-induced capillaritis may limit organ injury without impairing host defense during fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K S Lee
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark R Gillrie
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lu Li
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jason W Arnason
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jung Hwan Kim
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liane Babes
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen K Kyei
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Ho
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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99
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Lionakis MS, Levitz SM. Host Control of Fungal Infections: Lessons from Basic Studies and Human Cohorts. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 36:157-191. [PMID: 29237128 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the AIDS pandemic and the significant advances in the medical management of individuals with neoplastic and inflammatory conditions have resulted in a dramatic increase in the population of immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic, life-threatening fungal infections. The parallel development of clinically relevant mouse models of fungal disease and the discovery and characterization of several inborn errors of immune-related genes that underlie inherited human susceptibility to opportunistic mycoses have significantly expanded our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that protect against ubiquitous fungal exposures. This review synthesizes immunological knowledge derived from basic mouse studies and from human cohorts and provides an overview of mammalian antifungal host defenses that show promise for informing therapeutic and vaccination strategies for vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655;
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100
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Xu S, Shinohara ML. Tissue-Resident Macrophages in Fungal Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1798. [PMID: 29312319 PMCID: PMC5732976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections result in high morbidity and mortality. Host organs targeted by fungal pathogens vary depending on the route of infection and fungal species encountered. Cryptococcus neoformans infects the respiratory tract and disseminates throughout the central nervous system. Candida albicans infects mucosal tissues and the skin, and systemic Candida infection in rodents has a tropism to the kidney. Aspergillus fumigatus reaches distal areas of the lung once inhaled by the host. Across different tissues in naïve hosts, tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are one of the most populous cells of the innate immune system. Although they function to maintain homeostasis in a tissue-specific manner during steady state, TRMs may function as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and may regulate host immune responses. Thus, in any organs, TRMs are uniquely positioned and specifically programmed to function. This article reviews the current understanding of the roles of TRMs during major fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Xu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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