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Fernando ADA, Bandara LMH, Bandara HMST, Pilapitiya S, de Silva A. A descriptive study of self-medication practices among Sri Lankan national level athletes. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:257. [PMID: 28683782 PMCID: PMC5501524 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of medicines and supplements is widespread among the professional athletes in developed countries and there are reports to suggest inappropriate self-administration of medicine. Data from South Asia on this area is lacking. This study examined self-medication practices with regard to use of allopathic and herbal/traditional medicines among national -level Sri Lankan athletes. Results 209 athletes from 15 national sport teams were assessed using an anonymous, interviewer administered questionnaire. Self-medication practices during the 3 months before data collection were evaluated. 60.8% athletes practiced self-medication. 58.3 and 9.4% consumed western and herbal/traditional medicines respectively, while a third used both. The most common symptom for which self-medication was practiced was musculoskeletal pain (73.2%). Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics were used by 15.7 and 7.1% respectively. Musculoskeletal pain was the predominant symptom that prompted the use of allopathic medicines, while the majority of athletes with upper respiratory tract symptoms being the predominant symptoms, consumed herbal/traditional medicines. Two different commercially available preparations of herbal mixtures were consumed by 15.7 and 15%. Pain prophylaxis during or prior to a sport event was reported by 20.1%, mainly with topical medicines. Medicines were obtained by direct request from a pharmacy without an authorized prescription by a majority (77.2%), followed by using an old prescription in 12.6%. Conclusions This study finds that self-medication with both allopathic and herbal/traditional preparations among athletes in a Sri Lanka is high. The use of oral NSAIDs without an authorized prescription in a significant number of athletes is a potential health risk. Frequency of oral NSAID use is lower than that is reported in non-Asian studies from developed countries. The use of herbal/traditional medications increases the likelihood of inadvertent doping. Enhancing awareness regarding risk of such practices among athletes, trainers, pharmacists and prescribers is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D A Fernando
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka.
| | - L M H Bandara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - H M S T Bandara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - S Pilapitiya
- Sri Lanka Anti-doping Agency, Institute of Sports Medicine, Independence Avenue, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka
| | - A de Silva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
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Barcelos RP, Bresciani G, Cuevas MJ, Martínez-Flórez S, Soares FAA, González-Gallego J. Diclofenac pretreatment modulates exercise-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle of rats through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:757-764. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac, are widely used to treat inflammation and pain in several conditions, including sports injuries. This study analyzes the influence of diclofenac on the toll-like receptor-nuclear factor kappa B (TLR-NF-κB) pathway in skeletal muscle of rats submitted to acute eccentric exercise. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control-saline, control-diclofenac, exercise-saline, and exercise-diclofenac. Diclofenac or saline were administered for 7 days prior to an acute eccentric exercise bout. The inflammatory status was evaluated through mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and protein content of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in vastus lateralis muscle. Data obtained showed that a single bout of eccentric exercise significantly increased COX-2 gene expression. Similarly, mRNA expression and protein content of other inflammation-related genes also increased after the acute exercise. However, these effects were attenuated in the exercise + diclofenac group. TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), and p65 were also upregulated after the acute eccentric bout and the effect was blunted by the anti-inflammatory drug. These findings suggest that pretreatment with diclofenac may represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status induced by acute exercise in rat skeletal muscle possibly through an attenuation of the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Pillon Barcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071 León, Spain
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- Grupo de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Salud Escuela de Educación Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, 2530388 Chile
| | - Maria José Cuevas
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, Campus Universitario, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Lucidi F, Mallia L, Alivernini F, Chirico A, Manganelli S, Galli F, Biasi V, Zelli A. The Effectiveness of a New School-Based Media Literacy Intervention on Adolescents' Doping Attitudes and Supplements Use. Front Psychol 2017; 8:749. [PMID: 28536552 PMCID: PMC5422551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a media literacy intervention targeting, for the first time, the specific topic of Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAESs) use in high-school students. Overall, 389 students (52% male) aged between 13 and 19 years (mean = 16.56 year; SD = 1.26) participated to a media literacy intervention (i.e., “intervention group”) while 103 students aged between 14 and 19 year (mean = 16.10 year; SD = 1.38) were considered as the control group (i.e., “control group”). In two separate occasions over the course of six consecutive months, students in both groups filled out a set of questionnaires which included measures of social-cognitive beliefs (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, intentions) and a self-reported measure of retrospective use of doping (Yes/No) and supplements (Yes/No). Compared to students in the control group (Mean(time1) = 1.96; SD(time1) = 0.85; and Mean(time2) = 2.09; SD(time2) = 0.94), intervention students on average expressed relatively stronger attitudes against doping use over time (Mean(time1) = 2.2; SD(time1) = 0.85; and Mean(time2) = 2.05; SD(time2) = 0.82). Students in the latter group also showed a statistically significant decrease in self-reported supplement use (Use(time1) = 6.7%; Use(time2) = 3.8%; p = 0.05, McNemar Test). Interestingly, albeit marginally significant, students in the control group showed a relative increment in the self-reported use of supplements over time (Use(time1) = 4.9%; Use(time2) = 8.7%; p = 0.22, McNemar Test). Overall, the media literacy intervention investigated in the present study was effective in decreasing adolescent student’s positive attitudes toward doping use and in reducing the use of legal PAES. These findings supported the generalizability and the usefulness of a media literacy approach in the specific field of PAES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Luca Mallia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico"Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education SystemRome, Italy
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Sara Manganelli
- National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education SystemRome, Italy
| | - Federica Galli
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Valeria Biasi
- Department of Education, Roma Tre UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Zelli
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico"Rome, Italy
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54
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Christensen PM, Shirai Y, Ritz C, Nordsborg NB. Caffeine and Bicarbonate for Speed. A Meta-Analysis of Legal Supplements Potential for Improving Intense Endurance Exercise Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:240. [PMID: 28536531 PMCID: PMC5422435 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1% change in average speed is enough to affect medal rankings in intense Olympic endurance events lasting ~45 s to 8 min which for example includes 100 m swimming and 400 m running (~1 min), 1,500 m running and 4000 m track cycling (~4 min) and 2,000 m rowing (~6-8 min). To maximize the likelihood of winning, athletes utilizes legal supplements with or without scientifically documented beneficial effects on performance. Therefore, a continued systematic evidence based evaluation of the possible ergogenic effects is of high importance. A meta-analysis was conducted with a strict focus on closed-end performance tests in humans in the time domain from 45 s to 8 min. These test include time-trials or total work done in a given time. This selection criterion results in a high relevance for athletic performance. Only peer-reviewed placebo controlled studies were included. The often applied and potentially ergogenic supplements beta-alanine, bicarbonate, caffeine and nitrate were selected for analysis. Following a systematic search in Pubmed and SportsDiscuss combined with evaluation of cross references a total of 7 (beta-alanine), 25 (bicarbonate), 9 (caffeine), and 5 (nitrate) studies was included in the meta-analysis. For each study, performance was converted to an average speed (km/h) from which an effect size (ES; Cohens d with 95% confidence intervals) was calculated. A small effect and significant performance improvement relative to placebo was observed for caffeine (ES: 0.41 [0.15–0.68], P = 0.002) and bicarbonate (ES: 0.40 [0.27–0.54], P < 0.001). Trivial and non-significant effects on performance was observed for nitrate (ES: 0.19 [−0.03–0.40], P = 0.09) and beta-alanine (ES: 0.17 [−0.12–0.46], P = 0.24). Thus, caffeine's and bicarbonate's ergogenic effect is clearly documented for intense endurance performance. Importantly, for all supplements an individualized approach may improve the ergogenic effect on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Christensen
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark.,Team DanmarkCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yusuke Shirai
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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55
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Martínez S, Aguiló A, Moreno C, Lozano L, Tauler P. Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs among Participants in a Mountain Ultramarathon Event. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010011. [PMID: 29910371 PMCID: PMC5969007 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) consumption immediately before, during and immediately after three mountain ultra-endurance runs that differed in their course distance. This observational study took place at the Ultra Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana (Mallorca, Spain), an ultra-endurance mountain event with runners participating either in a 112-km (Ultra, n = 58), a 67-km (Trail, n = 118) or a 44-km (Marathon, n = 62) run competition. Participants in the study answered, within an hour after finishing the competition, a questionnaire focused mainly on NSAIDs consumption. Among study participants, 48.3% reported taking NSAIDs at least for one of the time-points considered: before, during and/or immediately after the competition, with more positive responses (having taken medication) found for the Ultra (60.3%) than for the Trail (49.2%) and the Marathon (35.5%). Among consumers, the Ultra participants reported the lowest intake before and the highest during the race, while participants in the Marathon reported similar consumption levels before and during the race. In conclusion, a high prevalence of NSAID consumption was found among athletes participating in an ultra-endurance mountain event. Competition duration seemed to determine both the prevalence and the chronological pattern of NSAID consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Antoni Aguiló
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Leticia Lozano
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Pedro Tauler
- Research Group on Evidence, Lifestyles & Health, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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56
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Kim BY, Vigil DV. A Review of Injury Patterns in Athletes Competing in Combined Competitions: Heptathlon and Decathlon. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 15:433-436. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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57
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Jorquera Aguilera C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Torrealba Vieira M, Campos Serrano J, Gracia Leiva N. Consumo, características y perfil del consumidor de suplementos nutricionales en gimnasios de Santiago de Chile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ramd.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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58
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Baumann CW, Kwak D. Echinacea Supplementation: Does it Really Improve Aerobic Fitness? J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:1-6. [PMID: 27757381 PMCID: PMC5067421 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.09.20.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Echinacea is an herbal supplement used by endurance athletes for its performance boosting properties. It is thought that Echinacea improves the blood's oxygen carrying capacity by increasing production of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein that regulates red blood cell formation. Subsequently, these changes would lead to an overall improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running economy (RE), two markers of aerobic fitness. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the physiological variables associated with distance running performance and how these variables are influenced by Echinacea supplementation. METHODS To determine Echinacea's ergogenic potential, human studies that used Echinacea in conjunction to analyzing the blood's oxygen carrying capacity and/or aerobic fitness were assessed. RESULTS Taken together, the majority of the published literature does not support the claim that Echinacea is a beneficial ergogenic aid. With the exception of one study, several independent groups have reported Echinacea supplementation does not increase EPO production, blood markers of oxygen transport, VO2max or RE in healthy untrained or trained subjects. CONCLUSION To date, the published literature does not support the use of Echinacea as an ergogenic aid to improve aerobic fitness in healthy untrained or trained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory W. Baumann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MinnesotaUSA
| | - Dongmin Kwak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MinnesotaUSA
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59
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Prien A, Mountjoy M, Miller J, Boyd K, van den Hoogenband C, Gerrard D, Cherif MY, Lu Y, Nanousis K, Ortiz Liscano EI, Shahpar FM, Junge A. Injury and illness in aquatic sport: how high is the risk? A comparison of results from three FINA World Championships. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:277-282. [PMID: 27313172 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological information on injury/illness is required to develop effective injury prevention strategies. AIM To assess the frequency and characteristics of injuries/illnesses (1) in the 4 weeks prior to and (2) during the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009. METHOD (1) Athletes answered a retrospective questionnaire, and (2) the medical staff reported injuries/illnesses prospectively during the championships. RESULTS (1) A quarter of responding athletes reported symptoms in the 4 weeks prior to the championships. More than half of all affected athletes presented with substantial severity, 80% took medication, 70% had overuse injuries and 30% did not modify their training regime despite symptoms. At the start of the championships, 70% of affected participants were still symptomatic. (2) During the championships, injury and illness incidence was 12.9 per 100 athletes. The most common injuries were shoulder sprains (5.7%) and muscle cramps of the lower back (5.7%). The most common illnesses were infections of the respiratory (33.9%) and gastrointestinal tract (23.5%). Risk factors included discipline and age, but not gender. Incidence was highest in athletes competing in high diving (HD), water polo (WP) and diving (DIV) for injuries, and WP and swimming (SW) for illnesses. The significantly higher incidence of injuries and illnesses at the FINA World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009 was most probably due to a similarly improved response rate of the medical staff. CONCLUSIONS In aquatic sports, surveillance and health promotion should focus on prevention of out-of-competition overuse injuries and athlete education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,International Olympic Committee (IOC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jim Miller
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Medicine Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin Boyd
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cees van den Hoogenband
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gerrard
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Yahia Cherif
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yifan Lu
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyriakos Nanousis
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Farhad Moradi Shahpar
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) Sports Medicine Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany.,FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Zurich, Switzerland.,Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
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60
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Lanhers C, Pereira B, Naughton G, Trousselard M, Lesage FX, Dutheil F. Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Sports Med 2016; 45:1285-1294. [PMID: 25946994 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine is the most widely used supplementation to increase strength performance. However, the few meta-analyses are more than 10 years old and suffer from inclusion bias such as the absence of randomization and placebo, the diversity of the inclusion criteria (aerobic/endurance, anaerobic/strength), no evaluation on specific muscles or group of muscles, and the considerable amount of conflicting results within the last decade. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate meta-analyzed effects of creatine supplementation on lower limb strength performance. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all randomized controlled trials comparing creatine supplementation with a placebo, with strength performance of the lower limbs measured in exercises lasting less than 3 min. The search strategy used the keywords "creatine supplementation" and "performance". Dependent variables were creatine loading, total dose, duration, the time-intervals between baseline (T0) and the end of the supplementation (T1), as well as any training during supplementation. Independent variables were age, sex, and level of physical activity at baseline. We conducted meta-analyses at T1, and on changes between T0 and T1. Each meta-analysis was stratified within lower limb muscle groups and exercise tests. RESULTS We included 60 studies (646 individuals in the creatine supplementation group and 651 controls). At T1, the effect size (ES) among stratification for squat and leg press were, respectively, 0.336 (95 % CI 0.047-0.625, p = 0.023) and 0.297 (95 % CI 0.098-0.496, p = 0.003). Overall quadriceps ES was 0.266 (95 % CI 0.150-0.381, p < 0.001). Global lower limb ES was 0.235 (95 % CI 0.125-0.346, p < 0.001). Meta-analysis on changes between T0 and T1 gave similar results. The meta-regression showed no links with characteristics of population or of supplementation, demonstrating the creatine efficacy effects, independent of all listed conditions. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation is effective in lower limb strength performance for exercise with a duration of less than 3 min, independent of population characteristic, training protocols, and supplementary doses and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lanhers
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 58 rue Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clinical research and innovation direction, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Neurophysiology of stress, Armies' Biomedical Research Institute, Armies' Health Service, Bretigny sur Orge, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dutheil
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 58 rue Montalembert, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions EA3533, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Research Centre in Human Nutrition (CRNH) Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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61
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Solheim SA, Nordsborg NB, Ritz C, Berget J, Kristensen AH, Mørkeberg J. Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:801-808. [PMID: 27264018 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional supplement (NS) industry is one of the fastest growing in the world, and NS use in Denmark is among the highest in Europe. However, the exact use in elite athletes and fitness customers targeted for doping control is unknown. Information from 634 doping control forms obtained in 2014 was evaluated (elite athletes: n = 361; fitness customers: n = 273). The majority of female (92.6%) and male (85.0%) elite athletes and female (100.0%) and male (94.0%) fitness customers declared using one or more NS. The use of non-ergogenic NS was more prevalent in women than in men and in younger (15-34 years) compared with older (35-49 years) subjects, but it was less prevalent in intermittent compared with endurance and power/strength sports. Additionally, fitness customers who tested positive for doping also reported using more NS than subjects testing negative, indicating an association between NS and doping abuse. The present results demonstrate a very high prevalence of NS usage in both elite athletes and fitness customers. This highlights the importance of a strong national regulation of NS to avoid contamination of NS with doping substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Berget
- Anti Doping Denmark, Brøndby, Denmark
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Miller DJ, Blum AB, Levine WN, Ahmad CS, Popkin CA. Preparticipation Evaluation of the Young Athlete: What an Orthopaedic Surgeon Needs to Know. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1605-15. [PMID: 26330569 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515598994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The preparticipation evaluation (PPE) is a widely used tool for detecting health conditions that may delay or disqualify athletic participation. The medical interview is the most valuable tool for identifying athletes who may be at increased risk for injury. Physical examination is tailored to identifying cardiac abnormalities or factors that may place an athlete at increased risk for injury. Although practiced in Europe, universal cardiac screening with electrocardiography is not currently recommended in the United States largely due to the high rate of false-positive results. Neuropsychological testing for management of concussion and laboratory testing for sickle cell trait may be indicated in select groups of athletes. Health care providers should view the PPE as a chance for anticipatory guidance and athlete-directed health counseling. Despite widespread acceptance of the PPE, the quality of such examinations varies significantly, which is an area for possible improvement and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Miller
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William N Levine
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Ahmad
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles A Popkin
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Tscholl PM, Vaso M, Weber A, Dvorak J. High prevalence of medication use in professional football tournaments including the World Cups between 2002 and 2014: a narrative review with a focus on NSAIDs. Br J Sports Med 2016; 49:580-2. [PMID: 25878074 PMCID: PMC4413681 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of medication in international football has been monitored since the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Team physicians were asked to provide information on prescribed medication 72 h prior to each match for every player. 69% of adult male players reported using medication, with more than half the players using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Up to one-third of all players used NSAIDs prior to every match, regardless of whether they took the field or not. The mean intake of medication was significantly higher during the FIFA Women's World Cup (0.85 vs 0.77 substances per player and per match in men, p<0.001), whereas the use of NSAIDs was similar to that for men. In the Under-20 and Under-17 male competitions, the use of medication was lower as 60% of players used some kind of medication and 43% of the players used NSAIDs during the tournaments. Despite the potential side effects of medication, especially of NSAIDs in the recovery process after a sports activity, there is no evidence of decreasing intake. The reported incidence is alarming, and moreover is most probably underestimated, since self-medication by the players or treatment already prescribed by club physicians is not included in the published reports. Future studies should focus on the daily dosage, time of treatment and especially the medical indication for painkilling agents to better understand the underlying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Tscholl
- FIFA-Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Martin Vaso
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Weber
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- FIFA-Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zürich, Switzerland
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Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:103-123. [PMID: 26442916 PMCID: PMC4697915 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements (DSs) are commercially available products consumed as an addition to the usual diet and are frequently ingested by athletes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the prevalence of DS use by athletes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, OVID Healthstar, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched for original research articles published up to August 2014. Search terms included specific sports, specific DSs, and other terms. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they were written in English, involved athletes, and provided a quantitative assessment of the proportion of athletes using specific DSs. Percent of athletes using specific DSs. SYNTHESIS OF DATA Methodological quality of studies was assessed by three reviewers using an 8-point scale that included evaluations for sampling methods, sampling frame, sample size, measurement tools, bias, response rate, statistical presentation, and description of the participant sample. Where there were at least two investigations, meta-analysis was performed to obtain summary (pooled) prevalence estimates (SPEs) on (1) DS use prevalence by sport and sex, (2) DS use prevalence by elite versus non-elite athletic status, and (3) specific DS prevalence for all athletic groups combined. Meta-analyses included evaluations of homogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS A total of 159 unique studies met the review criteria. Methodological quality was generally low with an average ± standard deviation of 43 ± 16% of available rating points. There was low homogeneity for SPEs when compiled by sport, athletic status, and/or specific DSs. Contributing to the lack of homogeneity were differences in studies' objectives and types of assessments used (e.g., dietary surveys, interviews, questionnaires). Despite these limitations, the data generally indicated that elite athletes used DSs much more than their non-elite counterparts. For most DSs, use prevalence was similar for men and women except that a larger proportion of women used iron while a larger proportion of men used vitamin E, protein, and creatine. No consistent change in use over time was observed because even the earliest investigations showed relatively high use prevalence. CONCLUSION It was difficult to generalize regarding DS use by athletes because of the lack of homogeneity among studies. Nonetheless, the data suggested that elite athletes used dietary supplements far more than their non-elite counterparts; use was similar for men and women with a few exceptions; use appeared to change little over time; and a larger proportion of athletes used DSs compared with the general US population. Improvements in study methodology should be considered in future studies especially (1) defining DSs for participants; (2) querying for very specific DSs; (3) using a variety of reporting timeframes (e.g., daily, 2-6 times/week, 1 time/week and <1 time/week); (4) reporting the sampling frame, number of individuals solicited, and number responding; (5) reporting characteristics of volunteers (and non-volunteers, if available); and (6) using similar methods on several occasions to examine possible temporal trends among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA.
| | - Ryan A Steelman
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA
| | | | - Krista G Austin
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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Smith ACT, Stewart B. Why the war on drugs in sport will never be won. Harm Reduct J 2015; 12:53. [PMID: 26556215 PMCID: PMC4641409 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-015-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-control test results reveal. A zero-tolerance (ZT) model, which aims to eliminate the use, has dominated the thinking of sport's policy makers over the last 15 years. In light of the limitations associated with ZT-based policy, we propose an alternative policy, one based on controlled use and harm reduction principles. We argue that substance control policies underpinned by harm reduction (HR) principles of social utility and public value will deliver superior social outcomes. First, a harm reduction approach better accommodates the competitive realities of sports and the impact of elite sports' emphasis on performance at all costs. Second, HR prioritises athlete welfare over sport and brand reputation. Finally, while appreciating the regulatory and risk management responsibilities of sports' governing bodies, the HR model offers greater space to the athlete's right to privacy, and right to personal autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C T Smith
- College of Business and Law, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Bob Stewart
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Medications and Nutritional Supplements in Athletes during the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 FIFA Futsal World Cups. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:870308. [PMID: 26576431 PMCID: PMC4630374 DOI: 10.1155/2015/870308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To examine the use of medications and nutritional supplements among top-level male futsal players during international tournaments. Materials and Methods. This retrospective survey of the four consecutive 2000 to 2012 FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) Futsal World Cup tournaments analyzes data about the use of medications and nutritional supplements by each player prior to every match. A total of 5264 reports on 1064 futsal players were collected from the 188 matches played. Results. A total of 4237 medications and 8494 nutritional supplements (0.8 and 1.6 per player per match, resp.) were prescribed, and 64% of the players used at least one type of medication over the four tournaments. The most frequently prescribed medication was nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (41.1%), whereby 45.7% of all players consumed at least one NSAID during the tournament and 27.4% did so prior to every match. Conclusions. The intake of medications, particularly of NSAIDs, is frequently high among top-level futsal players and follows a similar pattern to that found in FIFA Football World Cups. Campaigns should be instituted to understand this prescription practice by team physicians involving professional football players, with the aim to decrease its use and to prevent athletes from potential short- and long-term risks.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the use of medication of top-level male players during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. DESIGN Retrospective survey. PARTICIPANTS/INFORMATION 736 top level players. SETTING The teams' physicians disclosed a list of the medications used by each player within 72 h before each match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. OUTCOME MEASURES Average number of medications used per player per match or during the tournament; average number and percentage of players using at least one medication per match or during the tournament. RESULTS 67.0% of all players took various types of medication during the tournament. The most used medications during the tournament were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by 54.2% of all players, followed by analgaesics (12.6%); β-2 agonists were only used by 0.5%. On average, 0.8 medications per player were used before each match. More players were reported taking medications during the knockout round than during the qualification round (0.36±0.48 vs 0.49±0.50, p<0.001). Players from the South American and Asian Confederations took twice as many medications per match as players from the African Confederation (1.17±1.55 and 1.01±1.26 vs 0.48±0.69, both p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS There was high use of NSAIDs during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Although the intake of NSAIDs per match (0.35±0.46 vs 0.31±0.48, p<0.01) in the 2014 FIFA World Cup decreased compared to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the average use was still higher than in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and the average number of all used medications per player remained the same level as 4 years prior, with all its implications for the player's health. More efforts need to be undertaken worldwide in order to reduce the administration of medications in sports, through continuous education for players, starting from a young age, as well as for doctors and paramedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaso
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Weber
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe M Tscholl
- FIFA—Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- FIFA—Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
- MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
- FIFA—Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
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Babwah T. Pain, injury and related behaviours among footballers partaking in tournaments. Res Sports Med 2015; 22:334-45. [PMID: 25295472 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.945644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the prevalence of self-reported pain and/or injury (SRPI) experienced by Caribbean footballers and the associated behaviours associated with SRPI. The prevalence of SRPI among footballers was 46.2%, with 71.5% and 36%, respectively, of players admitting having played one game previously with an injury, and having used a painkiller before playing at least one game previously. Female players were more likely to hide an injury from the coaching staff in order to play a game (OR = 2.9, 95% CI (1.7, 4.8)) and attempt to use a banned substance in order to get fit to play (OR = 4.2, 95% CI (1.2, 14.3)) than males, but males were more likely to use a painkiller before playing games than females (OR = 2.2, 95% CI (1.9, 3.9)). Education of players on analgesics and basic injury management together with the implementation of injury prevention programs are needed for these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Babwah
- a Department of Para Clinical Sciences , University of the West Indies , St Augustine . Trinidad & Tobago
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69
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Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 44:1603-24. [PMID: 25138312 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. OBJECTIVES Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g. attitudes) and social-contextual factors (e.g. social norms), and demographic (e.g. sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use; (ii) examine variables that moderate such effect sizes; and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). DATA SOURCES Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND PARTICIPANTS Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHOD Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a subset of studies that utilized the TPB. RESULTS Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope and, indirectly, doping behaviors. LIMITATIONS Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended TPB framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.
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70
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de Lora P. Is multiculturalism bad for health care? The case for re-virgination. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2015; 36:141-166. [PMID: 25794561 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-015-9322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hymenoplasty is a surgical procedure requested by women who are expected to remain virgins until marriage. In this article, I assess the ethical and legal challenges raised by this request, both for the individual physician and for the health care system. I argue that performing hymenoplasty is not always an unethical practice and that, under certain conditions, it should be provided by the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Lora
- Department of Legal Philosophy, Law School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Kelsen s/n, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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71
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Salgado JVV, Lollo PCB, Amaya-Farfan J, Chacon-Mikahil MP. Dietary supplement usage and motivation in Brazilian road runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:41. [PMID: 25302054 PMCID: PMC4190927 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of dietary supplements is highest among athletes and it can represent potential a health risk for consumers. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of consumption of dietary supplements by road runners. Methods We interviewed 817 volunteers from four road races in the Brazilian running calendar. The sample consisted of 671 male and 146 female runners with a mean age of 37.9 ± 12.4 years. Results Of the sample, 28.33% reported having used some type of dietary supplement. The main motivation for this consumption is to increase in stamina and improve performance. The probability of consuming dietary supplements increased 4.67 times when the runners were guided by coaches. The consumption of supplements was strongly correlated (r = 0.97) with weekly running distance, and also highly correlated (r = 0.86) with the number of years the sport had been practiced. The longer the runner had practiced the sport, the higher the training volume and the greater the intake of supplements. The five most frequently cited reasons for consumption were: energy enhancement (29.5%), performance improvement (17.1%), increased level of endurance (10.3%), nutrient replacement (11.1%), and avoidance of fatigue (10.3%). About 30% of the consumers declared more than one reason for taking dietary supplements. The most consumed supplements were: carbohydrates (52.17%), vitamins (28.70%), and proteins (13.48%). Conclusions Supplement consumption by road runners in Brazil appeared to be guided by the energy boosting properties of the supplement, the influence of coaches, and the experience of the user. The amount of supplement intake seemed to be lower among road runners than for athletes of other sports. We recommend that coaches and nutritionists emphasise that a balanced diet can meet the needs of physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vítor Vieira Salgado
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory - FISEX, FEF-UNICAMP Cidade Universitária, Physical Education Faculty, State University of Campinas, Cep:13083-851, Campinas SP 6134, Brazil ; Sport's Sciences Department, University of Campinas, Physical Education Faculty, Erico Veríssimo Av., 701., Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pablo Christiano Barboza Lollo
- Food's Engineering Faculty, Department of Food and Nutrition, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Amaya-Farfan
- Food's Engineering Faculty, Department of Food and Nutrition, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara PatríciaTraina Chacon-Mikahil
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory - FISEX, FEF-UNICAMP Cidade Universitária, Physical Education Faculty, State University of Campinas, Cep:13083-851, Campinas SP 6134, Brazil
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The doping mindset—Part I: Implications of the Functional Use Theory on mental representations of doping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dietz P, Ulrich R, Dalaker R, Striegel H, Franke AG, Lieb K, Simon P. Associations between physical and cognitive doping--a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78702. [PMID: 24236038 PMCID: PMC3827233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study assessed, for the first time, prevalence estimates for physical and cognitive doping within a single collective of athletes using the randomized response technique (RRT). Furthermore, associations between the use of legal and freely available substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (enhancement) and illicit or banned substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (doping) were examined. Methods An anonymous questionnaire using the unrelated question RRT was used to survey 2,997 recreational triathletes in three sports events (Frankfurt, Regensburg, and Wiesbaden) in Germany. Prior to the survey, statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. Logistic regression was used to predict physical and cognitive enhancement and the bootstrap method was used to evaluate differences between the estimated prevalences of physical and cognitive doping. Results 2,987 questionnaires were returned (99.7%). 12-month prevalences for physical and cognitive doping were 13.0% and 15.1%, respectively. The prevalence estimate for physical doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical enhancers, as well as in athletes who took part in the European Championship in Frankfurt compared to those who did not. The prevalence estimate for cognitive doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical and cognitive enhancers. Moreover, the use of physical and cognitive enhancers were significantly associated and also the use of physical and cognitive doping. Discussion The use of substances to improve physical and cognitive performance was associated on both levels of legality (enhancement vs. doping) suggesting that athletes do not use substances for a specific goal but may have a general propensity to enhance. This finding is important for understanding why people use such substances. Consequently, more effective prevention programs against substance abuse and doping could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Dietz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rolf Ulrich
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert Dalaker
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Striegel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas G. Franke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Maughan RJ. Quality assurance issues in the use of dietary supplements, with special reference to protein supplements. J Nutr 2013; 143:1843S-1847S. [PMID: 24027186 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements is widespread in the general population, in athletes and recreational exercisers, and in military personnel. A wide array of supplements is available, but protein-containing products are consistently among the most popular, especially among those who engage in resistance training. There are significant risks associated with the use of unregulated dietary supplements. Risks include the absence of active ingredients, the presence of harmful substances (including microbiological agents and foreign objects), the presence of toxic agents, and the presence of potentially dangerous prescription-only pharmaceuticals. There is ample evidence of athletes who have failed doping tests because of the use of dietary supplements. There is also growing evidence of risks to health and of serious adverse events, including a small number of fatalities, as a result of supplement use. The risk associated with the use of protein powders produced by major manufacturers is probably low, and the risk can be further reduced by using only products that have been tested under one of the recognized supplement quality assurance programs that operate in various countries. Nevertheless, a small risk remains, and athletes, soldiers, and other consumers should conduct a cost-benefit analysis before using any dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Maughan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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75
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Foster J, Taylor L, Chrismas BCR, Watkins SL, Mauger AR. The influence of acetaminophen on repeated sprint cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:41-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Markworth JF, Vella L, Lingard BS, Tull DL, Rupasinghe TW, Sinclair AJ, Maddipati KR, Cameron-Smith D. Human inflammatory and resolving lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and ibuprofen treatment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1281-96. [PMID: 24089379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Classical proinflammatory eicosanoids, and more recently discovered lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and proresolving bioactivity, exert a complex role in the initiation, control, and resolution of inflammation. Using a targeted lipidomics approach, we investigated circulating lipid mediator responses to resistance exercise and treatment with the NSAID ibuprofen. Human subjects undertook a single bout of unaccustomed resistance exercise (80% of one repetition maximum) following oral ingestion of ibuprofen (400 mg) or placebo control. Venous blood was collected during early recovery (0-3 h and 24 h postexercise), and serum lipid mediator composition was analyzed by LC-MS-based targeted lipidomics. Postexercise recovery was characterized by elevated levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and 2-derived prostanoids (TXB2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF2α, and PGI2), lipooxygenase (5-LOX, 12-LOX, and 15-LOX)-derived hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and leukotrienes (e.g., LTB4), and epoxygenase (CYP)-derived epoxy/dihydroxy eicosatrienoic acids (EpETrEs/DiHETrEs). Additionally, we detected elevated levels of bioactive lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties, including arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins (LXA4 and LXB4), and the EPA (E-series) and DHA (D-series)-derived resolvins (RvD1 and RvE1), and protectins (PD1 isomer 10S, 17S-diHDoHE). Ibuprofen treatment blocked exercise-induced increases in COX-1 and COX-2-derived prostanoids but also resulted in off-target reductions in leukotriene biosynthesis, and a diminished proresolving lipid mediator response. CYP pathway product metabolism was also altered by ibuprofen treatment, as indicated by elevated postexercise serum 5,6-DiHETrE and 8,9-DiHETrE only in those receiving ibuprofen. These findings characterize the blood inflammatory lipid mediator response to unaccustomed resistance exercise in humans and show that acute proinflammatory signals are mechanistically linked to the induction of a biological active inflammatory resolution program, regulated by proresolving lipid mediators during postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markworth
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Stewart B, Outram S, Smith ACT. Doing supplements to improve performance in club cycling: a life-course analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 23:e361-72. [PMID: 23909650 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using qualitative life-course and pathway analysis, this article explores the beliefs that serious club cyclists have about performance improvement, and what they think are appropriate and inappropriate ways of achieving it. We interviewed 11 cyclists from suburban clubs in Melbourne, Australia, and invited them to discuss their approach to training, racing, and supplementation. We found that each of the 11 cyclists were not only committed to the sport, but also paid a keen interest in bike technology and training regimes. In addition, they believed that supplement use was integral to meeting the physical and mental demands of their sport, even at club level. They also understood that supplement use, like training regimes, followed a sequential pathway where the accumulation of capacity, know-know, and knowledge, allowed progression to the next level of performance. And, like similar studies of club cycling in Europe, this cohort of cyclists balked at using banned substances, but also believed that in order to effectively transition to the elite - that is, professional - level, some additional supplement and drug-use was essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stewart
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Overbye M, Wagner U. Between medical treatment and performance enhancement: an investigation of how elite athletes experience Therapeutic Use Exemptions. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2013; 24:579-88. [PMID: 23582632 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes can be allowed to use substances from the prohibited list (the doping list) if they have a medical condition. If so, a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) is required. The boundaries between the use of pharmacological substances due to a medical need and doping are sometimes blurred. Although manipulating the system of TUE granting potentially represents an entry stage for doping, few studies examine how athletes perceive TUE management and relate this to current anti-doping policy. METHODS 645 Danish elite athletes (mean age 22.12, SD=5.82) representing 40 sports completed a web-based questionnaire about their experience and perception of TUE (response rate: 43%). RESULTS 19% of the respondents had been granted a TUE. 85% of athletes granted a TUE regarded their use of the TUE system as necessary to compete on equal terms with other athletes. Administrative hurdles for TUE prevented 7% of athletes from applying. 53% of the athletes considered that being "allowed" to dope by means of a TUE was of importance for their (hypothetical) wish to try out doping. 51% believed that athletes in their sport received TUEs without a medical need. Athletes granted TUEs had more than twice as high odds to distrust the efficacy of the system than athletes never granted a TUE. The belief that TUEs were misused was especially common among endurance athletes, regardless of them having experience with TUEs or not. 4% believed it would be okay to receive a TUE without a medical need. CONCLUSION The results confirm that TUE is a problem in anti-doping policy. The fact that distrust in TUE administration increases once an athlete has experience of TUEs represents a challenge for anti-doping policy. We suggest more critical research on TUEs be carried out in order to improve harmonization and increase transparency in the regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Overbye
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ulrik Wagner
- Department of Leadership & Corporate Strategy, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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79
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Kavukcu E, Burgazlı KM. Preventive Health Perspective in Sports Medicine: The Trend at the Use of Medications and Nutritional Supplements during 5 Years Period between 2003 and 2008 in Football. Balkan Med J 2013; 30:74-9. [PMID: 25207073 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2012.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of medication and nutritional supplement use in male Football Super League players and to observe the long term changes of players' attitudes during 5 years period (4 seasons). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Review and analysis of 4176 doping control forms -declaration reports- about players' medication intake including; Super League, UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League matches. Team physician was asked to document all medications and nutritional supplements taken by the Football Super League players in the last 72 hours before each match. RESULTS A total intake of 5939 substances were documented, of which almost half 49.2% (n=2921) were classified as medications and 50.8% (n=3018) were nutritional supplements. The average consumption per player was 1.42 substance/match; 0.70 were medications and 0.72 of nutritional supplements. The supplements used most frequently were NSAIDs 24.6% (n=1460) accounting for almost one in four of all reported supplements. Diclofenac Sodium was the most frequently reported active pharmaceutical ingredient. Second most frequently used supplements were vitamins (22.2%). The average drug consumption reported per player has been increasing every passing year. It was 0.7 substance/match/player (0.4 medication; 0.3 nutritional supplement) in 2003-2004 season; was increased to 1.8 substance/match (0.8 medication; 1.0 nutritional supplement) in 2006-2007 season. CONCLUSION The trends seen in this survey point to an overuse of NSAIDs and vitamins in comparison with other medications, amoung Turkish Super League football players (p<0.001). The use of NSAIDs has increased but the medication groups did not differ significantly between seasons, in terms of distribution. This increasing use of medications especially of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional supplements is alarming and needs to be argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethem Kavukcu
- Department of Family Medicine, Sports Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Mehmet Burgazlı
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sports Medicine, Medical and Research Center Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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80
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Küster M, Renner B, Oppel P, Niederweis U, Brune K. Consumption of analgesics before a marathon and the incidence of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal problems: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002090. [PMID: 23604350 PMCID: PMC3641448 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To prevent pain inhibiting their performance, many athletes ingest over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics before competing. We aimed at defining the use of analgesics and the relation between OTC analgesic use/dose and adverse events (AEs) during and after the race, a relation that has not been investigated to date. DESIGN Prospective (non-interventional) cohort study, using an online questionnaire. SETTING The Bonn marathon 2010. PARTICIPANTS 3913 of 7048 participants in the Bonn marathon 2010 returned their questionnaires. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Intensity of analgesic consumption before sports; incidence of AEs in the cohort of analgesic users as compared to non-users. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the premature race withdrawal rate in the analgesics cohort and the cohort who did not take analgesics ('controls'). However, race withdrawal because of gastrointestinal AEs was significantly more frequent in the analgesics cohort than in the control. Conversely, withdrawal because of muscle cramps was rare, but it was significantly more frequent in controls. The analgesics cohort had an almost 5 times higher incidence of AEs (overall risk difference of 13%). This incidence increased significantly with increasing analgesic dose. Nine respondents reported temporary hospital admittance: three for temporary kidney failure (post-ibuprofen ingestion), four with bleeds (post-aspirin ingestion) and two cardiac infarctions (post-aspirin ingestion). None of the control reported hospital admittance. CONCLUSIONS The use of analgesics before participating in endurance sports may cause many potentially serious, unwanted AEs that increase with increasing analgesic dose. Analgesic use before endurance sports appears to pose an unrecognised medical problem as yet. If verifiable in other endurance sports, it requires the attention of physicians and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küster
- Pain Management Center DGS, Bonn, Bad-Godesberg, Germany
| | - Bertold Renner
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Oppel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Niederweis
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kay Brune
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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81
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Rodek J, Sekulic D, Kondric M. Dietary supplementation and doping-related factors in high-level sailing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:51. [PMID: 23217197 PMCID: PMC3536606 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although dietary supplements (DSs) in sports are considered a natural need resulting from athletes’ increased physical demands, and although they are often consumed by athletes, data on DS usage in Olympic sailing are scarce. The aim of this study was to study the use of and attitudes towards DSs and doping problems in high-level competitive sailing. Methods The sample consisted of 44 high-level sailing athletes (5 of whom were female; total mean age 24.13 ± 6.67 years) and 34 coaches (1 of whom was female; total mean age 37.01 ± 11.70). An extensive, self-administered questionnaire of substance use was used, and the subjects were asked about sociodemographic data, sport-related factors, DS-related factors (i.e., usage of and knowledge about DSs, sources of information), and doping-related factors. The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used to determine the differences in group characteristics, and Spearman’s rank order correlation and a logistic regression analysis were used to define the relationships between the studied variables. Results DS usage is relatively high. More than 77% of athletes consume DSs, and 38% do so on a regular basis (daily). The athletes place a high degree of trust in their coaches and/or physicians regarding DSs and doping. The most important reason for not consuming DSs is the opinion that DSs are useless and a lack of knowledge about DSs. The likelihood of doping is low, and one-third of the subjects believe that doping occurs in sailing (no significant differences between athletes and coaches). The logistic regression found crew number (i.e., single vs. double crew) to be the single significant predictor of DS usage, with a higher probability of DS consumption among single crews. Conclusion Because of the high consumption of DSs future investigations should focus on real nutritional needs in sailing sport. Also, since athletes reported that their coaches are the primary source of information about nutrition and DSs, further studies are necessary to determine the knowledge about nutrition, DSs and doping problems among athletes and their support teams (i.e., coaches, physicians, and strength and conditioning specialists).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Rodek
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, Split, 21000, Croatia.
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82
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Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Hespel P. Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S57-66. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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83
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Ramos L, Leal Junior ECP, Pallotta RC, Frigo L, Marcos RL, de Carvalho MHC, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Infrared (810 nm) low-level laser therapy in experimental model of strain-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats: effects on functional outcomes. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:154-60. [PMID: 22053933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle strains are among the most prevalent causes for athletes' absence from sport activities. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has recently emerged as a potential contender to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in muscle strain treatment. In this work we investigated effects of LLLT and diclofenac on functional outcomes in the acute stage after muscle strain injury in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during anesthesia. The injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with diclofenac 30 min prior to injury, or LLLT (810 nm, 100 mW) with doses of 1, 3, 6 or 9 J, at 1 h after injury. Functional outcome measures included a walking index and assessment of electrically induced muscle performance. All treatments (except 9 J LLLT) significantly improved the walking index 12 h postinjury compared with the untreated group. The 3 J group also showed a significantly better walking index than the drug group. All treatments significantly improved muscle performance at 6 and 12 h. LLLT dose of 3 J was as effective as the pharmacological agent in improving functional outcomes in the early phase after a muscle strain injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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84
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Kondric M, Sekulic D, Petroczi A, Ostojic L, Rodek J, Ostojic Z. Is there a danger for myopia in anti-doping education? Comparative analysis of substance use and misuse in Olympic racket sports calls for a broader approach. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2011; 6:27. [PMID: 21988896 PMCID: PMC3204239 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Racket sports are typically not associated with doping. Despite the common characteristics of being non-contact and mostly individual, racket sports differ in their physiological demands, which might be reflected in substance use and misuse (SUM). The aim of this study was to investigate SUM among Slovenian Olympic racket sport players in the context of educational, sociodemographic and sport-specific factors. Methods Elite athletes (N = 187; mean age = 22 ± 2.3; 64% male) representing one of the three racket sports, table tennis, badminton, and tennis, completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire on substance use habits. Athletes in this sample had participated in at least one of the two most recent competitions at the highest national level and had no significant difference in competitive achievement or status within their sport. Results A significant proportion of athletes (46% for both sexes) reported using nutritional supplements. Between 10% and 24% of the studied males would use doping if the practice would help them achieve better results in competition and if it had no negative health consequences; a further 5% to 10% indicated potential doping behaviour regardless of potential health hazards. Females were generally less oriented toward SUM than their male counterparts with no significant differences between sports, except for badminton players. Substances that have no direct effect on sport performance (if timed carefully to avoid detrimental effects) are more commonly consumed (20% binge drink at least once a week and 18% report using opioids), whereas athletes avoid substances that can impair and threaten athletic achievement by decreasing physical capacities (e.g. cigarettes), violating anti-doping codes or potentially transgressing substance control laws (e.g. opiates and cannabinoids). Regarding doping issues, athletes' trust in their coaches and physicians is low. Conclusion SUM in sports spreads beyond doping-prone sports and drugs that enhance athletic performance. Current anti-doping education, focusing exclusively on rules and fair play, creates an increasingly widening gap between sports and the athletes' lives outside of sports. To avoid myopia, anti-doping programmes should adopt a holistic approach to prevent substance use in sports for the sake of the athletes' health as much as for the integrity of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Kondric
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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85
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Watelet J. Éditorial. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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86
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Backhouse SH, Whitaker L, Petróczi A. Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:244-52. [PMID: 22092778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional supplement (NS) use is widespread in sport. This study applied an integrated social cognitive approach to examine doping attitudes, beliefs, and self-reported doping use behavior across NS users (n = 96) and nonusers (n = 116). Following ethical approval, 212 competitive athletes (age mean = 21.4, s = 4.5; 137 males) completed self-reported measures of doping-related social cognitions and behaviors, presented in an online format where completion implied consent. Significantly more NS users (22.9%) reported doping compared with nonusers (6.0%; U = 4628.0, P < 0.05). NS users presented significantly more positive attitudes toward doping (U = 3152.0, P < 0.05) and expressed a significantly greater belief that doping is effective (U = 3152.0, P < 0.05). When presented with the scenario that performance-enhancing substances are effective and increase the possibility of winning, NS users were significantly more in favor of competing in situations that allow doping (U = 3504.5, P < 0.05). In sum, doping use is three-and-a-half times more prevalent in NS users compared with nonusers. This finding is accompanied by significant differences in doping attitudes, norms, and beliefs. Thus, this article offers support for the gateway hypothesis; athletes who engage in legal performance enhancement practices appear to embody an "at-risk" group for transition toward doping. Education should be appropriately targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Backhouse
- Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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87
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Petróczi A, Mazanov J, Naughton DP. Inside athletes' minds: preliminary results from a pilot study on mental representation of doping and potential implications for anti-doping. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2011; 6:10. [PMID: 21599981 PMCID: PMC3132726 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-6-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing body of literature and putative links between the use of ergogenic nutritional supplements, doping and illicit drugs, it remains unclear whether, in athletes' minds, doping aligns with illicit behaviour or with functional use of chemical or natural preparations. To date, no attempt has been made to quantitatively explore athletes' mental representation of doping in relation to illegality and functionality. METHODS A convenience sample of student athletes from a large South-Eastern Australian university responded to an on-line survey. Competitive athletes (n = 46) were grouped based on self-reported use as follows: i) none used (30%), ii) supplement only (22%), iii) illicit only (26%) and iv) both supplements and illicit drug use (22%). Whereas no athlete reported doping, data provided on projected supplement-, doping- and drug use by the four user groups allowed evaluation of doping-related cognition in the context of self-reported supplement- and illicit drug taking behaviour; and comparison between these substances. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence estimation was found for illicit drug use and a trend towards a biased social projection emerged for supplement use. Doping estimates by user groups showed mixed results, suggesting that doping had more in common with the ergogenic nutritional supplement domain than the illicit drug domain. CONCLUSIONS Assessing the behavioural domain to which doping belongs to in athletes' mind would greatly advance doping behaviour research toward prevention and intervention. Further investigation refining the peculiarity of the mental representation of doping with a larger study sample, controlling for knowledge of doping and other factors, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jason Mazanov
- School of Business, UNSW@ADFA, Northcott Drive, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Declan P Naughton
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
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88
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Sobolewski EJ, Thompson BJ, Smith AE, Ryan ED. The Physiological Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Hydration: A Review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827611406071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1992, Harris and colleagues demonstrated that oral creatine supplementation can enhance muscle creatine stores. Since then, creatine has become an important and popular ergogenic aid for improving athletic performance with reports of up to 74% of athletes supplementing with creatine. Although many recent studies have addressed the safety concerns of creatine supplementation on hydration status in hot and humid environments, anecdotal reports still exist linking creatine usage to heat-related problems. These concerns are based on the premise that creatine is an osmotically active substance resulting in an alteration in fluid balance by increasing intracellular fluid volume and preventing fluid from entering the extracellular environment to aid in thermoregulation. However, a number studies have demonstrated that when recommended amounts of creatine are consumed, creatine does not appear to increase the risk of heat-related problems during exercise and may actually have a positive influence on core temperature and heart rate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Sobolewski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Abbie E. Smith
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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89
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Becue I, Van Poucke C, Van Peteghem C. An LC-MS screening method with library identification for the detection of steroids in dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:327-335. [PMID: 21394849 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For many years anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are by far the most frequently detected pharmacological substances in doping control. In order to improve their performances, professional sportsmen are often tempted to take dietary supplements. However, due to the frequent and widespread occurrence of contaminated supplements, the use of such products is not without risk for the athletes involved. In order to minimize the chances of an unattended positive doping test or serious health problems, fast and reliable screening methods for the detection of anabolic steroids in dietary supplements are needed. A general screening procedure requires the fast and unambiguous detection of a large range of steroids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used intensively in the detection of doping substances for the past 40 years. Over time, many laboratories have delivered spectra to be included in standard reference databases, one of which is maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). In recent years, however, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has gained popularity. Unfortunately, existing GC-MS libraries are not applicable to LC-MS analysis. In the present study, a new mass spectral library of 88 steroids was developed, along with a fast UPLC-MS method. For the construction of this mass spectral library, three different mass spectra were measured for each steroid, with a sample cone voltage of 30, 60 and 100 V, respectively. This method was then successfully tested on contaminated dietary supplements which had previously been tested by means of a targeted LC-MS/MS method. Overall, the library search was shown to identify the same compounds as the MRM method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Becue
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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90
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Heikkinen A, Alaranta A, Helenius I, Vasankari T. Use of dietary supplements in Olympic athletes is decreasing: a follow-up study between 2002 and 2009. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2011; 8:1. [PMID: 21294857 PMCID: PMC3042913 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of use of dietary supplements (DS) among large sample of elite Finnish athletes and to describe possible changes in dietary supplement use between the years 2002 and 2009. Methods A prospective follow-up study was conducted on Olympic athletes. The first survey was conducted on Olympic athletes in 2002 (N = 446) and the follow-up study was conducted between May 2008 and June 2009 (N = 372). Results In 2002, a total of 81% of the athletes used dietary supplements (a mean of 3.37 ± 3.06 DS per user) and in 2009, a total of 73% of the athletes (a mean of 2.60 ± 2.69 per DS user) used them. After adjusting for age-, sex- and sport type, the OR (95% confidence interval, CI) for use of any dietary supplement was significantly less in 2009 as compared with 2002 results (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.90). Decrease in DS use was observed in all supplement subgroups (vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements). Athletes in speed and power events and endurance events reported use of any dietary supplement significantly more often than team sport athletes both in 2002 and 2009. In year 2009, the frequency of all dietary supplement use increased when athlete's age increased and the increase was significant in older age groups: of the athletes under 21 years 63%, 21-24 years 83% and over 24 years 90% consumed nutritional supplements. Conclusions Based in our study, there seems to be a lowering trend of dietary supplement use among elite Finnish athletes although differences between sport subgroups and age groups are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Heikkinen
- The Paavo Nurmi Centre Sports & Exercise Medical Unit, Department of Physiology University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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91
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Petroczi A, Taylor G, Naughton D. Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:393-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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92
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How much is too much? A case report of nutritional supplement use of a high-performance athlete. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1724-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although dietary nutrient intake is often adequate, nutritional supplement use is common among elite athletes. However, high-dose supplements or the use of multiple supplements may exceed the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of particular nutrients or even result in a daily intake above tolerable upper limits (UL). The present case report presents nutritional intake data and supplement use of a highly trained male swimmer competing at international level. Habitual energy and micronutrient intake were analysed by 3 d dietary reports. Supplement use and dosage were assessed, and total amount of nutrient supply was calculated. Micronutrient intake was evaluated based on RDA and UL as presented by the European Scientific Committee on Food, and maximum permitted levels in supplements (MPL) are given. The athlete's diet provided adequate micronutrient content well above RDA except for vitamin D. Simultaneous use of ten different supplements was reported, resulting in excess intake above tolerable UL for folate, vitamin E and Zn. Additionally, daily supplement dosage was considerably above MPL for nine micronutrients consumed as artificial products. Risks and possible side effects of exceeding UL by the athlete are discussed. Athletes with high energy intake may be at risk of exceeding UL of particular nutrients if multiple supplements are added. Therefore, dietary counselling of athletes should include assessment of habitual diet and nutritional supplement intake. Educating athletes to balance their diets instead of taking supplements might be prudent to prevent health risks that may occur with long-term excess nutrient intake.
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93
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Senard-Ojero A, Durrieu G, Depiesse F, Schmitt L, Riviere D, Montastruc JL. [What illegal substances are used by sportsmen? a study in Midi-Pyrénées Doping Preventing Medical Centre (AMPD-MP)]. Therapie 2010; 65:459-63. [PMID: 21144481 DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Doping Preventing Medical Centres (Antennes Médicales de Prévention du Dopage) were established in France in 2000 in order to help sportsmen using illegal substances. These services are also information centres on illegal substances (drugs or others) used in sport. The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of sportsmen outpatient clinics in Antenne Médicale de Prevention du Dopage Midi-Pyrénées (AMPD-MP). METHODS We present the results of outpatient clinics in AMPD-MP from 2002 to 2008. A descriptive analysis of demographic data, substances used and sports practised were performed. RESULTS During this 7 year-period, 35 outpatient clinics were performed [32 men, 3 women, mean age: 28 years (extreme values: 18-47; 10 patients ≥ 30 years)]. They were mainly involved in national (16), international (8) or regional (7) competitions. The main sports involved were rugby (9) followed by cycling (5), athletics (3) and body-building (3). The most frequently used illegal substances were cannabis (15) followed by glucocorticoïds (9), androgens (4), indirect sympathomimetics amphetaminics (4), beta 2 adrenergic agonists (2) and NSAIDs (2). Two veterinary substances (clenbuterol, boldone-veterinaire) were also found in body-builders. CONCLUSION This study shows a clear under use of Doping Preventing Medical Centres by sportsmen and practitioners. It also indicates a relative high age for sportsmen referred to the centre. The main sports involved were rugby and cycling. Cannabis and glucocorticoïds were the drugs more often involved in doping behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Senard-Ojero
- Antenne Médicale de Prévention du Dopage (AMPD) Midi-Pyrénées, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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