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Carrasco Pro S, Dafonte Imedio A, Santoso CS, Gan KA, Sewell JA, Martinez M, Sereda R, Mehta S, Fuxman Bass JI. Global landscape of mouse and human cytokine transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9321-9337. [PMID: 30184180 PMCID: PMC6182173 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are cell-to-cell signaling proteins that play a central role in immune development, pathogen responses, and diseases. Cytokines are highly regulated at the transcriptional level by combinations of transcription factors (TFs) that recruit cofactors and the transcriptional machinery. Here, we mined through three decades of studies to generate a comprehensive database, CytReg, reporting 843 and 647 interactions between TFs and cytokine genes, in human and mouse respectively. By integrating CytReg with other functional datasets, we determined general principles governing the transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes. In particular, we show a correlation between TF connectivity and immune phenotype and disease, we discuss the balance between tissue-specific and pathogen-activated TFs regulating each cytokine gene, and cooperativity and plasticity in cytokine regulation. We also illustrate the use of our database as a blueprint to predict TF-disease associations and identify potential TF-cytokine regulatory axes in autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss research biases in cytokine regulation studies, and use CytReg to predict novel interactions based on co-expression and motif analyses which we further validated experimentally. Overall, this resource provides a framework for the rational design of future cytokine gene regulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Carrasco Pro
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Kok Ann Gan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Sereda
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shivani Mehta
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan Ignacio Fuxman Bass
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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King KE, George AL, Sakakibara N, Mahmood K, Moses MA, Weinberg WC. Intersection of the p63 and NF-κB pathways in epithelial homeostasis and disease. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1571-1580. [PMID: 31286584 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of ΔNp63α, a member of the p53/p63/p73 family of transcription factors, is a molecular attribute of human squamous cancers of the head and neck, lung and skin. The TP63 gene plays important roles in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis, regulating diverse biological processes including epidermal fate decisions and keratinocyte proliferation and survival. When overexpressed experimentally in primary mouse keratinocytes, ΔNp63α maintains a basal cell phenotype including the loss of normal calcium-mediated growth arrest, at least in part through the activation and enhanced nuclear accumulation of the c-rel subunit of NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa B). Initially identified for its role in the immune system and hematopoietic cancers, c-Rel has increasingly been associated with solid tumors and other pathologies. ΔNp63α and c-Rel have been shown to be associated in the nuclei of ΔNp63α overexpressing human squamous carcinoma cells. Together, these transcription factors cooperate in the transcription of genes regulating intrinsic keratinocyte functions, as well as the elaboration of factors that influence the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review provides an overview of the roles of ΔNp63α and c-Rel in normal epidermal homeostasis and elaborates on how these pathways may intersect in pathological conditions such as cancer and the associated TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E King
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrea L George
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nozomi Sakakibara
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kanwal Mahmood
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael A Moses
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Wendy C Weinberg
- Laboratory of M olecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Kabacaoglu D, Ruess DA, Ai J, Algül H. NF-κB/Rel Transcription Factors in Pancreatic Cancer: Focusing on RelA, c-Rel, and RelB. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E937. [PMID: 31277415 PMCID: PMC6679104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors (TFs) is extremely cell-type-specific owing to their ability to act disparately in the context of cellular homeostasis driven by cellular fate and the microenvironment. This is also valid for tumor cells in which every single component shows heterogenic effects. Whereas many studies highlighted a per se oncogenic function for NF-κB/Rel TFs across cancers, recent advances in the field revealed their additional tumor-suppressive nature. Specifically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as one of the deadliest malignant diseases, shows aberrant canonical-noncanonical NF-κB signaling activity. Although decades of work suggest a prominent oncogenic activity of NF-κB signaling in PDAC, emerging evidence points to the opposite including anti-tumor effects. Considering the dual nature of NF-κB signaling and how it is closely linked to many other cancer related signaling pathways, it is essential to dissect the roles of individual Rel TFs in pancreatic carcinogenesis and tumor persistency and progression. Here, we discuss recent knowledge highlighting the role of Rel TFs RelA, RelB, and c-Rel in PDAC development and maintenance. Next to providing rationales for therapeutically harnessing Rel TF function in PDAC, we compile strategies currently in (pre-)clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kabacaoglu
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Ruess
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaoyu Ai
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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The Unsolved Puzzle of c-Rel in B Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070941. [PMID: 31277480 PMCID: PMC6678315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant constitutive activation of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors is a hallmark of numerous cancers. Of the five Rel family members, c-Rel has the strongest direct links to tumorigenesis. c-Rel is the only member that can malignantly transform lymphoid cells in vitro. Furthermore, c-Rel is implicated in human B cell lymphoma through the frequent occurrence of REL gene locus gains and amplifications. In normal physiology, high c-Rel expression predominates in the hematopoietic lineage and a diverse range of stimuli can trigger enhanced expression and activation of c-Rel. Both expression and activation of c-Rel are tightly regulated on multiple levels, indicating the necessity to keep its functions under control. In this review we meta-analyze and integrate studies reporting gene locus aberrations to provide an overview on the frequency of REL gains in human B cell lymphoma subtypes, namely follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. We also summarize current knowledge on c-Rel expression and protein localization in these human B cell lymphomas and discuss the co-amplification of BCL11A with REL. In addition, we highlight and illustrate key pathways of c-Rel activation and regulation with a specific focus on B cell biology.
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MicroRNA-365a-3p inhibits c-Rel-mediated NF-κB signaling and the progression of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 452:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ramsey KM, Chen W, Marion JD, Bergqvist S, Komives EA. Exclusivity and Compensation in NFκB Dimer Distributions and IκB Inhibition. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2555-2563. [PMID: 31033276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The NFκB transcription factor family members RelA, p50, and cRel form homo- and heterodimers that are inhibited by IκBα, IκBβ, and IκBε. These NFκB family members have diverse biological functions, and their expression profiles differ, leading to different concentrations in different tissue types. Here we present definitive biophysical measurements of the NFκB dimer affinities and inhibitor affinities to better understand dimer exchange and how the presence of inhibitors may alter the equilibrium concentrations of NFκB dimers in the cellular context. Fluorescence anisotropy binding experiments were performed at low concentrations to mimic intracellular concentrations. We report binding affinities much stronger than those that had been previously reported by non-equilibrium gel shift and analytical ultracentrifugation assays. The results reveal a wide range of NFκB dimer affinities and a strong preference of each IκB for a small subset of NFκB dimers. Once the preferred IκB is bound, dimer exchange no longer occurs over a period of days. A mathematical model of the cellular distribution of these canonical NFκB transcription factors based on the revised binding affinities recapitulates intracellular observations and provides simple, precise explanations for observed cellular phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92092-0378 , United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92092-0378 , United States
| | - James D Marion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92092-0378 , United States
| | - Simon Bergqvist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92092-0378 , United States
| | - Elizabeth A Komives
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92092-0378 , United States
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Mancini M, Caignard G, Charbonneau B, Dumaine A, Wu N, Leiva-Torres GA, Gerondakis S, Pearson A, Qureshi ST, Sladek R, Vidal SM. Rel-Dependent Immune and Central Nervous System Mechanisms Control Viral Replication and Inflammation during Mouse Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1479-1493. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu M, Peng J, Tai N, Pearson JA, Hu C, Guo J, Hou L, Zhao H, Wong FS, Wen L. Toll-like receptor 9 negatively regulates pancreatic islet beta cell growth and function in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2333-2343. [PMID: 30094467 PMCID: PMC6182661 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Innate immune effectors interact with the environment to contribute to the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes. Although recent studies have suggested that innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in tissue development, little is known about the role of TLRs in tissue development, compared with autoimmunity. We aimed to fill the knowledge gap by investigating the role of TLR9 in the development and function of islet beta cells in type 1 diabetes, using NOD mice. METHODS We generated Tlr9-/- NOD mice and examined them for type 1 diabetes development and beta cell function, including insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. We assessed islet and beta cell number and characterised CD140a expression on beta cells by flow cytometry. We also tested beta cell function in Tlr9-/- C57BL/6 mice. Finally, we used TLR9 antagonists to block TLR9 signalling in wild-type NOD mice to verify the role of TLR9 in beta cell development and function. RESULTS TLR9 deficiency promoted pancreatic islet development and beta cell differentiation, leading to enhanced glucose tolerance, improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced first-phase insulin secretory response. This was, in part, mediated by upregulation of CD140a (also known as platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α [PDGFRα]). In the absence of TLR9, induced by either genetic targeting or treatment with TLR9 antagonists, which had similar effects on ontogenesis and function of beta cells, NOD mice were protected from diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study links TLR9 and the CD140a pathway in regulating islet beta cell development and function and indicates a potential therapeutic target for diabetes prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengju Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - James A Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Jounce Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Junhua Guo
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hou
- Jounce Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Spel L, Nieuwenhuis J, Haarsma R, Stickel E, Bleijerveld OB, Altelaar M, Boelens JJ, Brummelkamp TR, Nierkens S, Boes M. Nedd4-Binding Protein 1 and TNFAIP3-Interacting Protein 1 Control MHC-1 Display in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6621-6631. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Staal J, Beyaert R. Inflammation and NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cells 2018; 7:E122. [PMID: 30158439 PMCID: PMC6162478 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent form of cancer that is usually slow-developing and benign. Due to its high prevalence, it is, however, still the second most common cause of death by cancer in men in the West. The higher prevalence of prostate cancer in the West might be due to elevated inflammation from metabolic syndrome or associated comorbidities. NF-κB activation and many other signals associated with inflammation are known to contribute to prostate cancer malignancy. Inflammatory signals have also been associated with the development of castration resistance and resistance against other androgen depletion strategies, which is a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the role of inflammation and its link with androgen signaling in prostate cancer. We further describe the role of NF-κB in prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation, major NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer, and the crosstalk between NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling. Several NF-κB-induced risk factors in prostate cancer and their potential for therapeutic targeting in the clinic are described. A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that control the development of prostate cancer and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy will eventually lead to novel treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Prescott JA, Cook SJ. Targeting IKKβ in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities for the Therapeutic Utilisation of IKKβ Inhibitors. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090115. [PMID: 30142927 PMCID: PMC6162708 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated NF-κB signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human inflammatory disorders and malignancies. Consequently, the NF-κB pathway has attracted attention as an attractive therapeutic target for drug discovery. As the primary, druggable mediator of canonical NF-κB signalling the IKKβ protein kinase has been the historical focus of drug development pipelines. Thousands of compounds with activity against IKKβ have been characterised, with many demonstrating promising efficacy in pre-clinical models of cancer and inflammatory disease. However, severe on-target toxicities and other safety concerns associated with systemic IKKβ inhibition have thus far prevented the clinical approval of any IKKβ inhibitors. This review will discuss the potential reasons for the lack of clinical success of IKKβ inhibitors to date, the challenges associated with their therapeutic use, realistic opportunities for their future utilisation, and the alternative strategies to inhibit NF-κB signalling that may overcome some of the limitations associated with IKKβ inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Prescott
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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STIM- and Orai-mediated calcium entry controls NF-κB activity and function in lymphocytes. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:131-143. [PMID: 30048879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The central role of Ca2+ signaling in the development of functional immunity and tolerance is well established. These signals are initiated by antigen binding to cognate receptors on lymphocytes that trigger store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The underlying mechanism of SOCE in lymphocytes involves TCR and BCR mediated activation of Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 and 2 (STIM1/2) molecules embedded in the ER membrane leading to their activation of Orai channels in the plasma membrane. STIM/Orai dependent Ca2+ signals guide key antigen induced lymphocyte development and function principally through direct regulation of Ca2+ dependent transcription factors. The role of Ca2+ signaling in NFAT activation and signaling is well known and has been studied extensively, but a wide appreciation and mechanistic understanding of how Ca2+ signals also shape the activation and specificity of NF-κB dependent gene expression has lagged. Here we discuss and interpret what is known about Ca2+ dependent mechanisms of NF-kB activation, including what is known and the gaps in our understanding of how these signals control lymphocyte development and function.
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A new piece of an old puzzle: lack of association between C-Rel (rs13031237-rs842647) single nucleotide polymorphisms and non-segmental vitiligo. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-018-0027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santolla MF, Lappano R, Cirillo F, Rigiracciolo DC, Sebastiani A, Abonante S, Tassone P, Tagliaferri P, Di Martino MT, Maggiolini M, Vivacqua A. miR-221 stimulates breast cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) through selective interference with the A20/c-Rel/CTGF signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:94. [PMID: 29716623 PMCID: PMC5930435 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of target mRNAs. Among several dysregulated miRNAs in human cancer, the up-regulation of miR-221 has been associated with development of a variety of hematologic and solid malignancies. In this study, we investigated the involvement of miR-221 in breast cancer. Methods TaqMan microRNA assay was used to detect the miR-221 levels in normal cells and in MDA-MB 231 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells as well as in main players of the tumor microenvironment, namely cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). miR-221 mimic sequence and locked nucleic acid (LNA)-i-miR-221 construct were used to induce or inhibit, respectively, the miR-221 expression in cells used. Quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to evaluate the levels of the miR-221 target gene A20 (TNFAIP3), as well as the member of the NF-kB complex namely c-Rel and the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to ascertain the recruitment of c-Rel to the CTFG promoter. Finally, the cell growth and migration in the presence of LNA-i-miR-221 or silencing c-Rel and CTGF by specific short hairpin were assessed by cell count, colony formation and boyden chambers assays. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. Results We first demonstrated that LNA-i-miR-221 inhibits both endogenous and ectopic expression of miR-221 in our experimental models. Next, we found that the A20 down-regulation, as well as the up-regulation of c-Rel induced by miR-221 were no longer evident using LNA-i-miR-221. Moreover, we established that the miR-221 dependent recruitment of c-Rel to the NF-kB binding site located within the CTGF promoter region is prevented by using LNA-i-miR-221. Furthermore, we determined that the up-regulation of CTGF mRNA and protein levels by miR-221 is no longer evident using LNA-i-miR221 and silencing c-Rel. Finally, we assessed that cell growth and migration induced by miR-221 in MDA-MB 231 and SkBr3 breast cancer cells as well as in CAFs are abolished by LNAi-miR-221 and silencing c-Rel or CTGF. Conclusions Overall, these data provide novel insights into the stimulatory action of miR-221 in breast cancer cells and CAFs, suggesting that its inhibition may be considered toward targeted therapeutic approaches in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Anna Sebastiani
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Grondona P, Bucher P, Schulze-Osthoff K, Hailfinger S, Schmitt A. NF-κB Activation in Lymphoid Malignancies: Genetics, Signaling, and Targeted Therapy. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020038. [PMID: 29587428 PMCID: PMC6027339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor family plays a crucial role in lymphocyte proliferation and survival. Consequently, aberrant NF-κB activation has been described in a variety of lymphoid malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia. Several factors, such as persistent infections (e.g., with Helicobacter pylori), the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of the cancer, self-reactive immune receptors as well as genetic lesions altering the function of key signaling effectors, contribute to constitutive NF-κB activity in these malignancies. In this review, we will discuss the molecular consequences of recurrent genetic lesions affecting key regulators of NF-κB signaling. We will particularly focus on the oncogenic mechanisms by which these alterations drive deregulated NF-κB activity and thus promote the growth and survival of the malignant cells. As the concept of a targeted therapy based on the mutational status of the malignancy has been supported by several recent preclinical and clinical studies, further insight in the function of NF-κB modulators and in the molecular mechanisms governing aberrant NF-κB activation observed in lymphoid malignancies might lead to the development of additional treatment strategies and thus improve lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grondona
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Philip Bucher
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Schmitt
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Riedlinger T, Haas J, Busch J, van de Sluis B, Kracht M, Schmitz ML. The Direct and Indirect Roles of NF-κB in Cancer: Lessons from Oncogenic Fusion Proteins and Knock-in Mice. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010036. [PMID: 29562713 PMCID: PMC5874693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of cellular immune and stress responses. Aberrant NF-κB activity has been implicated in almost all the steps of cancer development and many of the direct and indirect contributions of this transcription factor system for oncogenesis were revealed in the recent years. The indirect contributions affect almost all hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer, but NF-κB can either promote or antagonize these tumor-supportive functions, thus prohibiting global NF-κB inhibition. The direct effects are due to mutations of members of the NF-κB system itself. These mutations typically occur in upstream components that lead to the activation of NF-κB together with further oncogenesis-promoting signaling pathways. In contrast, mutations of the downstream components, such as the DNA-binding subunits, contribute to oncogenic transformation by affecting NF-κB-driven transcriptional output programs. Here, we discuss the features of recently identified oncogenic RelA fusion proteins and the characterization of pathways that are regulating the transcriptional activity of NF-κB by regulatory phosphorylations. As NF-κB’s central role in human physiology prohibits its global inhibition, these auxiliary or cell type-specific NF-κB regulating pathways are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Riedlinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jana Haas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Busch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Rahmoun N, El Mecherfi KE, Bouchetara A, Lardjem Hetraf S, Dahmani Amira C, Adda Neggaz L, Boudjema A, Zemani-Fodil F, Kheroua O. Association of REL Polymorphism with Cow's Milk Proteins Allergy in Pediatric Algerian Population. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2018; 37:74-83. [PMID: 29336650 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2017.1405468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cow's milk proteins allergy (CMPA) pathogenesis involves complex immunological mechanisms with the participation of several cells and molecules involved in food allergy. The association of polymorphisms in the interleukin 4, Forkhead box P3 and the avian reticuloendotheliosis genes was investigated in an infant population with CMPA of Western Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained DNA and clinical data from milk allergic subjects during active phase and from a group of non-atopic control subjects. RESULTS Our findings showed that the allele G of the cRel gene intronic polymorphism at +7883 positions was significantly higher among cow's milk proteins allergic patients compared to control subjects. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest a possible association of CMPA with cRel G+7883T polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Rahmoun
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Kamel Eddine El Mecherfi
- b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,c Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition et Sécurité Alimentaire, Universitéd'Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella , Oran , Algérie
| | - Assia Bouchetara
- d Departement des maladies infectieuses, EHS Boukhroufa Abdelkader, Canastel , Oran , Algérie
| | - Sara Lardjem Hetraf
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Chahinez Dahmani Amira
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Leila Adda Neggaz
- b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Abdallah Boudjema
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Faouzia Zemani-Fodil
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie.,b Département de génétique moléculaire appliquée , Faculté des Sciences et de la vie, Université des Sciences et de a Technologie d'Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf -USTOMB- , Oran , Algérie
| | - Omar Kheroua
- c Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition et Sécurité Alimentaire, Universitéd'Oran 1 Ahmed Benbella , Oran , Algérie
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Bardet M, Unterreiner A, Malinverni C, Lafossas F, Vedrine C, Boesch D, Kolb Y, Kaiser D, Glück A, Schneider MA, Katopodis A, Renatus M, Simic O, Schlapbach A, Quancard J, Régnier CH, Bold G, Pissot-Soldermann C, Carballido JM, Kovarik J, Calzascia T, Bornancin F. The T-cell fingerprint of MALT1 paracaspase revealed by selective inhibition. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:81-99. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Bardet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Adeline Unterreiner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Claire Malinverni
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Lafossas
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Corinne Vedrine
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Danielle Boesch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Yeter Kolb
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Anton Glück
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Martin A Schneider
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Andreas Katopodis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver Simic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Achim Schlapbach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Jean Quancard
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Régnier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Guido Bold
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - José M Carballido
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Jiri Kovarik
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Calzascia
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Bornancin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Campus; Basel Switzerland
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Asatryan A, Bazan NG. Molecular mechanisms of signaling via the docosanoid neuroprotectin D1 for cellular homeostasis and neuroprotection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12390-12397. [PMID: 28615451 PMCID: PMC5535015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.783076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid, enriched in the brain and retina, generates docosanoids in response to disruptions of cellular homeostasis. Docosanoids include neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), which is decreased in the CA1 hippocampal area of patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize here how NPD1 elicits neuroprotection by up-regulating c-REL, a nuclear factor (NF)-κB subtype that, in turn, enhances expression of BIRC3 (baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing protein 3) in the retina and in experimental stroke, leading to neuroprotection. Elucidating the mechanisms of action of docosanoids will contribute to managing diseases, including stroke, AD, age-related macular degeneration, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Asatryan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2223
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2223.
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70
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Comparative gene-expression profiling of the large cell variant of gastrointestinal marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5963. [PMID: 28729720 PMCID: PMC5519735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (g.i.) large cell lymphoma is currently regarded as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) despite a more favorable clinical outcome compared to other DLBCL. Cluster analyses on a transcriptome signature of NF-κB target genes of 30 g.i. marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZBL; 8 g.i. MZBL, 22 large cell MZBL - among them 9 with coexisting small cell component) and 6 DLBCL (3 activated B-cell like (ABC), 3 germinal center-like (GCB)) reveals a distinct pattern. The distinctiveness of large cell MZBL samples is further confirmed by a cohort of 270 available B-cell lymphoma and B-cell in silico profiles. Of the NF-κB genes analyzed, c-REL was overexpressed in g.i. MZBL. c-REL amplification was limited to 6/22 large cell MZBL including the large cell component of 2/9 composite small cell/large cell lymphomas, and c-Rel protein expression was found in the large cell compartment of composite lymphomas. Classification experiments on DLBCL and large cell MZBL profiles support the concept that the large cell MZBL is a distinct type of B-cell lymphoma.
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Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic disease leading to fibrotic scarring of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, causing considerable morbidity and mortality via the development of cholestatic liver cirrhosis, concurrent IBD and a high risk of bile duct cancer. Expectations have been high that genetic studies would determine key factors in PSC pathogenesis to support the development of effective medical therapies. Through the application of genome-wide association studies, a large number of disease susceptibility genes have been identified. The overall genetic architecture of PSC shares features with both autoimmune diseases and IBD. Strong human leukocyte antigen gene associations, along with several susceptibility genes that are critically involved in T-cell function, support the involvement of adaptive immune responses in disease pathogenesis, and position PSC as an autoimmune disease. In this Review, we survey the developments that have led to these gene discoveries. We also elaborate relevant interpretations of individual gene findings in the context of established disease models in PSC, and propose relevant translational research efforts to pursue novel insights.
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72
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Fallahi S, Mohammadi SM, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Alihemmati A, Samadi N, Gholami S, Shanehbandi D, Nozad Charoudeh H. Impact of C-rel inhibition of cord blood-derived B-, T-, and NK cells. J Immunotoxicol 2017; 14:15-22. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1250849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Fallahi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyede Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Advanced Research School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Alihemmati
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Advanced Research School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Samadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Gholami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Durand JK, Baldwin AS. Targeting IKK and NF-κB for Therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 107:77-115. [PMID: 28215229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to regulating immune responses, the NF-κB family of transcription factors also promotes cellular proliferation and survival. NF-κB and its activating kinase, IKK, have become appealing therapeutic targets because of their critical roles in the progression of many diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. Here, we discuss the conditions that lead to pathway activation, the effects of constitutive activation, and some of the strategies used to inhibit NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Durand
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - A S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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74
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Hu X, Baytak E, Li J, Akman B, Okay K, Hu G, Scuto A, Zhang W, Küçük C. The relationship of REL proto-oncogene to pathobiology and chemoresistance in follicular and transformed follicular lymphoma. Leuk Res 2017; 54:30-38. [PMID: 28095352 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common type of indolent lymphoma that occasionally transforms to more aggressive B-cell lymphomas. These transformed follicular lymphomas (tFL) are often associated with chemoresistance whose mechanisms are currently unknown. REL, a proto-oncogene located on frequently amplified 2p16.1-p15 locus, promotes tumorigenesis in many cancer types through deregulation of the NF-κB pathway; however, its role in FL pathobiology or chemoresistance has not been addressed. Here, we evaluated REL gene copy number by q-PCR on FFPE FL tumor samples, and observed REL amplification in 30.4% of FL cases that was associated with weak elevation of transcript levels. PCR-Sanger analysis did not show any somatic mutation in FL tumors. In support of a marginal oncogenic role, a REL-transduced FL cell line was positively selected under limiting serum conditions. Interestingly, reanalysis of previously reported gene expression profiles revealed significant enrichment of DNA damage-induced repair and cell cycle arrest pathways in tFL tumors with high REL expression compared to those with low REL expression consistent with the critical role of c-REL in genotoxicity-induced NF-κB signaling, which was reported to lead to drug resistance. In addition to DNA damage repair genes such as ATM and BRCA1, anti-apoptotic BCL2 was significantly elevated in REL-high FL and tFL tumors. Altogether these data suggest that other genes located in amplified 2p16.1-p15 locus may have more oncogenic role in FL etiology; however, high REL expression may be useful as a predictive biomarker of response to immunochemotherapy, and inhibition of c-REL may potentially sensitize resistant FL or tFL cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Hu
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Baytak
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Jinnan Li
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Guangxi, China
| | - Burcu Akman
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Kaan Okay
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Genfu Hu
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Anna Scuto
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Guangxi, China.
| | - Can Küçük
- İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey.
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Gupta V, Kapopara PR, Khan AA, Arige V, Subramanian L, Sonawane PJ, Sasi BK, Mahapatra NR. Functional promoter polymorphisms direct the expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase gene in mouse models of essential hypertension. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 102:61-73. [PMID: 27865915 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-known role of cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth) in cardiovascular pathophysiology, transcriptional regulation of Cth remains incompletely understood. Sequencing of the Cth promoter region in mouse models of genetic/essential hypertension (viz. Blood Pressure High [BPH], Blood Pressure Low [BPL] and Blood Pressure Normal [BPN] mice) identified several genetic variations. Transient transfections of BPH/BPL-Cth promoter-reporter plasmids into various cell types revealed higher promoter activity of BPL-Cth than that of BPH-Cth. Corroboratively, endogenous Cth mRNA levels in kidney and liver tissues were also elevated in BPL mice. Computational analysis of the polymorphic Cth promoter region predicted differential binding affinity of c-Rel, HOXA3 and IRF1 with BPL/BPH-Cth promoter domains. Over-expression of c-Rel/HOXA3/IRF1 modulated BPL/BPH-Cth promoter activities in a consistent manner. Gel shift assays using BPH/BPL-Cth-promoter oligonucleotides with/without binding sites for c-Rel/HOXA3/IRF1 displayed formation of specific complexes with c-Rel/HOXA3/IRF1; addition of antibodies to reaction mixtures resulted in supershifts/inhibition of Cth promoter-transcription factor complexes. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays proved differential binding of c-Rel, HOXA3 and IRF1 with the polymorphic promoter region of BPL/BPH-Cth. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) reduced the activities of BPL/BPH-Cth promoters to different extents that were further declined by ectopic expression of IRF1; on the other hand, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of IRF1 rescued the TNF-α-mediated suppression of the BPL/BPH-Cth promoter activities. In corroboration, ChIP analysis revealed enhanced binding of IRF1 with BPH/BPL-Cth promoter following TNF-α treatment. BPL/BPH-Cth promoter activity was diminished upon exposure of hepatocytes and cardiomyoblasts to ischemia-like pathological condition due to reduced binding of c-Rel with BPL/BPH-Cth-promoter. Taken together, this study reveals the molecular basis for the differential expression of Cth in mouse models of essential hypertension under basal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Piyushkumar R Kapopara
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Abrar A Khan
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vikas Arige
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Parshuram J Sonawane
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Binu K Sasi
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Lai X, Guo Y, Guo Z, Liu R, Wang X, Wang F. Downregulation of microRNA‑574 in cancer stem cells causes recurrence of prostate cancer via targeting REL. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3651-3656. [PMID: 27779701 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
miR‑574‑5p has been reported involved in the pathogenesis of numerous human malignancies such as colorectal and lung cancer. In this study, we aimed to explore the roles of REL and miR‑574 in the recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our literature search found that miR‑574 is regulated in cancer stem cells (CSCs), and next we used the microRNA (miRNA) database (www.mirdb.org) to find REL as a target of miR‑574. Luciferase assay was performed to verify the miRNA/target relationship. Oligo-transfection, real‑time PCR and western blot analysis were used to support the conclusions. We validated REL to be the direct gene via luciferase reporter assay system, and real‑time PCR and western blot analysis were also conducted to study the mRNA and protein expression level of REL between different groups (recurrence and non‑recurrence) or cells treated with scramble control, miR‑574 mimics, REL siRNA and miR‑574 inhibitors, indicating the negative regulatory relationship between miR‑574 and REL. We also investigated the relative viability of prostate CSCs when transfected with scramble control, miR‑574 mimics, REL siRNA and miR‑574 inhibitors to validate miR‑574 to be positively interfering with the viability of prostate CSCs. We then investigated the relative apoptosis of prostate CSCs when transfected with scramble control, miR‑574 mimics, REL siRNA and miR‑574 inhibitors. The results showed miR‑574 inhibited apoptosis. In conclusion, miR‑574 might be a novel prognostic and therapeutic target in the management of PCa recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lai
- Department of Urology Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Guo
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Guo
- Emergency Department, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ruibao Liu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xunguo Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, P.R. China
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Ward WO, Ledbetter AD, Schladweiler MC, Kodavanti UP. Lung transcriptional profiling: insights into the mechanisms of ozone-induced pulmonary injury in Wistar Kyoto rats. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 27 Suppl 1:80-92. [PMID: 26667333 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.954172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute ozone-induced pulmonary injury and inflammation are well characterized in rats; however, mechanistic understanding of the pathways involved is limited. We hypothesized that acute exposure of healthy rats to ozone will cause transcriptional alterations, and comprehensive analysis of these changes will allow us to better understand the mechanism of pulmonary injury and inflammation. Male Wistar Kyoto rats (10-12 week) were exposed to air, or ozone (0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 ppm) for 4 h and pulmonary injury and inflammation were assessed at 0-h or 20-h (n = 8/group). Lung gene expression profiling was assessed at 0-h (air and 1.0 ppm ozone, n = 3-4/group). At 20-h bronchoalveolar lavage, fluid protein and neutrophils increased at 1 ppm ozone. Numerous genes involved in acute inflammatory response were up-regulated along with changes in genes involved in cell adhesion and migration, steroid metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle control and cell growth. A number of NRF2 target genes were also induced after ozone exposure. Based on expression changes, Rela, SP1 and TP3-mediated signaling were identified to be mediating downstream changes. Remarkable changes in the processes of endocytosis provide the insight that ozone-induced lung injury and inflammation are likely initiated by changes in cell membrane components and receptors likely from oxidatively modified lung lining lipids and proteins. In conclusion, ozone-induced injury and inflammation are preceded by changes in gene targets for cell adhesion/migration, apoptosis, cell cycle control and growth regulated by Rela, SP1 and TP53, likely mediated by the process of endocytosis and altered steroid receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- b Environmental Public Health Division , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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78
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Liu WH, Kang SG, Huang Z, Wu CJ, Jin HY, Maine CJ, Liu Y, Shepherd J, Sabouri-Ghomi M, Gonzalez-Martin A, Xu S, Hoffmann A, Zheng Y, Lu LF, Xiao N, Fu G, Xiao C. A miR-155-Peli1-c-Rel pathway controls the generation and function of T follicular helper cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1901-19. [PMID: 27481129 PMCID: PMC4995083 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) deficiency impairs the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, but the contribution of individual miRNAs to this phenotype remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed deep sequencing analysis of miRNAs expressed in Tfh cells and identified a five-miRNA signature. Analyses of mutant mice deficient of these miRNAs revealed that miR-22 and miR-183/96/182 are dispensable, but miR-155 is essential for the generation and function of Tfh cells. miR-155 deficiency led to decreased proliferation specifically at the late stage of Tfh cell differentiation and reduced CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. Mechanistically, miR-155 repressed the expression of Peli1, a ubiquitin ligase that promotes the degradation of the NF-κB family transcription factor c-Rel, which controls cellular proliferation and CD40L expression. Therefore, our study identifies a novel miR-155-Peli1-c-Rel pathway that specifically regulates Tfh cell generation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Division of Biomedical Convergence/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cheng-Jang Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hyun Yong Jin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mohsen Sabouri-Ghomi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alicia Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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79
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Krappmann D, Vincendeau M. Mechanisms of NF-κB deregulation in lymphoid malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 39:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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80
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Ramakrishnan P, Yui MA, Tomalka JA, Majumdar D, Parameswaran R, Baltimore D. Deficiency of Nuclear Factor-κB c-Rel Accelerates the Development of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2367-79. [PMID: 27217485 PMCID: PMC4955991 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB protein c-Rel plays a critical role in controlling autoimmunity. c-Rel-deficient mice are resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes, a drug-induced model of autoimmune diabetes. We generated c-Rel-deficient NOD mice to examine the role of c-Rel in the development of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. We found that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from c-Rel-deficient NOD mice showed significantly decreased T-cell receptor-induced IL-2, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF expression. Despite compromised T-cell function, c-Rel deficiency dramatically accelerated insulitis and hyperglycemia in NOD mice along with a substantial reduction in T-regulatory (Treg) cell numbers. Supplementation of isogenic c-Rel-competent Treg cells from prediabetic NOD mice reversed the accelerated diabetes development in c-Rel-deficient NOD mice. The results suggest that c-Rel-dependent Treg cell function is critical in suppressing early-onset autoimmune diabetogenesis in NOD mice. This study provides a novel natural system to study autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis and reveals a previously unknown c-Rel-dependent mechanistic difference between chemically induced and spontaneous diabetogenesis. The study also reveals a unique protective role of c-Rel in autoimmune diabetes, which is distinct from other T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, where c-Rel promotes autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Jeffrey A Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Devdoot Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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81
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Li L, Xu-Monette ZY, Ok CY, Tzankov A, Manyam GC, Sun R, Visco C, Zhang M, Montes-Moreno S, Dybkaer K, Chiu A, Orazi A, Zu Y, Bhagat G, Richards KL, Hsi ED, Choi WWL, van Krieken JH, Huh J, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Møller MB, Wang J, Parsons BM, Winter JN, Piris MA, Pham LV, Medeiros LJ, Young KH. Prognostic impact of c-Rel nuclear expression and REL amplification and crosstalk between c-Rel and the p53 pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23157-80. [PMID: 26324762 PMCID: PMC4695110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated NF-κB signaling is critical for lymphomagenesis. The regulation, function, and clinical relevance of c-Rel/NF-κB activation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been well studied. In this study we analyzed the prognostic significance and gene-expression signature of c-Rel nuclear expression as surrogate of c-Rel activation in 460 patients with de novo DLBCL. Nuclear c-Rel expression, observed in 137 (26.3%) DLBCL patients frequently associated with extranoal origin, did not show significantly prognostic impact in the overall- or germinal center B-like-DLBCL cohort, likely due to decreased pAKT and Myc levels, up-regulation of FOXP3, FOXO3, MEG3 and other tumor suppressors coincided with c-Rel nuclear expression, as well as the complicated relationships between NF-κB members and their overlapping function. However, c-Rel nuclear expression correlated with significantly poorer survival in p63+ and BCL-2− activated B-cell-like-DLBCL, and in DLBCL patients with TP53 mutations. Multivariate analysis indicated that after adjusting clinical parameters, c-Rel positivity was a significantly adverse prognostic factor in DLBCL patients with wild type TP53. Gene expression profiling suggested dysregulations of cell cycle, metabolism, adhesion, and migration associated with c-Rel activation. In contrast, REL amplification did not correlate with c-Rel nuclear expression and patient survival, likely due to co-amplification of genes that negatively regulate NF-κB activation. These insights into the expression, prognostic impact, regulation and function of c-Rel as well as its crosstalk with the p53 pathway underscore the importance of c-Rel and have significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Zhengzhou University, The First Affiliated University Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Zhengzhou University, The First Affiliated University Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | - April Chiu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristy L Richards
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - William W L Choi
- University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Jooryung Huh
- Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane N Winter
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Lan V Pham
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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82
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Hunter JE, Leslie J, Perkins ND. c-Rel and its many roles in cancer: an old story with new twists. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1-6. [PMID: 26757421 PMCID: PMC4716536 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
When the genes encoding NF-κB subunits were first isolated, their homology to the previously identified c-Rel proto-oncogene and its viral homologue v-Rel was clear. This provided the first indication that these transcription factors also had a role in cancer. Because of its homology to v-Rel, which transforms chicken B cells together with the important role c-Rel can have as a regulator of B- and T-cell proliferation, most attention has focussed on its role in B-cell lymphomas, where the REL gene is frequently amplified. However, a growing number of reports now indicate that c-Rel has important functions in many solid tumours, although studies in mice suggest it may not always function as an oncogene. Moreover, c-Rel is a critical regulator of fibrosis, which provides an environment for tumour development in many settings. Overall, c-Rel is emerging as a complex regulator of tumorigenesis, and there is still much to learn about its functions in human malignancies and the response to cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Hunter
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Neil D Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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83
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Toubiana J, Courtine E, Tores F, Asfar P, Daubin C, Rousseau C, Ouaaz F, Marin N, Cariou A, Chiche JD, Mira JP. Association of REL polymorphisms and outcome of patients with septic shock. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:28. [PMID: 27059500 PMCID: PMC4826362 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background cRel, a subunit of NF-κB, is implicated in the inflammatory response observed in autoimmune disease. Hence, knocked-out mice for cRel had a significantly higher mortality, providing new and important functions of cRel in the physiopathology of septic shock. Whether genetic variants in the human REL gene are associated with severity of septic shock is unknown. Methods We genotyped a population of 1040 ICU patients with septic shock and 855 ICU controls for two known polymorphisms of REL; REL rs842647 and REL rs13031237. Outcome of patients according to the presence of REL variant alleles was compared. Results The distribution of REL variant alleles was not significantly different between patients and controls. Among the septic shock group, REL rs13031237*T minor allele was not associated with worse outcome. In contrast, REL rs842647*G minor allele was significantly associated with more multi-organ failure and early death [OR 1.4; 95 % CI (1.02–1.8)]. Conclusion In a large ICU population, we report a significant clinical association between a variation in the human REL gene and severity and mortality of septic shock, suggesting for the first time a new insight into the role of cRel in response to infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Toubiana
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. .,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France. .,Department of Pediatric and Infectious Diseases, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Emilie Courtine
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Tores
- Bioinformatics Platform, Institut Imagine, Paris Descartes University- Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Cédric Daubin
- Medical Intensive Care, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | | | - Fatah Ouaaz
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Marin
- Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cariou
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Chiche
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Medical School, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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84
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Christian F, Smith EL, Carmody RJ. The Regulation of NF-κB Subunits by Phosphorylation. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010012. [PMID: 26999213 PMCID: PMC4810097 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor is the master regulator of the inflammatory response and is essential for the homeostasis of the immune system. NF-κB regulates the transcription of genes that control inflammation, immune cell development, cell cycle, proliferation, and cell death. The fundamental role that NF-κB plays in key physiological processes makes it an important factor in determining health and disease. The importance of NF-κB in tissue homeostasis and immunity has frustrated therapeutic approaches aimed at inhibiting NF-κB activation. However, significant research efforts have revealed the crucial contribution of NF-κB phosphorylation to controlling NF-κB directed transactivation. Importantly, NF-κB phosphorylation controls transcription in a gene-specific manner, offering new opportunities to selectively target NF-κB for therapeutic benefit. This review will focus on the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunits and the impact on NF-κB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Christian
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Emma L Smith
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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85
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Low JT, Hughes P, Lin A, Siebenlist U, Jain R, Yaprianto K, Gray DHD, Gerondakis S, Strasser A, O'Reilly LA. Impact of loss of NF-κB1, NF-κB2 or c-REL on SLE-like autoimmune disease and lymphadenopathy in Fas(lpr/lpr) mutant mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:66-78. [PMID: 26084385 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Defects in apoptosis can cause autoimmune disease. Loss-of-function mutations in the 'death receptor' FAS impair the deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes in the periphery, leading to progressive lymphadenopathy and systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune disease in mice (Fas(lpr/lpr) (mice homozygous for the lymphoproliferation inducing spontaneous mutation)) and humans. The REL/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors regulate a broad range of immune effector functions and are also implicated in various autoimmune diseases. We generated compound mutant mice to investigate the individual functions of the NF-κB family members NF-κB1, NF-κB2 and c-REL in the various autoimmune pathologies of Fas(lpr/lpr) mutant mice. We show that loss of each of these transcription factors resulted in amelioration of many classical features of autoimmune disease, including hypergammaglobulinaemia, anti-nuclear autoantibodies and autoantibodies against tissue-specific antigens. Remarkably, only c-REL deficiency substantially reduced immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and extended the lifespan of Fas(lpr/lpr) mice. Interestingly, compared with the Fas(lpr/lpr) animals, Fas(lpr/lpr)nfkb2(-/-) mice presented with a dramatic acceleration and augmentation of lymphadenopathy that was accompanied by severe lung pathology due to extensive lymphocytic infiltration. The Fas(lpr/lpr)nfkb1(-/-) mice exhibited the combined pathologies caused by defects in FAS-mediated apoptosis and premature ageing due to loss of NF-κB1. These findings demonstrate that different NF-κB family members exert distinct roles in the development of the diverse autoimmune and lymphoproliferative pathologies that arise in Fas(lpr/lpr) mice, and suggest that pharmacological targeting of c-REL should be considered as a strategy for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Low
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hughes
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Lin
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - U Siebenlist
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Jain
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Yaprianto
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - D H D Gray
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Gerondakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Strasser
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L A O'Reilly
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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86
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Welsby I, Goriely S. Regulation of Interleukin-23 Expression in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:167-189. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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Ishibashi R, Kozuki S, Kamakura S, Sumimoto H, Toyoshima F. c-Rel Regulates Inscuteable Gene Expression during Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3333-45. [PMID: 26694615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inscuteable (Insc) regulates cell fate decisions in several types of stem cells. Although it is recognized that the expression levels of mouse INSC govern the balance between symmetric and asymmetric stem cell division, regulation of mouse Insc gene expression remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that mouse Insc expression transiently increases at an early stage of differentiation, when mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells differentiate into bipotent mesendoderm capable of producing both endoderm and mesoderm in defined culture conditions. We identified the minimum transcriptional regulatory element (354 bases) that drives mouse Insc transcription in mES cells within a region >5 kb upstream of the mouse Insc transcription start site. We found that the transcription factor reticuloendotheliosis oncogene (c-Rel) bound to the minimum element and promoted mouse Insc expression in mES cells. In addition, short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of either mouse INSC or c-Rel protein decreased mesodermal cell populations without affecting differentiation into the mesendoderm or endoderm. Furthermore, overexpression of mouse INSC rescued the mesoderm-reduced phenotype induced by knockdown of c-Rel. We propose that regulation of mouse Insc expression by c-Rel modulates cell fate decisions during mES cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Ishibashi
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, the Department of Mammalian Regulatory Networks, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Satoshi Kozuki
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, the Department of Mammalian Regulatory Networks, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumiko Toyoshima
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, the Department of Mammalian Regulatory Networks, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and
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88
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Single-Cell Genomics Unveils Critical Regulators of Th17 Cell Pathogenicity. Cell 2015; 163:1400-12. [PMID: 26607794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive cellular heterogeneity exists within specific immune-cell subtypes classified as a single lineage, but its molecular underpinnings are rarely characterized at a genomic scale. Here, we use single-cell RNA-seq to investigate the molecular mechanisms governing heterogeneity and pathogenicity of Th17 cells isolated from the central nervous system (CNS) and lymph nodes (LN) at the peak of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or differentiated in vitro under either pathogenic or non-pathogenic polarization conditions. Computational analysis relates a spectrum of cellular states in vivo to in-vitro-differentiated Th17 cells and unveils genes governing pathogenicity and disease susceptibility. Using knockout mice, we validate four new genes: Gpr65, Plzp, Toso, and Cd5l (in a companion paper). Cellular heterogeneity thus informs Th17 function in autoimmunity and can identify targets for selective suppression of pathogenic Th17 cells while potentially sparing non-pathogenic tissue-protective ones.
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89
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Raymond A, Liu B, Liang H, Wei C, Guindani M, Lu Y, Liang S, St John LS, Molldrem J, Nagarajan L. A role for BMP-induced homeobox gene MIXL1 in acute myelogenous leukemia and identification of type I BMP receptor as a potential target for therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12675-93. [PMID: 25544748 PMCID: PMC4350356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm Inducer in Xenopus Like1 (MIXL1), a paired-type homeobox transcription factor induced by TGF-β family of ligands is required for early embryonic specification of mesoderm and endoderm. Retrovirally transduced Mixl1 is reported to induce acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with a high penetrance. But the mechanistic underpinnings of MIXL1 mediated leukemogenesis are unknown. Here, we establish the protooncogene c-REL to be a transcriptional target of MIXL1 by genome wide chromatin immune precipitation. Accordingly, expression of c-REL and its downstream targets BCL2L1 and BCL2A2 are elevated in MIXL1 expressing cells. Notably, MIXL1 regulates c-REL through a zinc finger binding motif, potentially by a MIXL1–Zinc finger protein transcriptional complex. Furthermore, MIXL1 expression is detected in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) AML samples in a pattern mutually exclusive from that of HOXA9, CDX2 and HLX suggesting the existence of a core, yet distinct HOX transcriptional program. Finally, we demonstrate MIXL1 to be induced by BMP4 and not TGF-β in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Consequently, MIXL1 expressing AML cells are preferentially sensitive to the BMPR1 kinase inhibitor LDN-193189. These findings support the existence of a novel MIXL1-c REL mediated survival axis in AML that can be targeted by BMPR1 inhibitors. (MIXL1- human gene, Mixl1- mouse ortholog, MIXL1- protein)
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Raymond
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Genes and Development, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caimiao Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele Guindani
- Department of Biostatistics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Dept. of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Dept. of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shoudan Liang
- Dept. of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa S St John
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeff Molldrem
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lalitha Nagarajan
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Genes and Development, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Dept. of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Center for Stem cell and Developmental biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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90
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Inhibition of Oncogenic Transcription Factor REL by the Natural Product Derivative Calafianin Monomer 101 Induces Proliferation Arrest and Apoptosis in Human B-Lymphoma Cell Lines. Molecules 2015; 20:7474-94. [PMID: 25915462 PMCID: PMC4863944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20057474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased activity of transcription factor NF-κB has been implicated in many B-cell lymphomas. We investigated effects of synthetic compound calafianin monomer (CM101) on biochemical and biological properties of NF-κB. In human 293 cells, CM101 selectively inhibited DNA binding by overexpressed NF-κB subunits REL (human c-Rel) and p65 as compared to NF-κB p50, and inhibition of REL and p65 DNA binding by CM101 required a conserved cysteine residue. CM101 also inhibited DNA binding by REL in human B-lymphoma cell lines, and the sensitivity of several B-lymphoma cell lines to CM101-induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis correlated with levels of cellular and nuclear REL. CM101 treatment induced both phosphorylation and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL, a REL target gene product, in sensitive B-lymphoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of Bcl-XL protected SUDHL-2 B-lymphoma cells against CM101-induced apoptosis, and overexpression of a transforming mutant of REL decreased the sensitivity of BJAB B-lymphoma cells to CM101-induced apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-κB signaling upstream components occurred in RAW264.7 macrophages at CM101 concentrations that blocked NF-κB DNA binding. Direct inhibitors of REL may be useful for treating B-cell lymphomas in which REL is active, and may inhibit B-lymphoma cell growth at doses that do not affect some immune-related responses in normal cells.
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91
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Jin J, Xiao Y, Hu H, Zou Q, Li Y, Gao Y, Ge W, Cheng X, Sun SC. Proinflammatory TLR signalling is regulated by a TRAF2-dependent proteolysis mechanism in macrophages. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5930. [PMID: 25565375 PMCID: PMC4286812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction from toll-like receptors (TLRs) is important for innate immunity against infections, but deregulated TLR signalling contributes to inflammatory disorders. Here we show that myeloid cell-specific ablation of TRAF2 greatly promotes TLR-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages and exacerbates colitis in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. TRAF2 deficiency does not enhance upstream signalling events, but it causes accumulation of two transcription factors, c-Rel and IRF5, known to mediate proinflammatory cytokine induction. Interestingly, TRAF2 controls the fate of c-Rel and IRF5 via a proteasome-dependent mechanism that also requires TRAF3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase cIAP. We further show that TRAF2 also regulates inflammatory cytokine production in tumour-associated macrophages and facilitates tumour growth. These findings demonstrate an unexpected anti-inflammatory function of TRAF2 and suggest a proteasome-dependent mechanism that limits the proinflammatory TLR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yanpan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5#, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 5#, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- 1] Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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92
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Wang W, Nag SA, Zhang R. Targeting the NFκB signaling pathways for breast cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22:264-89. [PMID: 25386819 PMCID: PMC6690202 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666141106124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB), a proinflammatory transcription factor, is a commonly observed phenomenon in breast cancer. It facilitates the development of a hormone-independent, invasive, high-grade, and late-stage tumor phenotype. Moreover, the commonly used cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy approaches activate NFκB, leading to the development of invasive breast cancers that show resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Inhibition of NFκB results in an increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation and restoring hormone sensitivity, which is correlated with increased disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer. In this review article, we focus on the role of the NFκB signaling pathways in the development and progression of breast cancer and the validity of NFκB as a potential target for breast cancer prevention and therapy. We also discuss the recent findings that NFκB may have tumor suppressing activity in certain cancer types. Finally, this review also covers the state-of-the-art development of NFκB inhibitors for cancer therapy and prevention, the challenges in targeting validation, and pharmacology and toxicology evaluations of these agents from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Subhasree A. Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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93
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Dhamija N, Choudhary D, Ladha JS, Pillai B, Mitra D. Tat predominantly associates with host promoter elements in HIV-1-infected T-cells - regulatory basis of transcriptional repression of c-Rel. FEBS J 2014; 282:595-610. [PMID: 25472883 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is a multifunctional regulatory protein that, in addition to its primary function of transactivating viral transcription, also tends to modulate cellular gene expression, for which the molecular mechanism remains to be clarified. We have reported earlier nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) enhancer binding activity of Tat and proposed this DNA binding activity as a possible molecular basis for Tat-mediated regulation of cellular gene expression in infected cells. In the present study, we analyzed the genome-wide occupancy of Tat protein on host cell chromatin in HIV-1-infected T-cells to investigate a potential role of Tat on cellular gene expression. The results obtained identify a spectrum of binding sites of Tat protein on the chromatin and reveal that Tat is also recruited on a number of cellular gene promoters in HIV-1-infected T-cells, indicating its possible involvement in the regulation of gene expression of such cellular genes. Tat was identified as a repressor of one such validated gene, c-Rel, because it downregulates the expression of c-Rel in both Tat expressing and HIV-1-infected T-cells. The results also show that Tat downregulates c-Rel promoter activity by interacting with specific NFκB sites on the c-Rel promoter, thus providing a molecular basis of Tat-mediated regulation of cellular gene expression. Thus, in the present study, we have not only identified recruitment sites of Tat on the chromatin in HIV-1-infected T-cells, but also report for the first time that c-Rel is downregulated in HIV-1-infected cells specifically by interaction of Tat with NFκB binding sites on the promoter.
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94
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Sha F, Wu S, Zhang H, Guo X. miR-183 potentially inhibits NF-κB1 expression by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:991-6. [PMID: 25274328 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor. While the NF-κB signaling pathway is modulated by many microRNAs (miRNAs), very few have been reported to target NF-κB1 gene directly. In this study, we used multiple miRNA target prediction programs to predict miRNAs with putative NF-κB1 3'-untranslated region (UTR) binding sites. miR-183 was strongly implicated and experimentally validated by reporter assays. The results showed a reduced expression of the NF-κB1 3'UTR containing luciferase vector by ∼30%, which was comparable to the reduction by miR-9 (the only known miRNA targeting the NF-κB1 3'UTR). Mutagenesis of the miR-183 seed region binding sequence in the NF-κB1 3'UTR abolished the inhibitory effect of miR-183, as noted by the NF-κB1 3'UTR-containing reporter. Moreover, similar to miR-9, miR-183 could down-regulate the expression of the reporter driven by NF-κB promoter to some degree, suggesting that miR-183 might negatively regulate the endogenous NF-κB1. Overall, our data provide computational and experimental evidence that NF-κB1 is a potential target of miR-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushen Sha
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuangxing Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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95
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O'Reilly LA, Hughes P, Lin A, Waring P, Siebenlist U, Jain R, Gray DHD, Gerondakis S, Strasser A. Loss of c-REL but not NF-κB2 prevents autoimmune disease driven by FasL mutation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:767-78. [PMID: 25361085 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FASL/FAS signaling imposes a critical barrier against autoimmune disease and lymphadenopathy. Mutant mice unable to produce membrane-bound FASL (FasL(Δm/Δm)), a prerequisite for FAS-induced apoptosis, develop lymphadenopathy and systemic autoimmune disease with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Prior to disease onset, FasL(Δm/Δm) mice contain abnormally high numbers of leukocytes displaying activated and elevated NF-κB-regulated cytokine levels, indicating that NF-κB-dependent inflammation may be a key pathological driver in this multifaceted autoimmune disease. We tested this hypothesis by genetically impairing canonical or non-canonical NF-κB signaling in FasL(Δm/Δm) mice by deleting the c-Rel or NF-κB2 genes, respectively. Although the loss of NF-κB2 reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies, the impact on animal survival was minor due to substantially accelerated and exacerbated lymphoproliferative disease. In contrast, a marked increase in lifespan resulting from the loss of c-REL coincided with a striking reduction in classical parameters of autoimmune pathology, including the levels of cytokines and antinuclear autoantibodies. Notably, the decrease in regulatory T-cell numbers associated with loss of c-REL did not exacerbate autoimmunity in FasL(Δm/Δm)c-rel(-/-) mice. These findings indicate that selective inhibition of c-REL may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of autoimmune pathologies driven by defects in FASL/FAS signaling that would be expected to circumvent many of the complications caused by pan-NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A O'Reilly
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hughes
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Lin
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Waring
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - U Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Jain
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - D H D Gray
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Gerondakis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases and Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Strasser
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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96
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c-Rel is a critical mediator of NF-κB-dependent TRAIL resistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1455. [PMID: 25299780 PMCID: PMC4237244 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the deadliest malignancies with an overall life expectancy of 6 months despite current therapies. NF-κB signalling has been shown to be critical for this profound cell-autonomous resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and death receptor-induced apoptosis, but little is known about the role of the c-Rel subunit in solid cancer and PDAC apoptosis control. In the present study, by analysis of genome-wide patterns of c-Rel-dependent gene expression, we were able to establish c-Rel as a critical regulator of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in PDAC. TRAIL-resistant cells exhibited a strong TRAIL-inducible NF-κB activity, whereas TRAIL-sensitive cells displayed only a small increase in NF-κB-binding activity. Transfection with siRNA against c-Rel sensitized the TRAIL-resistant cells in a manner comparable to siRNA targeting the p65/RelA subunit. Gel-shift analysis revealed that c-Rel is part of the TRAIL-inducible NF-κB complex in PDAC. Array analysis identified NFATc2 as a c-Rel target gene among the 12 strongest TRAIL-inducible genes in apoptosis-resistant cells. In line, siRNA targeting c-Rel strongly reduced TRAIL-induced NFATc2 activity in TRAIL-resistant PDAC cells. Furthermore, siRNA targeting NFATc2 sensitized these PDAC cells against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, TRAIL-induced expression of COX-2 was diminished through siRNA targeting c-Rel or NFATc2 and pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 with celecoxib or siRNA targeting COX-2, enhanced TRAIL apoptosis. In conclusion, we were able to delineate a novel c-Rel-, NFATc2- and COX-2-dependent antiapoptotic signalling pathway in PDAC with broad clinical implications for pharmaceutical intervention strategies.
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97
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Muhammad K, Alrefai H, Marienfeld R, Pham DAT, Murti K, Patra AK, Avots A, Bukur V, Sahin U, Kondo E, Klein-Hessling S, Serfling E. NF-κB factors control the induction of NFATc1 in B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3392-402. [PMID: 25179582 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In peripheral lymphocytes, the transcription factors (TFs) NF-κB, NFAT, and AP-1 are the prime targets of signals that emerge from immune receptors. Upon activation, these TFs induce gene networks that orchestrate the growth, expansion, and effector function of peripheral lymphocytes. NFAT and NF-κB factors share several properties, such as a similar mode of induction and architecture in their DNA-binding domain, and there is a subgroup of κB-like DNA promoter motifs that are bound by both types of TFs. However, unlike NFAT and AP-1 factors that interact and collaborate in binding to DNA, NFAT, and NF-κB seem neither to interact nor to collaborate. We show here that NF-κB1/p50 and c-Rel, the most prominent NF-κB proteins in BCR-induced splenic B cells, control the induction of NFATc1/αA, a prominent short NFATc1 isoform. In part, this is mediated through two composite κB/NFAT-binding sites in the inducible Nfatc1 P1 promoter that directs the induction of NFATc1/αA by BCR signals. In concert with coreceptor signals that induce NF-κB factors, BCR signaling induces a persistent generation of NFATc1/αA. These data suggest a tight connection between NFATc1 and NF-κB induction in B lymphocytes contributing to the effector function of peripheral B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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98
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Jones MR, Liu C, Wilson AK. Molecular dynamics studies of the protein-protein interactions in inhibitor of κB kinase-β. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:562-72. [PMID: 24437505 DOI: 10.1021/ci400720n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the inhibitor of κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ) oligomer initiates a cascade that results in the translocation of transcription factors involved in mediating immune responses. Dimerization of IKKβ is required for its activation. Coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the conformation-activity and structure-activity relationships within the oligomer assembly of IKKβ that are impacted upon activation, mutation, and binding of ATP. Intermolecular interactions, free energies, and conformational changes were compared among several conformations, including a monomer, two different dimers, and the tetramer. Modifications to the activation segment induce conformational changes that disrupt dimerization and suggest that the multimeric assembly mediates a global stability for the enzyme that influences the activity of IKKβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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99
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Smale ST, Tarakhovsky A, Natoli G. Chromatin contributions to the regulation of innate immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 32:489-511. [PMID: 24555473 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental property of cells of the innate immune system is their ability to elicit a transcriptional response to a microbial stimulus or danger signal with a high degree of cell type and stimulus specificity. The selective response activates effector pathways to control the insult and plays a central role in regulating adaptive immunity through the differential regulation of cytokine genes. Selectivity is dictated by signaling pathways and their transcription factor targets. However, a growing body of evidence supports models in which different subsets of genes exhibit distinct chromatin features that play active roles in shaping the response. Chromatin also participates in innate memory mechanisms that can promote tolerance to a stimulus or prime cells for a more robust response. These findings have generated interest in the capacity to modulate chromatin regulators with small-molecule compounds for the treatment of diseases associated with innate or adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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100
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Fontán L, Melnick A. Molecular pathways: targeting MALT1 paracaspase activity in lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6662-8. [PMID: 24004675 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MALT1 mediates the activation of NF-κB in response to antigen receptor signaling. MALT1, in association with BCL10 and CARD11, functions as a scaffolding protein to activate the inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) complex. In addition, MALT1 is a paracaspase that targets key proteins in a feedback loop mediating termination of the NF-κB response, thus promoting activation of NF-κB signaling. Activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (ABC-DLBCL), which tend to be more resistant to chemotherapy, are often biologically dependent on MALT1 activity. Newly developed MALT1 small-molecule inhibitors suppress the growth of ABC-DLBCLs in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the recent advances in the normal and disease-related functions of MALT1. Furthermore, recent progress targeting MALT1 proteolytic activity raises the possibility of deploying MALT1 inhibitors for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and perhaps autoimmune diseases that involve increased B- or T-cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fontán
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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