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Truong TK, Malik RA, Yao X, Fredenburgh JC, Stafford AR, Madarati HM, Kretz CA, Weitz JI. Identification of the histidine-rich glycoprotein domains responsible for contact pathway inhibition. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:821-832. [PMID: 34967109 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we showed that histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) binds factor (F) XIIa with high affinity, inhibits FXII autoactivation and FXIIa-mediated activation of FXI, and attenuates ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis in mice. Therefore, HRG downregulates the contact pathway in vitro and in vivo. OBJECTIVE To identify the domains on HRG responsible for contact pathway inhibition. METHODS Recombinant HRG domain constructs (N-terminal [N1, N2, and N1N2], proline-rich regions, histidine-rich region [HRR], and C-terminal) were expressed and purified. The affinities of plasma-derived HRG, HRG domain constructs, and synthetic HRR peptides for FXII, FXIIa, β-FXIIa, and polyphosphate (polyP) were determined using surface plasmon resonance, and their effects on polyP-induced FXII autoactivation, FXIIa-mediated activation of FXI and prekallikrein, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin generation were examined. RESULTS HRG and HRG domain constructs bind FXIIa, but not FXII or β-FXII. HRR, N1, and N1N2 bind FXIIa with affinities comparable with that of HRG, whereas the remaining domains bind with lower affinity. Synthetic HRR peptides bind FXIIa and polyP with high affinity. HRG and HRR significantly inhibit FXII autoactivation and prolong the APTT. Like HRG, synthetic HRR peptides inhibit FXII autoactivation, attenuate FXIIa-mediated activation of prekallikrein and FXI, prolong the APTT, and attenuate thrombin generation. CONCLUSION The interaction of HRG with FXIIa and polyP is predominantly mediated by the HRR domain. Like intact HRG, HRR downregulates the contact pathway and contributes to HRG-mediated down regulation of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy K Truong
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rida A Malik
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xintong Yao
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James C Fredenburgh
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan R Stafford
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hasam M Madarati
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin A Kretz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Li CY, Rehm FBH, Yap K, Zdenek CN, Harding MD, Fry BG, Durek T, Craik DJ, Veer SJ. Cystine Knot Peptides with Tuneable Activity and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Fabian B. H. Rehm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christina N. Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Maxim D. Harding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Simon J. Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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COVID-19 Induced Coagulopathy (CIC): Thrombotic Manifestations of Viral Infection. TH OPEN : COMPANION JOURNAL TO THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS 2022; 6:e70-e79. [PMID: 35280973 PMCID: PMC8913175 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may result in an overactive coagulative system, thereby resulting in serious cardiovascular consequences in critically affected patients. The respiratory tract is a primary target for COVID-19 infection, which is manifested as acute lung injury in the most severe form of the viral infection, leading to respiratory failure. A proportion of infected patients may progress to serious systemic disease including dysfunction of multiple organs, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and coagulation abnormalities, all of which are associated with increased mortality, additionally depending on age and compromised immunity. Coagulation abnormalities associated with COVID-19 mimic other systemic coagulopathies otherwise involved in other severe infections, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and may be termed COVID-19 induced coagulopathy (CIC). There is substantial evidence that patients with severe COVID-19 exhibiting CIC can develop venous and arterial thromboembolic complications. In the initial stages of CIC, significant elevation of D-dimer and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products is observed. Alteration in prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and platelet counts are less common in the early phase of the disease. In patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), coagulation test screening involving the measurement of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels, has been recommended. Prior established protocols for thromboembolic prophylaxis are also followed for CIC, including the use of heparin and other standard supportive care measures. In the present review, we summarize the characteristics of CIC and its implications for thrombosis, clinical findings of coagulation parameters in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with incidences of thromboembolic events and plausible therapeutic measures.
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Abstract
Blood coagulation is essential to maintain the integrity of a closed circulatory system (hemostasis), but also contributes to thromboembolic occlusion of vessels (thrombosis). Thrombosis may cause deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, and ischemic stroke, collectively the most common causes of death and disability in the developed world. Treatment for the prevention of thromboembolic diseases using anticoagulants such as heparin, coumarins, thrombin inhibitors, or antiplatelet drugs increase the risk of bleeding and are associated with an increase in potentially life-threatening hemorrhage, partially offsetting the benefits of reduced coagulation. Thus, drug development aiming at novel targets is needed to provide efficient and safe anticoagulation. Within the last decade, experimental and preclinical data have shown that some coagulation mechanisms principally differ in thrombosis and hemostasis. The plasma contact system protein factors XII and XI, high-molecular-weight kininogen, and plasma kallikrein specifically contribute to thrombosis, however, have minor, if any, role in hemostatic coagulation mechanisms. Inherited deficiency in contact system proteins is not associated with increased bleeding in humans and animal models. Therefore, targeting contact system proteins provides the exciting opportunity to interfere specifically with thromboembolic diseases without increasing the bleeding risk. Recent studies that investigated pharmacologic inhibition of contact system proteins have shown that this approach provides efficient and safe thrombo-protection that in contrast to classical anticoagulants is not associated with increased bleeding risk. This review summarizes therapeutic and conceptual developments for selective interference with pathological thrombus formation, while sparing physiologic hemostasis, that enables safe anticoagulation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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55
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Anti-HK antibody reveals critical roles of a 20-residue HK region for Aβ-induced plasma contact system activation. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3090-3101. [PMID: 35147669 PMCID: PMC9131899 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia. Vascular abnormalities and neuroinflammation play roles in AD pathogenesis. Plasma contact activation, which leads to fibrin clot formation and bradykinin release, is elevated in many AD patients, likely due to the ability of AD's pathogenic peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) to induce its activation. Since overactivation of this system may be deleterious to AD patients, the development of inhibitors could be beneficial. Here, we show that 3E8, an antibody against a 20-amino acid region of high molecular weight kininogen's (HK) domain 6, inhibits Aβ-induced intrinsic coagulation. Mechanistically, 3E8 inhibits contact system activation by blocking the binding of prekallikrein (PK) and factor XI (FXI) to HK, thereby preventing their activation and the continued activation of factor XII (FXII). The 3E8 antibody can also disassemble HK/PK and HK/FXI complexes in normal human plasma in the absence of a contact system activator due to its strong binding affinity for HK, indicating its prophylactic ability. Furthermore, the binding of Aβ to both FXII and HK is critical for Aβ-mediated contact system activation. These results suggest that a 20-amino acid region of HK's domain 6 plays a critical role in Aβ-induced contact system activation, and this region may provide an effective strategy to inhibit or prevent contact system activation in related disorders.
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Kazmer ST, Hartel G, Robinson H, Richards RS, Yan K, van Hal SJ, Chan R, Hind A, Bradley D, Zieschang F, Rawle DJ, Le TT, Reid DW, Suhrbier A, Hill MM. Pathophysiological Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Detected by Infrared Spectroscopy Enables Rapid and Robust Saliva Screening for COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020351. [PMID: 35203562 PMCID: PMC8962262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides a (bio)chemical snapshot of the sample, and was recently used in proof-of-concept cohort studies for COVID-19 saliva screening. However, the biological basis of the proposed technology has not been established. To investigate underlying pathophysiology, we conducted controlled infection experiments on Vero E6 cells in vitro and K18-hACE2 mice in vivo. Potentially infectious culture supernatant or mouse oral lavage samples were treated with ethanol or 75% (v/v) Trizol for attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopy and proteomics, or RT-PCR, respectively. Controlled infection with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 elicited strong biochemical changes in culture supernatant/oral lavage despite a lack of viral replication, determined by RT-PCR or a cell culture infectious dose 50% assay. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced additional FTIR signals over UV-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 infection in both cell and mouse models, which correspond to aggregated proteins and RNA. Proteomics of mouse oral lavage revealed increased secretion of kallikreins and immune modulatory proteins. Next, we collected saliva from a cohort of human participants (n = 104) and developed a predictive model for COVID-19 using partial least squares discriminant analysis. While high sensitivity of 93.48% was achieved through leave-one-out cross-validation, COVID-19 patients testing negative on follow-up on the day of saliva sampling using RT-PCR was poorly predicted in this model. Importantly, COVID-19 vaccination did not lead to the misclassification of COVID-19 negatives. Finally, meta-analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 induced increases in the amide II band in all arms of this study and in recently published cohort studies, indicative of altered β-sheet structures in secreted proteins. In conclusion, this study reveals a consistent secretory pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2, as well as a simple, robust method for COVID-19 saliva screening using ATR-FTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T. Kazmer
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Gunter Hartel
- Biostatistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Harley Robinson
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Renee S. Richards
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Sebastiaan J. van Hal
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.J.v.H.); (R.C.)
| | - Raymond Chan
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.J.v.H.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrew Hind
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fabian Zieschang
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia; (A.H.); (D.B.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
| | - David W. Reid
- Lung Inflammation & Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (K.Y.); (D.J.R.); (T.T.L.); (A.S.)
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- Precision & Systems Biomedicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (S.T.K.); (H.R.); (R.S.R.)
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Katoh T, Suga H. In Vitro Selection of Foldamer-Like Macrocyclic Peptides Containing 2-Aminobenzoic Acid and 3-Aminothiophene-2-Carboxylic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2069-2072. [PMID: 35099961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic cyclic β2,3-amino acids (cβAAs), such as 2-aminobenzoic acid and 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylic acid, are building blocks that can induce unique folding propensities of peptides. Although their ribosomal elongation had been a formidable task due to the low nucleophilicity of their amino groups, we have recently overcome this issue by means of an engineered tRNAPro1E2 that enhances their incorporation efficiency into nascent peptide chains. Here we report ribosomal synthesis of a random macrocyclic peptide library containing aromatic and aliphatic cβAAs, and its application to de novo discovery of binders against human IFNGR1 and FXIIa as model targets. The potent binding peptides showed not only high inhibitory activity but also high protease resistance in human serum. Moreover, these cβAAs play a critical role in exhibiting their properties, establishing a discovery platform for de novo foldamer-like macrocycles containing such unique building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Katoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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A Model for Surface-Dependent Factor XII Activation: The Roles of Factor XII Heavy Chain Domains. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3142-3154. [PMID: 35086137 PMCID: PMC9131904 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The FXII EGF1 domain promotes surface binding, FXII activation on surfaces, and FXIIa activation of prekallikrein on surfaces. The FXII FN2 and KNG domains are part of a mechanism that restricts FXII activation in the absence of a surface.
Factor XII (FXII) is the zymogen of a plasma protease (FXIIa) that contributes to bradykinin generation by converting prekallikrein to the protease plasma kallikrein (PKa). FXII conversion to FXIIa by autocatalysis or PKa-mediated cleavage is enhanced when the protein binds to negatively charged surfaces such as polymeric orthophosphate. FXII is composed of noncatalytic (heavy chain) and catalytic (light chain) regions. The heavy chain promotes FXII surface-binding and surface-dependent activation but restricts activation when FXII is not surface bound. From the N terminus, the heavy chain contains fibronectin type 2 (FN2), epidermal growth factor-1 (EGF1), fibronectin type 1 (FN1), EGF2, and kringle (KNG) domains and a proline-rich region. It shares this organization with its homolog, pro–hepatocyte growth factor activator (Pro-HGFA). To study the importance of heavy chain domains in FXII function, we prepared FXII with replacements of each domain with corresponding Pro-HGFA domains and tested them in activation and activity assays. EGF1 is required for surface-dependent FXII autoactivation and surface-dependent prekallikrein activation by FXIIa. KNG and FN2 are important for limiting FXII activation in the absence of a surface by a process that may require interactions between a lysine/arginine binding site on KNG and basic residues elsewhere on FXII. This interaction is disrupted by the lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid. A model is proposed in which an ε-aminocaproic acid–sensitive interaction between the KNG and FN2 domains maintains FXII in a conformation that restricts activation. Upon binding to a surface through EGF1, the KNG/FN2-dependent mechanism is inactivated, exposing the FXII activation cleavage site.
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59
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Park S, Gu JY, Kim HK. Contact system activation in disseminated intravascular coagulation: activities of prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen are significant risk factors. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 54:11-14. [PMID: 34993714 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The contact system activation can play a role in microthrombus formation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This study investigated whether the activity of prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) correlated DIC progression. Contact system factors (prekallikrein, HMWK, activated factor XII), coagulation factors (IX, XI, XII) and tissue factor were measured in 140 patients who clinically suspected of having DIC. Prekallikrein and HMWK activity levels showed significant linear relationships with DIC score and antithrombin level, whereas prekallikrein and HMWK antigen levels did not. The activated factor XII, factor XII, factor XI and tissue factor were significant risk factors of overt-DIC. This finding suggests that consumption of prekallikrein and HMWK contributes to microvascular thrombosis in DIC. Measurements of prekallikrein and HMWK activity could be used as potential diagnostic markers for overt-DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Yoon Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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60
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Granholm F, Bylund D, Shevchenko G, Lind SB, Henriksson AE. A Feasibility Study on the Identification of Potential Biomarkers in Pulmonary Embolism Using Proteomic Analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2022; 28:10760296221074347. [PMID: 35043712 PMCID: PMC8796107 DOI: 10.1177/10760296221074347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common emergency with a high morbidity and mortality. Most clinical presentations are non-specific and there is a lack of suitable biomarkers for PE. For example, the traditional D-dimer tests shows a rather high sensitivity for PE, but yet a rather low positive predictive value due to its lack of specificity. Research on novel biomarkers for PE is thus of interest to improve early diagnostics and reduce the number of unnecessary computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) scans performed. In this study we evaluate the feasibility to use label-free quantitative proteomics to discover potential biomarkers for acute PE and to monitor changes in proteins levels in PE patients over time. Blood was collected from 8 patients with CTPA verified PE and from 8 patients presenting with same symptoms but with a negative CTPA. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and thirteen protein concentrations were found to be significantly changed in PE patients compared to the CTPA negative controls. This exploratory study shows that proteomic analysis can be used to identify potential biomarkers for PE as well as to monitor changes of protein levels over time.The complement proteins play a part in PE but further studies are needed to clarify their specific role in the pathophysiological process and to look for more specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Bylund
- Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anders E. Henriksson
- Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
- Sundsvall County Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
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61
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Urquiza P, Solesio ME. Inorganic Polyphosphate, Mitochondria, and Neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 61:27-49. [PMID: 35697936 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-01237-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With an aging population, the presence of aging-associated pathologies is expected to increase within the next decades. Regrettably, we still do not have any valid pharmacological or non-pharmacological tools to prevent, revert, or cure these pathologies. The absence of therapeutical approaches against aging-associated pathologies can be at least partially explained by the relatively lack of knowledge that we still have regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying them, as well as by the complexity of their etiopathology. In fact, a complex number of changes in the physiological function of the cell has been described in all these aging-associated pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Based on multiple scientific manuscripts produced by us and others, it seems clear that mitochondria are dysfunctional in many of these aging-associated pathologies. For example, mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in the etiopathology of all the main neurodegenerative disorders, and it could be a trigger of many of the other deleterious changes which are present at the cellular level in these pathologies. While mitochondria are complex organelles and their regulation is still not yet entirely understood, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) could play a crucial role in the regulation of some mitochondrial processes, which are dysfunctional in neurodegeneration. PolyP is a well-preserved biopolymer; it has been identified in every organism that has been studied. It is constituted by a series of orthophosphates connected by highly energetic phosphoanhydride bonds, comparable to those found in ATP. The literature suggests that the role of polyP in maintaining mitochondrial physiology might be related, at least partially, to its effects as a key regulator of cellular bioenergetics. However, further research needs to be conducted to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of polyP in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology in aging-associated pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. With a significant lack of therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegeneration, the search for new pharmacological tools against these conditions has been continuous in past decades, even though very few therapeutic approaches have shown potential in treating these pathologies. Therefore, increasing our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of polyP in mitochondrial physiology as well as its metabolism could place this polymer as a promising and innovative pharmacological target not only in neurodegeneration, but also in a wide range of aging-associated pathologies and conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as a crucial component of its etiopathology, such as diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Urquiza
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
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62
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Sadeghi A, Moselmi M. Acute lower limb ischemia in an ICU admitted patient diagnosed with the COVID-19: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e05146. [PMID: 34917367 PMCID: PMC8643487 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic events have been reported in the hospitalized patient since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemics. ICU-admitted patients demonstrated a significantly higher risk of developing VTE. Although evidence of arterial thrombosis was less common in ICU-admitted patients, consequences were typically more severe, including limb loss and death. This study reports another ICU-admitted patient with lower extremity arterial thrombosis diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sadeghi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammadreza Moselmi
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Gu JT, Jiao K, Li J, Yan JF, Wang KY, Wang F, Liu Y, Tay FR, Chen JH, Niu LN. Polyphosphate-crosslinked collagen scaffolds for hemostasis and alveolar bone regeneration after tooth extraction. Bioact Mater 2021; 15:68-81. [PMID: 35386354 PMCID: PMC8940764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-extraction bleeding and alveolar bone resorption are the two frequently encountered complications after tooth extraction that result in poor healing and rehabilitation difficulties. The present study covalently bonded polyphosphate onto a collagen scaffold (P-CS) by crosslinking. The P-CS demonstrated improved hemostatic property in a healthy rat model and an anticoagulant-treated rat model. This improvement is attributed to the increase in hydrophilicity, increased thrombin generation, platelet activation and stimulation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. In addition, the P-CS promoted the in-situ bone regeneration and alveolar ridge preservation in a rat alveolar bone defect model. The promotion is attributed to enhanced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Osteogenesis was improved by both polyphosphate and blood clots. Taken together, P-CS possesses favorable hemostasis and alveolar ridge preservation capability. It may be used as an effective treatment option for post-extraction bleeding and alveolar bone loss. Statement of significance Collagen scaffold is commonly used for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding and alveolar bone loss after tooth extraction. However, its application is hampered by insufficient hemostatic and osteoinductive property. Crosslinking polyphosphate with collagen produces a modified collagen scaffold that possesses improved hemostatic performance and augmented bone regeneration potential. Polyphosphate-crosslinked collagen scaffold (P-CS) showed better hemostatic effect in healthy or anticoagulant-treated rats. The promoted bone regeneration ability of P-CS might also be related to the clot alteration caused by polyphosphate. P-CS has therapeutic potential in bleeding control and alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ting Gu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian-fei Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai-yan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ji-hua Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-na Niu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding author. School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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64
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Montague SJ, Patel P, Martin EM, Slater A, Quintanilla LG, Perrella G, Kardeby C, Nagy M, Mezzano D, Mendes PM, Watson SP. Platelet activation by charged ligands and nanoparticles: platelet glycoprotein receptors as pattern recognition receptors. Platelets 2021; 32:1018-1030. [PMID: 34266346 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1945571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge interactions play a critical role in the activation of the innate immune system by damage- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors. The ability of these receptors to recognize a wide spectrum of ligands through a common mechanism is critical in host defense. In this article, we argue that platelet glycoprotein receptors that signal through conserved tyrosine-based motifs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for charged endogenous and exogenous ligands, including sulfated polysaccharides, charged proteins and nanoparticles. This is exemplified by GPVI, CLEC-2 and PEAR1 which are activated by a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous ligands, including diesel exhaust particles, sulfated polysaccharides and charged surfaces. We propose that this mechanism has evolved to drive rapid activation of platelets at sites of injury, but that under some conditions it can drive occlusive thrombosis, for example, when blood comes into contact with infectious agents or toxins. In this Opinion Article, we discuss mechanisms behind charge-mediated platelet activation and opportunities for designing nanoparticles and related agents such as dendrimers as novel antithrombotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Montague
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pushpa Patel
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lourdes Garcia Quintanilla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gina Perrella
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Kardeby
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Magdolna Nagy
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mezzano
- Laboratorio de Trombosis y Hemostasia, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula M Mendes
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK
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65
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Liu W, de Veer SJ, Huang YH, Sengoku T, Okada C, Ogata K, Zdenek CN, Fry BG, Swedberg JE, Passioura T, Craik DJ, Suga H. An Ultrapotent and Selective Cyclic Peptide Inhibitor of Human β-Factor XIIa in a Cyclotide Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18481-18489. [PMID: 34723512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant-derived peptides with complex structures shaped by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot core. These structural features underpin the native bioactivities of cyclotides, as well as their beneficial properties as pharmaceutical leads, including high proteolytic stability and cell permeability. However, their inherent structural complexity presents a challenge for cyclotide engineering, particularly for accessing libraries of sufficient chemical diversity to design potent and selective cyclotide variants. Here, we report a strategy using mRNA display enabling us to select potent cyclotide-based FXIIa inhibitors from a library comprising more than 1012 members based on the cyclotide scaffold of Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II). The most potent and selective inhibitor, cMCoFx1, has a pM inhibitory constant toward FXIIa with greater than three orders of magnitude selectivity over related serine proteases, realizing specific inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The cocrystal structure of cMCoFx1 and FXIIa revealed interactions at several positions across the contact interface that conveyed high affinity binding, highlighting that such cyclotides are attractive cystine knot scaffolds for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Toru Sengoku
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Chikako Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Chemistry and Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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66
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Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:411-428. [PMID: 34759348 PMCID: PMC8579187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review describes the interactive roles of the renin–angiotensin system, the complement system, and the closely linked kallikrein–kinin and contact systems in cell biological functions such as vascular tone and leakage, inflammation, chemotaxis, thrombosis and cell proliferation. Specific attention is given to the role of these systems in systemic inflammation in the vasculature and tissues during hereditary angioedema, cardiovascular and renal glomerular disease, vasculitides and COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these complex interactions, given that modulation of one system may affect the other systems, with beneficial or deleterious consequences. The renin–angiotensin, complement and kallikrein–kinin systems comprise a multitude of mediators that modulate physiological responses during inflammatory and infectious diseases. This Review investigates the complex interactions between these systems and how these are dysregulated in various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19, as well as their therapeutic implications.
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67
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Bladbjerg EM, Stolberg CR, Mundbjerg LH, Gram B, Palarasah Y, Juhl CB, Sidelmann JJ, Gram JB. Contact activated kallikrein generation is reduced six months after gastric bypass. Thromb Res 2021; 207:50-54. [PMID: 34537550 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prothrombotic and inflammatory variables decrease after obesity surgery. The contact activation system may be a common denominator of these changes. OBJECTIVE To characterize the contact system before and 6 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to evaluate associations with changes (post-surgery minus pre-surgery) in metabolic variables. METHODS Women (n = 42) and men (n = 18) with obesity underwent RYGB, and measures of kallikrein generation, factor XII (FXII), prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen (HK), and C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-inh) were determined before and 6 months after surgery. Associations were evaluated using correlation and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS After RYGB, the endogenous kallikrein potential (EKP), peak kallikrein generation, FXII, and prekallikrein were reduced, and kallikrein generation lag time was prolonged (all p < 0.0005). Before and after RYGB, absolute values of EKP, lag time, and peak kallikrein generation correlated consistently with contact system proteins (range of correlation coefficients (rS): -0.43 to -0.28 and 0.24 to 0.45 (pre-surgery); -0.43 to -0.30 and 0.28 to 0.50 (post-surgery)). RYGB-associated changes in EKP correlated with C1-inh (rS = -0.29, p = 0.025), but also with triglycerides (rS = 0.34, p = 0.007) and cholesterol (rS = 0.28, p = 0.029), and independently associated with changes in C1-inh (β = -0.40) and triglycerides (β = 0.39). Changes in C1-inh associated with reductions in body weight (β = -0.39) and HbA1c (β = 0.38). CONCLUSION The contact system was affected 6 months after RYGB. Absolute values of kallikrein generation before and after RYGB correlated with contact system proteins, whereas changes after RYGB associated with changes in C1-inh and metabolic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else-Marie Bladbjerg
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte R Stolberg
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene H Mundbjerg
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bibi Gram
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Research Unit of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Cancer & Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus B Juhl
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Denmark
| | - Johannes J Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jørgen B Gram
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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68
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Mailer RK, Rangaswamy C, Konrath S, Emsley J, Renné T. An update on factor XII-driven vascular inflammation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119166. [PMID: 34699874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The plasma protein factor XII (FXII) is the liver-derived zymogen of the serine protease FXIIa that initiates an array of proteolytic cascades. Zymogen activation, enzymatic FXIIa activity and functions are regulated by interactions with cell receptors, negatively charged surfaces, other serine proteases, and serpin inhibitors, which bind to distinct protein domains and regions in FXII(a). FXII exerts mitogenic activity, while FXIIa initiates the pro-inflammatory kallikrein-kinin pathway and the pro-thrombotic intrinsic coagulation pathway, respectively. Growing evidence indicates that FXIIa-mediated thrombo-inflammation plays a crucial role in various pathological states besides classical thrombosis, such as endothelial dysfunction. Consistently, increased FXIIa levels are associated with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. In contrast, FXII deficiency protects from thrombosis but is otherwise not associated with prolonged bleeding or other adverse clinical manifestations. Here, we review current concepts for FXII(a)-driven vascular inflammation focusing on endothelial hyperpermeability, receptor signaling, atherosclerosis and immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chandini Rangaswamy
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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69
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Padilla S, Nurden AT, Prado R, Nurden P, Anitua E. Healing through the lens of immunothrombosis: Biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapies. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121205. [PMID: 34710794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolution, from invertebrates to mammals, has yielded and shaped immunoclotting as a defense and repair response against trauma and infection. This mosaic of immediate and local wound-sealing and pathogen-killing mechanisms results in survival, restoration of homeostasis, and tissue repair. In mammals, immunoclotting has been complemented with the neuroendocrine system, platelets, and contact system among other embellishments, adding layers of complexity through interconnecting blood-born proteolytic cascades, blood cells, and the neuroendocrine system. In doing so, immunothrombosis endows humans with survival advantages, but entails vulnerabilities in the current unprecedented and increasingly challenging environment. Immunothrombosis and tissue repair appear to go hand in hand with common mechanisms mediating both processes, a fact that is underlined by recent advances that are deciphering the mechanisms of the repair process and of the biochemical pathways that underpins coagulation, hemostasis and thrombosis. This review is intended to frame both the universal aspects of tissue repair and the therapeutic use of autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-as-a-drug approach in the context of the evolutionary changes in coagulation and hemostasis. In addition, we will try to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of the autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Roberto Prado
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
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70
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Lei B, Liang C, Feng H. Congenital hemophilia A with low activity of factor XII: a case report and literature review. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:204. [PMID: 34635150 PMCID: PMC8503991 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hemophilia A is a recessive inherited hemorrhagic disorder. According to the activity of functional coagulation factors, the severity of hemophilia A is divided into three levels: mild, moderate and severe. The first bleeding episode in severe and moderate congenital hemophilia A occurs mostly in early childhood and mainly involves soft tissue and joint bleeds. At present, there are limited reports on severe congenital hemophilia A with low factor XII (FXII) activity during the neonatal period. CASE PRESENTATION A 13-day-old neonate was admitted to the hospital with hematoma near the joints of both upper arms. Coagulation tests showed he had low activity of factor VIII (FVIII) and FXII. He was diagnosed with congenital hemophilia A and treated with human coagulation factor VIII (recombinant FVIII). Although the hematoma became smaller, FVIII activity was only increased to a certain extent and FXII activity decreased gradually. Unfortunately, the child responded poorly to recombinant human coagulation factor VIII and his guardian rejected prophylactic inhibitors and genetic testing and refused further treatment. Three months later, the child developed intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) due to low FVIII activity. CONCLUSIONS In hemophilia A, the presence of FVIII inhibitors, drug concentration and testing are three important aspects that must be considered when FVIII activity does not reach the desired level. Early positive disease treatment and prophylaxis can decrease the frequency of bleeding and improve quality of life. We recommend that pregnant women with a family history of hemophilia A undergo early prenatal and neonatal genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Lei
- Department of Neonatology, Maoming People's Hospital, Weimin Road, Maonan District, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuang Liang
- Department of Neonatology, Maoming People's Hospital, Weimin Road, Maonan District, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Maoming People's Hospital, Weimin Road, Maonan District, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, China.
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Eichinger S, Morange PE, Cattaneo M, Fretigny M, Rauch A, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Trégouët DA, Ruf W, Levi M, Páramo JA, van der Poll T, Kyrle PA, Garagiola I, Peyvandi F. The EHA Research Roadmap: Blood Coagulation and Hemostatic Disorders. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e643. [PMID: 34522845 PMCID: PMC8432639 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the European Hematology Association (EHA) published the EHA Roadmap for European Hematology Research1 aiming to highlight achievements in the diagnostics and treatment of blood disorders, and to better inform European policy makers and other stakeholders about the urgent clinical and scientific needs and priorities in the field of hematology. Each section was coordinated by 1-2 section editors who were leading international experts in the field. In the 5 years that have followed, advances in the field of hematology have been plentiful. As such, EHA is pleased to present an updated Research Roadmap, now including 11 sections, each of which will be published separately. The updated EHA Research Roadmap identifies the most urgent priorities in hematology research and clinical science, therefore supporting a more informed, focused, and ideally funded future for European hematology research. The 11 EHA Research Roadmap sections include Normal Hematopoiesis; Malignant Lymphoid Diseases; Malignant Myeloid Diseases; Anemias and Related Diseases; Platelet Disorders; Blood Coagulation and Hemostatic Disorders; Transfusion Medicine; Infections in Hematology; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; CAR-T and Other Cell-based Immune Therapies; and Gene Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eichinger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostasis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Antoine Rauch
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | | | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcel Levi
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom van der Poll
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Division of Infectious Diseases & Center of Experimental Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Kyrle
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostasis, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Garagiola
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Identification of the factor XII contact activation site enables sensitive coagulation diagnostics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5596. [PMID: 34552086 PMCID: PMC8458485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact activation refers to the process of surface-induced activation of factor XII (FXII), which initiates blood coagulation and is captured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay. Here, we show the mechanism and diagnostic implications of FXII contact activation. Screening of recombinant FXII mutants identified a continuous stretch of residues Gln317-Ser339 that was essential for FXII surface binding and activation, thrombin generation and coagulation. Peptides spanning these 23 residues competed with surface-induced FXII activation. Although FXII mutants lacking residues Gln317-Ser339 were susceptible to activation by plasmin and plasma kallikrein, they were ineffective in supporting arterial and venous thrombus formation in mice. Antibodies raised against the Gln317-Ser339 region induced FXII activation and triggered controllable contact activation in solution leading to thrombin generation by the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. The antibody-activated aPTT allows for standardization of particulate aPTT reagents and for sensitive monitoring of coagulation factors VIII, IX, XI.
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Garnier E, Levard D, Ali C, Buendia I, Hommet Y, Gauberti M, Crepaldi T, Comoglio P, Rubio M, Vivien D, Docagne F, Martinez de Lizarrondo S. Factor XII protects neurons from apoptosis by epidermal and hepatocyte growth factor receptor-dependent mechanisms. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2235-2247. [PMID: 34060720 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XII (FXII) is a serine protease that participates in the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Several studies have shown that plasma FXII exerts a deleterious role in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury by promoting thrombo-inflammation. Nevertheless, the impact of FXII on neuronal cell fate remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of FXII and FXIIa in neuronal injury and apoptotic cell death. METHODS We tested the neuroprotective roles of FXII and FXIIa in an experimental model of neuronal injury induced by stereotaxic intracerebral injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in vivo and in a model of apoptotic death of murine primary neuronal cultures through serum deprivation in vitro. RESULTS Here, we found that exogenous FXII and FXIIa reduce brain lesions induced by NMDA injection in vivo. Furthermore, FXII protects cultured neurons from apoptosis through a growth factor--like effect. This mechanism was triggered by direct interaction with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and subsequent activation of this receptor. Interestingly, the "proteolytically" active and two-chain form of FXII, FXIIa, exerts its protective effects by an alternative signaling pathway. FXIIa activates the pro-form of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into HGF, which in turn activated the HGF receptor (HGFR) pathway. CONCLUSION This study describes two novel mechanisms of action of FXII and identifies neurons as target cells for the protective effects of single and two-chain forms of FXII. Therefore, inhibition of FXII in neurological disorders may have deleterious effects by preventing its beneficial effects on neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Garnier
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Damien Levard
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Maxime Gauberti
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and imaging of neurological disorders (PhIND), Caen, France
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De Cristofaro R, Sanguinetti M. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a rare but severe case of friendly fire in the battle against COVID-19 pandemic: What pathogenesis? Eur J Intern Med 2021; 91:88-89. [PMID: 34244023 PMCID: PMC8238658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per immagini, Radioterapia oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Gemelli" IRCCS,and Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica S. Cuore, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS and Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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75
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Poredos P, Poredos P. Involvement of Inflammation in Venous Thromboembolic Disease: An Update in the Age of COVID-19. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:93-99. [PMID: 34388843 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory process is strongly involved in the pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and has a significant role in disease prediction. Inflammation most probably represents a common denominator through which classical and nonclassical risk factors stimulate thrombotic process. Inflammation of the venous wall promotes the release of tissue factor, inhibits the release of anticoagulant factors, and hampers endogenous fibrinolysis. Systemic inflammatory response also inhibits restoration of blood flow in the occluded vessel. Recent studies indicate that increased inflammatory response ("cytokine storm") is related to prothrombotic state and thromboembolic events in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The growing evidence of involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of VTE indicates the importance of anti-inflammatory treatment and prevention of VTE. While aspirin was shown to be effective in prevention of recurrent venous thrombosis after treatment with anticoagulant drugs, some other anti-inflammatory drugs like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents may have prothrombotic effect, thus potentially increasing the risk of VTE. Recently, new specific anti-inflammatory drug inhibitors of inflammatory markers that have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of VTE are being searched. As thrombogenesis is based on activation of coagulation provoked by inflammation, then prevention and treatment of VTE should include both anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agents. Combined treatment is related to increased risk of bleeding complications, therefore subtherapeutic doses of both drugs should be used to improve the efficacy of management of VTE without increasing the risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Poredos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pavel Poredos
- Department of Vascular Disease, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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76
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Zhang M, Qian T, Deng Z, Hang F. 3D printed double-network alginate hydrogels containing polyphosphate for bioenergetics and bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:639-648. [PMID: 34390746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Low mechanical strength, poor processability, and low bioactivity of hydrogels limit their application in bone tissue engineering severely. Herein, a new 3D-printable, osteoinductive, and bioenergetic-active double-network (DN) hydrogel containing sodium alginate (SA), poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and sodium polyphosphate (PolyP) was developed via a two-step method. The synergy of the covalent cross-linking network and the ionic cross-linking network improves the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. And the pre-gel with Ca2+ has better 3D printing performance to print complex tissue engineering scaffolds than common hydrogels. In addition, the incorporation of PolyP into DN hydrogel matrix significantly improves the bioactivity of hydrogels. The energetic effect of PolyP improves adenosine triphosphate content of cells significantly to promote cell activities such as migration. The in vitro osseointegration investigation suggests that the orthophosphate monomer units, which are degradation fragments of PolyP, provide enough phosphoric acid units for the formation of calcium phosphate and accelerate the osteogenic differentiation of cells greatly. Therefore, the proposed printable, bioenergetic-active, osteoinductive DN hydrogel is potential to solve the problems of complex tissue engineering scaffolds and be applied in energy-crucial bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tianbao Qian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ziwei Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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77
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A novel murine in vivo model for acute hereditary angioedema attacks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15924. [PMID: 34354123 PMCID: PMC8342443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease generally caused by deficiency or mutations in the C1-inhibitor gene, SERPING1, a member of the Serpin family. HAE results in acute attacks of edema, vasodilation, GI pain and hypotension. C1INH is a key inhibitor of enzymes controlling complement activation, fibrinolysis and the contact system. In HAE patients, contact system activation leads to uncontrolled production of bradykinin, the vasodilator responsible for the characteristic symptoms of HAE. In this study, we present the first physiological in vivo model to mimic acute HAE attacks. We evaluate hypotension, one of the many hallmark symptoms of acute HAE attacks using Serping1 deficient mice (serping1−/−) and implanted telemetry. Attacks were induced by IV injection of a silica nanoparticle (SiNP) suspension. Blood pressure was measured in real time, in conscious and untethered mice using implanted telemetry. SiNP injection induced a rapid, reversible decrease in blood pressure, in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. We also demonstrate that an HAE therapeutic, ecallantide, can prevent HAE attacks in this model. The in vivo murine model described here can facilitate the understanding of acute HAE attacks, support drug development and ultimately contribute to improved patient care.
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Abstract
Introduction: Blood coagulation factor XII (FXII) is an emerging and potentially safe drug target, which dysregulation is associated with thrombosis, hereditary angioedema, and (neuro)inflammation. At the same time, FXII-deficiency is practically asymptomatic. Industrial and academic institutions have developed a number of potential therapeutic agents targeting either FXII zymogen or its active form FXIIa for the treatment of thrombotic and inflammatory conditions associated with the activity of this enzyme.Areas covered: A short overview of the FXII(a) structure and function, underlining its suitability as a drug target, is given. The article reviews patents reported over the last three decades on FXII(a)-targeting therapeutic agents. These agents include small molecules, proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, siRNAs, and monoclonal antibodies.Expert opinion: The performed analysis of patents revealed that many FXII(a) inhibitors are in the early preclinical stage, while several already showed efficacy in vivo animal models of thrombosis, sepsis, hereditary angioedema, and multiple sclerosis. Two anti-FXIIa agents namely tick protein Ir-CPI and monoclonal antibody CSL312 are currently in human clinical trials. The results of these trials and further studies of FXII(a) pathophysiological functions will encourage the development of new FXII(a) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Kalinin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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79
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Henderson MW, Sparkenbaugh EM, Wang S, Ilich A, Noubouossie DF, Mailer R, Renné T, Flick MJ, Luyendyk JP, Chen ZL, Strickland S, Stravitz RT, McCrae KR, Key NS, Pawlinski R. Plasmin-mediated cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen contributes to acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Blood 2021; 138:259-272. [PMID: 33827130 PMCID: PMC8310429 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is associated with activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. In mice, both tissue factor-dependent thrombin generation and plasmin activity have been shown to promote liver injury after APAP overdose. However, the contribution of the contact and intrinsic coagulation pathways has not been investigated in this model. Mice deficient in individual factors of the contact (factor XII [FXII] and prekallikrein) or intrinsic coagulation (FXI) pathway were administered a hepatotoxic dose of 400 mg/kg of APAP. Neither FXII, FXI, nor prekallikrein deficiency mitigated coagulation activation or hepatocellular injury. Interestingly, despite the lack of significant changes to APAP-induced coagulation activation, markers of liver injury and inflammation were significantly reduced in APAP-challenged high-molecular-weight kininogen-deficient (HK-/-) mice. Protective effects of HK deficiency were not reproduced by inhibition of bradykinin-mediated signaling, whereas reconstitution of circulating levels of HK in HK-/- mice restored hepatotoxicity. Fibrinolysis activation was observed in mice after APAP administration. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mass spectrometry analysis showed that plasmin efficiently cleaves HK into multiple fragments in buffer or plasma. Importantly, plasminogen deficiency attenuated APAP-induced liver injury and prevented HK cleavage in the injured liver. Finally, enhanced plasmin generation and HK cleavage, in the absence of contact pathway activation, were observed in plasma of patients with acute liver failure due to APAP overdose. In summary, extrinsic but not intrinsic pathway activation drives the thromboinflammatory pathology associated with APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Furthermore, plasmin-mediated cleavage of HK contributes to hepatotoxicity in APAP-challenged mice independently of thrombin generation or bradykinin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Erica M Sparkenbaugh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anton Ilich
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Denis F Noubouossie
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Reiner Mailer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - R Todd Stravitz
- Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; and
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Taussig Cancer Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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80
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XPoRting (poly)phosphates limits thrombosis. Blood 2021; 137:1278-1280. [PMID: 33704397 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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81
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Prevalence and Clinical Impact of Reduced Coagulation Factor XII Activity in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:e1206-e1211. [PMID: 34259662 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides large surface exposure to human blood leading to coagulation activation. Only limited clinical data are available on contact activation and coagulation factor XII activity in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Three medical ICUs at the Medical University of Vienna. PATIENTS Adult patients receiving venovenous or venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was the change in coagulation factor XII activity in response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of reduced coagulation factor XII activity (< 60%) among patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and association of coagulation factor XII activity with thromboembolic and bleeding complications. An exploratory endpoint was the association of coagulation factor XII activity and activated partial thromboplastin time in heparinase-treated samples in vitro. Fifty-one patients with a total of 117 samples were included in the study between July 2018 and February 2020. Fifty patients (98%) had reduced coagulation factor XII activity at any timepoint during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Median coagulation factor XII activity during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment was 30% (interquartile range, 21.5-41%) and increased after discontinuation (p = 0.047). Patients with thromboembolic complications had higher median coagulation factor XII activity during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (34% vs 23%; p = 0.023). The odds of a thromboembolic event increased by 200% per tertile of median coagulation factor XII activity (crude odds ratio, 3.034; 95% CI, 1.21-7.63). No association with bleeding was observed. In heparinase-treated samples, coagulation factor XII activity correlated well with activated partial thromboplastin time (r = -0.789; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of reduced coagulation factor XII activity in adult patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, which may confound activated partial thromboplastin time measurements and limit its clinical usefulness for monitoring and titrating anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin. Lower coagulation factor XII activity was associated with less thromboembolic complications, which may highlight the potential of coagulation factor XII to serve as a target for anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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82
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Skinner SC, Derebail VK, Poulton CJ, Bunch DC, Roy-Chaudhury P, Key NS. Hemodialysis-Related Complement and Contact Pathway Activation and Cardiovascular Risk: A Narrative Review. Kidney Med 2021; 3:607-618. [PMID: 34401728 PMCID: PMC8350825 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals receiving long-term hemodialysis are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain the high CVD risk in this population. During hemodialysis, blood interacts with the biomaterials of the hemodialysis circuit. This interaction can activate the complement system and the factor XII-driven contact system. FXII activation triggers both the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein-kinin pathway, resulting in thrombin and bradykinin production, respectively. The complement system plays a key role in the innate immune response, but also contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous disease states. Components of the complement pathway, including mannose binding lectin and C3, are associated with CVD risk in people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Both the complement system and the factor XII-driven contact coagulation system mediate proinflammatory and procoagulant responses that could contribute to or accelerate CVD in hemodialysis recipents. This review summarizes what is already known about hemodialysis-mediated activation of the complement system and in particular the coagulation contact system, emphasizing the potential role these systems play in the identification of new biomarkers for CVD risk stratification and the development of potential therapeutic targets or innovative therapies that decrease CVD risk in ESKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Skinner
- Division of Hematology and UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Vimal K. Derebail
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caroline J. Poulton
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Donna C. Bunch
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology and UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- WG (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Division of Hematology and UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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83
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Rangaswamy C, Mailer RK, Englert H, Konrath S, Renné T. The contact system in liver injury. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:507-517. [PMID: 34125270 PMCID: PMC8202222 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation is controlled by a delicate balance of prothrombotic and antithrombotic mechanisms, to prevent both excessive blood loss from injured vessels and pathologic thrombosis. The liver plays a pivotal role in hemostasis through the synthesis of plasma coagulation factors and their inhibitors that, in addition to thrombosis and hemostasis, orchestrates an array of inflammatory responses. As a result, impaired liver function has been linked with both hypercoagulability and bleeding disorders due to a pathologic balance of pro- and anticoagulant plasma factors. At sites of vascular injury, thrombus propagation that finally may occlude the blood vessel depends on negatively charged biopolymers, such as polyphosphates and extracellular DNA, that provide a physiological surface for contact activation of coagulation factor XII (FXII). FXII initiates the contact system that drives both the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, and formation of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin by the kallikrein–kinin system. Moreover, FXII facilitates receptor-mediated signalling, thereby promoting mitogenic activities, angiogenesis, and neutrophil stimulation with implications for liver diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the FXII-driven contact system in liver diseases and review therapeutic approaches to target its activities during impaired liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Rangaswamy
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Englert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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84
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Gouda AS, Adbelruhman FG, Elbendary RN, Alharbi FA, Alhamrani SQ, Mégarbane B. A comprehensive insight into the role of zinc deficiency in the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein system dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3540-3547. [PMID: 33746538 PMCID: PMC7962980 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypozincemia is prevalent in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2)-infected patients and has been considered as a risk factor in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Whereas zinc might affect SARS-COV-2 replication and cell entry, the link between zinc deficiency and COVID-19 severity could also be attributed to the effects of COVID-19 on the body metabolism and immune response. Zinc deficiency is more prevalent in the elderly and patients with underlying chronic diseases, with established deleterious consequences such as the increased risk of respiratory infection. We reviewed the expected effects of zinc deficiency on COVID-19-related pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems. Mechanisms and effects were extrapolated from the available scientific literature. Zinc deficiency alters angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) function, leading to the accumulation of angiotensin II, des-Arg9-bradykinin and Lys-des-Arg9-bradykinin, which results in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, vasoconstriction and pro-thrombotic effects. Additionally, zinc deficiency blocks the activation of the plasma contact system, a protease cascade initiated by factor VII activation. Suggested mechanisms include the inhibition of Factor XII activation and limitation of high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein and Factor XII to bind to endothelial cells. The subsequent accumulation of Factor XII and deficiency in bradykinin are responsible for increased production of inflammatory mediators and marked hypercoagulability, as typically observed in COVID-19 patients. To conclude, zinc deficiency may affect both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems, leading to the exaggerated inflammatory manifestations characteristic of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima G. Adbelruhman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Alzahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham N. Elbendary
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadiyah Ahmed Alharbi
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Qalit Alhamrani
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
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85
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Liesdek OCD, Urbanus RT, de Heer LM, Fischer K, Suyker WJL, Schutgens REG. Alternatives for Vitamin K Antagonists as Thromboprophylaxis for Mechanical Heart Valves and Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices: A Systematic Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:724-734. [PMID: 34058767 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1722846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The holy grail of anticoagulation in patients with intracardiac devices, such as mechanical heart valves (MHVs) and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), comprises safe prevention of thrombosis without interrupting normal hemostasis. Device-induced thrombosis and anticoagulant-related bleeding problems are dreaded complications that may cause a significantly reduced quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. Vitamin K antagonists are the current standard for oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with MHVs and LVADs. Even within the therapeutic range, hemorrhage is the primary complication of these drugs, which emphasizes the need for safer anticoagulants for the prevention of device-induced thrombosis. Device-induced thrombosis is a complex multifactorial phenomenon that likely requires anticoagulant therapy targeting multiple pathways. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical data describing the efficacy of a variety of anticoagulants as thromboprophylaxis after implantation of intracardiac devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C D Liesdek
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf T Urbanus
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M de Heer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathelijn Fischer
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J L Suyker
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger E G Schutgens
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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86
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Defective NET clearance contributes to sustained FXII activation in COVID-19-associated pulmonary thrombo-inflammation. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103382. [PMID: 34000623 PMCID: PMC8120108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulopathy and inflammation are hallmarks of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are associated with increased mortality. Clinical and experimental data have revealed a role for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in COVID-19 disease. The mechanisms that drive thrombo-inflammation in COVID-19 are poorly understood. Methods We performed proteomic analysis and immunostaining of postmortem lung tissues from COVID-19 patients and patients with other lung pathologies. We further compared coagulation factor XII (FXII) and DNase activities in plasma samples from COVID-19 patients and healthy control donors and determined NET-induced FXII activation using a chromogenic substrate assay. Findings FXII expression and activity were increased in the lung parenchyma, within the pulmonary vasculature and in fibrin-rich alveolar spaces of postmortem lung tissues from COVID-19 patients. In agreement with this, plasmaaac acafajföeFXII activation (FXIIa) was increased in samples from COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, FXIIa colocalized with NETs in COVID-19 lung tissue indicating that NETs accumulation leads to FXII contact activation in COVID-19. We further showed that an accumulation of NETs is partially due to impaired NET clearance by extracellular DNases as DNase substitution improved NET dissolution and reduced FXII activation in vitro. Interpretation Collectively, our study supports that the NET/FXII axis contributes to the pathogenic chain of procoagulant and proinflammatory responses in COVID-19. Targeting both NETs and FXIIa may offer a potential novel therapeutic strategy. Funding This study was supported by the European Union (840189), the Werner Otto Medical Foundation Hamburg (8/95) and the German Research Foundation (FR4239/1-1, A11/SFB877, B08/SFB841 and P06/KFO306).
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87
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Riano I, Prasongdee K. A Rare Cause of Isolated Prolonged Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time: An Overview of Prekallikrein Deficiency and the Contact System. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 9:23247096211012187. [PMID: 33940978 PMCID: PMC8114252 DOI: 10.1177/23247096211012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prekallikrein (PK) deficiency, also known as Fletcher factor deficiency, is a very rare disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is usually identified incidentally in asymptomatic patients with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). In this article, we present the case of a 52-year-old woman, with no prior personal or family history of thrombotic or hemorrhagic disorders, who was noted to have substantial protracted aPTT through the routine coagulation assessment before a kidney biopsy. The patient had an uneventful biopsy course after receiving fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Laboratory investigations performed before the biopsy indicated normal activity for factors VIII, IX, XI, XII, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) as well as negative lupus anticoagulant (LA) screen. The plasma PK assay revealed low activity at 15% consistent with mild PK deficiency. The deficit of PK is characterized by a severely prolonged aPTT and normal prothrombin time (PT) in the absence of bleeding tendency. PK plays a role in the contact-activated coagulation pathway and the inflammatory response. Thus, other differential diagnoses of isolated prolonged aPTT include intrinsic pathway factor deficiencies and nonspecific inhibitors such as LA. We concluded that the initial evaluation of a prolonged aPTT with normal PT should appraise the measurement of contact activation factors and factor inhibitors. PK deficiency should be considered in asymptomatic patients with isolated aPTT prolongation, which corrects on incubation, with normal levels of the contact activation factors and factor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Riano
- MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA.,Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaorat Prasongdee
- MetroWest Medical Center, Framingham, MA, USA.,Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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88
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Stetter C, Lopez-Caperuchipi S, Hopp-Krämer S, Bieber M, Kleinschnitz C, Sirén AL, Albert-Weißenberger C. Amelioration of Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury in Coagulation Factor XII Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4855. [PMID: 34063730 PMCID: PMC8124758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent findings that show that depletion of factor XII (FXII) leads to better posttraumatic neurological recovery, we studied the effect of FXII-deficiency on post-traumatic cognitive and behavioral outcomes in female and male mice. In agreement with our previous findings, neurological deficits on day 7 after weight-drop traumatic brain injury (TBI) were significantly reduced in FXII-/- mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Also, glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)-positive platelet aggregates were more frequent in brain microvasculature of WT than FXII-/- mice 3 months after TBI. Six weeks after TBI, memory for novel object was significantly reduced in both female and male WT but not in FXII-/- mice compared to sham-operated mice. In the setting of automated home-cage monitoring of socially housed mice in IntelliCages, female WT mice but not FXII-/- mice showed decreased exploration and reacted negatively to reward extinction one month after TBI. Since neuroendocrine stress after TBI might contribute to trauma-induced cognitive dysfunction and negative emotional contrast reactions, we measured peripheral corticosterone levels and the ration of heart, lung, and spleen weight to bodyweight. Three months after TBI, plasma corticosterone levels were significantly suppressed in both female and male WT but not in FXII-/- mice, while the relative heart weight increased in males but not in females of both phenotypes when compared to sham-operated mice. Our results indicate that FXII deficiency is associated with efficient post-traumatic behavioral and neuroendocrine recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stetter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.S.); (S.L.-C.); (S.H.-K.); (C.A.-W.)
| | - Simon Lopez-Caperuchipi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.S.); (S.L.-C.); (S.H.-K.); (C.A.-W.)
| | - Sarah Hopp-Krämer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.S.); (S.L.-C.); (S.H.-K.); (C.A.-W.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Michael Bieber
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.K.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.K.)
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational and Behavioral Neurosciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital of Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.S.); (S.L.-C.); (S.H.-K.); (C.A.-W.)
| | - Christiane Albert-Weißenberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.S.); (S.L.-C.); (S.H.-K.); (C.A.-W.)
- Institute for Physiology, Department for Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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89
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Meng Y, Yin Q, Ma Q, Qin H, Zhang J, Zhang B, Pang H, Tian H. FXII regulates the formation of deep vein thrombosis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mice. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:87. [PMID: 33760144 PMCID: PMC8018183 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common peripheral vascular disease, which may result in pulmonary embolism and is accompanied by endothelial injury. However, the pathogenesis of DVT remains unclear. Coagulation factor XII (FXII), as an important coagulation factor, has been reported to be closely associated with thrombosis. However, the association between FXII protein and DVT formation is not yet fully understood. The present study examined the effects of FXII protein on DVT formation and aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism. In the present study, histological characterization of the femoral vein tissue was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The damage to the femoral vein tissue was examined by TUNEL assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were examined using ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling were determined by ELISA, immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that thrombosis, FXII protein, cell apoptosis and the SOD concentrations were decreased, while the MDA concentrations were increased in mice with DVT compared with the control or sham groups. TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑8 and PI3K/AKT signaling was also upregulated in the mice with DVT. Furthermore, the knockdown of FXII significantly upregulated the SOD concentrations and downregulated thrombosis and cell apoptosis, as well as the MDA concentrations in mice with DVT. The knockdown of FXII also significantly downregulated the protein expression of TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑8, and the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Additionally, LY294002 pre‑treatment markedly downregulated thrombosis and cell apoptosis and the MDA content, whereas it upregulated the SOD concentrations in mice with DVT. LY294002 pre‑treatment also significantly downregulated the TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑8 protein levels. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that FXII protein promotes DVT via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling by inducing an inflammatory response. Targeting FXII protein may thus prove to be a potential approach for the treatment of DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Pang
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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90
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Singh PK, Badimon A, Chen Z, Strickland S, Norris EH. The contact activation system and vascular factors as alternative targets for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:e12504. [PMID: 33977208 PMCID: PMC8105157 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. Extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles are classical hallmarks of AD pathology and thus are the prime targets for AD therapeutics. However, approaches to slow or stop AD progression and dementia by reducing Aβ production, neutralizing toxic Aβ aggregates, or inhibiting tau aggregation have been largely unsuccessful in clinical trials. The contribution of dysregulated vascular components and inflammation is evident in AD pathology. Vascular changes are detectable early in AD progression, so treatment of vascular defects along with anti-Aβ/tau therapy could be a successful combination therapeutic strategy for this disease. Here, we explain how vascular dysfunction mechanistically contributes to thrombosis as well as inflammation and neurodegeneration in AD pathogenesis. This review provides evidence that addressing vascular dysfunction in people with AD could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ana Badimon
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zu‐Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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91
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Savla SR, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Cytokine storm associated coagulation complications in COVID-19 patients: Pathogenesis and Management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1397-1413. [PMID: 33832398 PMCID: PMC8074652 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1915129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, attacks the immune system causing an exaggerated and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokine storm). Recent studies propose an active role of coagulation disorders in disease progression. This hypercoagulability has been displayed by marked increase in D-dimer in hospitalized patients. Areas Covered This review summarizes the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, generation of cytokine storm, the interdependence between inflammation and coagulation, its consequences and the possible management options for coagulation complications like venous thromboembolism (VTE), microthrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and systemic and local coagulopathy. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant reports using COVID-19, cytokine storm, and coagulation as keywords. Expert Opinion A prophylactic dose of 5000–7500 units of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been recommended for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in order to prevent VTE. Treatment dose of LMWH, based on disease severity, is being contemplated for patients showing a marked rise in levels of D-dimer due to possible pulmonary thrombi. Additionally, targeting PAR-1, thrombin, coagulation factor Xa and the complement system may be potentially useful in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection induced lung injury, microvascular thrombosis, VTE and related outcomes like DIC and multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
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92
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Kolev K, Medcalf RL. Editorial: Fibrinolysis in Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:582. [PMID: 32296445 PMCID: PMC7137896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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93
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Haydel SE, Lucas AR. Fibrinolytic Serine Proteases, Therapeutic Serpins and Inflammation: Fire Dancers and Firestorms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:648947. [PMID: 33869309 PMCID: PMC8044766 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.648947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The making and breaking of clots orchestrated by the thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are critical determinants of morbidity and mortality during infection and with vascular or tissue injury. Both the clot forming (thrombotic) and the clot dissolving (thrombolytic or fibrinolytic) cascades are composed of a highly sensitive and complex relationship of sequentially activated serine proteases and their regulatory inhibitors in the circulating blood. The proteases and inhibitors interact continuously throughout all branches of the cardiovascular system in the human body, representing one of the most abundant groups of proteins in the blood. There is an intricate interaction of the coagulation cascades with endothelial cell surface receptors lining the vascular tree, circulating immune cells, platelets and connective tissue encasing the arterial layers. Beyond their role in control of bleeding and clotting, the thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades initiate immune cell responses, representing a front line, "off-the-shelf" system for inducing inflammatory responses. These hemostatic pathways are one of the first response systems after injury with the fibrinolytic cascade being one of the earliest to evolve in primordial immune responses. An equally important contributor and parallel ancient component of these thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are the serine protease inhibitors, termed serpins. Serpins are metastable suicide inhibitors with ubiquitous roles in coagulation and fibrinolysis as well as multiple central regulatory pathways throughout the body. Serpins are now known to also modulate the immune response, either via control of thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades or via direct effects on cellular phenotypes, among many other functions. Here we review the co-evolution of the thrombolytic cascade and the immune response in disease and in treatment. We will focus on the relevance of these recent advances in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a "respiratory" coronavirus that causes extensive cardiovascular pathogenesis, with microthrombi throughout the vascular tree, resulting in severe and potentially fatal coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Shelley E. Haydel
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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94
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CRISPR/Cas Technology in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063196. [PMID: 33801123 PMCID: PMC8004187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats linked to Cas nuclease) technology has revolutionized many aspects of genetic engineering research. Thanks to it, it became possible to study the functions and mechanisms of biology with greater precision, as well as to obtain genetically modified organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The changes introduced by the CRISPR/Cas system are based on the repair paths of the single or double strand DNA breaks that cause insertions, deletions, or precise integrations of donor DNA. These changes are crucial for many fields of science, one of which is the use of animals (pigs) as a reservoir of tissues and organs for xenotransplantation into humans. Non-genetically modified animals cannot be used to save human life and health due to acute immunological reactions resulting from the phylogenetic distance of these two species. This review is intended to collect and summarize the advantages as well as achievements of the CRISPR/Cas system in pig-to-human xenotransplantation research. In addition, it demonstrates barriers and limitations that require careful evaluation before attempting to experiment with this technology.
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95
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López-Gálvez R, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Miñano A, Pathak M, Marcos C, Emsley J, Caballero T, López-Trascasa M, Vicente V, Corral J, López-Lera A. Thrombin in the Activation of the Fluid Contact Phase in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema Carrying the F12 P.Thr309Lys Variant. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:357-368. [PMID: 33725261 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary angioedema due to pathogenic FXII variants (HAE-FXII) is a rare dominant disease caused by increased activation of the plasma contact system. The most prevalent HAE-FXII variant, c.1032C > A p.Thr309Lys (FXII309Lys), results in a smaller FXII protein with increased sensitivity to fluid-phase activation by poorly understood mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the functionality of the FXII309Lys variant in 33 HAE-FXII patients, 25 healthy controls and 46 patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Activation of the plasma contact system was assessed by western blot and amidolytic assay in basal conditions or after treatment with either artificial or physiological activators. Recombinant wild-type and FXII309Lys variants were expressed in S2 insect (Drosophila) cells. Amidolytic and fibrin generation assays were performed in fresh plasma samples. FXII309Lys samples exhibited an increased electrophoretic mobility comparable with N-glycan-deficient FXII from CDG patients and asialo-FXII generated by neuraminidase treatment. They presented increased sensitivity to activation by dextran sulphate and silica which resulted in the generation of an aberrant 37-kDa heavy chain. We did not observe increased susceptibility of FXII309Lys to proteolysis by exogenous or tPA-generated plasmin. However, both exogenous and endogenous thrombin cleaved the FXII309Lys variant, releasing a 37-kDa fragment and resulting in enhanced proteolytic activation on the fluid phase. This model supports a sequential proteolytic activation process involving thrombin priming of FXII309Lys, followed by kallikrein cleavage and generation of active βFXIIa. The present results and the observation that angioedema episodes in HAE-FXII patients occur predominantly during hypercoagulable situations suggest a key role for thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Gálvez
- Servicio de Hematología Y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain
| | - M E de la Morena-Barrio
- Servicio de Hematología Y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain.
| | - A Miñano
- Servicio de Hematología Y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Pathak
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, England
| | - C Marcos
- Sección Alergología, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo. Hospital Meixoeiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - J Emsley
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, England
| | - T Caballero
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER) U-754, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M López-Trascasa
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER) U-754, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vicente
- Servicio de Hematología Y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Corral
- Servicio de Hematología Y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain
| | - A López-Lera
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Network Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER) U-754, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anticoagulation with vitamin-K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants is associated with a significant risk of bleeding. There is a major effort underway to develop antithrombotic drugs that have a smaller impact on hemostasis. The plasma contact proteins factor XI (FXI) and factor XII (FXII) have drawn considerable interest because they contribute to thrombosis but have limited roles in hemostasis. Here, we discuss results of preclinical and clinical trials supporting the hypothesis that the contact system contributes to thromboembolic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous compounds targeting FXI or FXII have shown antithrombotic properties in preclinical studies. In phase 2 studies, drugs-targeting FXI or its protease form FXIa compared favorably with standard care for venous thrombosis prophylaxis in patients undergoing knee replacement. While less work has been done with FXII inhibitors, they may be particularly useful for limiting thrombosis in situations where blood comes into contact with artificial surfaces of medical devices. SUMMARY Inhibitors of contact activation, and particularly of FXI, are showing promise for prevention of thromboembolic disease. Larger studies are required to establish their efficacy, and to establish that they are safer than current therapy from a bleeding standpoint.
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97
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Mast AE, Wolberg AS, Gailani D, Garvin MR, Alvarez C, Miller JI, Aronow B, Jacobson D. SARS-CoV-2 suppresses anticoagulant and fibrinolytic gene expression in the lung. eLife 2021; 10:e64330. [PMID: 33683204 PMCID: PMC8049742 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive fibrin deposition in the lungs and altered levels of circulating blood coagulation proteins in COVID-19 patients imply local derangement of pathways that limit fibrin formation and/or promote its clearance. We examined transcriptional profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples to identify molecular mechanisms underlying these coagulopathies. mRNA levels for regulators of the kallikrein-kinin (C1-inhibitor), coagulation (thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor), and fibrinolytic (urokinase and urokinase receptor) pathways were significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients. While transcripts for several coagulation proteins were increased, those encoding tissue factor, the protein that initiates coagulation and whose expression is frequently increased in inflammatory disorders, were not increased in BALF from COVID-19 patients. Our analysis implicates enhanced propagation of coagulation and decreased fibrinolysis as drivers of the coagulopathy in the lungs of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Mast
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and UNC Blood Research CenterChapel HillUnited States
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Michael R Garvin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Christiane Alvarez
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - J Izaak Miller
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
| | - Bruce Aronow
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
- Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
- University of CincinnatiCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences DivisionOak RidgeUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate EducationKnoxvilleUnited States
- University of Tennessee Knoxville, Department of PsychologyKnoxvilleUnited States
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98
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Neuroprotective effects of Hemocoagulase Agkistrodon on experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:1-10. [PMID: 33548333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major cause of disability and mortality among young people and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. However, the available clinical options have limited effectiveness. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of Hemocoagulase Agkistrodon (HCA), a thrombin-like enzyme (TLE) isolated and purified from snake venom. Rats subjected to experimental TBI were administered a single dose of HCA or vehicle 10 min after injury. Neurological function was assessed with modified neurological severity score (mNSS). Brain edema were evaluated by measuring brain water content. Levels of hemoglobin and inflammatory cytokines were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, assays including Evans blue extravasation, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to determined blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Our results showed that HCA treatment ameliorated neurological deficits (p < 0.01), alleviated brain edema (p < 0.01) and hemorrhage (p < 0.01), decreased the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (p < 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.05), and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at the contusion site (p < 0.01). Moreover, HCA administration reduced BBB disruption by regulating expression of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 (ps < 0.01). Together, our results demonstrate that HCA might have therapeutic efficacy in acute TBI, suggesting a potential clinical application for mitigating the neuropathological damage associated with TBI.
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99
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Shamanaev A, Emsley J, Gailani D. Proteolytic activity of contact factor zymogens. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:330-341. [PMID: 33107140 PMCID: PMC8552315 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contact activation is triggered when blood is exposed to compounds or "surfaces" that promote conversion of the plasma zymogens factor XII (FXII) and prekallikrein to the active proteases FXIIa and kallikrein. FXIIa promotes blood coagulation by converting zymogen factor XI (FXI) to the protease FXIa. Contact activation appears to represent an enhancement of the propensity for FXII and prekallikrein to reciprocally activate each other by surface-independent limited proteolysis. The nature of the activities that perpetuate this process, and that trigger contact activation, are debated. FXII and prekallikrein, like most members of the chymotrypsin/trypsin protease family, are synthesized as single polypeptides that are presumed to be in an inactive state. Internal cleavage leads to conformational changes in the protease domain that convert the enzyme active site from a closed conformation to an open conformation accessible to substrates. We observed that FXII expresses a low level of activity as a single-chain zymogen that catalyzes prekallikrein activation in solution, as well as surface-dependent activation of prekallikrein, FXI, and FXII (autoactivation). Prekallikrein also expresses activity that promotes cleavage of kininogen to release bradykinin, and surface-dependent FXII activation. Modeling suggests that a glutamine residue at position 156 in the FXII and prekallikrein protease domains stabilizes an open active site conformation by forming hydrogen bonds with Asp194. The activity inherent in FXII and prekallikrein suggests a mechanism for sustaining reciprocal activation of the proteins and for initiating contact activation, and supports the premise that zymogens of some trypsin-like enzymes are active proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Shamanaev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Biodiscovery Institute, Centre for Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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100
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Sato A, Aizawa H, Tsujino T, Isobe K, Watanabe T, Kitamura Y, Kawase T. Fluorescent Cytochemical Detection of Polyphosphates Associated with Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031040. [PMID: 33494374 PMCID: PMC7866114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is released from activated platelets and activates the intrinsic coagulation pathway. However, polyP may also be involved in various pathophysiological functions related to platelets. To clarify these functions, we established a cytochemical method to reproducibly visualize polyP in platelets. Platelets obtained from healthy non-smoking donors were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline and quickly immobilized on glass slides using a Cytospin. After fixation and membrane permeabilization, platelets were treated with 4′,6- diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and examined using a fluorescence microscope with a blue-violet excitation filter block (BV-2A). Fixed platelets were also subjected to immunocytochemical examination to visualize serotonin distribution. Under the optimized conditions for polyP visualization, immobilized platelets were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 4 h or longer and treated with DAPI at a concentration of 10 µg/mL in 0.02% saponin- or 0.1% Tween-20-containing Hanks balanced salt solution as a permeabilization buffer for 30 min at room temperature (22–25 °C). Based on the results obtained by using activated platelets, treatment with alkaline phosphatases, and serotonin release, the DAPI+ targets were identified as polyP. Therefore, this cytochemical method is useful for determining the amount and distribution of polyP in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (A.S.); (H.A.); (T.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Hachidai Aizawa
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (A.S.); (H.A.); (T.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Tetsuhiro Tsujino
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (A.S.); (H.A.); (T.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazushige Isobe
- Collaborative Research Group, Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan; (A.S.); (H.A.); (T.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Taisuke Watanabe
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Matsumoto Dental University Hospital, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-262-7559
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