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Di Pizio A, Behrens M, Krautwurst D. Beyond the Flavour: The Potential Druggability of Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1402. [PMID: 30897734 PMCID: PMC6471708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). Interestingly, these chemosensory GPCRs (csGPCRs) are expressed in several tissues of the body where they are supposed to play a role in biological functions other than chemosensation. Despite their abundance and physiological/pathological relevance, the druggability of csGPCRs has been suggested but not fully characterized. Here, we aim to explore the potential of targeting csGPCRs to treat diseases by reviewing the current knowledge of csGPCRs expressed throughout the body and by analysing the chemical space and the drug-likeness of flavour molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.
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52
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Olfactory Receptor Genes in Chinese Perch, Siniperca chuatsi. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020178. [PMID: 30823620 PMCID: PMC6409572 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, which is mediated by olfactory receptor (OR) genes, is essential in the daily life of fish, especially in foraging. However, Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) is believed to prey with reliance on vision and lateral sensation, but not on olfaction. Therefore, understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Chinese perch OR repertoire could provide insights into genetic evidence for adapting to a decreasing reliance on olfaction. Here, we reported a whole-genome analysis of the Chinese perch OR repertoire. Our analysis identified a total of 152 OR genes, including 123 functional genes and 29 pseudogenes, and showed their genomic organization. A phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the phylogenetic relationships of teleosts ORs was illustrated. The dN/dS (global ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous) analysis demonstrated that OR groups all appeared to be under purifying selection. Among the five Percomorpha fishes, Chinese perch only had 22 subfamilies, suggesting a decrease in OR diversities. The species-specific loss of subfamily 56 and 66 in Chinese perch, of which the genes belonged to subfamily 66, were orthologs of OR51E2, which recognized the plant odorant β-ionone, indicating that extremely piscivorous fish which might lose those receptors responded to plant-related odors. Finally, the expression profiles of OR genes in the olfactory epithelium at different developmental stages were investigated using RNA-seq data. From the aforementioned results, the evolution of the OR repertoire may be shaped by the adaption of vision-dependent specializations for foraging in Chinese perch. The first systematic study of OR genes in Chinese perch could provide valuable genomic resources for the further investigation of olfactory function in teleosts.
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53
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Aier I, Semwal R, Tyagi P, Varadwaj P. Sense of Smell: Structural, Functional, Mechanistic Advancements and Challenges in Human Olfactory Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:891-911. [PMID: 30520376 PMCID: PMC7052838 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181206095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, the sense of smell detects and discriminate odors as well as social cues which influence our innate responses. The olfactory system in human beings is found to be weak as compared to other animals; however, it seems to be very precise. It can detect and discriminate millions of chemical moieties (odorants) even in minuscule quantities. The process initiates with the binding of odorants to specialized olfactory receptors, encoded by a large family of Olfactory Receptor (OR) genes belonging to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Stimulation of ORs converts the chemical information encoded in the odorants, into respective neuronal action-potentials which causes depolarization of olfactory sensory neurons. The olfactory bulb relays this signal to different parts of the brain for processing. Odors are encrypted using a combinatorial approach to detect a variety of chemicals and encode their unique identity. The discovery of functional OR genes and proteins provided an important information to decipher the genomic, structural and functional basis of olfaction. ORs constitute 17 gene families, out of which 4 families were reported to contain more than hundred members each. The olfactory machinery is not limited to GPCRs; a number of non- GPCRs is also employed to detect chemosensory stimuli. The article provides detailed information about such olfaction machinery, structures, transduction mechanism, theories of odor perception, and challenges in the olfaction research. It covers the structural, functional and computational studies carried out in the olfaction research in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; E-mail:
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Maßberg D, Hatt H. Human Olfactory Receptors: Novel Cellular Functions Outside of the Nose. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1739-1763. [PMID: 29897292 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are not exclusively expressed in the olfactory sensory neurons; they are also observed outside of the olfactory system in all other human tissues tested to date, including the testis, lung, intestine, skin, heart, and blood. Within these tissues, certain ORs have been determined to be exclusively expressed in only one tissue, whereas other ORs are more widely distributed in many different tissues throughout the human body. For most of the ectopically expressed ORs, limited data are available for their functional roles. They have been shown to be involved in the modulation of cell-cell recognition, migration, proliferation, the apoptotic cycle, exocytosis, and pathfinding processes. Additionally, there is a growing body of evidence that they have the potential to serve as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, as ORs are highly expressed in different cancer tissues. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical signaling pathways activated by ORs in olfactory sensory neurons, alternative pathways have been demonstrated in nonolfactory tissues. In this review, the existing data concerning the expression, as well as the physiological and pathophysiological functions, of ORs outside of the nose are highlighted to provide insights into future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Maßberg
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Cell Physiology , Bochum , Germany
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55
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Courtens F, Demangeat JL, Benabdallah M. Could the Olfactory System Be a Target for Homeopathic Remedies as Nanomedicines? J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:1032-1038. [PMID: 29889551 PMCID: PMC6247980 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeopathic remedies (HRs) contain odorant molecules such as flavonoids or terpenes and can lose their efficiency in presence of some competitive odors. Such similarities, along with extreme sensitivity of the olfactory system, widespread presence of olfactory receptors over all organic tissues (where they have metabolic roles besides perception of odors), and potential direct access to the brain through olfactory nerves (ONs) and trigeminal nerves, may suggest the olfactory system as target for HRs. Recent works highlighted that HRs exist in a dual form, that is, a still molecular form at low dilution and a nanoparticulate form at high dilution, and that remnants of source remedy persist in extremely high dilutions. From the literature, both odorants and nanoparticles (NPs) can enter the body through inhalation, digestive absorption, or through the skin, especially, NPs or viruses can directly reach the brain through axons of nerves. Assuming that HRs are recognized by olfactory receptors, their information could be transmitted to numerous tissues through receptor-ligand interaction, or to the brain by either activating the axon potential of ONs and trigeminal nerves or, in their nanoparticulate form, by translocating through axons of these nerves. Moreover, the nanoparticulate form may activate the immune system at multiple levels, induce systemic various biological responses through the pituitary axis and inflammation factors, or modulate gene expression at the cellular level. As immunity, inflammation, pituitary axis, and olfactory system are closely linked together, their permanent interaction triggered by olfactory receptors may thus ensure homeostasis.
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56
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Han YE, Kang CW, Oh JH, Park SH, Ku CR, Cho YH, Lee MK, Lee EJ. Olfactory Receptor OR51E1 Mediates GLP-1 Secretion in Human and Rodent Enteroendocrine L Cells. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:1251-1258. [PMID: 30402589 PMCID: PMC6215084 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L cells, are important gut hormones that coordinate gastrointestinal physiology, metabolism, and appetite. We aimed to investigate the role of olfactory receptor (OR) OR51E1 in GLP-1 and PYY secretion. We analyzed the expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP), an indicator of OR-mediated events in nonolfactory systems, in human intestinal L cells. Furthermore, we analyzed OMP and OR51E1 expression in the L cell line NCI-H716. To investigate whether odorant-activated OR signaling stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion, we used nonanoic acid, a known OR51E1 ligand. Treatment with 100 μM nonanoic acid increased GLP-1 secretion by 2.32 ± 0.41-fold and PYY secretion by 1.44 ± 0.10-fold; however, this effect was attenuated on small interfering RNA-mediated OR51E1 knockdown. Oral administration of nonanoic acid to rats resulted in a 2.89 ± 0.53-fold increase in GLP-1 levels and reductions in blood glucose levels compared with the control group. Nonanoic acid stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via OR51E1 signaling in L cells, thereby indicating a potential role of OR-mediated events in GLP-1 and PYY secretion; this could be translated into a therapeutic approach in treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eon Han
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Kang
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Heon Oh
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Park
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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57
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Wojcik S, Weidinger D, Ständer S, Luger T, Hatt H, Jovancevic N. Functional characterization of the extranasal OR2A4/7 expressed in human melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1216-1223. [PMID: 30091289 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) were first described as specialized chemoreceptors in the nasal epithelium. In the last two decades, ORs have also been detected to be functionally expressed and active in different nonolfactory tissues of the human body, because they used to react to specific odour stimuli. In this study, we conducted a characterization of the extranasal OR2A4/7 expressed in primary human melanocytes and sections of the human skin. OR2A4/7 expression could be demonstrated at the transcript and protein level. We uncovered elevated intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ levels accompanied by elevated p38 and reduced p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation following odourant (cyclohexyl salicylate; CHS) stimulation of melanocytes. These results were associated with enhanced melanin biosynthesis in conjunction with the growth inhibition and differentiation of melanocytes. Our findings highlight the participation of OR2A4/7 in human primary melanocyte physiology and suggest an alternate mechanism that regulates melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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58
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Abstract
Olfactory receptors are expressed by different cell types throughout the body and regulate physiological cell functions beyond olfaction. In particular, the olfactory receptor OR2AT4 has been shown to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation in the skin. Here, we show that the epithelium of human hair follicles, particularly the outer root sheath, expresses OR2AT4, and that specific stimulation of OR2AT4 by a synthetic sandalwood odorant (Sandalore®) prolongs human hair growth ex vivo by decreasing apoptosis and increasing production of the anagen-prolonging growth factor IGF-1. In contrast, co-administration of the specific OR2AT4 antagonist Phenirat® and silencing of OR2AT4 inhibit hair growth. Together, our study identifies that human hair follicles can engage in olfactory receptor-dependent chemosensation and require OR2AT4-mediated signaling to sustain their growth, suggesting that olfactory receptors may serve as a target in hair loss therapy. Increasing evidence suggest that olfactory receptors can carry additional functions besides olfaction. Here, Chéret et al. show that stimulation of the olfactory receptor ORT2A4 by the odorant Sandalore® stimulates growth of human scalp hair follicles ex vivo, suggesting the use of ORT2A4-targeting odorants as hair growth-promoting agents.
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59
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Expression of the Cerebral Olfactory Receptors Olfr110/111 and Olfr544 Is Altered During Aging and in Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2057-2072. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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60
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Leem J, Shim HM, Cho H, Park JH. Octanoic acid potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and expression of glucokinase through the olfactory receptor in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:278-284. [PMID: 29885841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate olfactory chemosensation, leading to the perception of smell. ORs are expressed in many tissues, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that the olfactory receptor Olfr15 is highly and selectively expressed in both mouse pancreatic β-cells and MIN6 cells. In addition, octanoic acid (OA), a medium-chain fatty acid, potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The OA-induced enhancement of GSIS was inhibited by Olfr15 knockdown. Treatment with a PLC inhibitor or an Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor (IP3R) antagonist also blocked the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS. These results suggest that OA potentiates GSIS via Olfr15 though the PLC-IP3 pathway. Furthermore, long-term treatment with OA increased cellular glucose uptake in MIN6 cells by up-regulating the expression of glucokinase (GK). Moreover, this process was blocked by an IP3R antagonist and a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor. Similarly, OA stimulated GK promoter activity, while either Olfr15 or CaMKIV knockdown blocked the stimulatory effect of OA on GK promoter activity. These results suggest that long-term treatment of OA induces GK promoter activity via Olfr15 through the IP3-CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway. In islets from type 2 diabetic mice, the expression level of Olfr15 and the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS were strongly reduced. Collectively, our results highlight the crucial role of the olfactory receptor Olfr15 in potentiating GSIS in pancreatic β-cells, suggesting that Olfr15 may be an important therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, 42472, South Korea
| | - Hae-Min Shim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hochan Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, 41931, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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61
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OR2H2 regulates the differentiation of human myoblast cells by its ligand aldehyde 13-13. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 645:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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62
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Dammalli M, Dey G, Madugundu AK, Kumar M, Rodrigues B, Gowda H, Siddaiah BG, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Prasad TSK. Proteomic Analysis of the Human Olfactory Bulb. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 21:440-453. [PMID: 28816642 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of olfaction to human health and disease is often underappreciated. Olfactory dysfunction has been reported in association with a host of common complex diseases, including neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. For health, olfaction or the sense of smell is also important for most mammals, for optimal engagement with their environment. Indeed, animals have developed sophisticated olfactory systems to detect and interpret the rich information presented to them to assist in day-to-day activities such as locating food sources, differentiating food from poisons, identifying mates, promoting reproduction, avoiding predators, and averting death. In this context, the olfactory bulb is a vital component of the olfactory system receiving sensory information from the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity and the first place that processes the olfactory information. We report in this study original observations on the human olfactory bulb proteome in healthy subjects, using a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach. We identified 7750 nonredundant proteins from human olfactory bulbs. Bioinformatics analysis of these proteins showed their involvement in biological processes associated with signal transduction, metabolism, transport, and olfaction. These new observations provide a crucial baseline molecular profile of the human olfactory bulb proteome, and should assist the future discovery of biomarker proteins and novel diagnostics associated with diseases characterized by olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Dammalli
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, Siddaganga Institute of Technology , Tumakuru, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,3 Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,4 Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , Puducherry, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,3 Department of Biotechnology, Manipal University , Manipal, India
| | | | - Harsha Gowda
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,5 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India
| | | | - Anita Mahadevan
- 6 Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India .,7 Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - Susarla Krishna Shankar
- 6 Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India .,7 Human Brain Tissue Repository, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India .,8 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics , Bangalore, India .,5 YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University , Mangalore, India .,8 NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
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63
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Oh SJ. System-Wide Expression and Function of Olfactory Receptors in Mammals. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:2-9. [PMID: 29618184 PMCID: PMC5903065 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) in mammals are generally considered to function as chemosensors in the olfactory organs of animals. They are membrane proteins that traverse the cytoplasmic membrane seven times and work generally by coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. The OR is a G protein‒coupled receptor that binds the guanine nucleotide-binding Gαolf subunit and the Gβγ dimer to recognize a wide spectrum of organic compounds in accordance with its cognate ligand. Mammalian ORs were originally identified from the olfactory epithelium of rat. However, it has been recently reported that the expression of ORs is not limited to the olfactory organ. In recent decades, they have been found to be expressed in diverse organs or tissues and even tumors in mammals. In this review, the expression and expected function of olfactory receptors that exist throughout an organism's system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. June Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea
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64
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Tsai T, Veitinger S, Peek I, Busse D, Eckardt J, Vladimirova D, Jovancevic N, Wojcik S, Gisselmann G, Altmüller J, Ständer S, Luger T, Paus R, Cheret J, Hatt H. Two olfactory receptors-OR2A4/7 and OR51B5-differentially affect epidermal proliferation and differentiation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:58-65. [PMID: 27315375 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor family, are expressed in various human tissues, including skin. Cells in non-olfactory tissues tend to express more than one individual OR gene, but function and interaction of two or more ORs in the same cell type has only been marginally analysed. Here, we revealed OR2A4/7 and OR51B5 as two new ORs in human skin cells and identified cyclohexyl salicylate and isononyl alcohol as agonists of these receptors. In cultured human keratinocytes, both odorants induce strong Ca2+ signals that are mediated by OR2A4/7 and OR51B5, as demonstrated by the receptor knockdown experiments. Activation of corresponding receptors induces a cAMP-dependent pathway. Localization studies and functional characterization of both receptors revealed several differences. OR2A4/7 is expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes and basal melanocytes of the epidermis and influences cytokinesis, cell proliferation, phosphorylation of AKT and Chk-2 and secretion of IL-1. In contrast, OR51B5 is exclusively expressed in suprabasal keratinocytes, supports cell migration and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers, influences Hsp27, AMPK1 and p38MAPK phosphorylation and interestingly, IL-6 secretion. These findings underline that different ORs perform diverse functions in cutaneous cells, and thus offering an approach for the modulated treatment of skin diseases and wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tsai
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Veitinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irina Peek
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Busse
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josephine Eckardt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeremy Cheret
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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65
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Munakata Y, Yamada T, Imai J, Takahashi K, Tsukita S, Shirai Y, Kodama S, Asai Y, Sugisawa T, Chiba Y, Kaneko K, Uno K, Sawada S, Hatakeyama H, Kanzaki M, Miyazaki JI, Oka Y, Katagiri H. Olfactory receptors are expressed in pancreatic β-cells and promote glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1499. [PMID: 29367680 PMCID: PMC5784078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) mediate olfactory chemo-sensation in OR neurons. Herein, we have demonstrated that the OR chemo-sensing machinery functions in pancreatic β-cells and modulates insulin secretion. First, we found several OR isoforms, including OLFR15 and OLFR821, to be expressed in pancreatic islets and a β-cell line, MIN6. Immunostaining revealed OLFR15 and OLFR821 to be uniformly expressed in pancreatic β-cells. In addition, mRNAs of Olfr15 and Olfr821 were detected in single MIN6 cells. These results indicate that multiple ORs are simultaneously expressed in individual β-cells. Octanoic acid, which is a medium-chain fatty acid contained in food and reportedly interacts with OLFR15, potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), thereby improving glucose tolerance in vivo. GSIS potentiation by octanoic acid was confirmed in isolated pancreatic islets and MIN6 cells and was blocked by OLFR15 knockdown. While Gαolf expression was not detectable in β-cells, experiments using inhibitors and siRNA revealed that the pathway dependent on phospholipase C-inositol triphosphate, rather than cAMP-protein kinase A, mediates GSIS potentiation via OLFR15. These findings suggest that the OR system in pancreatic β-cells has a chemo-sensor function allowing recognition of environmental substances obtained from food, and potentiates insulin secretion in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby modulating systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. .,Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sohei Tsukita
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugisawa
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yumiko Chiba
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Uno
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Oka
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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66
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Rajkumar P, Cha B, Yin J, Arend LJ, Păunescu TG, Hirabayashi Y, Donowitz M, Pluznick JL. Identifying the localization and exploring a functional role for Gprc5c in the kidney. FASEB J 2018; 32:2046-2059. [PMID: 29196502 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700610rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of orphan GPCRs (GPRs) has the potential to uncover novel insights into whole animal physiology. In this study, our goal was to determine the renal localization of Gprc5c, a receptor that we previously reported to be highly expressed in murine whole kidney, and to examine physiologic parameters in Gprc5c knockout (KO) mice to gain insight into function. Gprc5c localized to the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules (PTs) in mice, rats, and humans. With the comparison of Gprc5c wild-type (WT) and KO mice, we found that Gprc5c KO mice have altered acid-base homeostasis. Specifically, Gprc5c KO mice have lower blood pH and higher urine pH compared with WT mice, with a reduced level of titratable acids in their urine. In an in vitro GPCR internalization assay, we observed that Gprc5c internalization (an index of activation) was triggered by alkaline extracellular pH. Furthermore, with the use of an in vitro BCECF assay, we observed that Gprc5c increases Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) activity at alkaline pH. We also find that the NHE3 activity is reduced in Gprc5c KO mice by 2 photon imaging in seminaphthorhodafluors (SNARF)-4F-loaded kidney sections. NHE3 is a primary contributor to apical transport of H+ in the renal PT. Together, these data imply that Gprc5c modulates the renal contribution to systemic pH homeostasis, at least in part, by taking part in the regulation of NHE3.-Rajkumar, P., Cha, B., Yin, J., Arend, L. J., Păunescu, T. G., Hirabayashi, Y., Donowitz, M., Pluznick, J. L. Identifying the localization and exploring a functional role for Gprc5c in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premraj Rajkumar
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Boyoung Cha
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lois J Arend
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Teodor G Păunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Laboratory for Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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67
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Ryu SE, Shim T, Yi JY, Kim SY, Park SH, Kim SW, Ronnett GV, Moon C. Odorant Receptors Containing Conserved Amino Acid Sequences in Transmembrane Domain 7 Display Distinct Expression Patterns in Mammalian Tissues. Mol Cells 2017; 40:954-965. [PMID: 29179263 PMCID: PMC5750714 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes are well established, and highly conserved regions within odorant receptors that are unique from other G-protein coupled receptors have been identified. Numerous functional studies have focused on specific conserved amino acids motifs; however, not all conserved motifs have been sufficiently characterized. Here, we identified a highly conserved 18 amino acid sequence motif within transmembrane domain seven (CAS-TM7) which was identified by aligning odorant receptor sequences. Next, we investigated the expression pattern and distribution of this conserved amino acid motif among a broad range of odorant receptors. To examine the localization of odorant receptor proteins, we used a sequence-specific peptide antibody against CAS-TM7 which is specific to odorant receptors across species. The specificity of this peptide antibody in recognizing odorant receptors has been confirmed in a heterologous in vitro system and a rat-based in vivo system. The CAS-TM7 odorant receptors localized with distinct patterns at each region of the olfactory epithelium; septum, endoturbinate and ectoturbinate. To our great interests, we found that the CAS-TM7 odorant receptors are primarily localized to the dorsal region of the olfactory bulb, coinciding with olfactory epithelium-based patterns. Also, these odorant receptors were ectopically expressed in the various non-olfactory tissues in an evolutionary constrained manner between human and rats. This study has characterized the expression patterns of odorant receptors containing particular amino acid motif in transmembrane domain 7, and which led to an intriguing possibility that the conserved motif of odorant receptors can play critical roles in other physiological functions as well as olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Ryu
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Graduate school, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Tammy Shim
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Graduate school, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Yi
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Graduate school, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - So Yeun Kim
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Graduate school, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Gabriele V. Ronnett
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205,
USA
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Graduate school, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
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68
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Wu YC, Liu X, Wang JL, Chen XL, Lei L, Han J, Jiang YS, Ling ZQ. Soft-shelled turtle peptide modulates microRNA profile in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3109-3120. [PMID: 29435044 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prevention using natural micronutrition on epigenetic mechanisms primarily revolves around plant extracts. However, the role of macronutrition, including animal peptides, on epigenetic modification in cancer has been elusive. In traditional Chinese medicine, the soft-shelled turtle has a long-history of being a functional food that strengthens immunity through unknown mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of soft-shelled turtle peptide on microRNA (miRNA) expression in gastric cancer (GC) cells and to analyze the potential anticancer mechanisms for GC. Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 3.0 Array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the miRNA expression profile in human GC AGS cells treated with the soft-shelled turtle peptide. The results demonstrated that 101 miRNAs (49 upregulated miRNAs and 52 downregulated miRNAs) were significantly differentially expressed in the AGS cells following soft-shelled turtle peptide treatment. Several tumor suppressor miRNAs were upregulated markedly, including miRNA-375, let-7d, miRNA-429, miRNA-148a/148b and miRNA-34a. Pathway analysis indicated that soft-shelled turtle peptide may function with anticancer properties through the Hippo signaling pathway and the forkhead box O signaling pathway. Therefore, these results demonstrated that soft-shelled turtle peptide has the capacity to influence cancer-related pathways through the regulation of miRNA expression in GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Wu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Li Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Liu Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lan Lei
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - You-Shui Jiang
- Zhejiang Agricultural Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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69
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Jovancevic N, Khalfaoui S, Weinrich M, Weidinger D, Simon A, Kalbe B, Kernt M, Kampik A, Gisselmann G, Gelis L, Hatt H. Odorant Receptor 51E2 Agonist β-ionone Regulates RPE Cell Migration and Proliferation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:888. [PMID: 29249973 PMCID: PMC5714887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The odorant receptor 51E2 (OR51E2), which is well-characterized in prostate cancer cells and epidermal pigment cells, was identified for the first time as the most highly expressed OR in human fetal and adult retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis revealed OR51E2 localization throughout the cytosol and in the plasma membrane. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining of diverse layers of the eye showed that the expression of OR51E2 is restricted to the pigment cells of the RPE and choroid. The results of Ca2+-imaging experiments demonstrate that activation of OR51E2 triggers a Ca2+ dependent signal pathway in RPE cells. Downstream signaling of OR51E2 involves the activation of adenylyl cyclase, ERK1/2 and AKT. The activity of these protein kinases likely accounts for the demonstrated increase in the migration and proliferation of RPE cells upon stimulation with the OR51E2 ligand β-ionone. These findings suggest that OR51E2 is involved in the regulation of RPE cell growth. Thus, OR51E2 represents a potential target for the treatment of proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Annika Simon
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kalbe
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Kernt
- Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lian Gelis
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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70
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Fierro F, Suku E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Cichon S, Carloni P. Agonist Binding to Chemosensory Receptors: A Systematic Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:63. [PMID: 28932739 PMCID: PMC5592726 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human G-protein coupled receptors (hGPCRs) constitute a large and highly pharmaceutically relevant membrane receptor superfamily. About half of the hGPCRs' family members are chemosensory receptors, involved in bitter taste and olfaction, along with a variety of other physiological processes. Hence these receptors constitute promising targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Molecular modeling has been so far the most important tool to get insights on agonist binding and receptor activation. Here we investigate both aspects by bioinformatics-based predictions across all bitter taste and odorant receptors for which site-directed mutagenesis data are available. First, we observe that state-of-the-art homology modeling combined with previously used docking procedures turned out to reproduce only a limited fraction of ligand/receptor interactions inferred by experiments. This is most probably caused by the low sequence identity with available structural templates, which limits the accuracy of the protein model and in particular of the side-chains' orientations. Methods which transcend the limited sampling of the conformational space of docking may improve the predictions. As an example corroborating this, we review here multi-scale simulations from our lab and show that, for the three complexes studied so far, they significantly enhance the predictive power of the computational approach. Second, our bioinformatics analysis provides support to previous claims that several residues, including those at positions 1.50, 2.50, and 7.52, are involved in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fierro
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Eda Suku
- Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life&Brain Center, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany.,Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule AachenAachen, Germany.,VNU Key Laboratory "Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems", VNU University of Science, Vietnam National UniversityHanoi, Vietnam
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71
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Kho AT, Chhabra D, Sharma S, Qiu W, Carey VJ, Gaedigk R, Vyhlidal CA, Leeder JS, Tantisira KG, Weiss ST. Age, Sexual Dimorphism, and Disease Associations in the Developing Human Fetal Lung Transcriptome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:814-21. [PMID: 26584061 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0326oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of disease hypothesis suggests that variations in the course of prenatal lung development may affect life-long pulmonary function growth, decline, and pathobiology. Many studies support the existence of differences in the developing lung trajectory in males and females, and sex-specific differences in the prevalence of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the early developing fetal lung for transcriptomic correlates of postconception age (maturity) and sex, and their associations with chronic lung diseases. We analyzed whole-lung transcriptome profiles of 61 females and 78 males at 54-127 days postconception (dpc) from nonsmoking mothers using unsupervised principal component analysis and supervised linear regression models. We identified dominant transcriptomic correlates for postconception age and sex with corresponding gene sets that were enriched for developing lung structural and functional ontologies. We observed that the transcriptomic sex difference was not a uniform global time shift/lag, rather, lungs of males appear to be more mature than those of females before 96 dpc, and females appear to be more mature than males after 96 dpc. The age correlate gene set was consistently enriched for asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia genes, but the sex correlate gene sets were not. Despite sex differences in the developing fetal lung transcriptome, postconception age appears to be more dominant than sex in the effect of early fetal lung developments on disease risk during this early pseudoglandular phase of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin T Kho
- 1 Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Divya Chhabra
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sunita Sharma
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,4 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Vincent J Carey
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- 5 Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - Carrie A Vyhlidal
- 5 Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - J Steven Leeder
- 5 Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - Kelan G Tantisira
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Scott T Weiss
- 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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72
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Rajkumar P, Pluznick JL. Unsung renal receptors: orphan G-protein-coupled receptors play essential roles in renal development and homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:189-200. [PMID: 27699982 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that orphan GPCRs of the GPR family are utilized as specialized chemosensors in various tissues to detect metabolites, and in turn to activate downstream pathways which regulate systemic homeostasis. These studies often find that such metabolites are generated by well-known metabolic pathways, implying that known metabolites and chemicals may perform novel functions. In this review, we summarize recent findings highlighting the role of deorphanized GPRs in renal development and function. Understanding the role of these receptors is critical in gaining insights into mechanisms that regulate renal function both in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rajkumar
- Department of Physiology; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD USA
| | - J. L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore; MD USA
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73
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Experimental evaluation of the generalized vibrational theory of G protein-coupled receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5595-5600. [PMID: 28500275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, an alternative theory concerning the method by which olfactory proteins are activated has garnered attention. This theory proposes that the activation of olfactory G protein-coupled receptors occurs by an inelastic electron tunneling mechanism that is mediated through the presence of an agonist with an appropriate vibrational state to accept the inelastic portion of the tunneling electron's energy. In a recent series of papers, some suggestive theoretical evidence has been offered that this theory may be applied to nonolfactory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including those associated with the central nervous system (CNS). [Chee HK, June OS (2013) Genomics Inform 11(4):282-288; Chee HK, et al. (2015) FEBS Lett 589(4):548-552; Oh SJ (2012) Genomics Inform 10(2):128-132]. Herein, we test the viability of this idea, both by receptor affinity and receptor activation measured by calcium flux. This test was performed using a pair of well-characterized agonists for members of the 5-HT2 class of serotonin receptors, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and N,N-dimethyllysergamide (DAM-57), and their respective deuterated isotopologues. No evidence was found that selective deuteration affected either the binding affinity or the activation by the selected ligands for the examined members of the 5-HT2 receptor class.
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74
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Zhong D, Cen H. Aberrant promoter methylation profiles and association with survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2501-2509. [PMID: 28507442 PMCID: PMC5428754 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and diagnostic value of genes with promoter methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. On the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data, we identified genes with differentially methylated promoters in HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues, using the linear models for microarray data approach. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was applied to access the prognostic value of identified differentially methylated genes. The diagnostic value of the genes was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic. Pathway analyses were performed to illustrate biological functions of the identified genes. Compared to adjacent tissues, 77 genes with hypermethylated promoters and 2,412 genes with hypomethylated promoters were identified in HCC. The promoter hypomethylations of RNA5SP38, IL21, SDC4P, and MIR4439 were found to be associated with HCC patient survival (P=0.035, 0.040, 0.004, and 0.024, respectively). Hypomethylated SDC4P was associated with a better prognosis (hazard ratio, 0.482; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.147–1.110; P=0.007). The combination of the promoter hypomethylations with RNA5SP38, IL21, and SDC4P showed an area under receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.975 (95% CI, 0.962–0.989; P=4.811E-25). Several pathways, including olfactory transduction, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicity, as well as inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway, were annotated with the hypomethylated promoter genes. SDC4P promoter hypomethylation may be a potential prognosis biomarker. A panel of promoter methylations in RNA5SP38, IL21, and SDC4P was proven a novel approach to diagnosis HCC. The pathway analysis defined the extensive functional role of DNA hypomethylation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Zhong
- Department of Chemotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Cen
- Department of Chemotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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75
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Chen Z, Zhao H, Fu N, Chen L. The diversified function and potential therapy of ectopic olfactory receptors in non-olfactory tissues. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2104-2115. [PMID: 28338216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are mainly distributed in olfactory neurons and play a key role in detecting volatile odorants, eventually resulting in the production of smell perception. Recently, it is also reported that ORs are expressed in non-olfactory tissues including heart, lung, sperm, skin, and cancerous tissues. Interestingly, ectopic ORs are associated with the development of diseases in non-olfactory tissues. For instance, ectopic ORs initiate the hypoxic ventilatory responses and maintain the oxygen homeostasis of breathing in the carotid body when oxygen levels decline. Ectopic ORs induce glucose homeostasis in diabetes. Ectopic ORs regulate systemic blood pressure by increasing renin secretion and vasodilation. Ectopic ORs participate in the process of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasiveness. Ectopic ORs accelerate the occurrence of obesity, angiogenesis and wound-healing processes. Ectopic ORs affect fetal hemoglobin levels in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Finally, we also elaborate some ligands targeting for ORs. Obviously, the diversified function and related signal pathway of ectopic ORs may play a potential therapeutic target in non-olfactory tissues. Thus, this review focuses on the latest research results about the diversified function and therapeutic potential of ectopic ORs in non-olfactory tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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76
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Gelis L, Jovancevic N, Bechara FG, Neuhaus EM, Hatt H. Functional expression of olfactory receptors in human primary melanoma and melanoma metastasis. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:569-576. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | | | - Falk G. Bechara
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; St. Josephs Hospital; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Eva M. Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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77
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Aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling and gene expression in a mouse model of RASopathy. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006684. [PMID: 28346493 PMCID: PMC5386306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by reduced growth, craniofacial abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and variable cognitive deficits. NS belongs to the RASopathies, genetic conditions linked to mutations in components and regulators of the Ras signaling pathway. Approximately 50% of NS cases are caused by mutations in PTPN11. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairments in NS patients are still poorly understood. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a new conditional mouse strain that expresses the overactive Ptpn11D61Y allele only in the forebrain. Unlike mice with a global expression of this mutation, this strain is viable and without severe systemic phenotype, but shows lower exploratory activity and reduced memory specificity, which is in line with a causal role of disturbed neuronal Ptpn11 signaling in the development of NS-linked cognitive deficits. To explore the underlying mechanisms we investigated the neuronal activity-regulated Ras signaling in brains and neuronal cultures derived from this model. We observed an altered surface expression and trafficking of synaptic glutamate receptors, which are crucial for hippocampal neuronal plasticity. Furthermore, we show that the neuronal activity-induced ERK signaling, as well as the consecutive regulation of gene expression are strongly perturbed. Microarray-based hippocampal gene expression profiling revealed profound differences in the basal state and upon stimulation of neuronal activity. The neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation was strongly attenuated in Ptpn11D61Y neurons. In silico analysis of functional networks revealed changes in the cellular signaling beyond the dysregulation of Ras/MAPK signaling that is nearly exclusively discussed in the context of NS at present. Importantly, changes in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JAK/STAT signaling were experimentally confirmed. In summary, this study uncovers aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling and regulation of gene expression in Ptpn11D61Y mice and suggests that these deficits contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairments in NS.
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78
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Sharma R, Ishimaru Y, Davison I, Ikegami K, Chien MS, You H, Chi Q, Kubota M, Yohda M, Ehlers M, Matsunami H. Olfactory receptor accessory proteins play crucial roles in receptor function and gene choice. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28262096 PMCID: PMC5362263 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) chooses to express a single G protein-coupled olfactory receptor (OR) from a pool of hundreds. Here, we show the receptor transporting protein (RTP) family members play a dual role in both normal OR trafficking and determining OR gene choice probabilities. Rtp1 and Rtp2 double knockout mice (RTP1,2DKO) show OR trafficking defects and decreased OSN activation. Surprisingly, we discovered a small subset of the ORs are expressed in larger numbers of OSNs despite the presence of fewer total OSNs in RTP1,2DKO. Unlike typical ORs, some overrepresented ORs show robust cell surface expression in heterologous cells without the co-expression of RTPs. We present a model in which developing OSNs exhibit unstable OR expression until they choose to express an OR that exits the ER or undergo cell death. Our study sheds light on the new link between OR protein trafficking and OR transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Sharma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Yoshiro Ishimaru
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian Davison
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Kentaro Ikegami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Shan Chien
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Helena You
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Quiyi Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Momoka Kubota
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Ehlers
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Biogen Inc, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, United States
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79
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Jovancevic N, Wunderlich KA, Haering C, Flegel C, Maßberg D, Weinrich M, Weber L, Tebbe L, Kampik A, Gisselmann G, Wolfrum U, Hatt H, Gelis L. Deep Sequencing of the Human Retinae Reveals the Expression of Odorant Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:03. [PMID: 28174521 PMCID: PMC5258773 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the expression of odorant receptors (ORs) occurs in various tissues. These findings have served as a basis for functional studies that demonstrate the potential of ORs as drug targets for a clinical application. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first evaluation of the mRNA expression of ORs and the localization of OR proteins in the human retina that set a stage for subsequent functional analyses. RNA-Sequencing datasets of three individual neural retinae were generated using Next-generation sequencing and were compared to previously published but reanalyzed datasets of the peripheral and the macular human retina and to reference tissues. The protein localization of several ORs was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The transcriptome analyses detected an average of 14 OR transcripts in the neural retina, of which OR6B3 is one of the most highly expressed ORs. Immunohistochemical stainings of retina sections localized OR2W3 to the photosensitive outer segment membranes of cones, whereas OR6B3 was found in various cell types. OR5P3 and OR10AD1 were detected at the base of the photoreceptor connecting cilium, and OR10AD1 was also localized to the nuclear envelope of all of the nuclei of the retina. The cell type-specific expression of the ORs in the retina suggests that there are unique biological functions for those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Haering
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Flegel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Weinrich
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tebbe
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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80
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Jovancevic N, Dendorfer A, Matzkies M, Kovarova M, Heckmann JC, Osterloh M, Boehm M, Weber L, Nguemo F, Semmler J, Hescheler J, Milting H, Schleicher E, Gelis L, Hatt H. Medium-chain fatty acids modulate myocardial function via a cardiac odorant receptor. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:13. [PMID: 28116519 PMCID: PMC5258789 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the expression of odorant receptors (OR) in various human tissues and their involvement in different physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the functional role of ORs in the human heart is still unclear. Here, we firstly report the functional characterization of an OR in the human heart. Initial next-generation sequencing analysis revealed the OR expression pattern in the adult and fetal human heart and identified the fatty acid-sensing OR51E1 as the most highly expressed OR in both cardiac development stages. An extensive characterization of the OR51E1 ligand profile by luciferase reporter gene activation assay identified 2-ethylhexanoic acid as a receptor antagonist and various structurally related fatty acids as novel OR51E1 ligands, some of which were detected at receptor-activating concentrations in plasma and epicardial adipose tissue. Functional investigation of the endogenous receptor was carried out by Ca2+ imaging of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Application of OR51E1 ligands induced negative chronotropic effects that depended on activation of the OR. OR51E1 activation also provoked a negative inotropic action in cardiac trabeculae and slice preparations of human explanted ventricles. These findings indicate that OR51E1 may play a role as metabolic regulator of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Jovancevic
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - A Dendorfer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - M Matzkies
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Kovarova
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J C Heckmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Osterloh
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Boehm
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Semmler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - L Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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81
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Milardi D, Colussi C, Grande G, Vincenzoni F, Pierconti F, Mancini F, Baroni S, Castagnola M, Marana R, Pontecorvi A. Olfactory Receptors in Semen and in the Male Tract: From Proteome to Proteins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:379. [PMID: 29410650 PMCID: PMC5787142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The estimated number of testicular olfactory receptors (ORs) in mammals range between 20 and 66. Previous data reported the role of hOR17-4 and mOR23 in sperm-oocyte chemiotaxis. Proteomic analysis was performed to understand which are the ORs expressed in seminal plasma. Seminal samples by four fertile men were analyzed by an Ultimate 3000Nano/Micro-HPLC apparatus coupled with an LTQ-Orbitrap XL hybrid mass spectrometer. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of three identified ORs. The expression of ORs in sperm cells, testis, and epididymis was evaluated by confocal microscopy analysis. In seminal plasma eight different ORs were identified by proteomics and three ORs have been confirmed by western blot. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that OR4S1, OR4C13, and OR1I1 are expressed on the surface of sperm cells. In testicular tissue, OR4S1 and OR1I1 are expressed in spermatocytes and spermatids and OR4C13 is expressed throughout all the tubules. In patients with spermatocyte maturation arrest OR4S1 and OR1I1 expression was reduced and a weak positivity for OR4C13 was detected in the spermatogonia. OR4S1, OR4C13, and OR1I1 had intense and diffuse staining in the epididymis. This study initiated a new methodology for screening OR repertoire in sperms, testis and epididymis. Our results open new insights into OR involvement in sperm maturation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Milardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- International Scientific Institute Paul VI, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Colussi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grande
- International Scientific Institute Paul VI, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Grande,
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Institute of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mancini
- International Scientific Institute Paul VI, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Baroni
- Institute of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marana
- International Scientific Institute Paul VI, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Division of Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- International Scientific Institute Paul VI, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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82
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Shepard BD, Cheval L, Peterlin Z, Firestein S, Koepsell H, Doucet A, Pluznick JL. A Renal Olfactory Receptor Aids in Kidney Glucose Handling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35215. [PMID: 27739476 PMCID: PMC5064317 DOI: 10.1038/srep35215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors which serve important sensory functions beyond their role as odorant detectors in the olfactory epithelium. Here we describe a novel role for one of these ORs, Olfr1393, as a regulator of renal glucose handling. Olfr1393 is specifically expressed in the kidney proximal tubule, which is the site of renal glucose reabsorption. Olfr1393 knockout mice exhibit urinary glucose wasting and improved glucose tolerance, despite euglycemia and normal insulin levels. Consistent with this phenotype, Olfr1393 knockout mice have a significant decrease in luminal expression of Sglt1, a key renal glucose transporter, uncovering a novel regulatory pathway involving Olfr1393 and Sglt1. In addition, by utilizing a large scale screen of over 1400 chemicals we reveal the ligand profile of Olfr1393 for the first time, offering new insight into potential pathways of physiological regulation for this novel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe D. Shepard
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, CNRS, ERL 8228, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Zita Peterlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stuart Firestein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University Wurzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Alain Doucet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, CNRS, ERL 8228, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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83
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Kalbe B, Schlimm M, Mohrhardt J, Scholz P, Jansen F, Hatt H, Osterloh S. Helional induces Ca2+ decrease and serotonin secretion of QGP-1 cells via a PKG-mediated pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:201-10. [PMID: 27553203 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secretion, motility and transport by intestinal tissues are regulated among others by specialized neuroendocrine cells, the so-called enterochromaffin (EC) cells. These cells detect different luminal stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli, fatty acids, glucose and distinct chemosensory substances. The EC cells react to the changes in their environment through the release of transmitter molecules, most importantly serotonin, to mediate the corresponding physiological response. However, little is known about the molecular targets of the chemical stimuli delivered from consumed food, spices and cosmetics within EC cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the olfactory receptor (OR) 2J3 in the human pancreatic EC cell line QGP-1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Using ratiofluorometric Ca(2+) imaging experiments, we demonstrated that the OR2J3-specific agonist helional induces a transient dose-dependent decrease in the intracellular Ca(2+) levels. This Ca(2+) decrease is mediated by protein kinase G (PKG) on the basis that the specific pharmacological inhibition of PKG with Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS abolished the helional-induced Ca(2+) response. Furthermore, stimulation of QGP-1 cells with helional caused a dose-dependent release of serotonin that was comparable with the release induced by the application of a direct PKG activator (8-bromo-cGMP). Taken together, our results demonstrate that luminal odorants can be detected by specific ORs in QGP-1 cells and thus cause the directed release of serotonin and a PKG-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca(2.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marian Schlimm
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Mohrhardt
- Department of ChemosensationInstitute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Scholz
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Jansen
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Osterloh
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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84
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Nagai MH, Armelin-Correa LM, Malnic B. Monogenic and Monoallelic Expression of Odorant Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:633-639. [PMID: 27587538 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Odorant receptors (ORs) belong to a large gene family of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The mouse OR gene family is composed of ∼1000 OR genes, and the human OR gene family is composed of ∼400 OR genes. The OR genes are spread throughout the genome, and can be found in clusters or as solitary genes in almost all chromosomes. These chemosensory GPCRs are expressed in highly specialized cells, the olfactory sensory neurons of the nose. Each one of these neurons expresses a single OR gene out of the complete repertoire of genes. In addition, only one of the two homologous alleles of the chosen OR gene, the maternal or the paternal, is expressed per neuron. Here we review recent findings that help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying monogenic and monoallelic expression of OR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra H Nagai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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85
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Kalbe B, Knobloch J, Schulz VM, Wecker C, Schlimm M, Scholz P, Jansen F, Stoelben E, Philippou S, Hecker E, Lübbert H, Koch A, Hatt H, Osterloh S. Olfactory Receptors Modulate Physiological Processes in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:339. [PMID: 27540365 PMCID: PMC4972829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological mechanisms in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) significantly contribute to the progression of chronic inflammatory airway diseases with limited therapeutic options, such as severe asthma and COPD. These abnormalities include the contractility and hyperproduction of inflammatory proteins. To develop therapeutic strategies, key pathological mechanisms, and putative clinical targets need to be identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that the human olfactory receptors (ORs) OR1D2 and OR2AG1 are expressed at the RNA and protein levels in HASMCs. Using fluorometric calcium imaging, specific agonists for OR2AG1 and OR1D2 were identified to trigger transient Ca2+ increases in HASMCs via a cAMP-dependent signal transduction cascade. Furthermore, the activation of OR2AG1 via amyl butyrate inhibited the histamine-induced contraction of HASMCs, whereas the stimulation of OR1D2 with bourgeonal led to an increase in cell contractility. In addition, OR1D2 activation induced the secretion of IL-8 and GM-CSF. Both effects were inhibited by the specific OR1D2 antagonist undecanal. We herein provide the first evidence to show that ORs are functionally expressed in HASMCs and regulate pathophysiological processes. Therefore, ORs might be new therapeutic targets for these diseases, and blocking ORs could be an auspicious strategy for the treatment of early-stage chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knobloch
- Department of Internal Medicine III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Germany
| | - Viola M Schulz
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine Wecker
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Marian Schlimm
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul Scholz
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Jansen
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Erich Stoelben
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lungenklinik Merheim, Kliniken der Stadt Köln Cologne, Germany
| | - Stathis Philippou
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Germany
| | - Erich Hecker
- Thoraxzentrum Ruhrgebiet, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Herne Herne, Germany
| | - Hermann Lübbert
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine III for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep- and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Osterloh
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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86
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Ferrer I, Garcia-Esparcia P, Carmona M, Carro E, Aronica E, Kovacs GG, Grison A, Gustincich S. Olfactory Receptors in Non-Chemosensory Organs: The Nervous System in Health and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:163. [PMID: 27458372 PMCID: PMC4932117 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) and down-stream functional signaling molecules adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3), olfactory G protein α subunit (Gαolf), OR transporters receptor transporter proteins 1 and 2 (RTP1 and RTP2), receptor expression enhancing protein 1 (REEP1), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in neurons of the human and murine central nervous system (CNS). In vitro studies have shown that these receptors react to external stimuli and therefore are equipped to be functional. However, ORs are not directly related to the detection of odors. Several molecules delivered from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, neighboring local neurons and glial cells, distant cells through the extracellular space, and the cells’ own self-regulating internal homeostasis can be postulated as possible ligands. Moreover, a single neuron outside the olfactory epithelium expresses more than one receptor, and the mechanism of transcriptional regulation may be different in olfactory epithelia and brain neurons. OR gene expression is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) subtypes MM1 and VV2 with disease-, region- and subtype-specific patterns. Altered gene expression is also observed in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia with a major but not total influence of chlorpromazine treatment. Preliminary parallel observations have also shown the presence of taste receptors (TASRs), mainly of the bitter taste family, in the mammalian brain, whose function is not related to taste. TASRs in brain are also abnormally regulated in neurodegenerative diseases. These seminal observations point to the need for further studies on ORs and TASRs chemoreceptors in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain; Neuroscience Group, Research Institute HospitalMadrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Grison
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Italy
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87
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Gelis L, Jovancevic N, Veitinger S, Mandal B, Arndt HD, Neuhaus EM, Hatt H. Functional Characterization of the Odorant Receptor 51E2 in Human Melanocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17772-86. [PMID: 27226631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are found to be ectopically expressed in non-sensory tissues mediating a variety of cellular functions. In this study we detected the olfactory receptor OR51E2 at the transcript and the protein level in human epidermal melanocytes. Stimulation of primary melanocytes with the OR51E2 ligand β-ionone significantly inhibited melanocyte proliferation. Our results further showed that β-ionone stimulates melanogenesis and dendritogenesis. Using RNA silencing and receptor antagonists, we demonstrated that OR51E2 activation elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) and cAMP, which could mediate the observed increase in melanin synthesis. Co-immunocytochemical stainings using a specific OR51E2 antibody revealed subcellular localization of the receptor in early endosomes associated with EEA-1 (early endosome antigen 1). Plasma membrane preparations showed that OR51E2 protein is present at the melanocyte cell surface. Our findings thus suggest that activation of olfactory receptor signaling by external compounds can influence melanocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Gelis
- From the Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany,
| | - Nikolina Jovancevic
- From the Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Veitinger
- From the Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bhubaneswar Mandal
- Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany. and
| | - Eva M Neuhaus
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Drackendorfer Strasse 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- From the Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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88
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Clark AA, Nurmukhambetova S, Li X, Munger SD, Lees JR. Odorants specifically modulate chemotaxis and tissue retention of CD4+ T cells via cyclic adenosine monophosphate induction. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:699-709. [PMID: 27154353 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0914-425rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of T cells within affected tissue is a critical component of adaptive immune inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in T cell retention remain largely undefined. Previous studies revealed the capacity of cAMP signaling to regulate immune cell migration, as well as dynamic regulation of receptors that could induce cAMP production in immune cells. The potential for cAMP to act as a retention signal has been mostly unexplored, partially as a result of this second messenger's well-characterized inhibition of effector function in immune cells. Here, we report that cAMP regulates the tissue retention of mouse T cells at concentrations well below those that inhibited proliferation or decreased acquisition of an effector phenotype. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells with odorants known to be cognate ligands for T cell-expressed olfactory receptors induced cAMP and inhibited chemokine-driven chemotaxis without decreasing T cell proliferation or effector functions. Similar effects were observed following treatment with relatively low concentrations of the cAMP analog Sp-5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate. Furthermore, pretreatment with odorants or cAMP at concentrations that did not inhibit effector function induced T cell tissue retention in mice by inhibiting chemokine-dependent T cell egress from the footpad to the draining lymph node. Together, these results suggest that odorant receptor-mediated increases in intracellular cAMP can modulate T cell tissue trafficking and may offer new therapeutic targets for controlling T cell tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Clark
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saule Nurmukhambetova
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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89
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Shepard BD, Pluznick JL. How does your kidney smell? Emerging roles for olfactory receptors in renal function. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:715-23. [PMID: 26264790 PMCID: PMC4752438 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are chemosensors that are responsible for one's sense of smell. In addition to this specialized role in the nose, recent evidence suggests that ORs are also found in a variety of additional tissues including the kidney. As this list of renal ORs continues to expand, it is becoming clear that they play important roles in renal and whole-body physiology, including a novel role in blood pressure regulation. In this review, we highlight important considerations that are crucial when studying ORs and present the current literature on renal ORs and their emerging relevance in maintaining renal function.
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90
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Moriya S, Soga T, Wong DW, Parhar IS. Transcriptome composition of the preoptic area in mid-age and escitalopram treatment in male mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 622:67-71. [PMID: 27113202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in serotonergic neurotransmission during aging can increase the risk of neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression in elderly population and decline the reproductive system. Therefore, it is important to understand the age-associated molecular mechanisms of brain aging. In this study, the effect of aging and chronic escitalopram (antidepressant) treatment to admit mice was investigated by comparing transcriptomes in the preoptic area (POA) which is a key nucleus for reproduction. In the mid-aged brain, the immune system-related genes were increased and hormone response-related genes were decreased. In the escitalopram treated brains, transcription-, granule cell proliferation- and vasoconstriction-related genes were increased and olfactory receptors were decreased. Since homeostasis and neuroprotection-related genes were altered in both of mid-age and escitalopram treatment, these genes could be important for serotonin related physiologies in the POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Moriya
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Dutt Way Wong
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institutes, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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91
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Fishilevich S, Zimmerman S, Kohn A, Iny Stein T, Olender T, Kolker E, Safran M, Lancet D. Genic insights from integrated human proteomics in GeneCards. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw030. [PMID: 27048349 PMCID: PMC4820835 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
GeneCards is a one-stop shop for searchable human gene annotations (http://www.genecards.org/). Data are automatically mined from ∼120 sources and presented in an integrated web card for every human gene. We report the application of recent advances in proteomics to enhance gene annotation and classification in GeneCards. First, we constructed the Human Integrated Protein Expression Database (HIPED), a unified database of protein abundance in human tissues, based on the publically available mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics sources ProteomicsDB, Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database, Protein Abundance Across Organisms and The MaxQuant DataBase. The integrated database, residing within GeneCards, compares favourably with its individual sources, covering nearly 90% of human protein-coding genes. For gene annotation and comparisons, we first defined a protein expression vector for each gene, based on normalized abundances in 69 normal human tissues. This vector is portrayed in the GeneCards expression section as a bar graph, allowing visual inspection and comparison. These data are juxtaposed with transcriptome bar graphs. Using the protein expression vectors, we further defined a pairwise metric that helps assess expression-based pairwise proximity. This new metric for finding functional partners complements eight others, including sharing of pathways, gene ontology (GO) terms and domains, implemented in the GeneCards Suite. In parallel, we calculated proteome-based differential expression, highlighting a subset of tissues that overexpress a gene and subserving gene classification. This textual annotation allows users of VarElect, the suite’s next-generation phenotyper, to more effectively discover causative disease variants. Finally, we define the protein–RNA expression ratio and correlation as yet another attribute of every gene in each tissue, adding further annotative information. The results constitute a significant enhancement of several GeneCards sections and help promote and organize the genome-wide structural and functional knowledge of the human proteome. Database URL: http://www.genecards.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fishilevich
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shahar Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Asher Kohn
- LifeMap Sciences Ltd., Tel Aviv 69710, Israel
| | - Tsippi Iny Stein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Eugene Kolker
- CDO Analytics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98101 USA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis Laboratory, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA Data-Enabled Life Sciences Alliance (DELSA), Seattle, Washington, 98101, USA Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University College of Science, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Marilyn Safran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Doron Lancet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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92
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Lehmann R, Schöbel N, Hatt H, van Thriel C. The involvement of TRP channels in sensory irritation: a mechanistic approach toward a better understanding of the biological effects of local irritants. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1399-413. [PMID: 27037703 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves innervating the mucosae of the nose, mouth, and throat protect the organism against chemical hazards. Upon their stimulation, characteristic perceptions (e.g., stinging and burning) and various reflexes are triggered (e.g., sneezing and cough). The potency of a chemical to cause sensory irritation can be estimated by a mouse bioassay assessing the concentration-dependent decrease in the respiratory rate (50 % decrease: RD50). The involvement of the N. trigeminus and its sensory neurons in the irritant-induced decrease in respiratory rates are not well understood to date. In calcium imaging experiments, we tested which of eight different irritants (RD50 5-730 ppm) could induce responses in primary mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons. The tested irritants acetophenone, 2-ethylhexanol, hexyl isocyanate, isophorone, and trimethylcyclohexanol stimulated responses in trigeminal neurons. Most of these responses depended on functional TRPA1 or TRPV1 channels. For crotyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and sodium metabisulfite, no activation could be observed. 2-ethylhexanol can activate both TRPA1 and TRPV1, and at low contractions (100 µM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) seem to be involved. GPCRs might also be involved in the mediation of the responses to trimethylcyclohexanol. By using neurobiological tools, we showed that sensory irritation in vivo could be based on the direct activation of TRP channels but also on yet unknown interactions with GPCRs present in trigeminal neurons. Our results showed that the potency suggested by the RD50 values was not reflected by direct nerve-compound interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lehmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Nicole Schöbel
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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93
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94
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Manteniotis S, Wojcik S, Brauhoff P, Möllmann M, Petersen L, Göthert JR, Schmiegel W, Dührsen U, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Functional characterization of the ectopically expressed olfactory receptor 2AT4 in human myelogenous leukemia. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:15070. [PMID: 27551494 PMCID: PMC4979481 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory receptor (OR) family was found to be expressed mainly in the nasal epithelium. In the last two decades members of the OR family were detected to be functional expressed in different parts of the human body such as in liver, prostate or intestine cancer cells. Here, we detected the expression of several ORs in the human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562 and in white blood cells of clinically diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. With calcium-imaging, we characterized in greater detail the cell biological role of one OR (OR2AT4) in leukemia. In both cell systems, the OR2AT4 agonist Sandalore-evoked strong Ca2+ influx via the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-mediated pathway. The OR2AT4 antagonist Phenirat prevented the Sandalore-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase. Western blot and flow cytometric experiments revealed that stimulation of OR2AT4 reduced the proliferation by decreasing p38-MAPK phosphorylation and induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of p44/42-MAPK. Furthermore, Sandalore increased the number of hemoglobin-containing cells in culture. We described for the first time an OR-mediated pathway in CML and AML that can regulate proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation after activation. This mechanism offers novel therapeutic options for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manteniotis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - S Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - P Brauhoff
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - M Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - L Petersen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - J R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - W Schmiegel
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - U Dührsen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - G Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
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95
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Flegel C, Vogel F, Hofreuter A, Schreiner BSP, Osthold S, Veitinger S, Becker C, Brockmeyer NH, Muschol M, Wennemuth G, Altmüller J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G. Characterization of the Olfactory Receptors Expressed in Human Spermatozoa. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 2:73. [PMID: 26779489 PMCID: PMC4703994 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of external cues is fundamental for human spermatozoa to locate the oocyte in the female reproductive tract. This task requires a specific chemoreceptor repertoire that is expressed on the surface of human spermatozoa, which is not fully identified to date. Olfactory receptors (ORs) are candidate molecules and have been attributed to be involved in sperm chemotaxis and chemokinesis, indicating an important role in mammalian spermatozoa. An increasing importance has been suggested for spermatozoal RNA, which led us to investigate the expression of all 387 OR genes. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of OR transcripts in human spermatozoa of several individuals by RNA-Seq. We detected 91 different transcripts in the spermatozoa samples that could be aligned to annotated OR genes. Using stranded mRNA-Seq, we detected a class of these putative OR transcripts in an antisense orientation, indicating a different function, rather than coding for a functional OR protein. Nevertheless, we were able to detect OR proteins in various compartments of human spermatozoa, indicating distinct functions in human sperm. A panel of various OR ligands induced Ca(2+) signals in human spermatozoa, which could be inhibited by mibefradil. This study indicates that a variety of ORs are expressed at the mRNA and protein level in human spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Flegel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Felix Vogel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Adrian Hofreuter
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Osthold
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Sophie Veitinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | | | - Norbert H. Brockmeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
- Competence Network for HIV/AIDS, Ruhr University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Michael Muschol
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital EssenEssen, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
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96
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Marcinek P, Geithe C, Krautwurst D. Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) in Blood Leukocytes. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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97
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Silva Teixeira CS, Cerqueira NMFSA, Silva Ferreira AC. Unravelling the Olfactory Sense: From the Gene to Odor Perception. Chem Senses 2015; 41:105-21. [PMID: 26688501 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neglected by science for a long time, the olfactory sense is now the focus of a panoply of studies that bring new insights and raises interesting questions regarding its functioning. The importance in the clarification of this process is of interest for science, but also motivated by the food and perfume industries boosted by a consumer society with increasingly demands for higher quality standards. In this review, a general overview of the state of art of science regarding the olfactory sense is presented with the main focus on the peripheral olfactory system. Special emphasis will be given to the deorphanization of the olfactory receptors (ORs), a critical issue because the specificity and functional properties of about 90% of human ORs remain unknown mainly due to the difficulties associated with the functional expression of ORs in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Silva Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- UCIBIO@Requimte/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and
| | - António C Silva Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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98
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Geithe C, Andersen G, Malki A, Krautwurst D. A Butter Aroma Recombinate Activates Human Class-I Odorant Receptors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9410-9420. [PMID: 26451762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With ∼400 olfactory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), humans sensitively perceive ∼230 key aroma compounds as best natural agonists of ∼10000 food volatiles. An understanding of odorant coding, thus, critically depends on the knowledge about interactions of key food aroma chemicals and their mixtures with their cognate receptors. Genetically designed test cell systems enable the screening, deorphaning, and characterization of single odorant receptors (OR). This study shows for the food aroma-specific and quantitative butter aroma recombinate, and its single components, specific in vitro class-I OR activity patterns, as well as the activation of selected OR in a concentration-dependent manner. Recently, chemosensory receptors, especially class-I OR, were demonstrated to be expressed on blood leukocytes, which may encounter foodborne aroma compounds postprandially. This study shows that butter aroma recombinate induced chemotaxis of isolated human neutrophils in a defined gradient, and in a concentration-dependent and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner, suggesting at least a GPCR-mediated activation of blood leukocytes by key food odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Geithe
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Andersen
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Agne Malki
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Eaton SA, Jayasooriah N, Buckland ME, Martin DIK, Cropley JE, Suter CM. Roll over Weismann: extracellular vesicles in the transgenerational transmission of environmental effects. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1165-71. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Eckhard U, Marino G, Abbey SR, Tharmarajah G, Matthew I, Overall CM. The Human Dental Pulp Proteome and N-Terminome: Levering the Unexplored Potential of Semitryptic Peptides Enriched by TAILS to Identify Missing Proteins in the Human Proteome Project in Underexplored Tissues. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3568-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Eckhard
- Centre
for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Giada Marino
- Centre
for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Simon R. Abbey
- Centre
for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Grace Tharmarajah
- Department
of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ian Matthew
- Department
of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Centre
for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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