51
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Abe K, Toyofuku M, Nomura N, Obana N. Autolysis-mediated membrane vesicle formation in Bacillus subtilis. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2632-2647. [PMID: 33817925 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that Bacillus subtilis releases membrane vesicles (MVs) during the SOS response, which is associated with cell lysis triggered by the PBSX prophage-encoded cell-lytic enzymes XhlAB and XlyA. In this study, we demonstrate that MVs are released under various stress conditions: sucrose fatty acid ester (SFE; surfactant) treatment, cold shock, starvation, and oxygen deficiency. B. subtilis possesses four major host-encoded cell wall-lytic enzymes (autolysins; LytC, LytD, LytE, and LytF). Deletions of the autolysin genes abolished autolysis and the consequent MV production under these stress conditions. In contrast, deletions of xhlAB and xlyA had no effect on autolysis-triggered MV biogenesis, indicating that autolysis is a novel and prophage-independent pathway for MV production in B. subtilis. Moreover, we found that the cell lysis induced by the surfactant treatment was effectively neutralized by the addition of exogenous purified MVs. This result suggests that the MVs can serve as a decoy for the cellular membrane to protect the living cells in the culture from membrane damage by the surfactant. Our results indicate a positive effect of B. subtilis MVs on cell viability and provide new insight into the biological importance of the autolysis phenomenon in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Abe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masanori Toyofuku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Obana
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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52
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Gilmore WJ, Johnston EL, Zavan L, Bitto NJ, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Immunomodulatory roles and novel applications of bacterial membrane vesicles. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:72-85. [PMID: 33725501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are composed of a range of biological cargo and facilitate numerous bacterial functions, including promoting pathogenesis and mediating disease in the host. By contrast, less is understood about BMVs produced by Gram-positive bacteria, which are referred to as membrane vesicles (MVs), however their contribution to mediating bacterial pathogenesis has recently become evident. In this review, we summarise the mechanisms whereby BMVs released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are produced, in addition to discussing their key functions in promoting bacterial survival, mediating pathogenesis and modulating host immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BMVs produced by both commensal and pathogenic organisms can enter host cells and interact with innate immune receptors, in addition to how they modulate host innate and adaptive immunity to promote immunotolerance or drive the onset and progression of disease. Finally, we highlight current and emerging applications of BMVs in vaccine design, biotechnology and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gilmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella L Johnston
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren Zavan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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53
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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54
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Fritts RK, McCully AL, McKinlay JB. Extracellular Metabolism Sets the Table for Microbial Cross-Feeding. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00135-20. [PMID: 33441489 PMCID: PMC7849352 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00135-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of nutrients between cells, or cross-feeding, is a ubiquitous feature of microbial communities with emergent properties that influence our health and orchestrate global biogeochemical cycles. Cross-feeding inevitably involves the externalization of molecules. Some of these molecules directly serve as cross-fed nutrients, while others can facilitate cross-feeding. Altogether, externalized molecules that promote cross-feeding are diverse in structure, ranging from small molecules to macromolecules. The functions of these molecules are equally diverse, encompassing waste products, enzymes, toxins, signaling molecules, biofilm components, and nutrients of high value to most microbes, including the producer cell. As diverse as the externalized and transferred molecules are the cross-feeding relationships that can be derived from them. Many cross-feeding relationships can be summarized as cooperative but are also subject to exploitation. Even those relationships that appear to be cooperative exhibit some level of competition between partners. In this review, we summarize the major types of actively secreted, passively excreted, and directly transferred molecules that either form the basis of cross-feeding relationships or facilitate them. Drawing on examples from both natural and synthetic communities, we explore how the interplay between microbial physiology, environmental parameters, and the diverse functional attributes of extracellular molecules can influence cross-feeding dynamics. Though microbial cross-feeding interactions represent a burgeoning field of interest, we may have only begun to scratch the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Fritts
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - James B McKinlay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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55
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Balhuizen MD, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Outer Membrane Vesicle Induction and Isolation for Vaccine Development. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:629090. [PMID: 33613498 PMCID: PMC7889600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.629090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release vesicular structures from their outer membrane, so called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs have a variety of functions such as waste disposal, communication, and antigen or toxin delivery. These vesicles are the promising structures for vaccine development since OMVs carry many surface antigens that are identical to the bacterial surface. However, isolation is often difficult and results in low yields. Several methods to enhance OMV yield exist, but these do affect the resulting OMVs. In this review, our current knowledge about OMVs will be presented. Different methods to induce OMVs will be reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. The effects of the induction and isolation methods used in several immunological studies on OMVs will be compared. Finally, the challenges for OMV-based vaccine development will be examined and one example of a successful OMV-based vaccine will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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56
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Seike S, Kobayashi H, Ueda M, Takahashi E, Okamoto K, Yamanaka H. Outer Membrane Vesicles Released From Aeromonas Strains Are Involved in the Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613650. [PMID: 33488556 PMCID: PMC7817658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria ubiquitously distributed in diverse water sources. Several Aeromonas spp. are known as human and fish pathogens. Recently, attention has been focused on the relationship between bacterial biofilm formation and pathogenicity or drug resistance. However, there have been few reports on biofilm formation by Aeromonas. This study is the first to examine the in vitro formation and components of the biofilm of several Aeromonas clinical and environmental strains. A biofilm formation assay using 1% crystal violet on a polystyrene plate revealed that most Aeromonas strains used in this study formed biofilms but one strain did not. Analysis of the basic components contained in the biofilms formed by Aeromonas strains confirmed that they contained polysaccharides containing GlcNAc, extracellular nucleic acids, and proteins, as previously reported for the biofilms of other bacterial species. Among these components, we focused on several proteins fractionated by SDS-PAGE and determined their amino acid sequences. The results showed that some proteins existing in the Aeromonas biofilms have amino acid sequences homologous to functional proteins present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This result suggests that outer membrane components may affect the biofilm formation of Aeromonas strains. It is known that Gram-negative bacteria often release extracellular membrane vesicles from the outer membrane, so we think that the outer membrane-derived proteins found in the Aeromonas biofilms may be derived from such membrane vesicles. To examine this idea, we next investigated the ability of Aeromonas strains to form outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Electron microscopic analysis revealed that most Aeromonas strains released OMVs outside the cells. Finally, we purified OMVs from several Aeromonas strains and examined their effect on the biofilm formation. We found that the addition of OMVs dose-dependently promoted biofilm formation, except for one strain that did not form biofilms. These results suggest that the OMVs released from the bacterial cells are closely related to the biofilm formation of Aeromonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Seike
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Ueda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eizo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hiroyasu Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiological Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
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57
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Bos J, Cisneros LH, Mazel D. Real-time tracking of bacterial membrane vesicles reveals enhanced membrane traffic upon antibiotic exposure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabd1033. [PMID: 33523924 PMCID: PMC7817102 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles are ubiquitous carriers of molecular information. A broad understanding of the biological functions of membrane vesicles in bacteria remains elusive because of the imaging challenges during real-time in vivo experiments. Here, we provide a quantitative analysis of the motion of individual vesicles in living microbes using fluorescence microscopy, and we show that while vesicle free diffusion in the intercellular space is rare, vesicles mostly disperse along the bacterial surfaces. Most remarkably, when bacteria are challenged with low doses of antibiotics, vesicle production and traffic, quantified by instantaneous vesicle speeds and total traveled distance per unit time, are significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the enhanced vesicle movement is independent of cell clustering properties but rather is associated with a reduction of the density of surface appendages in response to antibiotics. Together, our results provide insights into the emerging field of spatial organization and dynamics of membrane vesicles in microcolonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bos
- Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Institut Pasteur, UMR3525, CNRS, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Luis H Cisneros
- The Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, and BEYOND Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Didier Mazel
- Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Institut Pasteur, UMR3525, CNRS, Paris 75015, France
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58
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Chudzik A, Paściak M. Bacterial extracellular vesicles as cell-cell communication
mediators. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles constitute a heterogeneous group of nanoparticles, released by both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells, which perform various biological functions and participate in cell-cell
communication. Bacterial extracellular vesicles are made of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
There are a number of hypotheses for the formation of extracellular vesicles, but the mechanisms
of biogenesis of these structures remain unclear. Hardly soluble metabolites or signaling molecules,
DNA and RNA are vesicles cargo. Extracellular vesicles have a protective function, they can
eliminate other bacterial cells and participate in horizontal gene transfer. The enzymes contained
inside the vesicles facilitate the acquisition of nutrients and help colonize various ecological niches.
Signal molecules carried in the vesicles enable biofilm formation. In the secreted extracellular
vesicles pathogenic microorganisms carry virulence factors, including toxins, into the host cells.
Via vesicles, bacteria can also modulate the host immune system. Bacterial extracellular vesicles
are promising vaccine candidates and can be used as drug carriers. The review discusses the current
knowledge concerning biogenesis, composition, preparation methods, physiological functions
and potential applications of extracellular vesicles secreted by prokaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chudzik
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej im. Ludwika Hirszfelda Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław
| | - Mariola Paściak
- Instytut Immunologii i Terapii Doświadczalnej im. Ludwika Hirszfelda Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław
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59
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Biofilm Formation as a Complex Result of Virulence and Adaptive Responses of Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121062. [PMID: 33353223 PMCID: PMC7766044 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is capable of colonizing a host for many years, often for a lifetime. The survival in the gastric environment is enabled by the production of numerous virulence factors conditioning adhesion to the mucosa surface, acquisition of nutrients, and neutralization of the immune system activity. It is increasingly recognized, however, that the adaptive mechanisms of H. pylori in the stomach may also be linked to the ability of this pathogen to form biofilms. Initially, biofilms produced by H. pylori were strongly associated by scientists with water distribution systems and considered as a survival mechanism outside the host and a source of fecal-oral infections. In the course of the last 20 years, however, this trend has changed and now the most attention is focused on the biomedical aspect of this structure and its potential contribution to the therapeutic difficulties of H. pylori. Taking into account this fact, the aim of the current review is to discuss the phenomenon of H. pylori biofilm formation and present this mechanism as a resultant of the virulence and adaptive responses of H. pylori, including morphological transformation, membrane vesicles secretion, matrix production, efflux pump activity, and intermicrobial communication. These mechanisms will be considered in the context of transcriptomic and proteomic changes in H. pylori biofilms and their modulating effect on the development of this complex structure.
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60
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Extracellular RNAs in Bacterial Infections: From Emerging Key Players on Host-Pathogen Interactions to Exploitable Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249634. [PMID: 33348812 PMCID: PMC7766527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These molecules can interact with mRNAs or proteins, affecting a variety of cellular functions. Emerging evidence shows that intra/inter-species and trans-kingdom regulation can also be achieved with exogenous RNAs, which are exported to the extracellular medium, mainly through vesicles. In bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) seem to be the more common way of extracellular communication. In several bacterial pathogens, MVs have been described as a delivery system of ncRNAs that upon entry into the host cell, regulate their immune response. The aim of the present work is to review this recently described mode of host-pathogen communication and to foster further research on this topic envisaging their exploitation in the design of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to fight bacterial infections.
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61
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Potter M, Hanson C, Anderson AJ, Vargis E, Britt DW. Abiotic stressors impact outer membrane vesicle composition in a beneficial rhizobacterium: Raman spectroscopy characterization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21289. [PMID: 33277560 PMCID: PMC7719170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria have roles in cell-to-cell signaling, biofilm formation, and stress responses. Here, the effects of abiotic stressors on OMV contents and composition from biofilm cells of the plant health-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 (PcO6) are examined. Two stressors relevant to this root-colonizing bacterium were examined: CuO nanoparticles (NPs)-a potential fertilizer and fungicide- and H2O2-released from roots during plant stress responses. Atomic force microscopy revealed 40-300 nm diameter OMVs from control and stressed biofilm cells. Raman spectroscopy with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to identify changes in chemical profiles of PcO6 cells and resultant OMVs according to the cellular stressor with 84.7% and 83.3% accuracies, respectively. All OMVs had higher relative concentrations of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids than PcO6 cells. The nucleic acid concentration in OMVs exhibited a cellular stressor-dependent increase: CuO NP-induced OMVs > H2O2-induced OMVs > control OMVs. Biochemical assays confirmed the presence of lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acids, and protein in OMVs; however, these assays did not discriminate OMV composition according to the cellular stressor. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy using LDA to characterize and distinguish cellular stress effects on OMVs composition and contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Potter
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Cynthia Hanson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Anne J Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - David W Britt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
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62
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Cooke AC, Florez C, Dunshee EB, Lieber AD, Terry ML, Light CJ, Schertzer JW. Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal-Induced Outer Membrane Vesicles Enhance Biofilm Dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSphere 2020; 5:e01109-20. [PMID: 33239369 PMCID: PMC7690959 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01109-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are major contributors to chronic infections in humans. Because they are recalcitrant to conventional therapy, they present a particularly difficult treatment challenge. Identifying factors involved in biofilm development can help uncover novel targets and guide the development of antibiofilm strategies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes surgical site, burn wound, and hospital-acquired infections and is also associated with aggressive biofilm formation in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A potent but poorly understood contributor to P. aeruginosa virulence is the ability to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMV trafficking has been associated with cell-cell communication, virulence factor delivery, and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Because OMVs have almost exclusively been studied using planktonic cultures, little is known about their biogenesis and function in biofilms. Several groups have shown that Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) induces OMV formation in P. aeruginosa Our group described a biophysical mechanism for this and recently showed it is operative in biofilms. Here, we demonstrate that PQS-induced OMV production is highly dynamic during biofilm development. Interestingly, PQS and OMV synthesis are significantly elevated during dispersion compared to attachment and maturation stages. PQS biosynthetic and receptor mutant biofilms were significantly impaired in their ability to disperse, but this phenotype was rescued by genetic complementation or exogenous addition of PQS. Finally, we show that purified OMVs can actively degrade extracellular protein, lipid, and DNA. We therefore propose that enhanced production of PQS-induced OMVs during biofilm dispersion facilitates cell escape by coordinating the controlled degradation of biofilm matrix components.IMPORTANCE Treatments that manipulate biofilm dispersion hold the potential to convert chronic drug-tolerant biofilm infections from protected sessile communities into released populations that are orders-of-magnitude more susceptible to antimicrobial treatment. However, dispersed cells often exhibit increased acute virulence and dissemination phenotypes. A thorough understanding of the dispersion process is therefore critical before this promising strategy can be effectively employed. Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) has been implicated in early biofilm development, but we hypothesized that its function as an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) inducer may contribute at multiple stages. Here, we demonstrate that PQS and OMVs are differentially produced during Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and provide evidence that effective biofilm dispersion is dependent on the production of PQS-induced OMVs, which likely act as delivery vehicles for matrix-degrading enzymes. These findings lay the groundwork for understanding OMV contributions to biofilm development and suggest a model to explain the controlled matrix degradation that accompanies biofilm dispersion in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Elise B Dunshee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Avery D Lieber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Michelle L Terry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin J Light
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- First-year Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Summer Research Immersion Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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63
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Haas-Neill S, Forsythe P. A Budding Relationship: Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238899. [PMID: 33255332 PMCID: PMC7727686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has revolutionized our understanding of systemic influences on brain function and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. A parallel revolution has occurred in the field of intercellular communication, with the realization that endosomes, and other extracellular vesicles, rival the endocrine system as regulators of distant tissues. These two paradigms shifting developments come together in recent observations that bacterial membrane vesicles contribute to inter-kingdom signaling and may be an integral component of gut microbe communication with the brain. In this short review we address the current understanding of the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and the roles they play in the survival of microbes and in intra and inter-kingdom communication. We identify recent observations indicating that bacterial membrane vesicles, particularly those derived from probiotic organisms, regulate brain function. We discuss mechanisms by which bacterial membrane vesicles may influence the brain including interaction with the peripheral nervous system, and modulation of immune activity. We also review evidence suggesting that, unlike the parent organism, gut bacteria derived membrane vesicles are able to deliver cargo, including neurotransmitters, directly to the central nervous system and may thus constitute key components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Haas-Neill
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St. Joseph’s Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada;
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-905-522-1155 (ext. 35890)
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64
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Abe K, Nomura N, Suzuki S. Biofilms: hot spots of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in aquatic environments, with a focus on a new HGT mechanism. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5766226. [PMID: 32109282 PMCID: PMC7189800 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms in water environments are thought to be hot spots for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). ARGs can be spread via HGT, though mechanisms are known and have been shown to depend on the environment, bacterial communities and mobile genetic elements. Classically, HGT mechanisms include conjugation, transformation and transduction; more recently, membrane vesicles (MVs) have been reported as DNA reservoirs implicated in interspecies HGT. Here, we review the current knowledge on the HGT mechanisms with a focus on the role of MVs and the methodological innovations in the HGT research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Abe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577 Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan
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65
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Wang M, Nie Y, Wu XL. Membrane vesicles from a Dietzia bacterium containing multiple cargoes and their roles in iron delivery. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1009-1019. [PMID: 33048442 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria act as extracellular vehicles carrying various functional cargoes between cells. MVs with different cargoes play multiple roles in stress adaptation, nutrient acquisition and microbial interactions. However, previous studies have primarily focused on MVs from Gram-negative bacteria, while the characteristics of cargoes in MVs from Gram-positive bacteria and their involvement in microbial interactions remain to be elucidated. Here, we used a Gram-positive strain, Dietzia sp. DQ12-45-1b from Corynebacteriales, to analyse the characteristics and functions of MVs. We identified the 'antioxidant' canthaxanthin is stored within MVs by LC-MS/MS. In addition, nearly the entire genomic content of strain DQ12-45-1b are evenly distributed in MVs, suggesting that MVs from DQ12-45-1b might involve in horizontal gene transfer. Finally, the mycobactin-type siderophores were detected in MVs. The iron-loaded MVs effectively mediate iron binding and delivery to homologous bacteria from the order Corynebacteriales, but not to more distantly related species from the orders Pseudomonadales, Bacillales and Enterobacterales. These results revealed that the iron-loaded MVs are shared between homologous species. Together, we report the Gram-positive bacterium Dietzia sp. DQ12-45-1b released MVs that contain canthaxanthin, DNA and siderophores and prove that MVs act as public goods between closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Nie
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Wu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Ocean Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Puca
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaella Muraro
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
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67
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Dauros-Singorenko P, Hong J, Swift S, Phillips A, Blenkiron C. Effect of the Extracellular Vesicle RNA Cargo From Uropathogenic Escherichia coli on Bladder Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:580913. [PMID: 33102527 PMCID: PMC7546368 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.580913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron restriction in mammals, part of innate antimicrobial defense, may be sensed as a signal by an infecting pathogen. Iron-dependent regulators not only activate the pathogen’s specific iron acquisition and storage mechanisms needed for survival but also influence a number of other processes. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a conserved communication mechanism, which can have roles in host colonization, transfer of antimicrobial resistance, modulation of the host’s immune response, and biofilm formation. Here we analyze the iron-responsive effect of RNA cargo from Escherichia coli EVs in bladder cells. No differences were found in total RNA quantified from EVs released from representative pathogenic and probiotic strains grown in different iron conditions; nevertheless, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) associated with purified RNA was 10 times greater from EVs derived from the pathogenic strain. The pathogen and probiotic EV-RNA have no substantial toxic effect on the viability of cultured bladder cells, regardless of the iron concentration during bacterial culture. Transcriptomic analysis of bladder cells treated with pathogen EV-RNA delivered in artificial liposomes revealed a gene expression profile with a strong similarity to that of cells treated with liposomes containing LPS alone, with the majority being immune response pathways. EV-RNA from the probiotic strain gave no significant perturbation of gene expression in bladder cells. Cytokine profiling showed that EV-LPS has a role modulating the immune response when internalized by bladder cells, highlighting a key factor that must be considered when evaluating functional studies of bacterial RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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68
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Helicobacter pylori-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs): Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091328. [PMID: 32878302 PMCID: PMC7564109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have been closely associated with the induction and progression of a wide range of gastric disorders, including acute and chronic gastritis, ulceration in the stomach and duodenum, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The pathogenesis of H. pylori is determined by a complicated network of manifold mechanisms of pathogen–host interactions, which involves a coordinated interplay of H. pylori pathogenicity and virulence factors with host cells. While these molecular and cellular mechanisms have been intensively investigated to date, the knowledge about outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from H. pylori and their implication in bacterial pathogenesis is not well developed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on H. pylori-derived OMVs.
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69
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Bozhokina E, Kever L, Khaitlina S. The Serratia grimesii outer membrane vesicles-associated grimelysin triggers bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2275-2283. [PMID: 32749752 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serratia grimesii are facultative pathogenic bacteria that can penetrate a wide range of host cells and cause infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. Previously, we have found that bacterial metalloprotease grimelysin is a potential virulence determinant of S. grimesii invasion (E. S. Bozhokina et al., (2011). Cell Biology International, 35(2), 111-118). Protease is characterized as an actin-hydrolyzing enzyme with a narrow specificity toward other cell proteins. It is not known, however, whether grimelysin is transported into eukaryotic cells. Here, we show, for the first time, that S. grimesii can generate outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displayed specific proteolytic activity against actin, characteristic of grimelysin. The presence of grimelysin was also confirmed by the Western blot analysis of S. grimesii OMVs lysate. Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis revealed that the S. grimesii grimelysin-containing OMVs attached to the host cell membrane. Finally, pretreatment of HeLa cells with S. grimesii OMVs before the cells were infected with bacteria increased the bacterial penetration several times. These data strongly suggest that protease grimelysin promotes S. grimesii internalization by modifying bacterial and/or host molecule(s) when it is delivered as a component of OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Bozhokina
- Group of Molecular Cytology of Prokaryotes and Bacterial Invasion, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Kever
- Group of Molecular Cytology of Prokaryotes and Bacterial Invasion, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sofia Khaitlina
- Group of Molecular Cytology of Prokaryotes and Bacterial Invasion, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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70
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Grande R, Sisto F, Puca V, Carradori S, Ronci M, Aceto A, Muraro R, Mincione G, Scotti L. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of New Synthesized Silver Ultra-NanoClusters (SUNCs) Against Helicobacter pylori. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1705. [PMID: 32849359 PMCID: PMC7411087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes approximately 50% of the world’s population, and it is the cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. The increase of antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest challenges of our century due to its constant increase. In order to identify an alternative or adjuvant strategy to the standard antibiotic therapy, the in vitro activity of newly synthesized Silver Ultra-NanoClusters (SUNCs), characterized by an average size inferior to 5 nm, against clinical strains of H. pylori, with different antibiotic susceptibilities, was evaluated in this study. MICs and MBCs were determined by the broth microdilution method, whereas the effect of drug combinations was determined by the checkerboard assay. The Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) was measured using AlamarBlue (AB) assay and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by performing the MTT assay on the AGS cell line. The inhibitory activity was expressed in terms of bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential, with MIC50, MIC90, and MBC50 of 0.33 mg/L against planktonic H. pylori strains. Using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), SUNCs showed potential synergism with metronidazole and clarithromycin. The biofilm eradication was obtained after treatment with 2×, 3×, and 4× MIC values. Moreover, SUNCs showed low toxicity on human cells and were effective in eradicating a mature biofilm produced by H. pylori. The data presented in this study demonstrate that SUNCs could represent a novel strategy for the treatment of H. pylori infections either alone or in combination with metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Sisto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Puca
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Science, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaella Muraro
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Mincione
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Scotti
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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71
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Chaves S, Longo M, Gómez López A, Del V Loto F, Mechetti M, Romero CM. Control of microbial biofilm formation as an approach for biomaterials synthesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111201. [PMID: 32615520 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The search for new biomaterials with superior mechanical properties is the focus in the area of materials science. A promising pathway is drawing inspiration from nature to design and develop materials with enhanced properties. In this work, a novel strategy to produce functionalized supramolecular bionanomaterials from the microbial biofilm is reported. Tuneable biofilms with specific characteristics were obtained by controlling the culture condition of the microorganism. When the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was desired the tryptone was the best nutritional component for the EPS production into the biofilm. However, for the expression of a high amount of amyloid protein the combination of peptone and glucose was the best nutritional choice. Each biofilm obtained showed its owner rheology properties. These properties were altered by the addition of extracellular DNA, which increased the viscosity of the biofilm and induced a viscoelastic hydrogel behavior. Besides, as a proof of concept of bionanomaterial, a novel supramolecular polymeric hybrid EPS-Amyloid protein (EPAP) was obtained from the biofilm and it was tested as a new natural functionalized support for enzyme immobilization. The results suggest that this technology could be used as a new concept to obtain biomaterials from biofilms by controlling the nutritional conditions of a microorganism. Understanding environmental factors affecting biofilm formation will help the development of methods for controlling biofilm production and therefore obtaining new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Chaves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada (IMMCA), CONICET-UNT-SIPROSA, Pje. Dorrego 1080, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marianella Longo
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán Fac. Bioq., Qca. y Farmacia (UNT), Ayacucho 471, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Azucena Gómez López
- Laboratorio de Física de Fluidos y Electrorreología, Instituto de Física del Noroeste Argentino-INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Flavia Del V Loto
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán Fac. Bioq., Qca. y Farmacia (UNT), Ayacucho 471, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Mechetti
- Laboratorio de Física de Fluidos y Electrorreología, Instituto de Física del Noroeste Argentino-INFINOA (CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Av. Independencia 1800, San Miguel de Tucumán, 4000, Argentina
| | - Cintia M Romero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán Fac. Bioq., Qca. y Farmacia (UNT), Ayacucho 471, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina.
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72
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Hathroubi S, Zerebinski J, Clarke A, Ottemann KM. Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Confers Antibiotic Tolerance in Part via A Protein-Dependent Mechanism. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E355. [PMID: 32599828 PMCID: PMC7345196 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a WHO class I carcinogen, is one of the most successful human pathogens colonizing the stomach of over 4.4 billion of the world's population. Antibiotic therapy represents the best solution but poor response rates have hampered the elimination of H. pylori. A growing body of evidence suggests that H. pylori forms biofilms, but the role of this growth mode in infection remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that H. pylori cells within a biofilm are tolerant to multiple antibiotics in a manner that depends partially on extracellular proteins. Biofilm-forming cells were tolerant to multiple antibiotics that target distinct pathways, including amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and tetracycline. Furthermore, this tolerance was significantly dampened following proteinase K treatment. These data suggest that H. pylori adapts its phenotype during biofilm growth resulting in decreased antibiotic susceptibility but this tolerance can be partially ameliorated by extracellular protease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Hathroubi
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Institüt für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Julia Zerebinski
- Institüt für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Aaron Clarke
- Institüt für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Karen M. Ottemann
- Institüt für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.C.)
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73
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Lu J, Li L, Pan F, Zuo G, Yu D, Liu R, Fan H, Ma Z. PagC is involved in salmonella pullorum OMVs production and affects biofilm production. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108778. [PMID: 32768224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pagC gene is ubiquitously distributed in Salmonella, but there is limited information regarding its function. Pullorum disease (PD) is a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Pullorum, which also harbors the pagC gene. In this study, we constructed an S. Pullorum pagC gene deletion strain and its complemented strain. First, we confirmed that the pagC gene does not participate in bacterial growth regulation or environmental pH adaptation. Interestingly, the results of subsequent analyses indicated that the pagC gene defect led to increased bacterial colonization in the intestine (especially in the cecum) and increased biofilm formation, while the number of outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) in the bacterial culture decreased. Purified OMVs were able to reduce S. Pullorum biofilm formation in vitro. In addition, the results of a mass spectrometry analysis of purified OMVs indicated that some enzymes harbored by OMVs may be involved in biofilm degradation. Based on these results, we conclude that deletion of the pagC gene leads to reduced S. Pullorum OMVs production, which subsequently promotes biofilm stability, increases bacterial colonization in the intestine, and potentially inhibits the switch from sessile to planktonic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lianyue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gengliang Zuo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Runxia Liu
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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74
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Darmani H, Smadi EAM, Bataineh SMB. Blue light emitting diodes enhance the antivirulence effects of Curcumin against Helicobacter pylori. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:617-624. [PMID: 32100708 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Growing concern about the increasing frequency of resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the available antimicrobial agents worldwide has encouraged the search for new strategies in treating and eradicating H. pylori infections. Endoscopic blue-light therapy has been used in patients with H. pylori gastritis with limited success due to subsequent repopulation with H. pylori. Clinical trials using Curcumin could not eradicate infection either.Aim. We studied the effect of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) in conjunction with Curcumin on H. pylori, since this has not been previously reported.Methodology. We examined the effect of Curcumin with and without irradiation with blue LEDs on the viability of H. pylori and four key factors important for colonization and establishment of H. pylori infection, namely urease production, motility, adhesion and biofilm formation.Results. We found that a combination of Curcumin and blue LEDs caused significant reductions in viability, urease production, motility, haemagglutination activity, as well as increased disruption of mature preformed biofilms of H. pylori, in comparison to Curcumin alone (P<0.0001), at sublethal concentrations of Curcumin.Conclusion. Targeting the virulence factors of H. pylori with blue LED photoactivated Curcumin would theoretically cripple this pathogen from colonizing and causing tissue damage and perhaps overcome the problem of repopulation with H. pylori that often occurs following endoscopic blue-light therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Darmani
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ehda A M Smadi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sereen M B Bataineh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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75
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Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrogallol Capped Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Anti-Bacterial, Anti-cancer Profile Against AGS Cells. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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76
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Zuurveld M, van Witzenburg NP, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Stahl B, van't Land B, Willemsen LEM. Immunomodulation by Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Potential Role in Prevention of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:801. [PMID: 32457747 PMCID: PMC7221186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of allergic diseases is rising and these diseases have become the most common chronic diseases during childhood in Westernized countries. Early life forms a critical window predisposing for health or disease. Therefore, this can also be a window of opportunity for allergy prevention. Postnatally the gut needs to mature, and the microbiome is built which further drives the training of infant's immune system. Immunomodulatory components in breastmilk protect the infant in this crucial period by; providing nutrients that contain substrates for the microbiome, supporting intestinal barrier function, protecting against pathogenic infections, enhancing immune development and facilitating immune tolerance. The presence of a diverse human milk oligosaccharide (HMOS) mixture, containing several types of functional groups, points to engagement in several mechanisms related to immune and microbiome maturation in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, several pathways impacted by HMOS have been elucidated, including their capacity to; fortify the microbiome composition, enhance production of short chain fatty acids, bind directly to pathogens and interact directly with the intestinal epithelium and immune cells. The exact mechanisms underlying the immune protective effects have not been fully elucidated yet. We hypothesize that HMOS may be involved in and can be utilized to provide protection from developing allergic diseases at a young age. In this review, we highlight several pathways involved in the immunomodulatory effects of HMOS and the potential role in prevention of allergic diseases. Recent studies have proposed possible mechanisms through which HMOS may contribute, either directly or indirectly, via microbiome modification, to induce oral tolerance. Future research should focus on the identification of specific pathways by which individual HMOS structures exert protective actions and thereby contribute to the capacity of the authentic HMOS mixture in early life allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nikita P. van Witzenburg
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Human Milk Research and Analytical Sciences, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Lindholm M, Metsäniitty M, Granström E, Oscarsson J. Outer membrane vesicle-mediated serum protection in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1747857. [PMID: 32363008 PMCID: PMC7178816 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1747857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans belongs to the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative organisms, a recognized cause of infective endocarditis. A. actinomycetemcomitans is also implicated in periodontitis, with rapid progress in adolescents. We recently demonstrated that the major outer membrane protein, OmpA1 was critical for serum survival of the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype a model strain, D7SS, and that the paralogue, OmpA2 could operate as a functional homologue to OmpA1 in mediating serum resistance. In the present work, an essentially serum-sensitive ompA1 ompA2 double mutant A. actinomycetemcomitans strain derivative was exploited to elucidate if A. actinomycetemcomitans OMVs can contribute to bacterial serum resistance. Indeed, supplementation of OMVs resulted in a dose-dependent increase of the survival of the serum-sensitive strain in incubations in 50% normal human serum (NHS). Whereas neither OmpA1 nor OmpA2 was required for the OMV-mediated serum protection, OMVs and LPS from an A. actinomycetemcomitans strain lacking the LPS O-antigen polysaccharide part were significantly impaired in protecting D7SS ompA1 ompA2. Our results using a complement system screen assay support a model where A. actinomycetemcomitans OMVs can act as a decoy, which can trigger complement activation in an LPS-dependent manner, and consume complement components to protect serum-susceptible bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lindholm
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marjut Metsäniitty
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Caruana JC, Walper SA. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Microbe - Microbe and Microbe - Host Community Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32265873 PMCID: PMC7105600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria, their composition and content is generally similar to the parent bacterium’s membrane and cytoplasm. However, there is ample evidence that preferential packaging of proteins, metabolites, and toxins into vesicles does occur. Incorporation into vesicles imparts a number of benefits to the cargo, including protection from degradation by other bacteria, the host organism, or environmental factors, maintenance of a favorable microenvironment for enzymatic activity, and increased potential for long-distance movement. This enables vesicles to serve specialized functions tailored to changing or challenging environments, particularly in regard to microbial community interactions including quorum sensing, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial peptide expression and deployment, and nutrient acquisition. Additionally, based on their contents, vesicles play crucial roles in host-microbe interactions as carriers of virulence factors and other modulators of host cell function. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how vesicles function as signals both within microbial communities and between pathogenic or commensal microbes and their mammalian hosts. We also highlight a few areas that are currently ripe for additional research, including the mechanisms of selective cargo packaging into membrane vesicles and of cargo processing once it enters mammalian host cells, the function of vesicles in transfer of nucleic acids among bacteria, and the possibility of engineering commensal bacteria to deliver cargo of interest to mammalian hosts in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Caruana
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Scott A Walper
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC, United States
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Oliver C, Sánchez P, Valenzuela K, Hernández M, Pontigo JP, Rauch MC, Garduño RA, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. Subcellular Location of Piscirickettsia salmonis Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) Chaperone by Using Immunogold Labeling and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010117. [PMID: 31952216 PMCID: PMC7023422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative bacterial agent of piscirickettsiosis, a systemic fish disease that significantly impacts the Chilean salmon industry. This bacterium possesses a type IV secretion system (T4SS), several proteins of the type III secretion system (T3SS), and a single heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60/GroEL). It has been suggested that due to its high antigenicity, the P. salmonis Hsp60 could be surface-exposed, translocated across the membrane, and (or) secreted into the extracellular matrix. This study tests the hypothesis that P. salmonis Hsp60 could be located on the bacterial surface. Immunogold electron microscopy and proteomic analyses suggested that although P. salmonis Hsp60 was predominantly associated with the bacterial cell cytoplasm, Hsp60-positive spots also exist on the bacterial cell envelope. IgY antibodies against P. salmonis Hsp60 protected SHK-1 cells against infection. Several bioinformatics approaches were used to assess Hsp60 translocation by the T4SS, T3SS, and T6SS, with negative results. These data support the hypothesis that small amounts of Hsp60 must reach the bacterial cell surface in a manner probably not mediated by currently characterized secretion systems, and that they remain biologically active during P. salmonis infection, possibly mediating adherence and (or) invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Karla Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria C. Rauch
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Rafael A. Garduño
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - Alejandro J. Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
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80
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Ronci M, Del Prete S, Puca V, Carradori S, Carginale V, Muraro R, Mincione G, Aceto A, Sisto F, Supuran CT, Grande R, Capasso C. Identification and characterization of the α-CA in the outer membrane vesicles produced by Helicobacter pylori. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:189-195. [PMID: 30734607 PMCID: PMC6327981 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1539716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Helicobacter pylori encodes for carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α- and β-CA classes, which together with urease, have a pivotal role in the acid acclimation of the microorganism within the human stomach. Recently, in the exoproteome of H. pylori, a CA with no indication of the corresponding class was identified. Here, using the protonography and the mass spectrometry, a CA belonging to the α-class was detected in the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) generated by planktonic and biofilm phenotypes of four H. pylori strains. The amount of this metalloenzyme was higher in the planktonic OMVs (pOMVs) than in the biofilm OMVs (bOMVs). Furthermore, the content of α-CA increases over time in the pOMVs. The identification of the α-CA in pOMVs and bOMVs might shed new light on the role of this enzyme in the colonization, survival, persistence, and pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ronci
- CeSI-MeT Centro Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Puca
- CeSI-MeT Centro Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Muraro
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Mincione
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Sisto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto, Italy
| | - Rossella Grande
- CeSI-MeT Centro Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale, Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSi-Met), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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81
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Shishpal P, Kasarpalkar N, Singh D, Bhor VM. Characterization of Gardnerella vaginalis membrane vesicles reveals a role in inducing cytotoxicity in vaginal epithelial cells. Anaerobe 2019; 61:102090. [PMID: 31442559 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common polymicrobial infection affecting women in the reproductive age and is associated with adverse obstetric and gynaecological outcomes. Gardnerella vaginalis is the most virulent anaerobic bacterial species predominantly associated with BV. However, a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which it contributes to the pathogenesis and persistence of BV is lacking. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time, the isolation of membrane vesicles (MVs) from G. vaginalis ATCC 14019. These MVs are approximately 120-260 nm in diameter. Proteomic characterization of the MVs by LC-MS/MS led to the identification of 417 proteins, including proteins involved in cellular metabolism as well as molecular chaperones and certain virulence factors. Immunoblot analysis of the MVs confirmed the presence of vaginolysin, the most well-characterized virulence factor of G. vaginalis. The exposure of the vaginal epithelial cells, VK2/E6E7 to the G. vaginalis MVs resulted in the internalization of the MVs. The MVs induced cytotoxicity and an increase in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-8 in VK2 cells as well lysis of erythrocytes. The results of the study indicate that G. vaginalis MVs may be involved in the delivery of cytotoxic proteins and other virulence factors to the host cells and could thereby contribute towards enhancing the cellular damage associated with pathogenesis of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Shishpal
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandini Kasarpalkar
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Dipty Singh
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikrant M Bhor
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), J. M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, India.
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Darmani H, Am Smadi E, Mb Bataineh S. Blue light emitting diodes cripple Helicobacter pylori by targeting its virulence factors. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2019; 65:187-192. [PMID: 31293118 DOI: 10.23736/s1121-421x.19.02593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endogenous photosensitizing porphyrins in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), make blue light therapy an attractive addition to the armamentarium in the war against this very prevalent and difficult to treat infectious agent. METHODS In the current study we examined in vitro the effect of blue LED (Light Emitting Diode) irradiation for 1-6 minutes on the viability and virulence factors of H. pylori, which allow this microorganism to colonize and establish infection. Specifically, we examined the effects of blue LED on urease production, motility, adhesion and biofilm formation. RESULTS We found that exposure to blue LED for 1-6 minutes significantly decreased the viability of H. pylori and caused decreased urease activity, as well as, swarming motility. Furthermore, blue LED irradiation for 6 minutes caused greater than 50% disruption of preformed mature biofilms of H. pylori, relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results of our in-vitro study indicate that therapy with blue LED may be an added weapon in the eradication of H. pylori by targeting the virulence factors of this very common pathogen. We envisage that phototherapy will have an adjuvant effect on conventional anti-H. pylori therapy, especially considering its efficacy in biofilm disruption and the fact that microorganisms are unlikely to develop resistance as a result of the multi-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Darmani
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan -
| | - Ehda Am Smadi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sereen Mb Bataineh
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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83
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van der Westhuizen WA, Theron CW, Boucher CE, Bragg RR. Regulation of outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) A and F, during hlyF-induced outer-membrane vesicle (OMV) biosynthesis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02014. [PMID: 31312732 PMCID: PMC6610587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gram-negative bacteria actively secrete outer membrane vesicles into the surrounding environment and these vesicles have been shown to play various physiological and protective roles such as carrying antibiotic-degrading enzymes and acting as decoys against host defences, therefore promoting the pathogenesis of the bacterium. It has been shown that avian pathogenic Escherichia coli species can increase vesicle biosynthesis through the acquisition of the hlyF gene but the effect this has on the cell by scavenging outer-membrane associated proteins (OmpA, OmpF) into the vesicles during vesicle release have not yet been investigated. Results Relative quantitative real-time PCR data obtained from hlyF expressing and non-expressing cells showed that during hlyF induction, ompF showed a nearly 2-fold down regulation relative to the non-expressing cells during the entire 24 hours, while ompA was expressed at the same level as the non-expressing cells during the first 8 hours of expression. At 24 hours post-hlyF expression, ompA was up-regulated 4-fold. Conclusions The regulatory effects of the newly described outer-membrane vesicle biosynthesis-related gene, hlyF, on E. coli has not previously been investigated. As hlyF-induced vesicles contain OmpA and OmpF scavenged from the bacterial outer-membrane, potential regulatory effects on the host was investigated. An increase in ompA expression and an insignificant decrease in ompF expression was observed during hlyF induction demonstrating that hlyF-related biosynthesis is not related to decreased ompA expression, which is one of the potential mechanisms discussed in literature for biosynthesis. Outer-membrane vesicle biosynthesis during hlyF over-expression could potentially be accomplished through a different mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter André van der Westhuizen
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Internal Box 61, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Chrispian William Theron
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Internal Box 61, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Charlotte Enastacia Boucher
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Internal Box 61, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Robert Richard Bragg
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Internal Box 61, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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84
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Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y as a novel source of outer membrane vesicles. J Microbiol 2019; 57:498-508. [PMID: 31054137 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanostructures of 20-200 nm diameter deriving from the surface of several Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs are emerging as shuttles involved in several mechanisms of communication and environmental adaptation. In this work, OMVs were isolated and characterized from Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y, a Gram-negative non-pathogenic microorganism lacking LPS on the outer membrane surface and whose genome was sequenced and annotated. Scanning electron microscopy performed on samples obtained from a culture in minimal medium highlighted the presence of PP1Y cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in vesicular structures. OMVs were collected from the exhausted growth medium during the mid-exponential phase, and purified by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that purified PP1Y OMVs had a spherical morphology with a diameter of ca. 150 nm and were homogenous in size and shape. Moreover, proteomic and fatty acid analysis of purified OMVs revealed a specific biochemical "fingerprint", suggesting interesting details concerning their biogenesis and physiological role. Moreover, these extracellular nanostructures do not appear to be cytotoxic on HaCaT cell line, thus paving the way to their future use as novel drug delivery systems.
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85
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Rizzato C, Torres J, Kasamatsu E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Bravo MM, Canzian F, Kato I. Potential Role of Biofilm Formation in the Development of Digestive Tract Cancer With Special Reference to Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31110496 PMCID: PMC6501431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are highly social organisms that communicate via signaling molecules and can assume a multicellular lifestyle to build biofilm communities. Until recently, complications from biofilm-associated infection have been primarily ascribed to increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics and host immune evasion, leading to persistent infection. In this theory and hypothesis article we present a relatively new argument that biofilm formation has potential etiological role in the development of digestive tract cancer. First, we summarize recent new findings suggesting the potential link between bacterial biofilm and various types of cancer to build the foundation of our hypothesis. To date, evidence has been particularly convincing for colorectal cancer and its precursor, i.e., polyps, pointing to several key individual bacterial species, such as Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. Gallolyticus. Then, we further extend this hypothesis to one of the most common bacterial infection in humans, Helicobacter pylori (Hp), which is considered a major cause of gastric cancer. Thus far, there has been no direct evidence linking in vivo Hp gastric biofilm formation to gastric carcinogenesis. Yet, we synthesize the information to support an argument that biofilm associated-Hp is potentially more carcinogenic, summarizing biological characteristics of biofilm-associated bacteria. We also discuss mechanistic pathways as to how Hp or other biofilm-associated bacteria control biofilm formation and highlight recent findings on Hp genes that influence biofilm formation, which may lead to strain variability in biofilm formation. This knowledge may open a possibility of developing targeted intervention. We conclude, however, that this field is still in its infancy. To test the hypothesis rigorously and to link it ultimately to gastric pathologies (e.g., premalignant lesions and cancer), studies are needed to learn more about Hp biofilms, such as compositions and biological properties of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), presence of non-Hp microbiome and geographical distribution of biofilms in relation to gastric gland types and structures. Identification of specific Hp strains with enhanced biofilm formation would be helpful not only for screening patients at high risk for sequelae from Hp infection, but also for development of new antibiotics to avoid resistance, regardless of its association with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmeri Rizzato
- Department of Translation Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Kasamatsu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Mercedes Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Yonezawa H, Osaki T, Hojo F, Kamiya S. Effect of Helicobacter pylori biofilm formation on susceptibility to amoxicillin, metronidazole and clarithromycin. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:100-108. [PMID: 31034965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori forms biofilms in vitro and in vivo. We previously demonstrated that H. pylori biofilm formation in vitro decreased its susceptibility to clarithromycin (CAM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biofilm formation on amoxicillin (AMPC) and metronidazole (MNZ) susceptibility. In addition, we assessed the influence of biofilms of CAM resistant H. pylori on CAM susceptibility. It was shown that high levels of efflux pump gene transcripts were detected in biofilm cells of all H. pylori strains used in this study. H. pylori biofilm biomass was significantly decreased compared to initial biomass after treatment with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AMPC. Similarly, the biofilm biomass of H. pylori decreased after treatment with MIC of MNZ, although the difference was not statistically significant. However, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of AMPC or MNZ to biofilm cells were higher than those of planktonic cells. The biofilm biomasses of all of the CAM resistant strains were significantly decreased compared to initial biomass after treatment with 2x MIC of CAM. However, the viability of the CAM treated biofilm cells with 2x MIC of CAM was not significantly reduced compared to initial cell numbers with the exception of one strain. The viability of biofilm cells of all strains was higher than that of planktonic cells after treatment with various concentrations of CAM. These results indicate that biofilm cells were more resistant to these antibiotics than planktonic cells and that the assessment of the ability to form biofilms in H. pylori is important for eradication of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Yonezawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Takako Osaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Fuhito Hojo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
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87
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Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanosized proteoliposomes derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are ubiquitously produced both in culture and during infection and are now recognized to play crucial roles during host-microbe interactions. OMVs can transport a broad range of chemically diverse cargoes, including lipids and lipopolysaccharides, membrane-embedded and associated proteins and small molecules, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acids. Particularly, virulence factors such as adhesins and toxins are often enriched in OMVs. Here we discuss a variety of ways in which OMVs facilitate host-microbe interactions, including their contributions to biofilm formation, nutrient scavenging, and modulation of host cell function. We particularly examine recent findings regarding OMV-host cell interactions in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract.
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88
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Farias GA, Olmedilla A, Gallegos MT. Visualization and characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 pellicles. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:688-702. [PMID: 30838765 PMCID: PMC6559019 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, whose production is controlled by c-di-GMP, is a commonly found exopolysaccharide in bacterial biofilms. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, a model organism for molecular studies of plant-pathogen interactions, carries the wssABCDEFGHI operon for the synthesis of acetylated cellulose. The high intracellular levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP induced by the overexpression of the heterologous diguanylate cyclase PleD stimulate cellulose production and enhance air-liquid biofilm (pellicle) formation. To characterize the mechanisms involved in Pto DC3000 pellicle formation, we studied this process using mutants lacking flagella, biosurfactant or different extracellular matrix components, and compared the pellicles produced in the absence and in the presence of PleD. We have discovered that neither alginate nor the biosurfactant syringafactin are needed for their formation, whereas cellulose and flagella are important but not essential. We have also observed that the high c-di-GMP levels conferred more cohesion to Pto cells within the pellicle and induced the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies and extracellular fibres and vesicles. Since the pellicles were very labile and this greatly hindered their handling and processing for microscopy, we have also developed new methods to collect and process them for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These techniques open up new perspectives for the analysis of fragile biofilms in other bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Farias
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Adela Olmedilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - María-Trinidad Gallegos
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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89
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Kwon YM, Patra AK, Chiura HX, Kim SJ. Production of extracellular vesicles with light-induced proton pump activity by proteorhodopsin-containing marine bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00808. [PMID: 30793504 PMCID: PMC6692529 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common process occurring in various types of bacteria. However, little is known regarding the functions of EVs derived from marine bacteria. We observed that during cell growth, Sediminicola sp. YIK13, a proteorhodopsin (PR)‐containing marine flavobacterium, produces EVs (S13EVs). Transmission electron microscopy showed that Sediminicola sp. YIK13 released two spherical vesicle types, with mono‐ and/or bi‐layered membranes, in the culture. Interestingly, the S13EVs have an orange pigment, indicating the presence of putative carotenoid and PR pigments ascribed to the parental cells. The S13EVs demonstrated the same PR‐derived absorption peak spectrum and light‐induced proton pump activity as the parental cells. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of the S13EVs revealed the presence of PR. We confirmed the 16S rRNA gene, pro gene, and genes required for chromophore retinal synthesis, namely blh and crtI, in the DNA packaged into these vesicles. In addition, by metagenomic sequencing, we found microbial rhodopsin‐related genes in vesicles derived from natural aquatic environments. Our results suggest that EVs as well potentially pursue horizontal gene transfer of diverse microbial rhodopsin genes in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Kwon
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Korea
| | - Ajit Kumar Patra
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Xavier Chiura
- Genetics Research Group, Centre for Earth Surface System Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Pusan, Korea.,BJC Co. Ltd., Incheon, Korea
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90
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Cooke AC, Nello AV, Ernst RK, Schertzer JW. Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm membrane vesicles supports multiple mechanisms of biogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212275. [PMID: 30763382 PMCID: PMC6375607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are ubiquitous in bacterial environments and enable interactions within and between species. OMVs are observed in lab-grown and environmental biofilms, but our understanding of their function comes primarily from planktonic studies. Planktonic OMVs assist in toxin delivery, cell-cell communication, horizontal gene transfer, small RNA trafficking, and immune system evasion. Previous studies reported differences in size and proteomic cargo between planktonic and agar plate biofilm OMVs, suggesting possible differences in function between OMV types. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa interstitial biofilms, extracellular vesicles were reported to arise through cell lysis, in contrast to planktonic OMV biogenesis that involves the Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS) without appreciable autolysis. Differences in biogenesis mechanism could provide a rationale for observed differences in OMV characteristics between systems. Using nanoparticle tracking, we found that P. aeruginosa PAO1 planktonic and biofilm OMVs had similar characteristics. However, P. aeruginosa PA14 OMVs were smaller, with planktonic OMVs also being smaller than their biofilm counterparts. Large differences in Staphylococcus killing ability were measured between OMVs from different strains, and a smaller within-strain difference was recorded between PA14 planktonic and biofilm OMVs. Across all conditions, the predatory ability of OMVs negatively correlated with their size. To address biogenesis mechanism, we analyzed vesicles from wild type and pqsA mutant biofilms. This showed that PQS is required for physiological-scale production of biofilm OMVs, and time-course analysis confirmed that PQS production precedes OMV production as it does in planktonic cultures. However, a small sub-population of vesicles was detected in pqsA mutant biofilms whose size distribution more resembled sonicated cell debris than wild type OMVs. These results support the idea that, while a small and unique population of vesicles in P. aeruginosa biofilms may result from cell lysis, the PQS-induced mechanism is required to generate the majority of OMVs produced by wild type communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Nello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Schertzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, United States of America
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91
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Bacteriophage-host arm race: an update on the mechanism of phage resistance in bacteria and revenge of the phage with the perspective for phage therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2121-2131. [PMID: 30680434 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to a constant attack by phage, bacteria in the environment have evolved diverse mechanisms to defend themselves. Several reviews on phage resistance mechanisms have been published elsewhere. Thanks to the advancement of molecular techniques, several new phage resistance mechanisms were recently identified. For the practical phage therapy, the emergence of phage-resistant bacteria could be an obstacle. However, unlike antibiotic, phages could evolve a mechanism to counter-adapt against phage-resistant bacteria. In this review, we summarized the most recent studies of the phage-bacteria arm race with the perspective of future applications of phages as antimicrobial agents.
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92
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Qaria MA, Kumar N, Hussain A, Qumar S, Doddam SN, Sepe LP, Ahmed N. Roles of Cholesteryl-α-Glucoside Transferase and Cholesteryl Glucosides in Maintenance of Helicobacter pylori Morphology, Cell Wall Integrity, and Resistance to Antibiotics. mBio 2018; 9:e01523-18. [PMID: 30482827 PMCID: PMC6282200 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01523-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the human stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori is very common, as the pathogen colonizes more than half of the world's population. It is associated with varied outcomes of infection, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcers, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and is generally considered a risk factor for the development of gastric adenocarcinoma. Cholesteryl glucosides (CGs) constitute a vital component of the cell wall of H. pylori and contribute to its pathogenicity and virulence. The hp0421 gene, which encodes cholesteryl-α-glucoside transferase (CGT), appears critical for the enzymatic function of integrating unique CGs into the cell wall of H. pylori, and deletion of this gene leads to depletion of CGs and their variants. Herein, we report that the deletion of hp0421 and consequent deficiency of cholesterol alter the morphology, shape, and cell wall composition of H. pylori cells, as demonstrated by high-resolution confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses of two different type strains of H. pylori, their isogenic knockouts as well as a reconstituted strain. Moreover, measurement of ethidium bromide (EtBr) influx by flow cytometry showed that lack of CGs increased cell wall permeability. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the hp0421 isogenic knockout strains (Hp26695Δ421 and Hp76Δ421) were sensitive to antibiotics, such as fosfomycin, polymyxin B, colistin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, in contrast to the wild-type strains that were resistant to the above antibiotics and tended to form denser biofilms. Lipid profile analysis of both Hp76 and Hp76Δ421 strains showed an aberrant profile of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the Hp76Δ421 strain. Taken together, we herein provide a set of mechanistic evidences to demonstrate that CGs play critical roles in the maintenance of the typical spiral morphology of H. pylori and its cell wall integrity, and any alteration in CG content affects the characteristic morphological features and renders the H. pylori susceptible to various antibiotics.IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylori is an important cause of chronic gastritis leading to peptic ulcer and is a major risk factor for gastric malignancies. Failure in the eradication of H. pylori infection and increasing antibiotic resistance are two major problems in preventing H. pylori colonization. Hence, a deeper understanding of the bacterial survival strategies is needed to tackle the increasing burden of H. pylori infection by an appropriate intervention. Our study demonstrated that the lack of cholesteryl glucosides (CGs) remarkably altered the morphology of H. pylori and increased permeability of the bacterial cell wall. Further, this study highlighted the substantial role of CGs in maintaining the typical H. pylori morphology that is essential for retaining its pathogenic potential. We also demonstrated that the loss of CGs in H. pylori renders the bacterium susceptible to different antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arif Hussain
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shamsul Qumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sankara N Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ludovico P Sepe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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93
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Schulz E, Goes A, Garcia R, Panter F, Koch M, Müller R, Fuhrmann K, Fuhrmann G. Biocompatible bacteria-derived vesicles show inherent antimicrobial activity. J Control Release 2018; 290:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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94
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Abstract
All Gram-negative bacteria release membrane vesicles. These vesicles contain a cargo of proteins and enzymes that include one or more autolysins. Autolysins are a group of enzymes with specificity for the different linkages within peptidoglycan sacculi that if uncontrolled cause bacteriolysis. This minireview, written in honor and memory of Terry Beveridge, presents an overview of autolytic activity and focuses on Beveridge's important original observations regarding predatory membrane vesicles and their associated autolysin cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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95
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Im H, Lee S, Soper SA, Mitchell RJ. Staphylococcus aureus extracellular vesicles (EVs): surface-binding antagonists of biofilm formation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2704-2714. [PMID: 29104975 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus worldwide as a nosocomial infectious agent is recognized but the reason behind the spread of this bacterium has remained elusive. Here, we hypothesized that the communication of S. aureus might benefit from it blocking other bacteria from establishing themselves on the surface. This was found to be the case for several pathogens as the S. aureus supernatant curtailed their ability to form biofilms. Subsequent analyses using Acinetobacter baumannii as a model found this effect is primarily mediated by S. aureus' extracellular vesicles (EVs), which bound to the polystyrene surface. We found the EV-treated surfaces were significantly more hydrophilic after EV treatment, a condition that made it difficult for A. baumannii to initially adhere to the polystyrene surface and reduced its resulting biofilm by up to 93%. Subsequent tests found this also extended to several other bacterial pathogens, with a 40-70% decrease in their biofilm mass. The S. aureus EVs and their activity still remained after the surface was washed with 10% bleach, while the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) removed both the EVs from the surface and their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Im
- School of Life Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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96
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D'Souza G, Shitut S, Preussger D, Yousif G, Waschina S, Kost C. Ecology and evolution of metabolic cross-feeding interactions in bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:455-488. [PMID: 29799048 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Literature covered: early 2000s to late 2017Bacteria frequently exchange metabolites with other micro- and macro-organisms. In these often obligate cross-feeding interactions, primary metabolites such as vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, or growth factors are exchanged. The widespread distribution of this type of metabolic interactions, however, is at odds with evolutionary theory: why should an organism invest costly resources to benefit other individuals rather than using these metabolites to maximize its own fitness? Recent empirical work has shown that bacterial genotypes can significantly benefit from trading metabolites with other bacteria relative to cells not engaging in such interactions. Here, we will provide a comprehensive overview over the ecological factors and evolutionary mechanisms that have been identified to explain the evolution and maintenance of metabolic mutualisms among microorganisms. Furthermore, we will highlight general principles that underlie the adaptive evolution of interconnected microbial metabolic networks as well as the evolutionary consequences that result for cells living in such communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen D'Souza
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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97
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Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Formation and Its Potential Role in Pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/2/e00001-18. [PMID: 29743338 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00001-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of effort, Helicobacter pylori infections remain difficult to treat. Over half of the world's population is infected by H. pylori, which is a major cause of duodenal and gastric ulcers as well as gastric cancer. During chronic infection, H. pylori localizes within the gastric mucosal layer, including deep within invaginations called glands; thanks to its impressive ability to survive despite the harsh acidic environment, it can persist for the host's lifetime. This ability to survive and persist in the stomach is associated with urease production, chemotactic motility, and the ability to adapt to the fluctuating environment. Additionally, biofilm formation has recently been suggested to play a role in colonization. Biofilms are surface-associated communities of bacteria that are embedded in a hydrated matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms pose a substantial health risk and are key contributors to many chronic and recurrent infections. This link between biofilm-associated bacteria and chronic infections likely results from an increased tolerance to conventional antibiotic treatments as well as immune system action. The role of this biofilm mode in antimicrobial treatment failure and H. pylori survival has yet to be determined. Furthermore, relatively little is known about the H. pylori biofilm structure or the genes associated with this mode of growth. In this review, therefore, we aim to highlight recent findings concerning H. pylori biofilms and the molecular mechanism of their formation. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of biofilms in the failure of antibiotic treatment and in infection recurrence.
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98
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Yu YJ, Wang XH, Fan GC. Versatile effects of bacterium-released membrane vesicles on mammalian cells and infectious/inflammatory diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:514-533. [PMID: 28858295 PMCID: PMC5888691 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterium-released outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) and Gram-positive bacterium-released membrane vesicles (MVs) share significant similarities with mammalian cell-derived MVs (eg, microvesicles and exosomes) in terms of structure and their biological activities. Recent studies have revealed that bacterial OMVs/MVs could (1) interact with immune cells to regulate inflammatory responses, (2) transport virulence factors (eg, enzymes, DNA and small RNAs) to host cells and result in cell injury, (3) enhance barrier function by stimulating the expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal epithelial cells, (4) upregulate the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and (5) serve as natural nanocarriers for immunogenic antigens, enzyme support and drug delivery. In addition, OMVs/MVs can enter the systemic circulation and induce a variety of immunological and metabolic responses. This review highlights the recent advances in the understanding of OMV/MV biogenesis and their compositional remodeling. In addition, interactions between OMVs/MVs and various types of mammalian cells (ie, immune cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells) and their pathological/preventive effects on infectious/inflammatory diseases are summarized. Finally, methods for engineering OMVs/MVs and their therapeutic potential are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-jiang Yu
- Medical College of Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiao-hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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99
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Dauros-Singorenko P, Blenkiron C, Phillips A, Swift S. The functional RNA cargo of bacterial membrane vesicles. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4830096. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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100
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Isaeva G, Valieva R. Biological characteristics and virulence of Helicobacter pylori. CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.36488/cmac.2018.1.14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent data on the biological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori (morphological, cultural, biochemical). H. pylori pathogenicity factors promoting colonization, adhesion, biofilm formation, aggression, and cytotoxicity, their contribution to the pathogenesis of diseases as well as the possible relationships with various clinical outcomes are described in detail. The genetic heterogeneity of H. pylori strains which can determine different clinical manifestations and have significance for conducting epidemiological studies is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.Sh. Isaeva
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Kazan State Medical University (Kazan, Russia)
| | - R.I. Valieva
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; KazanState Medical University (Kazan, Russia)
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