51
|
Norton LE, Wilson GJ, Moulton CJ, Layman DK. Meal Distribution of Dietary Protein and Leucine Influences Long-Term Muscle Mass and Body Composition in Adult Rats. J Nutr 2017; 147:195-201. [PMID: 27903833 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein quantity and quality at a meal affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS); however, long-term effects of protein distribution at individual meals on adult muscle mass remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We used a precise feeding protocol in adult rats to determine if optimizing postmeal MPS response by modifying the meal distribution of protein, and the amino acid leucine (Leu), would affect muscle mass. METHODS Two studies were conducted with the use of male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼300 g) trained to consume 3 meals/d, then assigned to diet treatments with identical macronutrient contents (16% of energy from protein, 54% from carbohydrates, and 30% from fat) but differing in protein quality or meal distribution. Study 1 provided 16% protein at each meal with the use of whey, egg white, soy, or wheat gluten, with Leu concentrations of 10.9%, 8.8%, 7.7%, and 6.8% (wt:wt), respectively. Study 2 used whey protein with 16% protein at each meal [balanced distribution (BD)] or meals with 8%, 8%, and 27% protein [unbalanced distribution (UD)]. MPS and translation factors 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein p70S6 (S6K) were determined before and after breakfast meals at 2 and 11 wk. Muscle weights and body composition were measured at 11 wk. RESULTS In study 1, the breakfast meal increased MPS and S6K in whey and egg treatments but not in wheat or soy treatments. Gastrocnemius weight was greater in the whey group (2.20 ± 0.03 g) than the soy group (1.95 ± 0.04 g) (P < 0.05) and was intermediate in the egg and wheat groups. The wheat group had >20% more body fat than the soy, egg, or whey groups (P < 0.05). Study 2, postmeal MPS and translation factors were 30-45% greater in the BD group than the UD group (P < 0.05), resulting in 6% and 11% greater (P < 0.05) gastrocnemius and soleus weights at 11 wk. CONCLUSION These studies show that meal distribution of protein and Leu influences MPS and long-term changes in adult muscle mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donald K Layman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Breen L. Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E803-E817. [PMID: 27555299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was to assess whether the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to acute exercise (endurance or resistance) and/or amino acid-based nutrition is attenuated in older compared with young individuals. A systematic review was conducted on studies that directly examined the influence of age on the MPS response to exercise and/or amino acid-based nutrition. Each study arm was synthesized and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient "evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance". Subsequently, three models were established to compare age-related differences in the MPS response to 1) exercise alone, 2) amino acid-based nutrition alone, or 3) the combination of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition. Following exercise alone, 8 of the 17 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance, while in response to amino acid-based nutrition alone, 8 of the 21 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. When exercise and amino acid-based nutrition were combined, only 2 of the 10 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. Our results highlight that optimization of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition is sufficient to induce a comparable MPS response between young and older individuals. However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Kam J, Puranik S, Yadav R, Manwaring HR, Pierre S, Srivastava RK, Yadav RS. Dietary Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes: How Millet Comes to Help. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1454. [PMID: 27729921 PMCID: PMC5037128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has become a highly problematic and increasingly prevalent disease world-wide. It has contributed toward 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Management techniques for diabetes prevention in high-risk as well as in affected individuals, beside medication, are mainly through changes in lifestyle and dietary regulation. Particularly, diet can have a great influence on life quality for those that suffer from, as well as those at risk of, diabetes. As such, considerations on nutritional aspects are required to be made to include in dietary intervention. This review aims to give an overview on the general consensus of current dietary and nutritional recommendation for diabetics. In light of such recommendation, the use of plant breeding, conventional as well as more recently developed molecular marker-based breeding and biofortification, are discussed in designing crops with desired characteristics. While there are various recommendations available, dietary choices are restricted by availability due to geo-, political-, or economical- considerations. This particularly holds true for countries such as India, where 65 million people (up from 50 million in 2010) are currently diabetic and their numbers are rising at an alarming rate. Millets are one of the most abundant crops grown in India as well as in Africa, providing a staple food source for many poorest of the poor communities in these countries. The potentials of millets as a dietary component to combat the increasing prevalence of global diabetes are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kam
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| | - Swati Puranik
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| | - Rama Yadav
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| | - Hanna R. Manwaring
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| | - Rakesh K. Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, PatancheruIndia
| | - Rattan S. Yadav
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, AberystwythUK
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Crombag JJ, Langer H, Bierau J, Respondek F, van Loon LJ. Ingestion of Wheat Protein Increases In Vivo Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates in Healthy Older Men in a Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2016; 146:1651-9. [PMID: 27440260 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle mass maintenance is largely regulated by basal muscle protein synthesis and the capacity to stimulate muscle protein synthesis after food intake. The postprandial muscle protein synthetic response is modulated by the amount, source, and type of protein consumed. It has been suggested that plant-based proteins are less potent in stimulating postprandial muscle protein synthesis than animal-derived proteins. However, few data support this contention. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations and muscle protein synthesis rates after the ingestion of a substantial 35-g bolus of wheat protein hydrolysate compared with casein and whey protein. METHODS Sixty healthy older men [mean ± SEM age: 71 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 25.3 ± 0.3] received a primed continuous infusion of l-[ring-(13)C6]-phenylalanine and ingested 35 g wheat protein (n = 12), 35 g wheat protein hydrolysate (WPH-35; n = 12), 35 g micellar casein (MCas-35; n = 12), 35 g whey protein (Whey-35; n = 12), or 60 g wheat protein hydrolysate (WPH-60; n = 12). Plasma and muscle samples were collected at regular intervals. RESULTS The postprandial increase in plasma essential amino acid concentrations was greater after ingesting Whey-35 (2.23 ± 0.07 mM) than after MCas-35 (1.53 ± 0.08 mM) and WPH-35 (1.50 ± 0.04 mM) (P < 0.01). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased after ingesting MCas-35 (P < 0.01) and were higher after ingesting MCas-35 (0.050% ± 0.005%/h) than after WPH-35 (0.032% ± 0.004%/h) (P = 0.03). The postprandial increase in plasma leucine concentrations was greater after ingesting Whey-35 than after WPH-60 (peak value: 580 ± 18 compared with 378 ± 10 μM, respectively; P < 0.01), despite similar leucine contents (4.4 g leucine). Nevertheless, the ingestion of WPH-60 increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates above basal rates (0.049% ± 0.007%/h; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The myofibrillar protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 35 g casein is greater than after an equal amount of wheat protein. Ingesting a larger amount of wheat protein (i.e., 60 g) substantially increases myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy older men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01952639.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rinske Franssen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and
| | - Julie Jr Crombag
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and
| | - Henning Langer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands; and
| | | | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sharp MH, Lowery RP, Mobley CB, Fox CD, de Souza EO, Shields KA, Healy JC, Arick NQ, Thompson RM, Roberts MD, Wilson JM. The Effects of Fortetropin Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Power in Humans and Mechanism of Action in a Rodent Model. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:679-691. [PMID: 27333407 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1142403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Fortetropin on skeletal muscle growth and strength in resistance-trained individuals and to investigate the anabolic and catabolic signaling effects using human and rodent models. METHODS In the rodent model, male Wistar rats (250 g) were gavage fed with either 1.2 ml of tap water control (CTL) or 0.26 g Fortetropin for 8 days. Then rats participated in a unilateral plantarflexion exercise bout. Nonexercised and exercised limbs were harvested at 180 minutes following and analyzed for gene and protein expression relative to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ubiquitin signaling. For the human model, 45 (of whom 37 completed the study), resistance-trained college-aged males were divided equally into 3 groups receiving a placebo macronutrient matched control, 6.6 or 19.8 g of Fortetropin supplementation during 12 weeks of resistance training. Lean mass, muscle thickness, and lower and upper body strength were measured before and after 12 weeks of training. RESULTS The human study results indicated a Group × Time effect (p ≤ 0.05) for lean mass in which the 6.6 g (+1.7 kg) and 19.8 g (+1.68 kg) but not placebo (+0.6 kg) groups increased lean mass. Similarly, there was a Group × Time effect for muscle thickness (p ≤ 0.05), which increased in the experimental groups only. All groups increased equally in bench press and leg press strength. In the rodent model, a main effect for exercise (p ≤ 0.05) in which the control plus exercise but not Fortetropin plus exercise increased both ubiquitin monomer protein expression and polyubiquitination. mTOR signaling was elevated to a greater extent in the Fortetropin exercising conditions as indicated by greater phosphorylation status of 4EBP1, rp6, and p70S6K for both exercising conditions. CONCLUSIONS Fortetropin supplementation increases lean body mass (LBM) and decreases markers of protein breakdown while simultaneously increasing mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Sharp
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| | - Ryan P Lowery
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- b Molecular and Applied Laboratory , School of Kinesiology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama
| | - Carlton D Fox
- b Molecular and Applied Laboratory , School of Kinesiology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama
| | - Eduardo O de Souza
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| | - Kevin A Shields
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| | - James C Healy
- b Molecular and Applied Laboratory , School of Kinesiology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama
| | - Ned Q Arick
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| | - Richard M Thompson
- b Molecular and Applied Laboratory , School of Kinesiology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama
| | - Michael D Roberts
- b Molecular and Applied Laboratory , School of Kinesiology, Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama
| | - Jacob M Wilson
- a Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance , The University of Tampa , Tampa , Florida
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
English KL, Mettler JA, Ellison JB, Mamerow MM, Arentson-Lantz E, Pattarini JM, Ploutz-Snyder R, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:465-73. [PMID: 26718415 PMCID: PMC4733256 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity triggers a rapid loss of muscle mass and function in older adults. Middle-aged adults show few phenotypic signs of aging yet may be more susceptible to inactivity than younger adults. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether leucine, a stimulator of translation initiation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), can protect skeletal muscle health during bed rest. DESIGN We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess changes in skeletal MPS, cellular signaling, body composition, and skeletal muscle function in middle-aged adults (n = 19; age ± SEM: 52 ± 1 y) in response to leucine supplementation (LEU group: 0.06 g ∙ kg(-1) ∙ meal(-1)) or an alanine control (CON group) during 14 d of bed rest. RESULTS Bed rest decreased postabsorptive MPS by 30% ± 9% (CON group) and by 10% ± 10% (LEU group) (main effect for time, P < 0.05), but no differences between groups with respect to pre-post changes (group × time interactions) were detected for MPS or cell signaling. Leucine protected knee extensor peak torque (CON compared with LEU group: -15% ± 2% and -7% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) and endurance (CON compared with LEU: -14% ± 3% and -2% ± 4%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05), prevented an increase in body fat percentage (group × time interaction, P < 0.05), and reduced whole-body lean mass loss after 7 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -0.8 ± 0.3 kg; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) but not 14 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -1.0 ± 0.3 kg) of bed rest. Leucine also maintained muscle quality (peak torque/kg leg lean mass) after 14 d of bed-rest inactivity (CON compared with LEU: -9% ± 2% and +1% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bed rest has a profoundly negative effect on muscle metabolism, mass, and function in middle-aged adults. Leucine supplementation may partially protect muscle health during relatively brief periods of physical inactivity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00968344.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Pattarini
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Tieland M, Borgonjen-Van den Berg KJ, Van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. Dietary Protein Intake in Dutch Elderly People: A Focus on Protein Sources. Nutrients 2015; 7:9697-706. [PMID: 26610565 PMCID: PMC4690048 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sufficient high quality dietary protein intake is required to prevent or treat sarcopenia in elderly people. Therefore, the intake of specific protein sources as well as their timing of intake are important to improve dietary protein intake in elderly people. Objectives: to assess the consumption of protein sources as well as the distribution of protein sources over the day in community-dwelling, frail and institutionalized elderly people. Methods: Habitual dietary intake was evaluated using 2- and 3-day food records collected from various studies involving 739 community-dwelling, 321 frail and 219 institutionalized elderly people. Results: Daily protein intake averaged 71 ± 18 g/day in community-dwelling, 71 ± 20 g/day in frail and 58 ± 16 g/day in institutionalized elderly people and accounted for 16% ± 3%, 16% ± 3% and 17% ± 3% of their energy intake, respectively. Dietary protein intake ranged from 10 to 12 g at breakfast, 15 to 23 g at lunch and 24 to 31 g at dinner contributing together over 80% of daily protein intake. The majority of dietary protein consumed originated from animal sources (≥60%) with meat and dairy as dominant sources. Thus, 40% of the protein intake in community-dwelling, 37% in frail and 29% in institutionalized elderly originated from plant based protein sources with bread as the principle source. Plant based proteins contributed for >50% of protein intake at breakfast and between 34% and 37% at lunch, with bread as the main source. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, with meat as the dominant source. Conclusion: Daily protein intake in these older populations is mainly (>80%) provided by the three main meals, with most protein consumed during dinner. More than 60% of daily protein intake consumed is of animal origin, with plant based protein sources representing nearly 40% of total protein consumed. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, while during breakfast and lunch a large proportion of protein is derived from plant based protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tieland
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands.
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Luc J C Van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, Wageningen 6700 AN, The Netherlands.
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Taylor LW, Wilborn C, Roberts MD, White A, Dugan K. Eight weeks of pre- and postexercise whey protein supplementation increases lean body mass and improves performance in Division III collegiate female basketball players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:249-54. [PMID: 26842665 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined if 8 weeks of whey protein (WP) supplementation improved body composition and performance measures in NCAA Division III female basketball players. Subjects were assigned to consume 24 g WP (n = 8; age, 20 ± 2 years; height, 170 ± 6 cm; weight, 66.0 ± 3.1 kg) or 24 g of maltodextrin (MD) (n = 6; age, 21 ± 3 years; height, 169 ± 6 cm; weight, 68.2 ± 7.6 kg) immediately prior to and following training (4 days/week anaerobic and resistance training) for 8 weeks. Prior to (T1) and 8 weeks following supplementation (T2), subjects underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry body composition assessment as well as performance tests. The WP group gained lean mass from T1 to T2 (+1.4 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group trended to gain lean mass (+0.4 kg, p = 0.095). The WP group also lost fat mass from T1 to T2 (-1.0 kg, p = 0.003) whereas the MD group did not (-0.5 kg, p = 0.41). The WP group presented greater gains in 1-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (+4.9 kg) compared with the MD group (+2.3 kg) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the WP group improved agility from T1 to T2 (p = 0.001) whereas the MD group did not (p = 0.38). Both groups equally increased leg press 1RM, vertical jump, and broad jump performances. This study demonstrates that 8 weeks of WP supplementation improves body composition and select performance variables in previously trained female athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemuel W Taylor
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | - Colin Wilborn
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | | | - Andrew White
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | - Kristen Dugan
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Huber L, de Lange CFM, Krogh U, Chamberlin D, Trottier NL. Impact of feeding reduced crude protein diets to lactating sows on nitrogen utilization. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5254-64. [PMID: 26641045 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty lactating multiparous Yorkshire sows were used to test the hypothesis that reducing dietary CP and supplementing with crystalline amino acids (CAA) increases dietary N utilization for milk production during early and peak lactation. Sows were assigned to 1 of 4 diets: 1) 16.0% CP (as-fed; analyzed contents; HCP); 2) 15.7% CP (MHCP); 3) 14.3% CP (MLCP); 4) 13.2% CP (LCP); diet HCP was formulated using soybean meal and corn as the only Lys sources. The reduced CP diets contained CAA to meet requirements of the limiting AA. Sow and piglet BW were measured on d 1, 3, 7, 14, 18, and 21 of lactation. Nitrogen retention was measured on sows between d 3 and 7 (early) and d 14 and 18 (peak) of lactation. Milk true protein output was calculated from estimated milk yield and analyzed true protein concentration. Sow BW change (overall mean: -4.2 ± 3.37 kg over the 21-d lactation period) and average daily DM intake (overall mean: 4.05 ± 0.18 and 6.12 ± 0.20 kg/d, early and peak lactation, respectively) did not differ between diets. Nitrogen intake decreased as dietary CP concentration decreased (114.3, 106.0, 107.4, and 99.0 ± 5.29 g/d and 169.5, 168.3, 161.2, and 145.1 ± 5.29 g/d for HCP, MHCP, MLCP, and LCP in early and peak lactation, respectively; L: < 0.05). Sow loin eye area loss tended to increase as dietary CP concentration decreased (Linear (): = 0.082). Litter growth rate (LGR) over the 21-d lactation period tended to increase with decreasing dietary CP concentration (L: = 0.084). In early lactation, N retention (N intake- fecal and urinary N) and milk true protein and casein output were not affected by dietary treatment. In early lactation, as dietary CP decreased, N retained as percentage of N intake tended to increase (L: = 0.093) and estimated efficiency of using retained N for milk N output was not influenced by dietary CP concentration. In peak lactation, N retention (122.5, 123.8, 121.2, and 109.0 ± 4.88 g/d for HCP, MHCP, MLCP, and LCP, respectively) decreased (L: < 0.05), N retained as percentage of N absorbed (N intake - fecal N) increased (L: < 0.05), milk casein yield increased ( = 0.051), and estimated efficiency of using retained N for milk N output (44.5, 51.0, 54.9, and 62.9 ± 5.9% for HCP, MHCP, MLCP, and LCP, respectively) increased (L: < 0.05). Feeding lactating diets reduced in CP from 16.0% to 14.3% with CAA inclusion as partial replacement for limiting AA improved N retention and N utilization efficiency for milk protein production in peak lactation, while these effects were less pronounced in early lactation.
Collapse
|
60
|
Mobley CB, Fox CD, Thompson RM, Healy JC, Santucci V, Kephart WC, McCloskey AE, Kim M, Pascoe DD, Martin JS, Moon JR, Young KC, Roberts MD. Comparative effects of whey protein versus L-leucine on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and markers of ribosome biogenesis following resistance exercise. Amino Acids 2015; 48:733-750. [PMID: 26507545 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared immediate post-exercise whey protein (WP, 500 mg) versus L-leucine (LEU, 54 mg) feedings on skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) mechanisms and ribosome biogenesis markers 3 h following unilateral plantarflexor resistance exercise in male, Wistar rats (~250 g). Additionally, in vitro experiments were performed on differentiated C2C12 myotubes to compare nutrient (i.e., WP, LEU) and 'exercise-like' treatments (i.e., caffeine, hydrogen peroxide, and AICAR) on ribosome biogenesis markers. LEU and WP significantly increased phosphorylated-rpS6 (Ser235/236) in the exercised (EX) leg 2.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.7-fold (P < 0.001) compared to the non-EX leg, respectively, whereas vehicle-fed control (CTL) did not (+65 %, P > 0.05). Compared to the non-EX leg, MPS levels increased 32 % and 52 % in the EX leg of CTL (P < 0.01) and WP rats (P < 0.001), respectively, but not in LEU rats (+15 %, P > 0.05). Several genes associated with ribosome biogenesis robustly increased in the EX versus non-EX legs of all treatments; specifically, c-Myc mRNA, Nop56 mRNA, Bop1 mRNA, Ncl mRNA, Npm1 mRNA, Fb1 mRNA, and Xpo-5 mRNA. However, only LEU significantly increased 45S pre-rRNA levels in the EX leg (63 %, P < 0.001). In vitro findings confirmed that 'exercise-like' treatments similarly altered markers of ribosome biogenesis, but only LEU increased 47S pre-rRNA levels (P < 0.01). Collectively, our data suggests that resistance exercise, as well as 'exercise-like' signals in vitro, acutely increase the expression of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis independent of nutrient provision. Moreover, while EX with or without WP appears superior for enhancing translational efficiency (i.e., increasing MPS per unit of RNA), LEU administration (or co-administration) may further enhance ribosome biogenesis over prolonged periods with resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Brooks Mobley
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Richard M Thompson
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - James C Healy
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vincent Santucci
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Wesley C Kephart
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Anna E McCloskey
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Mike Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - David D Pascoe
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Columbus DA, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Suryawan A, Nguyen HV, Hernandez-Garcia A, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Impact of prolonged leucine supplementation on protein synthesis and lean growth in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E601-10. [PMID: 26374843 PMCID: PMC4572453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00089.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most low-birth weight infants experience extrauterine growth failure due to reduced nutrient intake as a result of feeding intolerance. The objective of this study was to determine whether prolonged enteral leucine supplementation improves lean growth in neonatal pigs fed a restricted protein diet. Neonatal pigs (n = 14-16/diet, 5 days old, 1.8 ± 0.3 kg) were fed by gastric catheter a whey-based milk replacement diet with either a high protein (HP) or restricted protein (RP) content or RP supplemented with leucine to the same level as in the HP diet (RPL). Pigs were fed 40 ml·kg body wt(-1)·meal(-1) every 4 h for 21 days. Feeding the HP diet resulted in greater total body weight and lean body mass compared with RP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Masses of the longissimus dorsi muscle, heart, and kidneys were greater in the HP- than RP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). Body weight, lean body mass, and masses of the longissimus dorsi, heart, and kidneys in pigs fed the RPL diet were intermediate to RP- and HP-fed pigs. Protein synthesis and mTOR signaling were increased in all muscles with feeding (P < 0.05); leucine supplementation increased mTOR signaling and protein synthesis rate in the longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05). There was no effect of diet on indices of protein degradation signaling in any tissue (P > 0.05). Thus, when protein intake is chronically restricted, the capacity for leucine supplementation to enhance muscle protein accretion in neonatal pigs that are meal-fed milk protein-based diets is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Columbus
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Steinhoff-Wagner
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Agus Suryawan
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hanh V Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adriana Hernandez-Garcia
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
van Vliet S, Burd NA, van Loon LJC. The Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption. J Nutr 2015; 145:1981-91. [PMID: 26224750 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.204305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and consumer market interest is increasingly directed toward the use of plant-based proteins as dietary components aimed at preserving or increasing skeletal muscle mass. However, recent evidence suggests that the ingestion of the plant-based proteins in soy and wheat results in a lower muscle protein synthetic response when compared with several animal-based proteins. The possible lower anabolic properties of plant-based protein sources may be attributed to the lower digestibility of plant-based sources, in addition to greater splanchnic extraction and subsequent urea synthesis of plant protein-derived amino acids compared with animal-based proteins. The latter may be related to the relative lack of specific essential amino acids in plant- as opposed to animal-based proteins. Furthermore, most plant proteins have a relatively low leucine content, which may further reduce their anabolic properties when compared with animal proteins. However, few studies have actually assessed the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of plant proteins, with soy and wheat protein being the primary sources studied. Despite the proposed lower anabolic properties of plant vs. animal proteins, various strategies may be applied to augment the anabolic properties of plant proteins. These may include the following: 1) fortification of plant-based protein sources with the amino acids methionine, lysine, and/or leucine; 2) selective breeding of plant sources to improve amino acid profiles; 3) consumption of greater amounts of plant-based protein sources; or 4) ingesting multiple protein sources to provide a more balanced amino acid profile. However, the efficacy of such dietary strategies on postprandial muscle protein synthesis remains to be studied. Future research comparing the anabolic properties of a variety of plant-based proteins should define the preferred protein sources to be used in nutritional interventions to support skeletal muscle mass gain or maintenance in both healthy and clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Loss of lean body mass that occurs with aging is the primary endpoint with which sarcopenia is defined. Furthermore, loss of muscle mass is central to the development of many adverse health issues in the elderly. Consequently, the response of lean body mass to nutritional interventions, particularly to dietary protein, has been a commonly measured endpoint. However, increased protein intake has been associated with improved markers for cardiovascular health, improved bone health, management of weight and metabolic diseases, and reduced all-cause mortality. Strength, rather than lean body mass, may be a more accurate indicator of health, especially in the elderly. The recommended dietary allowance for protein has been set at 0.8 g/kg/day. Because the average protein intake in the United States is approximately 1.2 g/kg/day, it appears that the average protein intake is above the recommended dietary allowance but below the low end of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range recommended by expert committees of the National Academy of Sciences and below the dietary intake levels suggested by the US Department of Agriculture in the Dietary Guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Wolfe
- R.R. Wolfe is with the Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Song Y, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Liu L, Chen J. One-step biosynthesis of α-ketoisocaproate from L-leucine by an Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst expressing an L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12614. [PMID: 26217895 PMCID: PMC4517468 DOI: 10.1038/srep12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a whole-cell biotransformation process for the production of α-ketoisocaproate from L-leucine. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain was constructed by expressing an L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris. To enhance α-ketoisocaproate production, the reaction conditions were optimized as follows: whole-cell biocatalyst 0.8 g/L, leucine concentration 13.1 g/L, temperature 35 °C, pH 7.5, and reaction time 20 h. Under the above conditions, the α-ketoisocaproate titer reached 12.7 g/L with a leucine conversion rate of 97.8%. In addition, different leucine feeding strategies were examined to increase the α-ketoisocaproate titer. When 13.1 g/L leucine was added at 2-h intervals (from 0 to 22 h, 12 addition times), the α-ketoisocaproate titer reached 69.1 g/L, while the leucine conversion rate decreased to 50.3%. We have developed an effective process for the biotechnological production of α-ketoisocaproate that is more environmentally friendly than the traditional petrochemical synthesis approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineeirng, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Mobley CB, Fox CD, Ferguson BS, Pascoe CA, Healy JC, McAdam JS, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Effects of protein type and composition on postprandial markers of skeletal muscle anabolism, adipose tissue lipolysis, and hypothalamic gene expression. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25792976 PMCID: PMC4365970 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the acute effects of different dietary protein sources (0.19 g, dissolved in 1 ml of water) on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamic satiety-related markers in fasted, male Wistar rats (~250 g). Methods Oral gavage treatments included: a) whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 15); b) 70:30 hydrolyzed whey-to-hydrolyzed egg albumin (70 W/30E, n = 15); c) 50 W/50E (n = 15); d) 30 W/70E (n = 15); and e) 1 ml of water with no protein as a fasting control (CTL, n = 14). Results Skeletal muscle analyses revealed that compared to CTL: a) phosphorylated (p) markers of mTOR signaling [p-mTOR (Ser2481) and p-rps6 (Ser235/236)] were elevated 2–4-fold in all protein groups 90 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); b) WPC and 70 W/30E increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS) 104% and 74% 180 min post-treatment, respectively (p < 0.05); and c) 70 W/30E increased p-AMPKα (Thr172) 90 and 180-min post-treatment as well as PGC-1α mRNA 90 min post-treatment. Subcutaneous (SQ) and omental fat (OMAT) analyses revealed: a) 70 W/30 W increased SQ fat phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase [p-HSL (Ser563)] 3.1-fold versus CTL and a 1.9–4.4-fold change versus all other test proteins 180 min post-treatment (p < 0.05); and b) WPC, 70 W/30E and 50 W/50E increased OMAT p-HSL 3.8–6.5-fold 180 min post-treatment versus CTL (p < 0.05). 70 W/30E and 30 W/70E increased hypothalamic POMC mRNA 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats suggesting a satiety-related response may have occurred in the former groups. However, there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic AGRP mRNA in the 70 W/30E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats, and there was a compensatory increase in orexigenic NPY mRNA in the 30 W/70E group 90 min post-treatment versus CTL rats. Conclusions Higher amounts of whey versus egg protein stimulate the greatest post-treatment anabolic skeletal muscle response, though test proteins with higher amounts of WPH more favorably affected post-treatment markers related to adipose tissue lipolysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0076-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Carlton D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Brian S Ferguson
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Corrie A Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - James C Healy
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Office 286, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Columbus DA, Fiorotto ML, Davis TA. Leucine is a major regulator of muscle protein synthesis in neonates. Amino Acids 2015; 47:259-70. [PMID: 25408462 PMCID: PMC4304911 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of infants born in the United States are of low birth weight. Growth failure during the neonatal period is a common occurrence in low birth weight infants due to their inability to tolerate full feeds, concerns about advancing protein supply, and high nutrient requirements for growth. An improved understanding of the nutritional regulation of growth during this critical period of postnatal growth is vital for the development of strategies to improve lean gain. Past studies with animal models have demonstrated that muscle protein synthesis is increased substantially following a meal and that this increase is due to the postprandial rise in amino acids as well as insulin. Both amino acids and insulin act independently to stimulate protein synthesis in a mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent manner. Further studies have elucidated that leucine, in particular, and its metabolites, α-ketoisocaproic acid and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, have unique anabolic properties. Supplementation with leucine, provided either parenterally or enterally, has been shown to enhance muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs, making it an ideal candidate for stimulating growth of low birth weight infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Columbus
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Marta L Fiorotto
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Teresa A Davis
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Pasiakos SM, Margolis LM, Orr JS. Optimized dietary strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass during periods of unavoidable energy deficit. FASEB J 2014; 29:1136-42. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lee M. Margolis
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeb S. Orr
- Military Nutrition DivisionU.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
With regular practice, resistance exercise can lead to gains in skeletal muscle mass by means of hypertrophy. The process of skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy comes about as a result of the confluence of positive muscle protein balance and satellite cell addition to muscle fibers. Positive muscle protein balance is achieved when the rate of new muscle protein synthesis (MPS) exceeds that of muscle protein breakdown (MPB). While resistance exercise and postprandial hyperaminoacidemia both stimulate MPS, it is through the synergistic effects of these two stimuli that a net gain in muscle proteins occurs and muscle fiber hypertrophy takes place. Current evidence favors the post-exercise period as a time when rapid hyperaminoacidemia promotes a marked rise in the rate of MPS. Dietary proteins with a full complement of essential amino acids and high leucine contents that are rapidly digested are more likely to be efficacious in this regard. Various other compounds have been added to complete proteins, including carbohydrate, arginine and glutamine, in an attempt to augment the effectiveness of the protein in stimulating MPS (or suppressing MPB), but none has proved particularly effective. Evidence points to a higher protein intake in combination with resistance exercise as being efficacious in allowing preservation, and on occasion increases, in skeletal muscle mass with dietary energy restriction aimed at the promotion of weight loss. The goal of this review is to examine practices of protein ingestion in combination with resistance exercise that have some evidence for efficacy and to highlight future areas for investigation.
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrient signals that have direct and indirect effects. Frequently, BCAAs have been reported to mediate antiobesity effects, especially in rodent models. However, circulating levels of BCAAs tend to be increased in individuals with obesity and are associated with worse metabolic health and future insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A hypothesized mechanism linking increased levels of BCAAs and T2DM involves leucine-mediated activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which results in uncoupling of insulin signalling at an early stage. A BCAA dysmetabolism model proposes that the accumulation of mitotoxic metabolites (and not BCAAs per se) promotes β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction, stress signalling and apoptosis associated with T2DM. Alternatively, insulin resistance might promote aminoacidaemia by increasing the protein degradation that insulin normally suppresses, and/or by eliciting an impairment of efficient BCAA oxidative metabolism in some tissues. Whether and how impaired BCAA metabolism might occur in obesity is discussed in this Review. Research on the role of individual and model-dependent differences in BCAA metabolism is needed, as several genes (BCKDHA, PPM1K, IVD and KLF15) have been designated as candidate genes for obesity and/or T2DM in humans, and distinct phenotypes of tissue-specific branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex activity have been detected in animal models of obesity and T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lynch
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, MC-H166, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 15 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Areta JL, Hawley JA, Ye JM, Chan MS, Coffey VG. Increasing leucine concentration stimulates mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling and cell growth in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Nutr Res 2014; 34:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
71
|
Pereira MG, Silva MT, Carlassara EOC, Gonçalves DA, Abrahamsohn PA, Kettelhut IC, Moriscot AS, Aoki MS, Miyabara EH. Leucine supplementation accelerates connective tissue repair of injured tibialis anterior muscle. Nutrients 2014; 6:3981-4001. [PMID: 25268835 PMCID: PMC4210903 DOI: 10.3390/nu6103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of leucine supplementation on the skeletal muscle regenerative process, focusing on the remodeling of connective tissue of the fast twitch muscle tibialis anterior (TA). Young male Wistar rats were supplemented with leucine (1.35 g/kg per day); then, TA muscles from the left hind limb were cryolesioned and examined after 10 days. Although leucine supplementation induced increased protein synthesis, it was not sufficient to promote an increase in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of regenerating myofibers (p > 0.05) from TA muscles. However, leucine supplementation reduced the amount of collagen and the activation of phosphorylated transforming growth factor-β receptor type I (TβR-I) and Smad2/3 in regenerating muscles (p < 0.05). Leucine also reduced neonatal myosin heavy chain (MyHC-n) (p < 0.05), increased adult MyHC-II expression (p < 0.05) and prevented the decrease in maximum tetanic strength in regenerating TA muscles (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that leucine supplementation accelerates connective tissue repair and consequent function of regenerating TA through the attenuation of TβR-I and Smad2/3 activation. Therefore, future studies are warranted to investigate leucine supplementation as a nutritional strategy to prevent or attenuate muscle fibrosis in patients with several muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Meiricris T Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo O C Carlassara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Dawit A Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Bandeirantes Av. 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo A Abrahamsohn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 1524, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Isis C Kettelhut
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Bandeirantes Av. 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Anselmo S Moriscot
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Arlindo Bettio Av. 1000, Sao Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Bayham BE, Greenway FL, Johnson WD, Dhurandhar NV. A randomized trial to manipulate the quality instead of quantity of dietary proteins to influence the markers of satiety. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:547-52. [PMID: 24703415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test whether a breakfast including eggs (EB) containing high-quality protein decreases subsequent food intake and increases satiety-related hormones in overweight or obese adults more than a breakfast including cereal (CB) of lower protein quality, but matched for energy density and macronutrient composition. METHODS Twenty healthy overweight or obese subjects were randomized to eat an EB or a CB daily under supervision for one week, followed by a crossover to the opposite breakfast week after a two-week washout period. On days 1 and 7 of each test week, a structured lunch was provided ad libitum. Food intake, hunger and satiety scores, and blood parameters were measured before and after breakfast. Outcomes were analyzed using mixed effects statistical models for repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Compared to the CB week, during the EB week, a) feeling of fullness was greater (P<0.05) on day 1 but not on day 7; b) energy intake was not significantly lower on either day; c) right before lunch, acylated ghrelin was lower and PYY3-36 was higher on day 1 (P<0.01 and <0.002, respectively) but not on day 7; d) PYY3-36, but not ghrelin, showed greater rise between breakfast and lunch on days 1(P<0.001) and 7(P<0.01). CONCLUSION Despite a highly similar energy density and macronutrient composition, the higher protein quality breakfast significantly influenced fullness, ghrelin and PYY3-36. Only the effect on PYY3-36 lasted throughout the week. A next step would be to test if the benefits are pronounced and lasting, if protein quality of all meals is increased.
Collapse
|
73
|
Joy JM, Gundermann DM, Lowery RP, Jäger R, McCleary SA, Purpura M, Roberts MD, Wilson SM, Hornberger TA, Wilson JM. Phosphatidic acid enhances mTOR signaling and resistance exercise induced hypertrophy. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:29. [PMID: 24959196 PMCID: PMC4066292 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The lipid messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) plays a critical role in the stimulation of mTOR signaling. However, the mechanism by which PA stimulates mTOR is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various PA precursors and phospholipids on their ability to stimulate mTOR signaling and its ability to augment resistance training-induced changes in body composition and performance. Methods In phase one, C2C12 myoblasts cells were stimulated with different phospholipids and phospholipid precursors derived from soy and egg sources. The ratio of phosphorylated p70 (P-p70-389) to total p70 was then used as readout for mTOR signaling. In phase two, resistance trained subjects (n = 28, 21 ± 3 years, 77 ± 4 kg, 176 ± 9 cm) consumed either 750 mg PA daily or placebo and each took part in an 8 week periodized resistance training program. Results In phase one, soy-phosphatidylserine, soy-Lyso-PA, egg-PA, and soy-PA stimulated mTOR signaling, and the effects of soy-PA (+636%) were significantly greater than egg-PA (+221%). In phase two, PA significantly increased lean body mass (+2.4 kg), cross sectional area (+1.0 cm), and leg press strength (+51.9 kg) over placebo. Conclusion PA significantly activates mTOR and significantly improved responses in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, lean body mass, and maximal strength to resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - David M Gundermann
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan P Lowery
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | - Sean A McCleary
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Martin Purpura
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
| | | | | | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacob M Wilson
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Tai CY, Joy JM, Falcone PH, Carson LR, Mosman MM, Straight JL, Oury SL, Mendez C, Loveridge NJ, Kim MP, Moon JR. An amino acid-electrolyte beverage may increase cellular rehydration relative to carbohydrate-electrolyte and flavored water beverages. Nutr J 2014; 13:47. [PMID: 24884613 PMCID: PMC4052333 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cases of dehydration exceeding a 2% loss of body weight, athletic performance can be significantly compromised. Carbohydrate and/or electrolyte containing beverages have been effective for rehydration and recovery of performance, yet amino acid containing beverages remain unexamined. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the rehydration capabilities of an electrolyte-carbohydrate (EC), electrolyte-branched chain amino acid (EA), and flavored water (FW) beverages. METHODS Twenty men (n = 10; 26.7 ± 4.8 years; 174.3 ± 6.4 cm; 74.2 ± 10.9 kg) and women (n = 10; 27.1 ± 4.7 years; 175.3 ± 7.9 cm; 71.0 ± 6.5 kg) participated in this crossover study. For each trial, subjects were dehydrated, provided one of three random beverages, and monitored for the following three hours. Measurements were collected prior to and immediately after dehydration and 4 hours after dehydration (3 hours after rehydration) (AE = -2.5 ± 0.55%; CE = -2.2 ± 0.43%; FW = -2.5 ± 0.62%). Measurements collected at each time point were urine volume, urine specific gravity, drink volume, and fluid retention. RESULTS No significant differences (p > 0.05) existed between beverages for urine volume, drink volume, or fluid retention for any time-point. Treatment x time interactions existed for urine specific gravity (USG) (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed differences occurred between the FW and EA beverages (p = 0.003) and between the EC and EA beverages (p = 0.007) at 4 hours after rehydration. Wherein, EA USG returned to baseline at 4 hours post-dehydration (mean difference from pre to 4 hours post-dehydration = -0.0002; p > 0.05) while both EC (-0.0067) and FW (-0.0051) continued to produce dilute urine and failed to return to baseline at the same time-point (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Because no differences existed for fluid retention, urine or drink volume at any time point, yet USG returned to baseline during the EA trial, an EA supplement may enhance cellular rehydration rate compared to an EC or FW beverage in healthy men and women after acute dehydration of around 2% body mass loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yin Tai
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | - Jordan M Joy
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | - Laura R Carson
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | - Matt M Mosman
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | | | - Susie L Oury
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Mendez
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nick J Loveridge
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
- University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St., Building A, Denver, CO 80239, USA
- Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Nutritional strategies for the preservation of fat free mass at high altitude. Nutrients 2014; 6:665-81. [PMID: 24531260 PMCID: PMC3942726 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to extreme altitude presents many physiological challenges. In addition to impaired physical and cognitive function, energy imbalance invariably occurs resulting in weight loss and body composition changes. Weight loss, and in particular, loss of fat free mass, combined with the inherent risks associated with extreme environments presents potential performance, safety, and health risks for those working, recreating, or conducting military operations at extreme altitude. In this review, contributors to muscle wasting at altitude are highlighted with special emphasis on protein turnover. The article will conclude with nutritional strategies that may potentially attenuate loss of fat free mass during high altitude exposure.
Collapse
|
76
|
McAllan L, Skuse P, Cotter PD, Connor PO, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald G, Roche HM, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and the protein to carbohydrate ratio within a high fat diet influences energy balance and the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88904. [PMID: 24520424 PMCID: PMC3919831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macronutrient quality and composition are important determinants of energy balance and the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how changes to protein quality (casein versus whey protein isolate; WPI) and the protein to carbohydrate (P/C) ratio within a high fat diet (HFD) impacts on these parameters. Mice were fed a low fat diet (10% kJ) or a high fat diet (HFD; 45% kJ) for 21 weeks with either casein (20% kJ, HFD) or WPI at 20%, 30% or 40% kJ. In comparison to casein, WPI at a similar energy content normalised energy intake, increased lean mass and caused a trend towards a reduction in fat mass (P = 0.08), but the protein challenge did not alter oxygen consumption or locomotor activity. WPI reduced HFD-induced plasma leptin and liver triacylglycerol, and partially attenuated the reduction in adipose FASN mRNA in HFD-fed mice. High throughput sequence-based analysis of faecal microbial populations revealed microbiota in the HFD-20% WPI group clustering closely with HFD controls, although WPI specifically increased Lactobacillaceae/Lactobacillus and decreased Clostridiaceae/Clostridium in HFD-fed mice. There was no effect of increasing the P/C ratio on energy intake, but the highest ratio reduced HFD-induced weight gain, fat mass and plasma triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and leptin levels, while it increased lean mass and oxygen consumption. Similar effects were observed on adipose mRNA expression, where the highest ratio reduced HFD-associated expression of UCP-2, TNFα and CD68 and increased the diet-associated expression of β3-AR, LPL, IR, IRS-1 and GLUT4. The P/C ratio also impacted on gut microbiota, with populations in the 30/40% WPI groups clustering together and away from the 20% WPI group. Taken together, our data show that increasing the P/C ratio has a dramatic effect on energy balance and the composition of gut microbiota, which is distinct from that caused by changes to protein quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam McAllan
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter Skuse
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula O' Connor
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Mosoni L. Le métabolisme protéique musculaire, contrôle nutritionnel. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
78
|
Guimarães-Ferreira L, Cholewa JM, Naimo MA, Zhi XIA, Magagnin D, de Sá RBDP, Streck EL, Teixeira TDS, Zanchi NE. Synergistic effects of resistance training and protein intake: practical aspects. Nutrition 2014; 30:1097-103. [PMID: 24751198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training is a potent stimulus to increase skeletal muscle mass. The muscle protein accretion process depends on a robust synergistic action between protein intake and overload. The intake of protein after resistance training increases plasma amino acids, which results in the activation of signaling molecules leading to increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle hypertrophy. Although both essential and non-essential amino acids are necessary for hypertrophy, the intake of free L-leucine or high-leucine whole proteins has been specifically shown to increase the initiation of translation that is essential for elevated MPS. The literature supports the use of protein intake following resistance-training sessions to enhance MPS; however, less understood are the effects of different protein sources and timing protocols on MPS. The sum of the adaptions from each individual training session is essential to muscle hypertrophy, and thus highlights the importance of an optimal supplementation protocol. The aim of this review is to present recent findings reported in the literature and to discuss the practical application of these results. In that light, new speculations and questions will arise that may direct future investigations. The information and recommendations generated in this review should be of benefit to clinical dietitians as well as those engaged in sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Guimarães-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Jason Michael Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology Recreation and Sport Studies, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marshall Alan Naimo
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - X I A Zhi
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China; Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Daiane Magagnin
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaele Bis Dal Ponte de Sá
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil
| | - Tamiris da Silva Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma/SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Joy JM, Lowery RP, Wilson JM, Purpura M, De Souza EO, Wilson SM, Kalman DS, Dudeck JE, Jäger R. The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance. Nutr J 2013; 12:86. [PMID: 23782948 PMCID: PMC3698202 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of moderate amounts of animal-derived protein has been shown to differently influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy during resistance training when compared with nitrogenous and isoenergetic amounts of plant-based protein administered in small to moderate doses. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine if the post-exercise consumption of rice protein isolate could increase recovery and elicit adequate changes in body composition compared to equally dosed whey protein isolate if given in large, isocaloric doses. Methods 24 college-aged, resistance trained males were recruited for this study. Subjects were randomly and equally divided into two groups, either consuming 48 g of rice or whey protein isolate (isocaloric and isonitrogenous) on training days. Subjects trained 3 days per week for 8 weeks as a part of a daily undulating periodized resistance-training program. The rice and whey protein supplements were consumed immediately following exercise. Ratings of perceived recovery, soreness, and readiness to train were recorded prior to and following the first training session. Ultrasonography determined muscle thickness, dual emission x-ray absorptiometry determined body composition, and bench press and leg press for upper and lower body strength were recorded during weeks 0, 4, and 8. An ANOVA model was used to measure group, time, and group by time interactions. If any main effects were observed, a Tukey post-hoc was employed to locate where differences occurred. Results No detectable differences were present in psychometric scores of perceived recovery, soreness, or readiness to train (p > 0.05). Significant time effects were observed in which lean body mass, muscle mass, strength and power all increased and fat mass decreased; however, no condition by time interactions were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion Both whey and rice protein isolate administration post resistance exercise improved indices of body composition and exercise performance; however, there were no differences between the two groups.
Collapse
|
80
|
Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Hill DS, Phillips BE, Crossland H, Williams J, Loughna P, Churchward-Venne TA, Breen L, Phillips SM, Etheridge T, Rathmacher JA, Smith K, Szewczyk NJ, Atherton PJ. Effects of leucine and its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. J Physiol 2013; 591:2911-23. [PMID: 23551944 PMCID: PMC3690694 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is contingent upon the dynamic equilibrium (fasted losses–fed gains) in protein turnover. Of all nutrients, the single amino acid leucine (Leu) possesses the most marked anabolic characteristics in acting as a trigger element for the initiation of protein synthesis. While the mechanisms by which Leu is ‘sensed’ have been the subject of great scrutiny, as a branched-chain amino acid, Leu can be catabolized within muscle, thus posing the possibility that metabolites of Leu could be involved in mediating the anabolic effect(s) of Leu. Our objective was to measure muscle protein anabolism in response to Leu and its metabolite HMB. Using [1,2-13C2]Leu and [2H5]phenylalanine tracers, and GC-MS/GC-C-IRMS we studied the effect of HMB or Leu alone on MPS (by tracer incorporation into myofibrils), and for HMB we also measured muscle proteolysis (by arteriovenous (A–V) dilution). Orally consumed 3.42 g free-acid (FA-HMB) HMB (providing 2.42 g of pure HMB) exhibited rapid bioavailability in plasma and muscle and, similarly to 3.42 g Leu, stimulated muscle protein synthesis (MPS; HMB +70%vs. Leu +110%). While HMB and Leu both increased anabolic signalling (mechanistic target of rapamycin; mTOR), this was more pronounced with Leu (i.e. p70S6K1 signalling ≤90 min vs. ≤30 min for HMB). HMB consumption also attenuated muscle protein breakdown (MPB; −57%) in an insulin-independent manner. We conclude that exogenous HMB induces acute muscle anabolism (increased MPS and reduced MPB) albeit perhaps via distinct, and/or additional mechanism(s) to Leu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Wilkinson
- Metabolic and Molecular Physiology Research Group, MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Stark M, Lukaszuk J, Prawitz A, Salacinski A. Protein timing and its effects on muscular hypertrophy and strength in individuals engaged in weight-training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:54. [PMID: 23241341 PMCID: PMC3529694 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to determine whether past research provides conclusive evidence about the effects of type and timing of ingestion of specific sources of protein by those engaged in resistance weight training. Two essential, nutrition-related, tenets need to be followed by weightlifters to maximize muscle hypertrophy: the consumption of 1.2-2.0 g protein.kg -1 of body weight, and ≥44-50 kcal.kg-1 of body weight. Researchers have tested the effects of timing of protein supplement ingestion on various physical changes in weightlifters. In general, protein supplementation pre- and post-workout increases physical performance, training session recovery, lean body mass, muscle hypertrophy, and strength. Specific gains, differ however based on protein type and amounts. Studies on timing of consumption of milk have indicated that fat-free milk post-workout was effective in promoting increases in lean body mass, strength, muscle hypertrophy and decreases in body fat. The leucine content of a protein source has an impact on protein synthesis, and affects muscle hypertrophy. Consumption of 3-4 g of leucine is needed to promote maximum protein synthesis. An ideal supplement following resistance exercise should contain whey protein that provides at least 3 g of leucine per serving. A combination of a fast-acting carbohydrate source such as maltodextrin or glucose should be consumed with the protein source, as leucine cannot modulate protein synthesis as effectively without the presence of insulin. Such a supplement post-workout would be most effective in increasing muscle protein synthesis, resulting in greater muscle hypertrophy and strength. In contrast, the consumption of essential amino acids and dextrose appears to be most effective at evoking protein synthesis prior to rather than following resistance exercise. To further enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength, a resistance weight- training program of at least 10-12 weeks with compound movements for both upper and lower body exercises should be followed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stark
- School of Family, Consumer, and Nutrition Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|