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Chu X, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Lou J, Song W, Li J, Liang X, Chen C, Wang S, Yang B, Chen L, Zhang X, Song J, Dong Y, Chen S, He L, Xie Q, Chen X, Li W. 24-hour-restraint stress induces long-term depressive-like phenotypes in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32935. [PMID: 27609090 PMCID: PMC5016966 DOI: 10.1038/srep32935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing risk of mental disorders, such as acute stress disorder (ASD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among survivors who were trapped in rubble during earthquake. Such long-term impaction of a single acute restraint stress has not been extensively explored. In this study, we subjected mice to 24-hour-restraint to simulate the trapping episode, and investigated the acute (2 days after the restraint) and long-term (35 days after the restraint) impacts. Surprisingly, we found that the mice displayed depression-like behaviors, decreased glucose uptake in brain and reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis 35 days after the restraint. Differential expression profiling based on microarrays suggested that genes and pathways related to depression and other mental disorders were differentially expressed in both PFC and hippocampus. Furthermore, the depression-like phenotypes induced by 24-hour-restraint could be reversed by fluoxetine, a type of antidepressant drug. These findings demonstrated that a single severe stressful event could produce long-term depressive-like phenotypes. Moreover, the 24-hour-restraint stress mice could also be used for further studies on mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixia Chu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyu Lou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinjing Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yujie Dong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingguo Xie
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Wuxi Mental Health Center, 156 Qianrong Road, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu, China
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Jeong HJ, Yang SY, Kim HY, Kim NR, Jang JB, Kim HM. Chelidonic acid evokes antidepressant-like effect through the up-regulation of BDNF in forced swimming test. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1559-67. [PMID: 27037280 PMCID: PMC4994898 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216642044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is usually accompanied by neuro-inflammatory reactions. Chelidonic acid, in particular, has shown anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-depressant effects of chelidonic acid and to discuss the potential mechanisms of a forced swimming test. Chelidonic acid was administered orally once a day for 14 days. On the 14th day, chelidonic acid resulted in a significant decrease in immobility time during the forced swimming test without alteration of locomotor activity, in an open field test. Chelidonic acid also increased the number of nissl bodies in the hippocampus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampus were up-regulated by the administration of chelidonic acid. Chelidonic acid administration significantly increased the mRNA expression of hippocampal estrogen receptor-β. The levels of hippocampal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were effectively attenuated by the administration of chelidonic acid. In addition, chelidonic acid significantly increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), dopamine, and norepinephrine compared with those levels for the mice that were administered distilled water in the hippocampus. These results suggest that chelidonic acid might serve as a new therapeutic strategy for the regulation of depression associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Technology and NanoBio Tronics, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Young Yang
- Professional Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Center for R&D Strategy, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Jang
- Regional Innovation Center and Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea *The first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Dong Y, Zhou Y, Chu X, Chen S, Chen L, Yang B, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang S, Lou J, Deng Q, Wang L, Cao Z, Wang J, Xie J, Serdyuk T, Li S, He L, Chen X, Li W. Dental noise exposed mice display depressive-like phenotypes. Mol Brain 2016; 9:50. [PMID: 27160396 PMCID: PMC4894364 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have indicated that depressive disorders are observed frequently in dentists. It’s suggested that dentists encounter numerous sources of stress in their professional career. We noticed that the noises in dental environments are very unpleasant. The animal modeling studies suggested that stressful noise could produce depressive-like phenotypes in rodent animals. We hypothesize that the dental noise may be one of the primary stressors causing depressive disorders in dentists. Results We treated C57BL/6 mice with programmatically played wide-spectrum dental noise for 8 h/day at 75 ± 10 dB SPL level for 30 days, and then tested the behaviors. After exposure to dental noise, animals displayed the depressive-like phenotypes, accompanied by inhibition of neurogenesis in hippocampus. These deficits were ameliorated by orally administered with antidepressant fluoxetine. Conclusions Our results suggested that dental noise could be one of the primary stressors for the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and the dental noise mouse model could be used in further depression studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-016-0229-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Dong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xixia Chu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingyu Lou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Shanghai Elli Dental Clinic, No.26 South Yili Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shanghai Elli Dental Clinic, No.26 South Yili Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyi Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tatiana Serdyuk
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shengtian Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Ludka FK, Dal-Cim T, Binder LB, Constantino LC, Massari C, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin and Fluoxetine Prevent Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Evoked by Glutamate Toxicity in Hippocampal Slices. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3149-3161. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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55
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Zhang Y, Su WJ, Chen Y, Wu TY, Gong H, Shen XL, Wang YX, Sun XJ, Jiang CL. Effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23742. [PMID: 27026206 PMCID: PMC4812321 DOI: 10.1038/srep23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may be major contributors to major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients or animal models of depression show significant increase of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and oxidative stress biomarkers in the periphery or central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies show that hydrogen selectively reduces cytotoxic oxygen radicals, and hydrogen-rich saline potentially suppresses the production of several proinflammatory mediators. Since current depression medications are accompanied by a wide spectrum of side effects, novel preventative or therapeutic measures with fewer side effects might have a promising future. We investigated the effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the depressive-like behavior in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Our study show that hydrogen-rich water treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depressive-like behavior. CUMS induced elevation in IL-1β protein levels in the hippocampus, and the cortex was significantly attenuated after 4 weeks of feeding the mice hydrogen-rich water. Over-expression of caspase-1 (the IL-1β converting enzyme) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) was successfully suppressed by hydrogen-rich water treatment. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich water on depressive-like behavior may be mediated by suppression of the inflammasome activation resulting in attenuated protein IL-1β and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen-Jun Su
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng-Yun Wu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Gong
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Shen
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Naval Aviation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Mice lacking the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor as an animal model of resistance to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:265-279. [PMID: 26727039 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric dysfunctions worldwide, with high rates of resistance to antidepressant treatment. Genetic factors clearly contribute to the manifestation of depression as well as to the response to antidepressants. Transgenic mouse models appear as seminal tools to disentangle this complex disorder. Here, we analyzed new key aspects of the phenotype of knock-out mice for the gene encoding the serotonin 2B receptor (Htr(2B)(-/-)), including basal phenotype, ability to develop a depressive-like phenotype upon chronic isolation, and effect of chronic exposure to fluoxetine on chronically stressed Htr(2B)(-/-) mice. We find, here, that Htr(2B)(-/-) mice display an antidepressant-like phenotype, which includes reduced latency to feed in the novelty suppressed feeding test, basal increase in hippocampal BDNF levels, no change in TrkB and p75 protein levels, and an increased preference for sucrose consumption compared to wild type (Htr(2B)(+/+)) mice. Nevertheless, we show that these mice can develop depressive-like behaviors when socially isolated during four weeks. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been previously shown to be ineffective in non-stressed Htr(2B)(-/-) mice. We evaluated, here, the effects of the SSRI fluoxetine in chronically stressed Htr(2B)(-/-) mice and similarly no behavioral or plastic effect was induced by this antidepressant. All together, these results highlight the suitability to study resistance to SSRI antidepressants of this mouse model displaying panoply of conditions among which behavioral, neurotrophic and plastic causative factors can be analyzed.
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Kim HY, Jeong HJ, Kim HM. Antidepressant-like effect of Ikwitang involves modulation of monoaminergic systems. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2815-20. [PMID: 26821328 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a chronic mental disorder. Inflammatory reactions have an important function in the pathophysiology of depression. Ikwitang (IW) has been used to treat fever and inflammatory diseases, however, its effect on depression has not been previously investigated. Therefore, the present study evaluated the possible antidepressant‑like effect of IW using a forced swimming test (FST) in mice. IW was orally administered for 14 days. On the 14 day, IW was administered 1 h prior to the FST. The immobility durations of the IW groups (0.01, 0.1 and 1 g/kg) were significantly decreased, compared with those of the distilled water (D.W.) groups. The reduction of immobility duration by IW was associated with significant increases in the levels of serotonin, noradrenaline and estrogen receptor‑β in the brain. IW significantly increased the levels of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinases, compared with the D.W. groups. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced following IW administration in the hippocampus and serum. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the antidepressant effect of IW may be associated with the modulation of monoaminergic systems and inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Technology, Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam 336‑795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
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Choi SE, Brignone M, Cho SJ, Jeon HJ, Jung R, Campbell R, Francois C, Milea D. Cost-effectiveness of vortioxetine versus venlafaxine (extended release) in the treatment of major depressive disorder in South Korea. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 16:629-638. [DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2016.1128830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | | | - Seong Jin Cho
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Gürbüz Özgür B, Aksu H, Birincioğlu M, Dost T. Antidepressant-like effects of the xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitor allopurinol in rats. A comparison with fluoxetine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 138:91-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang X, Sundquist K, Hedelius A, Palmér K, Memon AA, Sundquist J. Circulating microRNA-144-5p is associated with depressive disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2015. [PMID: 26199675 PMCID: PMC4509564 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depressive/anxiety disorders are the most common types of mental illnesses in the world. The present study was the first to explore the association between plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) and depression/anxiety in primary care patients. Results In total, 169 patients (aged 20–64 years) from 16 primary health centers were enrolled in the present study. The healthy controls were consisted of 52 individuals. We first performed miRNA screening of plasma samples from 11 patients using a Serum/Plasma Focus microRNA Panel comprising 179 miRNA primer sets. Six miRNAs were differentially expressed and were then validated by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR in the entire study cohort. The mean plasma miR-144-5p level in the depression/anxiety patients increased significantly compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) after the 8-week follow-up. No significant associations were found between the differentially expressed miRNAs and a change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) score after the follow-up. In linear regression analysis, the plasma miR-144-5p expression level was inversely related to the depression score (MADRS-S) (β = −0.02, p < 0.01), after adjustment for sex and age, at baseline. In addition, plasma miR-144-5p levels at baseline in the depression/anxiety patients were significantly lower compared with the healthy controls (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings show that plasma miR-144-5p levels are associated with depressive symptoms. Although confirmatory analyses are required, plasma miRNA-144-5p is a potential peripheral biomarker for pathologic processes related to depression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0099-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden ; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Anna Hedelius
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karolina Palmér
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ashfaque A Memon
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden ; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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Xu Y, Sheng H, Tang Z, Lu J, Ni X. Inflammation and increased IDO in hippocampus contribute to depression-like behavior induced by estrogen deficiency. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:71-8. [PMID: 25907742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is involved in the development of depression. However, the mechanism underlying estrogen modulates depression-like behavior remains largely unknown. Inflammation and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have been shown to play pivotal roles in various depression models. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether estrogen deficiency-induced depression-like behavior is associated with inflammation and IDO activation in brain. The results showed that ovariectomy resulted in depression-like behavior in female rats and caused a decrease in 5-HT content and an increase in levels of IDO, IFN-γ, IL-6, toll like receptor (TLR)-4 and phosphorylated NF-κB (p65 subunit) in hippocampus but not in prefrontal cortex (PFC). 17β-Estradiol (E2) treatment ameliorated depression-like behavior and restored above neurochemical alternations in hippocampus in ovariectomized rats. Partial correlation analysis showed that the levels of phosphorylated p65, IFN-γ and IL-6 in hippocampus correlated to serum E2 level. Our study suggests that estrogen inhibits inflammation and activates of IDO and maintains 5-HT level in hippocampus, thereby ameliorating depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiping Tang
- School of Kinesiology, The key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianqiang Lu
- School of Kinesiology, The key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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An HDAC-dependent epigenetic mechanism that enhances the efficacy of the antidepressant drug fluoxetine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8171. [PMID: 25639887 PMCID: PMC4313090 DOI: 10.1038/srep08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent and debilitating psychiatric illnesses. However, currently prescribed antidepressant drugs are only efficacious in a limited group of patients. Studies on Balb/c mice suggested that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition may enhance the efficacy of the widely-prescribed antidepressant drug fluoxetine. This study shows that reducing HDAC activity in fluoxetine-treated Balb/c mice leads to robust antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. While reducing the activity of class I HDACs 1 and 3 led to antidepressant effects, additional class II HDAC inhibition was necessary to exert anxiolytic effects. In fluoxetine-treated mice, HDAC inhibitors increased enrichment of acetylated histone H4 protein and RNA polymerase II at promotor 3 of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene and increased Bdnf transcription from this promotor. Reducing Bdnf-stimulated tropomyosin kinase B receptor activation in fluoxetine-treated mice with low HDAC activity abolished the behavioral effects of fluoxetine, suggesting that the HDAC-triggered epigenetic stimulation of Bdnf expression is critical for therapeutic efficacy.
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Hillhouse TM, Porter JH. A brief history of the development of antidepressant drugs: from monoamines to glutamate. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:1-21. [PMID: 25643025 PMCID: PMC4428540 DOI: 10.1037/a0038550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic, recurring, and debilitating mental illness that is the most common mood disorder in the United States. It has been almost 50 years since the monoamine hypothesis of depression was articulated, and just over 50 years since the first pharmacological treatment for MDD was discovered. Several monoamine-based pharmacological drug classes have been developed and approved for the treatment of MDD; however, remission rates are low (often less than 60%) and there is a delayed onset before remission of depressive symptoms is achieved. As a result of a "proof-of-concept" study in 2000 with the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist ketamine, a number of studies have examined the glutamatergic systems as viable targets for the treatment of MDD. This review will provide a brief history on the development of clinically available antidepressant drugs, and then review the possible role of glutamatergic systems in the pathophysiology of MDD. Specifically, the glutamatergic review will focus on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and the efficacy of drugs that target the NMDA receptor for the treatment of MDD. The noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, which has consistently produced rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in MDD patients in a number of clinical studies, has shown the most promise as a novel glutamatergic-based treatment for MDD. However, compounds that target other glutamatergic mechanisms, such as GLYX-13 (a glycine-site partial agonist at NMDA receptors) appear promising in early clinical trials. Thus, the clinical findings to date are encouraging and support the continued search for and the development of novel compounds that target glutamatergic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Hillhouse
- the Department of Psychology at Virginia Commonwealth University at the time this review was written and is now at the University of Michigan in the Department of Pharmacology
| | - Joseph H. Porter
- the Department of Psychology at Virginia Commonwealth University
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Hüfner K, Kandler C, Koudouovoh-Tripp P, Egeter J, Hochstrasser T, Stemer B, Malik P, Giesinger J, Humpel C, Sperner-Unterweger B. Bioprofiling of platelets in medicated patients with depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:81-8. [PMID: 25451399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in platelet bioactivity and aggregation are of interest when studying patients with depression as this could help to explain the statistically observed association of depression and chronic somatic, especially cardiovascular disease. This link could potentially be mediated through serotonergic signaling or immunological changes. METHODS 38 medicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 30 mentally healthy controls, both without a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, were included in this naturalistic study. Demographic and psychometric data were obtained. Platelet aggregability was measured by PFA-100 and bioactive compounds and serotonin levels were quantified in platelet sonicate. RESULTS The comparison of patients with controls revealed no changes in platelet aggregability, but significant differences in platelet content of several bioactive compounds. In a second analysis, patients were grouped according to the receptors and transporters influenced by their medication and again compared to controls. A significant effect of MDD was found for platelet content of serotonin, CD40L, interleukin-1β, and platelet factor-4, independent of medication. These markers can thus be classified as sensitive to MDD. The effect of medication on platelet parameters was also evaluated. Platelet content of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and β-thromboglobulin was normalized in MDD patients by medication acting on the serotonin transporter. LIMITATIONS Owing to the naturalistic study design, patients were on a variety of different medications and combination therapies. This was accounted for by a novel analysis method. CONCLUSION Platelet serotonin levels and content of immunomodulatory compounds are significantly altered in patients with MDD, even if treatment effects are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christina Kandler
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jonas Egeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tanja Hochstrasser
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer׳s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Stemer
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Giesinger
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer׳s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Nixdorf I, Frank R, Beckmann J. An Explorative Study on Major Stressors and Its Connection to Depression and Chronic Stress among German Elite Athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ape.2015.54030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang L, Huang F, Li J, Xiong L, Xue H, Zhang Y. Evaluation of the promoter region polymorphism (5- HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter gene in females with postpartum depression. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:245-249. [PMID: 25452810 PMCID: PMC4247290 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene and the pathogenesis of postpartum depression (PPD). Blood samples were collected from 120 female patients with PPD and 140 age-matched normal controls. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in these subjects, and the genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the two groups. The disease severity was evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score. The results showed that the frequency of the homozygous long/long (L/L) genotype was significantly lower in the PPD group than that in the control group; by contrast, the frequencies of the heterozygous long/short (L/S) and homozygous S/S genotypes were similar for the two groups, without significant differences. No significant differences were observed in the L and S allele frequencies between the two groups. Furthermore, compared with the L/S heterozygous and S/S homozygous genotypes, patients with PPD with the L/L homozygous genotype had a significantly lower HAMD score. The present results suggest that female patients with PPD carrying the homozygous L/L genotype may be less susceptible to depressive symptoms and that the L/L genotype may be associated with the reduced occurrence of PPD. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Han Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Jalewa J, Wong-Lin K, McGinnity TM, Prasad G, Hölscher C. Increased number of orexin/hypocretin neurons with high and prolonged external stress-induced depression. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Soubhye J, Aldib I, Prévost M, Elfving B, Gelbcke M, Podrecca M, Conotte R, Colet JM, Furtmüller PG, Delporte C, Rousseau A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Nève J, Obinger C, Zouaoui-Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Dufrasne F. Hybrid molecules inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity and serotonin reuptake: a possible new approach of major depressive disorders with inflammatory syndrome. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1122-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied with an imbalance in the immune system and cardiovascular impairments, such as atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms have been pointed out to underlie this rather unexpected association, and among them the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO). The aim of our study was to find compounds that inhibit both MPO and serotonin transporter (SERT) for treating MDD associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Methods
SERT inhibition was assessed with measuring of [3H]-serotonin uptake using HEK-293 MSR cells. MPO inhibition was determined by taurine chloramine test on 3-(aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindole derivatives and on clinically relevant antidepressants. All kinetic measurements were performed using a temperature-controlled stopped-flow apparatus (model SX-18 MV). Promising lead compounds were docked onto SERT 3D structure modelled using the LeuT structure complexed to tryptophan (PDB code 3F3A). Their toxicological profile was also assessed.
Key findings
3-(aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindole derivative with 5 carbons on the side chain and paroxetine showed the best activity on both MPO and SERT at the nanomolar range. Paroxetine was found to be the first irreversible MPO inhibitor at nanomolar concentrations.
Conclusions
Our results put forward the first hybrid molecule (compound 25) and drug (paroxetine) that can be especially used in MDD associated with inflammatory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iyas Aldib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manuel Podrecca
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Conotte
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Colet
- Department of Human Biology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karim Zouaoui-Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Han A, Sung YB, Chung SY, Kwon MS. Possible additional antidepressant-like mechanism of sodium butyrate: targeting the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:292-302. [PMID: 24607816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling mediated by histone acetylation might be involved in the pathophysiology and the treatment of depression. Recently, it has been reported that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as sodium butyrate (SB), could be a potential therapeutic agent for depression treatment. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the antidepressant mechanism of SB in the hippocampus. The mice were exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 14 consecutive days (2 h/day) to induce depression-like behaviors. To assess depression-like behaviors, sucrose preference test, light dark test (LD), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST) were performed after CRS. We observed that CRS decreased HDAC2 and 5 mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus. In addition, SB co-treatment decreased the depression-like behaviors that are induced by CRS. SB prevented and normalized the phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), acetylation of histone H3 (AceH3), HDAC2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression level that were decreased by CRS in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the decreased HDAC2 and 5 expressions in the hippocampus of CRS may be a type of spontaneous coping response against CRS. However, it seems to be unsuccessful to prevent depression induction since reduction of pCREB, AceH3 and BDNF were accompanied by CRS in the hippocampus. Moreover, the reduced AceH3 level may be associated with the decreased pCREB, which appears to lead to the decreased BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arum Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Chung
- Department of Pathology, DIRAMS, 40 Jwadong-gil, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, 222 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, South Korea.
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Hasselmann HWW. Ketamine as antidepressant? Current state and future perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:57-70. [PMID: 24533016 PMCID: PMC3915350 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that ranks among the major causes of disease burden. Standard medical treatment targeting cerebral monoamines often provides only insufficient symptom relief and fails in approximately every fifth patient. The complexity of MDD therefore, reflects more than monoaminergic dysregulation. Initial research argues the case for excessive glutamate levels, suggesting that antiglutamatergic drugs might be useful in treating MDD. Ketamine is a non-selective, high-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist most commonly used in pediatric and animal surgery. In the past, ketamine has gained popularity because of its ability to rapidly elevate mood, even in treatment-resistant and bipolar depression. However, there are still many obstacles before widespread clinical approval of ketamine treatment could become reality. In this review, ketamine's powerful antidepressant effects are discussed and further research necessary for therapeutic application is outlined. NMDAR antagonists provide an entirely new way of treating the manifold appearances of depression that should not be left unused.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W W Hasselmann
- Research Master Programme Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Feng WP, Zhang B, Li W, Liu J. Lack of association of P2RX7 gene rs2230912 polymorphism with mood disorders: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88575. [PMID: 24533115 PMCID: PMC3922924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the association of P2RX7 gene rs2230912 polymorphism with mood disorders using a meta-analysis. METHODS Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, with the last report up to April 1, 2013. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of the association. Dependent on the results of heterogeneity test among individual studies, the fixed effect model (Mantel-Haenszel) or random effect model (DerSimonian-Laird) was selected to summarize the pooled OR. RESULTS We identified 13 separate studies using search (6,962 cases and 9,262 controls). We detected significant between-study heterogeneity. No significant association of this polymorphism with mood disorders was found (P>0.05). We also performed disease-specific meta-analysis in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. No significant association of this polymorphism with unipolar depression or bipolar disorder was found (P>0.05). Additionally, we performed subgroup analysis by different types of cases. No significant association of this polymorphism with mood disorders in clinical cohorts or population-based cohorts (P>0.05). A significant association of this polymorphism with mood disorders was found for the allele contrast in family-based cohorts (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.05-1.50, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our meta-analysis suggests that P2RX7 gene rs2230912 polymorphism may not contribute to the risk of developing mood disorders using a case-control design. Given the discordance in the subgroup analysis by different types of cases, further studies based on larger sample size are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Feng
- Department of Neurology, the affiliated Hospital of Shangluo Vocational and Technical College, Shangluo, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Shangluo, Shangluo, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou BenQ Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Shangluo, Shangluo, China
- * E-mail:
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Karve AV, Jagtiani SS, Chitnis KA. Evaluation of effect of allopurinol and febuxostat in behavioral model of depression in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 45:244-7. [PMID: 23833366 PMCID: PMC3696294 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of allopurinol and febuxostat on depression using Forced Swim Test (FST) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allopurinol (39 mg/kg p. o) and febuxostat (15.6 mg/kg p. o) were administered once daily for 21 successive days to Swiss Albino mice. On the 21(st) day, the effect of the drug on locomotion was tested using photo-actometer followed by the recording of immobility period in the FST and the results were compared with the standard drug fluoxetine (10 mg/kg p. o). RESULTS Allopurinol and febuxostat expressed significant antidepressant like effect as indicated by reduction in the immobility period of mice in the FST as compared to control group. The effects of allopurinol and febuxostat were found to be comparable to that of fluoxetine. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that allopurinol and febuxostat possess significant antidepressant like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini V Karve
- Department of Pharmacology, T.N. Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Associations of self-esteem, dysfunctional beliefs and coping style with depression in patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary survey. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:340-5. [PMID: 23537843 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychological models of depression in schizophrenia have proposed that cognitive structures (e.g., self-esteem, dysfunctional beliefs) may have a role in the development and maintenance of depression. However, it has not been clear what the characteristics of these cognitive structures were in people with schizophrenia and whether they have an independent association with depression, especially in those from a Chinese cultural background. The present investigation examined 133 people with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls and indicated that compared to the controls people with schizophrenia showed lower self-esteem, higher levels of dysfunctional beliefs and negative coping styles. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that only low frustration tolerance, problem solving and self-blame were found to be the independent correlates of depression in schizophrenia. Results are discussed with the view of clinical implications of cognitive formulation and therapy for schizophrenia in China.
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Silva CD, Neves AF, Dias AI, Freitas HJ, Mendes SM, Pita I, Viana SD, de Oliveira PA, Cunha RA, Fontes Ribeiro CA, Prediger RD, Pereira FC. A Single Neurotoxic Dose of Methamphetamine Induces a Long-Lasting Depressive-Like Behaviour in Mice. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:295-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cojocaru GR, Popa-Wagner A, Stanciulescu EC, Babadan L, Buga AM. Post-stroke depression and the aging brain. J Mol Psychiatry 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 25408907 PMCID: PMC4223891 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9256-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in the function of various organ systems. Changes in the cardiovascular system affect both directly and indirectly the function in a variety of organs, including the brain, with consequent neurological (motor and sensory performance) and cognitive impairments, as well as leading to the development of various psychiatric diseases. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of cerebral ischemia. This review discusses several animal models used for the study of PSD and summarizes recent findings in the genomic profile of the ageing brain, which are associated with age-related disorders in the elderly. Since stroke and depression are diseases with increased incidence in the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD. Finally, we discuss the relationship between ageing, circadian rhythmicity and PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Cojocaru
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena C Stanciulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Loredana Babadan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares str., no 2, Craiova, 200349 Romania
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Perroud B, Jafar-Nejad P, Wikoff WR, Gatchel JR, Wang L, Barupal DK, Crespo-Barreto J, Fiehn O, Zoghbi HY, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Pharmacometabolomic signature of ataxia SCA1 mouse model and lithium effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70610. [PMID: 23936457 PMCID: PMC3732229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that lithium treatment improves motor coordination in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) disease mouse model (Sca1(154Q/+)). To learn more about disease pathogenesis and molecular contributions to the neuroprotective effects of lithium, we investigated metabolomic profiles of cerebellar tissue and plasma from SCA1-model treated and untreated mice. Metabolomic analyses of wild-type and Sca1(154Q/+) mice, with and without lithium treatment, were performed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and BinBase mass spectral annotations. We detected 416 metabolites, of which 130 were identified. We observed specific metabolic perturbations in Sca1(154Q/+) mice and major effects of lithium on metabolism, centrally and peripherally. Compared to wild-type, Sca1(154Q/+) cerebella metabolic profile revealed changes in glucose, lipids, and metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and purines. Fewer metabolic differences were noted in Sca1(154Q/+) mouse plasma versus wild-type. In both genotypes, the major lithium responses in cerebellum involved energy metabolism, purines, unsaturated free fatty acids, and aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids. The largest metabolic difference with lithium was a 10-fold increase in ascorbate levels in wild-type cerebella (p<0.002), with lower threonate levels, a major ascorbate catabolite. In contrast, Sca1(154Q/+) mice that received lithium showed no elevated cerebellar ascorbate levels. Our data emphasize that lithium regulates a variety of metabolic pathways, including purine, oxidative stress and energy production pathways. The purine metabolite level, reduced in the Sca1(154Q/+) mice and restored upon lithium treatment, might relate to lithium neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Perroud
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William R. Wikoff
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Gatchel
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Barupal
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Crespo-Barreto
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Huda Y. Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neuroscience and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HZ); (RKD)
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HZ); (RKD)
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77
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Zlatković J, Bernardi RE, Filipović D. Protective effect of Hsp70i against chronic social isolation stress in the rat hippocampus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:3-14. [PMID: 23851625 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related glucocorticoids and glutamate release has been implicated in depression. Glutamate neurotoxicity is mediated, in part, by the production of nitric oxide via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and mitochondrial damage. We previously reported that chronic social isolation stress triggers proapoptotic signaling in the rat prefrontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus. Given that the hippocampus is highly sensitive to stress, we examined signaling cascades underlying the hippocampal cellular protection through the NOS pathway, antioxidant capacity and heat shock protein (Hsp) expression. We investigated neuronal (nNOS) and inducible (iNOS) protein levels, subcellular protein distributions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), CuZnSOD and MnSOD activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), stress-inducible Hsp70 (Hsp70i) protein expression and serum corticosterone (CORT) levels of rats exposed to 21 days of chronic social isolation, an animal model of depression, alone or in combination with 2 h of acute immobilization or cold stress (combined stress). Both acute stressors elevated CORT, with lesser magnitude increase in chronically isolated rats exposed to novel acute stress as compared to acute stressors alone, indicating compromised HPA axis activity. Acute cold decreased nuclear CuZnSOD activity and stimulated NF-κB nuclear translocation. Chronic social isolation resulted in no activation of NF-κB, but led to decreased GSH, iNOS and increased nNOS and Hsp70i levels, alterations that remained following combined stressors. Decreased mitochondrial MnSOD activity after combined stressors suggests compromised detoxifying capacity. These data indicate that Hsp70i upregulation may provide hippocampal cellular protection against chronic social isolation stress mediated by downregulation of iNOS protein expression through suppression of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zlatković
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinča", University of Belgrade, P. O. Box 522-090, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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78
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Ahn SH, Jang EH, Choi JH, Lee HR, Bakes J, Kong YY, Kaang BK. Basal anxiety during an open field test is correlated with individual differences in contextually conditioned fear in mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.790840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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79
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Swimming exercise ameliorates depression-like behavior in chronically stressed rats: Relevant to proinflammatory cytokines and IDO activation. Behav Brain Res 2013; 242:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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80
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Patrício P, Mateus-Pinheiro A, Sousa N, Pinto L. Re-cycling paradigms: cell cycle regulation in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and implications for depression. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:84-96. [PMID: 23471746 PMCID: PMC3718990 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since adult neurogenesis became a widely accepted phenomenon, much effort has been put in trying to understand the mechanisms involved in its regulation. In addition, the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, has been associated with imbalances in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. These imbalances may ultimately reflect alterations at the cell cycle level, as a common mechanism through which intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli interact with the neurogenic niche properties. Thus, the comprehension of these regulatory mechanisms has become of major importance to disclose novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we first present a comprehensive view on the cell cycle components and mechanisms that were identified in the context of the homeostatic adult hippocampal neurogenic niche. Then, we focus on recent work regarding the cell cycle changes and signaling pathways that are responsible for the neurogenesis imbalances observed in neuropathological conditions, with a particular emphasis on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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81
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Chandler DJ. Something's got to give: psychiatric disease on the rise and novel drug development on the decline. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:202-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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82
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Effects of protein restriction during gestation and lactation on cell proliferation in the hippocampus and subventricular zone: Functional implications. Protein restriction alters hippocampal/SVZ cell proliferation. Brain Res 2013; 1496:10-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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83
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Folic acid prevents depressive-like behavior and hippocampal antioxidant imbalance induced by restraint stress in mice. Exp Neurol 2013; 240:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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84
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Loubinoux I, Kronenberg G, Endres M, Schumann-Bard P, Freret T, Filipkowski RK, Kaczmarek L, Popa-Wagner A. Post-stroke depression: mechanisms, translation and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:1961-9. [PMID: 22348642 PMCID: PMC3822966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between depression and stroke is highly complex. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. Depression also negatively impacts stroke outcome with increased morbidity, mortality and poorer functional recovery. Antidepressants such as the commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors improve stroke outcome, an effect that may extend far beyond depression, e.g., to motor recovery. The main biological theory of PSD is the amine hypothesis. Conceivably, ischaemic lesions interrupt the projections ascending from midbrain and brainstem, leading to a decreased bioavailability of the biogenic amines – serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Acetylcholine would also be involved. So far, preclinical and translational research on PSD is largely lacking. The implementation and characterization of suitable animal models is clearly a major prerequisite for deeper insights into the biological basis of post-stroke mood disturbances. Equally importantly, experimental models may also pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. If we cannot prevent stroke, we shall try to limit its long-term consequences. This review therefore presents animal models of PSD and summarizes potential underlying mechanisms including genomic signatures, neurotransmitter and neurotrophin signalling, hippocampal neurogenesis, cellular plasticity in the ischaemic lesion, secondary degenerative changes, activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroinflammation. As stroke is a disease of the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Loubinoux
- INSERM, Cerebral imaging and neurological handicaps UMR825, Toulouse, France
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85
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Bittencourt J, Velasques B, Teixeira S, Basile LF, Salles JI, Nardi AE, Budde H, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Saccadic eye movement applications for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1393-409. [PMID: 24072973 PMCID: PMC3783508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s45931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study presented here analyzed the patterns of relationship between oculomotor performance and psychopathology, focusing on depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorder. METHODS Scientific articles published from 1967 to 2013 in the PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane, and SciELO databases were reviewed. RESULTS Saccadic eye movement appears to be heavily involved in psychiatric diseases covered in this review via a direct mechanism. The changes seen in the execution of eye movement tasks in patients with psychopathologies of various studies confirm that eye movement is associated with the cognitive and motor system. CONCLUSION Saccadic eye movement changes appear to be heavily involved in the psychiatric disorders covered in this review and may be considered a possible marker of some disorders. The few existing studies that approach the topic demonstrate a need to improve the experimental paradigms, as well as the methods of analysis. Most of them report behavioral variables (latency/reaction time), though electrophysiological measures are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratory of Physical Therapy, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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86
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Wilhelm CJ, Choi D, Huckans M, Manthe L, Loftis JM. Adipocytokine signaling is altered in Flinders sensitive line rats, and adiponectin correlates in humans with some symptoms of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:643-51. [PMID: 23153628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a complex multi-factorial disorder with a lifetime diagnosis of nearly 1 out of 6. We used the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) of rats, a model of depression, and the parent Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to identify genes, gene ontology categories and pathways associated with depression. Depression-like behavior was verified in the FSL line by forced swim testing, with FSL animals exhibiting greater immobility compared to SD rats. RNA samples from the hippocampus were isolated from a group of experimentally naïve FSL and SD rats for microarray analysis. Microarray analysis yielded a total of 361 genes that were differentially regulated between FSL and SD rats, with catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) being the most up-regulated. The genes that were differentially regulated between FSL and SD rats were subjected to bioinformatic analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), which yielded several gene ontology categories that were overrepresented. Subsequent pathway analysis indicated dysregulation of the adipocytokine signaling pathway. To test the translational impact of this pathway, metabolic factors and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated in a sample of human research participants. Results from our human subjects indicated that anxiety and a subset of depressive symptoms were correlated with adiponectin levels (but not leptin levels). Our results and those of others suggest that disruption of the adipocytokine signaling pathway may be a critical component of the depressive-like behaviors observed in the FSL rats and may also be an important indicator of depressive and anxiety symptoms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- Research and Development Service, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, United States
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87
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Rampersaud N, Harkavyi A, Giordano G, Lever R, Whitton J, Whitton PS. Exendin-4 reverses biochemical and behavioral deficits in a pre-motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with combined noradrenergic and serotonergic lesions. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:183-93. [PMID: 22921965 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on Parkinson's disease (PD) has mainly focused on the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of nigro-striatal pathway; however, post-mortem studies have demonstrated that other brain regions such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and raphe nuclei (RN) are significantly affected as well. Degeneration of these crucial neuronal cell bodies may be responsible for depressive behavior and cognitive decline present in the pre-motor stage of PD. We have thus set out to create a pre-motor rodent model of PD which mimics the early stages of the condition. N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4), a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin, and parachloroampetamine (pCA), a selective serotonergic neurotoxin, were utilized concomitantly with bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections into the striatum to produce a pre-motor rodent model of PD with partial deficits in the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. Our model exhibited a depressive/anhedonic condition as assessed using sucrose preference testing and the forced swim test. Our model also demonstrated deficits in object memory. These behavioral impairments were accompanied by a decline in both tissue and extracellular levels of all three neurotransmitters in both the frontal cortex and striatum. Immunohistochemistry also revealed a decrease in TH+ cells in the LC and substantia nigra. Exendin-4 (EX-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, promoted recovery of both the biochemical and behavioral dysfunction exhibited by our model. EX-4 was able to preserve the functional integrity of the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. In conclusion, we have generated a novel animal model of PD that recapitulates certain pre-motor symptomology. These symptoms and causative physiology are ameliorated upon treatment with EX-4 and thus it could be used as a possible therapy for the non-motor symptoms prominent in the early stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rampersaud
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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88
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Swimming exercise may not alleviate the depressive-like behaviors and circadian alterations of neuroendocrine induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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89
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Lee S, Jeong J, Park YU, Kwak Y, Lee SA, Lee H, Son H, Park SK. Valproate alters dopamine signaling in association with induction of Par-4 protein expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45618. [PMID: 23029138 PMCID: PMC3454414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling through histone modifications has emerged as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Valproate (VPA), a first-line medication for bipolar disorder, is known to have histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activity, but the relationship between its efficacy as a mood stabilizer and HDAC inhibitory activity is unclear. Here we provide evidence that prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), an intracellular binding partner of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2), plays a role in mediating the effectiveness of VPA. We found that chronic VPA treatment enhanced the expression of Par-4 in cultured neurons and adult mouse brains. This Par-4 induction phenomenon occurred at the transcriptional level and was correlated with an increase in histone H3 and H4 acetylation of the Par-4 promoter regions. Furthermore, chronic VPA treatment potentiated the suppression of the cAMP signaling cascade upon dopamine stimulation, which was blocked by sulpiride treatment. These results indicate that VPA potentiates DRD2 activity by enhancing Par-4 expression via a chromatin remodeling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saebom Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Jeong
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Young-Un Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yongdo Kwak
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Seol Ae Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Haeryun Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hyeon Son
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Department of Life Science, Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zill P, Baghai TC, Schüle C, Born C, Früstück C, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W, Varallo-Bedarida G, Rupprecht R, Möller HJ, Bondy B. DNA methylation analysis of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in major depression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40479. [PMID: 22808171 PMCID: PMC3396656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been repeatedly discussed as susceptibility factor for major depression (MD) and the bi-directional relation between MD and cardiovascular disorders (CVD). In this context, functional polymorphisms of the ACE gene have been linked to depression, to antidepressant treatment response, to ACE serum concentrations, as well as to hypertension, myocardial infarction and CVD risk markers. The mostly investigated ACE Ins/Del polymorphism accounts for ~40%-50% of the ACE serum concentration variance, the remaining half is probably determined by other genetic, environmental or epigenetic factors, but these are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main aim of the present study was the analysis of the DNA methylation pattern in the regulatory region of the ACE gene in peripheral leukocytes of 81 MD patients and 81 healthy controls. RESULTS We detected intensive DNA methylation within a recently described, functional important region of the ACE gene promoter including hypermethylation in depressed patients (p = 0.008) and a significant inverse correlation between the ACE serum concentration and ACE promoter methylation frequency in the total sample (p = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between the concentrations of the inflammatory CVD risk markers ICAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin and the degree of ACE promoter methylation in MD patients could be demonstrated (p = 0.01 - 0.04). CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that aberrations in ACE promoter DNA methylation may be an underlying cause of MD and probably a common pathogenic factor for the bi-directional relationship between MD and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zill
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Wang L, Peng D, Xie B, Jiang K, Fang Y. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway may play an important role in mediating antidepressant-stimulated hippocampus neurogenesis in depression. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Kwon S, Kim D, Park H, Yoo D, Park HJ, Hahm DH, Lee H, Kim ST. Prefrontal-limbic change in dopamine turnover by acupuncture in maternally separated rat pups. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2092-8. [PMID: 22714092 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible role of acupuncture in alleviating depression-like behavioral changes and examined changes in the levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and their metabolites in the hippocampus (HP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of maternally separated rat pups. On postnatal day 15, rat pups were maternally separated and received acupuncture stimulation at acupoint HT7 or ST36 once a day for 7 days. Then, on postnatal day 21, a tail suspension test was performed, and the HP and PFC were harvested. Levels of 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), DA, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the tissue and corticosterone (CORT) in plasma were then measured. The total duration of immobility in maternally separated rat pups increased after maternal separation, and this increase was alleviated by acupuncture stimulation at HT7. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio and the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA were not significantly changed, but those of the DA and the DOPAC/DA ratio were significantly lower and that of CORT was significantly higher after maternal separation. The maternal separation-induced changes of the DOPAC/DA ratio and the CORT level significantly alleviated after acupuncture stimulation at HT7. These results suppose that the functional recovery of prefrontal-limbic system by acupuncture stimulation plays an important role in acupuncture-induced benefits in this animal model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunoh Kwon
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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93
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Neuroimmunomodulation in unipolar depression: a focus on chronobiology and chronotherapeutics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:1147-66. [PMID: 22653515 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rising burden of unipolar depression along with its often related sleep disturbances, as well as increasing rates of sleep restriction in modern society, make the search for an extended understanding of the aetiology and pathophysiology of depression necessary. Accumulating evidence suggests an important role for the immune system in mediating disrupted neurobiological and chronobiological processes in depression. This review aims to provide an overview of the neuroimmunomodulatory processes involved with depression and antidepressant treatments with a special focus on chronobiology, chronotherapeutics and the emerging field of immune-circadian bi-directional crosstalk. Increasing evidence suggests that chronobiological disruption can mediate immune changes in depression, and likewise, immune processes can mediate chronobiological disruption. This may suggest a bi-directional relationship in immune-circadian crosstalk. Furthermore, given the immunomodulatory effects of antidepressants and chronotherapeutics, as well as their associated beneficial effects on circadian disturbance, we--and others--suggest that these therapeutic agents may exert their chronobiotic effects partially via the neuroimmune system. Further research is required to better elucidate the mechanisms of immune involvement in the chronobiology of depression.
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94
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Mouillet-Richard S, Baudry A, Launay JM, Kellermann O. MicroRNAs and depression. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:272-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Russell E, Koren G, Rieder M, Van Uum S. Hair cortisol as a biological marker of chronic stress: current status, future directions and unanswered questions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:589-601. [PMID: 21974976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of stress on human health are being increasingly recognized. There is a critical need for the establishment of a biomarker that accurately measures its intensity and course over time. Such a biomarker would allow monitoring of stress, increase understanding of its pathophysiology and may help identify appropriate and successful management strategies. Whereas saliva and urine cortisol capture real-time levels, hair cortisol analysis presents a complementary means of monitoring stress, capturing systemic cortisol exposure over longer periods of time. This novel approach for cortisol quantification is being increasingly used to identify the effects of stress in a variety of pathological situations, from chronic pain to acute myocardial infarctions. Because of its ability to provide a long-term, month-by-month measure of systemic cortisol exposure, hair cortisol analysis is becoming a useful tool, capable of answering clinical questions that could previously not be answered by other tests. In this paper we review the development, current status, limitations and outstanding questions regarding the use of hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Russell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for major depression confirm relevance of associated pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1013-25. [PMID: 22169944 PMCID: PMC3280652 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual characteristics of pathophysiology and course of depressive episodes are at present not considered in diagnostics. There are no biological markers available that can assist in categorizing subtypes of depression and detecting molecular variances related to disease-causing mechanisms between depressed patients. Identification of such differences is important to create patient subgroups, which will benefit from medications that specifically target the pathophysiology underlying their clinical condition. To detect characteristic biological markers for major depression, we analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome of depressed vs control persons, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry peptide profiling. Proteins of interest were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Validation of protein markers was performed by immunoblotting. We found 11 proteins and 144 peptide features that differed significantly between CSF from depressed patients and controls. In addition, we detected differences in the phosphorylation pattern of several CSF proteins. A subset of the differentially expressed proteins implicated in brain metabolism or central nervous system disease was validated by immunoblotting. The identified proteins are involved in neuroprotection and neuronal development, sleep regulation, and amyloid plaque deposition in the aging brain. This is one of the first hypothesis-free studies that identify characteristic protein expression differences in CSF of depressed patients. Proteomic approaches represent a powerful tool for the identification of disease markers for subgroups of patients with major depression.
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Budni J, E. Freitas A, W. Binfaré R, S. Rodrigues AL. Role of potassium channels in the antidepressant-like effect of folic acid in the forced swimming test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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98
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Zou YF, Wang F, Feng XL, Li WF, Tian YH, Tao JH, Pan FM, Huang F. Association of DRD2 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:229-37. [PMID: 21130502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few decades, a number of studies have investigated the association of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene polymorphisms with mood disorders, but the findings are not always consistent. The aim of our study was to assess the association between DRD2 gene polymorphisms and mood disorders by using a meta-analysis. METHODS Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang, with the last report up to June 2010. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model by using the software Review Manager 4.2. RESULTS We identified 19 separate studies using search, but only 14 separate studies (2157 cases and 3272 controls) were included in the current study. Meta-analysis was performed for three DRD2 gene polymorphisms (-141Cins/del, Ser311/Cys311, and TaqI A1). We performed meta-analysis in overall, Caucasian, and Asian populations. We also performed disease-specific meta-analysis in unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder. We found no association between DRD2 gene -141Cins/del polymorphism and mood disorders in overall and Caucasian populations (P>0.05). We also found no association between DRD2 gene Ser311/Cys311 polymorphism and mood disorders in overall, Caucasian, and Asian populations (P>0.05). An association of DRD2 gene TaqI A1 polymorphism with mood disorders was found in overall population, and the individuals with A1A1 genotype were more susceptible to mood disorders in comparison to those with A2A1 and A2A2 genotypes (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.07-3.17, P=0.03). LIMITATION Meta-analysis is retrospective research that is subject to the methodological deficiencies of the included studies. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that mood disorders may be associated with DRD2 gene TaqI A1 polymorphism, but not -141Cins/del and Ser311/Cys311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, and Department of Oncology, The first affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Abstract
Antidepressant pharmacotherapy is to date the most often used treatment for depression, but the exact mechanism of action underlying its therapeutic effect is still unclear. Many theories have been put forward to account for depression, as well as antidepressant activity, but none of them is exhaustive. Neuroimmune endocrine impairment is found in depressed patients; high levels of circulating corticosteroids along with hyperactivation of the immune system, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, low levels of melatonin in plasma and urine, and disentrainment of circadian rhythms have been demonstrated. Moreover, antidepressant treatment seems to correct or at least to interfere with these alterations. In this review, we summarize the complex neuroimmune endocrine and chronobiological alterations found in patients with depression and how these systems interact with each other. We also explain how antidepressant therapy can modify these systems, along with some possible mechanisms of action shown in animal and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonioli
- Psychoimmunology Translational Laboratory, Health Science Research Centre, Roehampton University, London, UK
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Sözeri-Varma G, Enli Y, Toker-Uğurlu T, Alaçam H, Kalkan-Oğuzhanoğlu N. Decreased serum BDNF levels in major depressive patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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