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Li CH, Lin MH, Chu SH, Tu PH, Fang CC, Yen CH, Liang PI, Huang JC, Su YC, Sytwu HK, Chen YMA. Role of glycine N-methyltransferase in the regulation of T-cell responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Med 2015; 20:684-96. [PMID: 25535034 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is known for its function as a tumor suppressor gene. Since 100% of female Gnmt(-/-) mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma, we hypothesized that Gnmt(-/-) mice may have defective immune surveillance. In this study, we examined the immune modulation of GNMT in T-cell responses using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results showed that EAE severity was reduced significantly in Gnmt(-/-) mice. Pathological examination of the spinal cords revealed that Gnmt(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of mononuclear cell infiltration and demyelination than the wild-type mice. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR showed that expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A, were much lower in the spinal cord of Gnmt(-/-) than in that of wild-type mice. Accordingly, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific T-cell proliferation and induction of T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells were markedly suppressed in MOG(35-55)-induced Gnmt(-/-) mice. Moreover, the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells was increased significantly in these mice. When the T-cell receptor was stimulated, the proliferative capacity and the activation status of mTOR-associated downstream signaling were decreased significantly in Gnmt(-/-) CD4(+) T cells via an IL-2- and CD25-independent manner. Moreover, GNMT deficiency enhanced the differentiation of Treg cells without affecting the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. Furthermore, the severity of EAE in mice adoptive transferred with GNMT-deficient CD4(+) T cells was much milder than in those with wild-type CD4(+) T cells. In summary, our findings suggest that GNMT is involved in the pathogenesis of EAE and plays a crucial role in the regulation of CD4(+) T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsien Li
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Chu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hsien Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Fang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peir-In Liang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jason C Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Su
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Research and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Serum leptin levels in pemphigus: a case control study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:853705. [PMID: 24900992 PMCID: PMC4036746 DOI: 10.1155/2014/853705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease mediated by autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte adhesion molecules. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a role in immune responses and promotes autoimmunity. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine whether serum leptin levels are altered in pemphigus patients and whether there is any correlation between leptin levels and the severity of disease. METHODS This study included 47 newly diagnosed patients with pemphigus and 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical characteristics and pemphigus area and activity score (PAAS) were assessed. Serum leptin levels (ng/mL) were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Patients did not differ significantly in serum leptin levels from healthy controls (median (range): 10.8 (0.1-110) ng/mL versus 12 (0.5-69.9) ng/mL and P = 0.53). There was no significant association between serum leptin concentrations and severity of disease measured by PAAS (r s = 0.06, P = 0.70). CONCLUSION The results suggest that pemphigus does not have a direct influence on serum leptin levels and the pathogenesis of pemphigus seems to be not dependent on the connection with adipose tissue.
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Curcumin eliminates the effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on the divergent regulation of gene expression of receptors of AGEs by interrupting leptin signaling. J Transl Med 2014; 94:503-16. [PMID: 24614199 PMCID: PMC4006284 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major risk factor for hepatic fibrogenesis. NASH is often found in diabetic patients with hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia induces non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, yielding advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Effects of AGEs are mainly mediated by two categories of cytoplasmic membrane receptors. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, whereas AGE receptor-1 (AGE-R1) is involved in detoxification and clearance of AGEs. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is crucial to the development of hepatic fibrosis. We recently reported that AGEs stimulated HSC activation likely by inhibiting gene expression of AGE-R1 and inducing gene expression of RAGE in HSC, which were eliminated by the antioxidant curcumin. This study is to test our hypothesis that curcumin eliminates the effects of AGEs on the divergent regulation of the two receptors of AGEs in HSC by interrupting the AGE-caused activation of leptin signaling, leading to the inhibition of HSC activation. We observed herein that AGEs activated leptin signaling by inducing gene expression of leptin and its receptor in HSC. Like AGEs, leptin differentially regulated gene expression of RAGE and AGE-R1. Curcumin eliminated the effects of AGEs in HSC by interrupting leptin signaling and activating transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), leading to the elevation of cellular glutathione and the attenuation of oxidative stress. In conclusions, curcumin eliminated the effects of AGEs on the divergent regulation of gene expression of RAGE and AGE-R1 in HSC by interrupting the AGE-caused activation of leptin signaling, leading to the inhibition of HSC activation.
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Adipokines as potential biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:425068. [PMID: 24799765 PMCID: PMC3985296 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by severe joint injury. Recently, research has been focusing on the possible identification of predictor markers of disease onset and/or progression, of joint damage, and of therapeutic response. Recent findings have uncovered the role of white adipose tissue as a pleiotropic organ not only specialized in endocrine functions but also able to control multiple physiopathological processes, including inflammation. Adipokines are a family of soluble mediators secreted by white adipose tissue endowed with a wide spectrum of actions. This review will focus on the recent advances on the role of the adipokine network in the pathogenesis of RA. A particular attention will be devoted to the action of these proteins on RA effector cells, and on the possibility to use circulating levels of adipokines as potential biomarkers of disease activity and therapeutic response.
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Alghasham A, Rasheed Z. Therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis: Progress and promises. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:77-94. [PMID: 24437572 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.873413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advancements in understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have highlighted the strategies that aim to inhibit the harmful effects of up-regulated cytokines or other inflammatory mediators and to inhibit their associated signaling events. The utility of cytokine as therapeutic targets in RA has been unequivocally demonstrated by the success of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α blockade in clinical practice. Partial and non-responses to TNF-α blocking agents, however, together with the increasing clinical drive to remission induction, requires that further therapeutic targets be identified. Numerous proinflammatory mediators with their associated cell signaling events have now been demonstrated in RA, including interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-12 superfamilies. Continued efforts are ongoing to target IL-6, IL-15 and IL-17 in clinical trials with promising data emerging. In the present review, we focus on IL-7, IL-18, IL-32 and IL-10 family of cytokines (IL-19, IL-20 and IL-22) as they are implicated in contributing to the pathogenesis of RA, which could be targeted and offer new therapeutic options for RA therapy. Recent evidences also suggest that multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), several adipokines and various components of immune system play a critical role in the pathophysiology of RA; therefore we have also highlighted them as therapeutic targets for RA therapy. Components of subcellular pathways, involve in nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway have also been discussed and offer several novel potential therapeutic opportunities for RA.
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Abdalla M, Effat D, Sheta M, Hamed WE. Serum Leptin levels in Rheumatoid arthritis and relationship with disease activity. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Garner M, Alshameeri Z, Khanduja V. Osteoarthritis: genes, nature-nurture interaction and the role of leptin. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:2499-505. [PMID: 24036528 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease affecting patients at different ages regardless of gender or ethnicity. As with many chronic diseases, OA is thought to have a multifactorial aetiology, which is not fully understood. Whereas the pathophysiological process of OA can be analysed at a cellular and molecular level, the interaction between genes and lifestyle remains an important factor in the development of this disease. The expanding awareness of different genes that may play a role in OA, together with many chemical mediators thought to be associated with the progression of the disease, will help in better management of this condition. Some of the chemical mediators recently implicated in this condition are the adipokines (leptin, adiponectin and resistin). Few but consistent studies suggest that leptin in association with obesity could be an important factor in OA aetiology. Hence, this could establish a strong and direct molecular link between patient life style (nurture) and the pathological process of OA (nature). However, neither a clear mechanism nor a direct clinical association linking leptin to OA has yet been established. In this article, we explore some of the genetic and environmental factors in OA aetiology. We discuss leptin in obesity and assess its possible association with OA aetiology. This should emphasise the important role of health professionals in treating obesity in order to control OA symptoms and possibly progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Garner
- Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's - Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Box 37, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi C, Franco CB, Wang KB, Wong ML, Licinio J. Leptin: molecular mechanisms, systemic pro-inflammatory effects, and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 56:597-607. [PMID: 23329181 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, the adipokine produced mainly by the white adipose tissue, plays important roles not only in the regulation of food intake, but also in controlling immunity and inflammation. It has been widely demonstrated that the absence of leptin leads to immune defects in animal and human models, ultimately increasing mortality. Leptin also regulates inflammation by means of actions on its receptor, that is widely spread across different immune cell populations. The molecular mechanisms by which leptin determines its biological actions have also been recently elucidated, and three intracellular pathways have been implicated in leptin actions: JAK-STAT, PI3K, and ERK 1/2. These pathways are closely regulated by intracellular proteins that decrease leptin biological activity. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which leptin regulates immunity and inflammation, and associate those mechanisms with chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Scotece M, Conde J, López V, Lago F, Pino J, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Adiponectin and leptin: new targets in inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:97-102. [PMID: 23834523 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex mechanism of cell/tissue responses to injuries triggered by multiple causes, including trauma, pathogens or autoimmune abnormal responses. In the last years, a novel line of thought is emerging by giving a more holistic vision of chronic arthropathies through a recently identified group of molecules, called adipokines. Actually, most of these recently identified factors, produced prevalently by white adipose tissue but also by cells of the joints (chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts) and immune cells, play a significant role in chronic inflammation. Adipokines dysregulation has emerged as a common characteristic of chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases in particular when obesity or, more precisely, adipose tissue dysfunction is associated with common rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this MiniReview, we discuss the role of adipokines in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis providing an updated overview of their pathophysiological role and potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Scotece
- NEIRID Lab (NeuroEndocrine Interaction in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), SERGAS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Institute of Medical Research (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lübbeke A, Finckh A, Puskas GJ, Suva D, Lädermann A, Bas S, Fritschy D, Gabay C, Hoffmeyer P. Do synovial leptin levels correlate with pain in end stage arthritis? INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:2071-9. [PMID: 23835555 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated whether synovial fluid (SF) leptin concentrations correlate with pain severity in patients with hip or knee endstage osteoarthritis (OA) and whether they mediate the association between increased joint pain and (1) female gender and (2) obesity. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study including patients with primary hip and knee OA undergoing joint replacement between January and December 2010. SF leptin concentrations obtained on the day of surgery were assessed. Main outcome was pain severity measured pre-operatively using WOMAC and VAS pain scales. RESULTS A total of 219 patients were included, 123 hip and 96 knee arthroplasties. Mean age was 72 years, 59% were women. Mean SF leptin levels were 22.9 (±25.6) ng/ml in women and 5.4 (±5.9) ng/ml in men. Levels >19.6 ng/ml (highest quartile) were significantly associated with increased pain on both WOMAC (mean difference -9.6, 95% CI -15.1 to -4.0) and VAS scale (mean difference 0.8, 95% CI 0.2-1.3). Associations remained unchanged after adjusting for age, co-morbidities, contra-lateral arthritic joint, OA site, and disability. The associations observed between increased pain and female gender or obesity were substantially reduced after adjusting for SF leptin. CONCLUSION Joint pain is associated with SF leptin concentrations. Increased pre-operative pain observed in women and obese may be related to high intra-articular leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lübbeke
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Genève, Switzerland,
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Yilmaz H, Gerdan V, Kozaci D, Solmaz D, Akar S, Can G, Gulcu A, Goktay Y, Sari I, Birlik M, Akkoc N, Onen F. Ghrelin and adipokines as circulating markers of disease activity in patients with Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R272. [PMID: 23259466 PMCID: PMC3674588 DOI: 10.1186/ar4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current markers of disease activity in Takayasu arteritis (TA) are insufficient for proper assessment. We investigated circulating levels of unacylated and acylated ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin and their relationships with disease activity in patients with TA. Methods This study included 31 patients with TA and 32 sex-, age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Disease activity was assessed in TA patients using various tools, including Kerr's criteria, disease extent index-Takayasu, physician's global assessment, radiological parameters, and laboratory markers. Plasma unacylated and acylated ghrelin, and serum leptin and adiponectin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Unacylated and acylated ghrelin levels were found to be significantly lower in TA patients than that in healthy controls. Patients with active disease had lower unacylated ghrelin levels than those with inactive disease and had lower acylated ghrelin levels than healthy controls. Ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with various parameters of disease activity. The leptin/ghrelin ratio was significantly higher in TA patients than controls. It was positively correlated with disease activity. There was a positive correlation between unacylated and acylated ghrelin and a negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin. There was no statistical difference in adiponectin levels between TA patients and controls. The radiological activity markers were positively correlated with other parameters of disease activity. Conclusions This study suggests that plasma unacylated and acylated ghrelin levels may be useful in monitoring disease activity and planning treatment strategies for patients with TA. The serum leptin level and leptin/ghrelin ratio may also be used to help assess the disease activity.
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Martín-González J, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Pérez A, Carmona-Fernández A, Sánchez-Margalet V, Segura-Egea JJ. Leptin expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp. Int Endod J 2012; 46:442-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Martín-González
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section); School of Dentistry,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - F. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - A. Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - A. Carmona-Fernández
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - V. Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - J. J. Segura-Egea
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section); School of Dentistry,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
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Abstract
Obesity and related type 2 diabetes are increasing at epidemic proportions globally. It is now recognized that inflammatory responses mediated within the adipose tissue in obesity are central to the development of disease. Once initiated, chronic inflammation associated with obesity leads to the modulation of immune cell function. This review will focus specifically on the impact of obesity on γδ T cells, a T-cell subset that is found in high concentrations in epithelial tissues such as the skin, intestine, and lung. Epithelial γδ T cell function is of particular concern in obesity as they are the guardians of the epithelial barrier and mediate repair. A breakdown in their function, and subsequently the deterioration of the epithelium can result in dire consequences for the host. Obese patients are more prone to non-healing injuries, infection, and disease. The resulting inflammation from these pathologies further perpetuates the disease condition already present in obese hosts. Here we will provide insight into the immunomodulation of γδ T cells that occurs in the epithelial barrier during obesity and discuss current therapeutic options.
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Pehlivan Y, Onat AM, Ceylan N, Turkbeyler IH, Buyukhatipoglu H, Comez G, Babacan T, Tarakcioglu M. Serum leptin, resistin and TNF-α levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: the role of adipokines in scleroderma. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 15:374-9. [PMID: 22898217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2012.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic fibrotic collagen tissue disease. Leptin's role in regulating immune and inflammatory response has become increasingly evident. Resistin has pro-inflammatory properties and also is associated with inflammatory markers in some rheumatologic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine serum leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in SSc patients and evaluate their association with other frequently used laboratory and clinic findings. METHOD Sixteen patients were compared with 30 healthy women of similar age and body mass index. Serum leptin, resistin and TNF-α levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and results were assessed by Mann-Whitney U -test and Spearman's correlation test. RESULTS Leptin levels were significantly increased in the SSc group compared to controls (7789.43 ± 1180.72 pg/mL, 1790.55 ± 333.68 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). TNF-α was significantly elevated in patients and it was also positively correlated with leptin (25.30 ± 2.16 pg/mL, 20.95 ± 0.30 pg/mL, P = 0.001), (P = 0.002, r = 0.523). There was no association between leptin, resistin, TNF-α levels and skin score, activity score and disease duration in the SSc patients (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Leptin, resistin and TNF-α levels were found to be higher in SSc in contrast to the control group. These adipokines may have differentiating roles in the pathogenesis of SSc. In order to verify these findings, further clinical studies are needed with larger patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Pehlivan
- Department of Rheumatology, Gaziantep University, Sahinbey Medical Center, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Evaluation of the relationship between leptin, resistin, adiponectin and natural regulatory T cells in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2012; 46:22-8. [PMID: 22426759 DOI: 10.5114/ninp.2012.27211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Data suggest that adipocytokines and natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells play a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the associated inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate selected adipocytokines and nTreg cells and to assess their relationship with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted among 25 patients with RRMS and 25 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected within two weeks after the beginning of acute relapse of RRMS. The body mass index (BMI) of each patient was calculated. Serum adipocytokine concentrations were determined by ELISA and nTreg cells were evaluated using multicolour flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients and controls had similar BMI, regardless of gender. Significantly higher leptin and resistin levels and significantly lower adiponectin levels were found in patients with RRMS in comparison to the control group (p < 0.0001). The percentage of nTreg cells (p < 0.01) and the mean fluorescence channel (MFC) of FoxP3 were significantly reduced in patients with RRMS (p < 0.001). There was an inverse correlation be-tween leptin concentration and MFC of the transcription factor Foxp3 nTreg in patients with RRMS (r = -0.7, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Proinflammatory adipocytokine profile and decreased percentage of nTreg cells suggest their implication in the inflammatory response in RRMS regardless of corticosteroid therapy. The correlation between leptin and the MFC of the transcription factor Foxp3 in nTreg cells in patients with RRMS suggests its inhibitory effect on FoxP3 expression.
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Uner AG, Sulu N. In vivo effects of leptin on lymphocyte subpopulations in mice. Immunobiology 2012; 217:882-8. [PMID: 22317748 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone-cytokine mainly produced by the adipose tissue, has pleitropic effects on many biological system including metabolic, endocrine, and immune system. Although it is well known that leptin controls food intake on hypothalamic regions of brain, the role of leptin in hematopoietic and immune processes has been mainly investigated with in vitro and transgenic mouse studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of peripheral leptin on lymphocyte subpopulation. Initially forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups. Mice in group I (Control) were given serum physiologic (SP) and group L100, group L250, group L500, and group L1000 were given 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/kg/day recombinant mouse leptin, respectively. Leptin or SP was injected subcutaneously for the next 6 days. Daily food/water intake was recorded for each group. At the end of the study, whole blood samples (500 μl) were obtained via intracardiac punction in anesthetized mice. Leptin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in blood samples were analyzed. We show that no in vivo dose-dependent effect of leptin is existed on lymphocyte subpopulations count in mice. Treatment of mice with high-dose leptin led to increase only CD4+ cells (P<0.05). In addition, high-dose leptin slightly increased CD3+ cells but this was not statistically confirmed (P=0.08). Notably, it was found that leptin caused insignificant changes on body weight and food intake in normal body weight mice. The data support that high-dose leptin has proliferative effect on CD4+ cells in vivo. However, more in vivo study needs to be examined to clarify how leptin affect lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut G Uner
- Department of Physiology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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Baze MM, Hunter K, Hayes JP. Chronic hypoxia stimulates an enhanced response to immune challenge without evidence of an energetic tradeoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3255-68. [PMID: 21900473 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is broad interest in whether there is a tradeoff between energy metabolism and immune function, and how stress affects immune function. Under hypoxic stress, maximal aerobic metabolism is limited, and other aspects of energy metabolism of animals may be altered as well. Although acute hypoxia appears to enhance certain immune responses, the effects of chronic hypoxia on immune function are largely unstudied. We tested: (1) whether chronic hypoxia affects immune function and (2) whether hypoxia affects the metabolic cost of immune function. First, flow cytometry was used to monitor the peripheral blood immunophenotype of mice over the course of 36 days of hypoxic exposure. Second, hypoxic and normoxic mice were subjected to an adaptive immune challenge via keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or to an innate immune challenge via lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The resting metabolic rates of mice in all immune challenge treatments were also measured. Although hypoxia had little effect on the peripheral blood immunophenotype, hypoxic mice challenged with KLH or LPS had enhanced immunological responses in the form of higher antibody titers or increased TNF-α production, respectively. Initially, mice exposed to hypoxia had lower metabolic rates, but this response was transitory and resting metabolic rates were normal by the end of the experiment. There was no effect of either immune challenge on resting metabolic rate, suggesting that mounting either the acute phase response or a humoral response is not as energetically expensive as previously thought. In addition, our results suggest that immune responses to chronic and acute hypoxia are concordant. Both forms of hypoxia appear to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baze
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology and Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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68
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Scotece M, Conde J, Gómez R, López V, Lago F, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Beyond fat mass: exploring the role of adipokines in rheumatic diseases. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1932-47. [PMID: 22194660 PMCID: PMC3236382 DOI: 10.1100/2011/290142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cloning of leptin in 1994 by Zhang et al. introduced a novel concept about white adipose tissue (WAT) as a very dynamic organ that releases a plethora of immune and inflammatory mediators, such as adipokines and cytokines, which are involved in multiple diseases. Actually, adipokines exert potent modulatory actions on target tissues involved in rheumatic diseases including cartilage, synovial, bone and immune cells. The goal of this paper is to elucidate the recent findings concerning the involvement of adipokines in rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Scotece
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases, SERGAS, Institute of Medical Research IDIS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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69
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Yetkin Ay Z, Kırzıoğlu FY, Öztürk Tonguç M, Sütçü R, Kapucuoğlu N. The gingiva contains leptin and leptin receptor in health and disease. Odontology 2011; 100:222-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Baatar D, Patel K, Taub DD. The effects of ghrelin on inflammation and the immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:44-58. [PMID: 21565248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of hormones and metabolic mediators signal the brain of changes in the body's energy status and when an imbalance occurs; the brain coordinates the appropriate changes in energy intake and utilization via the control of appetite and food consumption. Under conditions of chronic inflammation and immune activation, there is often a significant loss of body mass and appetite suggesting the presence of shared ligands and signaling pathways mediating "crosstalk" between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is produced primarily by cells in the stomach and serves as a potent circulating orexigenic hormone controlling food intake, energy expenditure, adiposity and GH secretion. The functional roles of ghrelin and other growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) within the immune system and under states of inflammatory stress and injury are only now coming to light. A number of reports over the past decade have described ghrelin to be a potent anti-inflammatory mediator both in vitro and in vivo and a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and injury. Moreover, ghrelin has also been shown to promote lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) and to ablate age-associated thymic involution. In the current report, we review the literature supporting a role for ghrelin as an anti-inflammatory agent and immunoregulatory hormone/cytokine and its potential use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolgor Baatar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA-IRP, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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71
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Olama SM, Senna MK, Elarman M. Synovial/Serum leptin ratio in rheumatoid arthritis: the association with activity and erosion. Rheumatol Int 2010; 32:683-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lee J, Yee ST, Kim JJ, Choi MS, Kwon EY, Seo KI, Lee MK. Ursolic acid ameliorates thymic atrophy and hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic mice. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:635-42. [PMID: 20869956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of low-dose ursolic acid (UA) on glycemic regulation and immune responses in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ/NA)-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic mice were supplemented with two different doses of UA (0.01 and 0.05%, w/w) or metformin (0.5%, w/w) for 4 weeks. Compared with the untreated diabetic group, UA and metformin significantly improved blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and plasma leptin levels as well as aminotransferase activity. The plasma and pancreatic insulin concentrations were significantly higher in both UA groups than in the untreated diabetic group. Supplementation with metformin increased the pancreatic insulin level without a change in the plasma insulin level. The relative thymus weights were lower in the untreated diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group; however, the UA or metformin group had significantly improved thymus weights. Mice receiving UA or metformin supplementation had increased CD4(+)CD8(+) subpopulations in the thymus compared to the untreated diabetic mice. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenic T-lymphocyte proliferation and single-positive (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) subpopulations were significantly higher in the UA-supplemented diabetic groups than in the untreated diabetic group, but lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B-lymphocyte proliferation and the CD19(+) subpopulation were not significantly different among the groups. In the STZ/NA-induced diabetic mice, metformin increased the splenic T-lymphocyte CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell numbers without any change in T-lymphocyte proliferation. Both doses of UA lowered splenic IL-6 levels, whereas metformin increased IFN-γ, IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared to the untreated diabetic mice. These results suggest that low-dose UA may be used as a hypoglycemic agent and immune modulator in non-obese type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The world is now experiencing an epidemic of obesity. Although the effects of obesity on the development of metabolic and cardiovascular problems are well studied, much less is known about the impact of obesity on immune function and infectious disease. Studies in obese humans and with obese animal models have repeatedly demonstrated impaired immune function, including decreased cytokine production, decreased response to antigen/mitogen stimulation, reduced macrophage and dendritic cell function, and natural killer cell impairment. Recent studies have demonstrated that the impaired immune response in the obese host leads to increased susceptibility to infection with a number of different pathogens such as community-acquired tuberculosis, influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, coxsackievirus, Helicobacter pylori and encephalomyocarditis virus. While no specific mechanism has been defined for the decreased immune response to infectious disease in the obese host, several obesity-associated changes such as excessive inflammation, altered adipokine signaling, metabolic changes and even epigenetic regulation could affect the immune response. This review will discuss what is currently known about the relationship between obesity and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA
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Kruger AJ, Yang C, Lipson KL, Pino SC, Leif JH, Hogan CM, Whalen BJ, Guberski DL, Lee Y, Unger RH, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Bortell R. Leptin treatment confers clinical benefit at multiple stages of virally induced type 1 diabetes in BB rats. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:137-48. [PMID: 20695765 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.482116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine, leptin, regulates blood glucose and the insulin secretory function of beta cells, while also modulating immune cell function. We hypothesized that the dual effects of leptin may prevent or suppress the autoreactive destruction of beta cells in a virally induced rodent model of type 1 diabetes. Nearly 100% of weanling BBDR rats treated with the combination of an innate immune system activator, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pIC), and Kilham rat virus (KRV) become diabetic within a predictable time frame. We utilized this model to test the efficacy of leptin in preventing diabetes onset, remitting new onset disease, and preventing autoimmune recurrence in diabetic rats transplanted with syngeneic islet grafts. High doses of leptin delivered via an adenovirus vector (AdLeptin) or alzet pump prevented diabetes in>90% of rats treated with pIC+KRV. The serum hyperleptinemia generated by this treatment was associated with decreased body weight, decreased non-fasting serum insulin levels, and lack of islet insulitis in leptin-treated rats. In new onset diabetics, hyperleptinemia prevented rapid weight loss and diabetic ketoacidosis, and temporarily restored euglycemia. Leptin treatment also prolonged the survival of syngeneic islets transplanted into diabetic BBDR rats. In diverse therapeutic settings, we found leptin treatment to have significant beneficial effects in modulating virally induced diabetes. These findings merit further evaluation of leptin as a potential adjunct therapeutic agent for treatment of human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Kruger
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Psoriasis and systemic inflammatory diseases: potential mechanistic links between skin disease and co-morbid conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1785-96. [PMID: 20445552 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is now classified as an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) of the skin. It is being recognized that patients with various IMIDs, including psoriasis, are at higher risk of developing "systemic" co-morbidities, e.g., cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and overt diabetes. In non-psoriatic individuals, the pathophysiology of obesity, aberrant adipocyte metabolism, diabetes, and CVDs involves immune-mediated or inflammatory pathways. IMIDs may impact these co-morbid conditions through shared genetic risks, common environmental factors, or common inflammatory pathways that are co-expressed in IMIDs and target organs. Given that pathogenic immune pathways in psoriasis are now well worked out and a large number of inflammatory mediators have been identified in skin lesions, in this review we will consider possible mechanistic links between skin inflammation and increased risks of (1) obesity or metabolic alterations and (2) CVD. In particular, we will discuss how well-established risk factors for CVD can originate from inflammation in other tissues.
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76
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Karlsson EA, Sheridan PA, Beck MA. Diet-induced obesity impairs the T cell memory response to influenza virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3127-33. [PMID: 20173021 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has suggested that obesity may be an independent risk factor for increased severity of illness from the H1N1 pandemic strain. Memory T cells generated during primary influenza infection target internal proteins common among influenza viruses, making them effective against encounters with heterologous strains. In male, diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice, a secondary H1N1 influenza challenge following a primary H3N2 infection led to a 25% mortality rate (with no loss of lean controls), 25% increase in lung pathology, failure to regain weight, and 10- to 100-fold higher lung viral titers. Furthermore, mRNA expression for IFN-gamma was >60% less in lungs of obese mice, along with one third the number of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma postsecondary infection versus lean controls. Memory CD8(+) T cells from obese mice had a >50% reduction in IFN-gamma production when stimulated with influenza-pulsed dendritic cells from lean mice. Thus, the function of influenza-specific memory T cells is significantly reduced and ineffective in lungs of obese mice. The reality of a worldwide obesity epidemic combined with yearly influenza outbreaks and the current pandemic makes it imperative to understand how influenza virus infection behaves differently in an obese host. Moreover, impairment of memory responses has significant implications for vaccine efficacy in an obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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77
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Nagib PRA, Gameiro J, Stivanin-Silva LG, de Arruda MSP, Villa-Verde DMS, Savino W, Verinaud L. Thymic microenvironmental alterations in experimentally induced diabetes. Immunobiology 2010; 215:971-9. [PMID: 20189263 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the immunologic consequences from endocrine changes observed in diabetes. Since a preserved thymic microenvironment is of critical importance for the T cell development and maturation, we have examined the thymus from alloxan-diabetic mice. An intense thymic atrophy accompanied by changes in histological pattern and in thymocyte subpopulations were observed in diabetic mice. Laminin and fibronectin, which are closely associated with thymocytes maturation, were evaluated, but, only laminin presented an altered distribution and density in thymuses from diabetes group. the expression of fibronectin and laminin receptors was found to be decreased in diabetic mice. There was also intense decrease in the expression of two important chemokines for thymus, CCL25 and CXCL12, and in the CCR9 (CCL25 receptor), but the expression of CXCR4 (CXCL12 receptor) did not drop on cells. However, no significant difference was observed in the in vitro thymocytes migratory capacity from diabetic mice. The results show significant alterations in thymus microenvironment in diabetes and offer insights for studies involving endocrine influences on lymphatic organs and T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia R A Nagib
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kangarlou Haghighi A, Davar M, Kazem M, Dianat O. Presence of leptin in chronic periapical lesions. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2010; 5:147-50. [PMID: 23130043 PMCID: PMC3471571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown the regulatory role of Leptin in bone formation, its expression in adipose tissue as well as increased levels in circulation following the adminstration of inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). However, there is little data evaluating the role of Leptin in inflammatory periapical lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and concentration of Leptin in chronic periapical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic periapical lesions with different sizes were collected during periapical surgery of the mandibular molars from twenty patients and cultured for 72 hours. The ELISA method determined the concentration of Leptin in supernatant fluids of explants cultures. Statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Chi-Square and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient). RESULTS Leptin was found in all samples with the average concentration of 405.55±102.98 (pg/mL). There was no significant correlation between the concentration of Leptin and BMI, and the diameters of lesions. CONCLUSION Leptin can be considered an inflammatory mediator and is likely to have a role during the early phases of dental periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kangarlou Haghighi
- Department of Endodontics, Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Majid Kazem
- Department of Endodontics, Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Dianat
- Department of Endodontics, Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author at: Omid Dianat, Department of Endodontic, Dental school, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98-2122413897, Fax: +98-2122427753, E-mail:
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Dietary sucrose intake is related to serum leptin concentration in overweight pregnant women. Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:83-90. [PMID: 19727896 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight, characterized by low-degree systemic inflammation, predisposes women to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Adipokine leptin participates in the regulation of energy balance and immune action. AIMS OF THE STUDY Objective of the study was to evaluate if aberrations in glucose metabolism during pregnancy are related to leptin concentration and whether serum leptin concentration is affected by diet composition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Normal-weight (n = 61) and overweight or obese (BMI > 25, n = 42) pregnant women visited study clinic at third trimester of pregnancy and one month postpartum. Serum fasting leptin and insulin as well as plasma glucose concentrations were measured, insulin resistance (HOMA) and sensitivity (QUICKI) calculated, and dietary intake from food records determined. RESULTS In overweight women leptin concentration was significantly higher both in pregnancy, 45.27 (95% CI 39.40-51.14) ng/ml, and postpartum, 31.84 (27.38-36.30) ng/ml, than in normal-weight women, 31.09 (95% CI 27.80-34.37) ng/ml and 16.23 (13.93-18.53) ng/ml, respectively. Equally, blood glucose concentration during pregnancy was higher, 4.82 (4.67-4.97)mmol/l, and insulin concentration, 15.34 (12.00-18.68) mU/l, more pronounced in overweight compared to normal-weight women, 4.51 (4.42-4.61) mmol/l and 8.28 (7.21-9.36) mU/l, respectively. Significantly higher HOMA and lower QUICKI were also detected in overweight compared to normal-weight women. At third trimester of pregnancy, leptin concentration correlated positively with insulin concentration in normal-weight (r = 0.561, P = 0.002) and overweight women (r = 0.736, P < 0.001), as well as with HOMA (r = 0.568, P = 0.002 and r = 0.731, P < 0.001, respectively) whereas negative association was found with QUICKI in normal-weight (r = -0.484, P = 0.011) and overweight women (r = -0.711, P < 0.001). Importantly, serum leptin concentration was affected by dietary sucrose intake both as quantitatively (r = 0.424, P = 0.009) and relative to energy intake (r = 0.408, P = 0.012) in overweight but not in normal-weight pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Overweight-related elevation in serum leptin is associated with impaired regulation of glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The novel finding that dietary sucrose intake is related to serum leptin concentration is in line with the current dietary recommendations to overweight pregnant women with impaired glucose metabolism advising the lower intake of sucrose during pregnancy.
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80
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Borghetti P, Saleri R, Mocchegiani E, Corradi A, Martelli P. Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:141-62. [PMID: 19261335 PMCID: PMC7112574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth. This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn). Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine.
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81
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Adiponectin and leptin serum concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2009; 30:731-7. [PMID: 19597733 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-009-1053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is regarded as an active metabolic and endocrine organ producing adipokines. The purpose of the study was to evaluate adiponectin and leptin concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (pts) in relation to disease duration and activity. The study group consisted of 80 RA pts. Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations remained within normal ranges. Adiponectin concentration correlated positively both with the age and disease duration. Both adipokines levels correlated negatively with glomerular filtration rate. There were significant positive correlations between adipokines' concentrations and lipid profile components (between adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol, leptin and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol). In pts with long-standing RA, there was a negative correlation between adiponectin and numbers of tender, swollen joints and a positive relationship between leptin level and DAS28. The results confirm adipokines' involvement in the process of inflammation and atherosclerosis: protective and antiinflammatory adiponectin effect and proatherogenic and proinflammatory leptin function.
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82
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Gómez R, Conde J, Gómez Reino JJ, Lago F, Gualillo O. [Adipocytokines: emerging mediators of the immune response and inflammation]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5 Suppl 1:6-12. [PMID: 21794635 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scientific interest in the biology of white adipose tissue (WAT) has increased since the discovery of leptin in 1994. The description of the effects of leptin, the product of the ob gene, has started to clarify the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity related diseases and has helped in the identification of a great number of other molecules (named adipocytokines), some of them with a proinflammatory nature. In rheumatic diseases, adipocytokines derived from the WAT are among the most important factors related to obesity and promote inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions. In this review we will present the most recent advances in adipocytokine research, with special attention to the role of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin and inflammatory, autoimmune and rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gómez
- Área de Investigación, Laboratorio 9 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago NEIRID (Interacciones Neuroendocrinas en Enfermedades Reumáticas e Inflamatorias), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España
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J. CL, H. C, J.E. F. Osteoimmunology — The hidden immune regulation of bone. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cerman AA, Bozkurt S, Sav A, Tulunay A, Elbaşi MO, Ergun T. Serum leptin levels, skin leptin and leptin receptor expression in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:820-6. [PMID: 18637894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies support the relation of psoriasis with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Leptin, a peptide hormone secreted predominantly from adipose tissue, is involved in the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. Recently, it has been shown to have several immunological effects including induction of proinflammatory cytokine production. OBJECTIVES To investigate the possible role of leptin in psoriasis pathogenesis. METHODS Forty-three patients with psoriasis, 10 diseased and 10 healthy controls with normal body mass index were included. Serum fasting leptin levels of the study group were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tissue leptin and leptin receptor expression of both patients and controls were investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Serum leptin levels, tissue leptin and leptin receptor expression were significantly higher in patients with severe psoriasis than patients with mild-moderate psoriasis and controls (P < 0.05). Serum leptin levels showed a positive correlation with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and involved body surface area in patients with psoriasis. In addition, serum leptin levels, tissue leptin and leptin receptor expression showed a positive correlation with disease duration in patients with psoriasis (P < 0.01, r = 0.979; P < 0.01, r = 0.691; P < 0.01, r = 0.428, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We assume that leptin might serve as a marker of severity in psoriasis and also may be a pathogenetic cofactor contributing to chronicity of the disease. Consequently, its role in obesity and cardiovascular disease in patients with psoriasis deserves to be studied. In addition, drugs targeting the proinflammatory effects of leptin may be a new adjuvant therapeutic approach in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cerman
- Department of Dermatology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Samara A, Marie B, Pfister M, Visvikis-Siest S. Leptin expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) is related with blood pressure variability. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 395:47-50. [PMID: 18501706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipokine initially considered as a molecule related exclusively to obesity but advances in research revealed its multiple roles in other physio-pathological mechanisms and particularly in the inflammatory ones. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of leptin in human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and to quantify its mRNA in this type of tissue, closely related to inflammation. METHODS Leptin mRNA was present in PBMCs of healthy individuals. Its expression was further studied in 83 individuals in relation to constitutional factors, anthropometric variables, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, lymphocyte count). RESULTS Expression levels were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.003). Using a multiple regression analysis model, we showed that leptin mRNA levels explained 11% of the variation of SBP (p = 0.007) and of DBP (p = 0.003). These percentages remained at the same magnitude for SBP (9%) and for DBP (10%), after introducing BMI in the model. CONCLUSION We report here for the first time, leptin expression in human PBMCs of healthy individuals. The associations found with blood pressure suggest a possible role of leptin in blood pressure regulation via PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Samara
- INSERM, CIC 9501, Equipe, Génétique Cardiovasculaire, Nancy, F-54000 France
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86
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Lago F, Dieguez C, Gómez-Reino J, Gualillo O. Adipokines as emerging mediators of immune response and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:716-24. [PMID: 18037931 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The scientific interest in the biology of white adipose tissue (WAT) has increased since the discovery of leptin in 1994. The description of the product of the gene obese (ob) demonstrated the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity-related diseases, and helped to increase the identification of numerous other adipokines, many of a pro-inflammatory nature. It has become increasingly evident that WAT-derived adipokines can be considered as a hub between obesity-related exogenous factors, such as nutrition and lifestyle, and the molecular events that lead to metabolic syndrome, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions, and rheumatic diseases. In this Review, we will discuss the progress in adipokine research, focusing particular attention to the roles of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, and other recently identified adipokines in inflammatory, autoimmune and rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Lago
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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87
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Erel F, Gulec M, Kartal O, Caliskaner Z, Ozturk S, Yaman H, Kurt Y, Gocgeldic E, Ors F, Karaayvaz M. Serum leptin levels and lipid profiles in patients with allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2007; 35:232-8. [PMID: 18047813 DOI: 10.1157/13112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma, the effect of serum leptin level is still controversial. Only a few studies have been performed to investigate the serum leptin levels in allergic rhinitis and asthma, and contradictory results have been observed. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between leptin, lipid profiles and allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, and to determine whether inhaled and/or intranasal steroids affect the leptin levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 43 patients with allergic rhinitis (10 of with mild asthma) (mean age 29.81, range 18-45 yr) and 32 volunteers as a control group (mean age 30.53, range 20-45 yr). RESULTS Serum leptin levels in patients were 8.49 +/- 10.76 microg/ml, and did not differ from volunteers 5.42 +/- 6.63 microg/ml. (p > 0.05). We found a direct link between increased body mass index (BMI) and serum leptin levels (p = 0.008). No association was seen between leptin and triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, eosinophil, total IgE (p > 0.05); except for total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05). Although, no correlation between allergic rhinitis and mild asthma and serum level of leptin was shown, these parameters and age correlations were stronger in female than in male (p = 0.39 for male and p = 0.011 for female), and also found direct link between increased BMI and sex and patients group (p = 0.008 for male and p = 0.0001 for female). We also determined that there was no effect of inhaled and/or intranasal steroids statistically on serum leptin levels. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the serum levels of leptin and lipid profiles on allergic rhinitis and mild asthma were not different than those in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Erel
- Department Internal Medicine and Division of Allergy. Gülhane Military Medical Academy and Medical School. Ankara. Turkey.
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88
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Leptin serum levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients: relation to disease duration and activity. Rheumatol Int 2007; 28:585-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-007-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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89
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Todd DC, Armstrong S, D'Silva L, Allen CJ, Hargreave FE, Parameswaran K. Effect of obesity on airway inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of body mass index and sputum cell counts. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1049-54. [PMID: 17581198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several observational studies have demonstrated an association between obesity and asthma. Studies evaluating exhaled nitric oxide levels and obesity have revealed that a higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with elevated exhaled nitric oxide levels. Airway inflammation using sputum cell counts has not been assessed in obese patients with airway diseases. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to determine whether obesity (based on BMI) is associated with eosinophilic or neutrophilic bronchitis. METHODS The results from a database of induced sputum cell counts were compared with BMI and analysed using correlation statistics, regression and parametric and non-parametric analysis. RESULTS Seven-hundred and twenty-seven adult participants with an equal number of sputum samples were included in the analysis. BMI varied from 14.5 to 55 kg/m(2). Sputum total cell count (mean+/-SD: 12.9 x 10(6) cell/g+/-21.5), eosinophil percent (median; min to max: 0.3%; 0-89.0), and neutrophil percent (mean+/-SD: 63.5+/-26.6%) were within normal limits. Participants with asthma had a higher percentage of sputum eosinophils than those without asthma (P=0.01). However, there was no difference in the total or differential cell counts among the obese and non-obese participants, when the data were analysed according to BMI category, gender, dose of inhaled corticosteroid, and presence or absence of asthma. CONCLUSION In this large sample of adult asthmatic and non-asthmatic participants, there was no association between BMI and airway inflammation measured by sputum cell counts. Other mechanisms to explain the relationship between obesity and asthma will need to be explored if this association is to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Todd
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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90
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Taub DD. Novel connections between the neuroendocrine and immune systems: the ghrelin immunoregulatory network. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2007; 77:325-46. [PMID: 17983863 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)77014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There appears to be bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This communication is mediated by way of an array of cytokines, hormones, and neuropeptides. Inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells have been shown to act on the central nervous system to control food intake and energy homeostasis. Decrease in food intake or anorexia is one of the most common symptoms of illness, injury, or inflammation. The adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, is considered a critical sensory anorexigenic mediator that signals to the brain changes in stored energy, determined by an altered balance between food intake and energy expenditure and has been shown to exert certain proinflammatory effects on immune cells. In contrast, ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSRs), is produced primarily from stomach serving as a potent circulating orexigen controlling energy expenditure, adiposity, and GH secretion. However, the functional role of ghrelin and GHS in immune cell function remains unclear. Here, we review the current literature supporting a role for ghrelin in controlling inflammation and immunity and the potential therapeutic use of ghrelin and GHSR agonists in the management of inflammation and in restoration of thymic function in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis D Taub
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224., USA
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