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Hsu CC, Huang CC, Chien LH, Lin MT, Chang CP, Lin HJ, Chio CC. Ischemia/reperfusion injured intestinal epithelial cells cause cortical neuron death by releasing exosomal microRNAs associated with apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14409. [PMID: 32873851 PMCID: PMC7462997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there is no good evidence that intestine epithelial cells (IEC) affected by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury are able to cause cortical neuron injury directly. Additionally, it remains unclear whether the neuronal damage caused by I/R injured IEC can be affected by therapeutic hypothermia (TH, 32 °C). To address these questions, we performed an oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) affected IEC-6-primary cortical neuron coculture system under normothermia (37 °C) or TH (32 °C) conditions. It was found that OGD caused hyperpermeability in IEC-6 cell monolayers. OGD-preconditioned IEC-6 cells caused cortical neuronal death (e.g., decreased cell viability), synaptotoxicity, and neuronal apoptosis (evidenced by increased caspase-3 expression and the number of TUNEL-positive cells), necroptosis (evidenced by increased receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-1 [RIPK1], RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase [MLKL] expression), and pyroptosis (evidenced by an increase in caspase-1, gasdermin D [GSDMD], IL-1β, IL-18, the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain [ASC], and nucleotide oligomerization domain [NOD]-like receptor [NLRP]-1 expression). TH did not affect the intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability but did attenuate OGD-induced neuronal death and synaptotoxicity. We also performed quantitative real-time PCR to quantify the genes encoding 84 exosomal microRNAs in the medium of the control-IEC-6, the control-neuron, the OGD-IEC-6 at 37 °C, the OGD-IEC-6 at 32 °C, the neuron cocultured with OGD-IEC-6 at 37 °C, and the neurons cocultured with OGD-IEC-6 at 32 °C. We found that the control IEC-6 cell s or cortical neurons are able to secrete a basal level of exosomal miRNAs in their medium. OGD significantly up-regulated the basal level of each parameter for IEC-6 cells. As compared to those of the OGD-IEC-6 cells or the control neurons, the OGD-IEC-6 cocultured neurons had significantly higher levels of 19 exosomal miRNAs related to apoptosis, necroptosis, and/or pyroptosis events. Our results identify that I/R injured intestinal epithelium cells can induce cortical neuron death via releasing paracrine mediators such as exosomal miRNAs associated with apoptosis, necroptosis, and/or pyroptosis, which can be counteracted by TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chin Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Nan-Tai Street, Yungkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Nan-Tai Street, Yungkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hsiang Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 901, Zhonghua Road, Yongkang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan.
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Increased persistence of avoidance behaviour and social deficits with L.rhamnosus JB-1 or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment following social defeat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13485. [PMID: 32778662 PMCID: PMC7417579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic social defeat (CSD) in mice has been suggested as a model for studying post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our previous work indicated that exposure to Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 (JB-1) during CSD can attenuate subsequent behavioural and immune disruption, suggesting a potential for microbe based therapeutic approaches in PTSD. In the current study, we assessed the ability of JB-1 to mitigate the behavioral consequences of CSD when treatment is instigated in the early post-stress period and compared the probiotic effects with those of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline. JB-1 or sertraline were administered orally 48 h following 10-days of CSD in male C57BL/6 mice. Contrary to our hypothesis of a beneficial effect, 30 days of treatment with either JB-1 or sertraline increased the persistence of both aggressor avoidance and reduced sociability in defeated mice. This was accompanied by lower hippocampal mRNA expression for genes related to fear memory. Defeated mice treated with either JB-1 or sertraline also exhibited systemic immune changes, with a decrease in Th1 cells, activated monocytes, and the monocyte chemoattractant CCL2. This study identifies potentially detrimental effects of both JB-1 and sertraline if administered in the early post-trauma period and suggests caution should be applied when considering psychobiotic or SSRI based approaches for early intervention in trauma related psychiatric disorders.
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53
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Johnson KVA, Burnet PWJ. Opposing effects of antibiotics and germ-free status on neuropeptide systems involved in social behaviour and pain regulation. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:32. [PMID: 32698770 PMCID: PMC7374917 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has revealed that the community of microorganisms inhabiting the gut affects brain development, function and behaviour. In particular, disruption of the gut microbiome during critical developmental windows can have lasting effects on host physiology. Both antibiotic exposure and germ-free conditions impact the central nervous system and can alter multiple aspects of behaviour. Social impairments are typically displayed by antibiotic-treated and germ-free animals, yet there is a lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiological changes. Since the μ-opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems are key modulators of mammalian social behaviour, here we investigate the effect of experimentally manipulating the gut microbiome on the expression of these pathways. Results We show that social neuropeptide signalling is disrupted in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits observed in these animal models. The most notable finding is the reduction in neuroreceptor gene expression in the frontal cortex of mice administered an antibiotic cocktail post-weaning. Additionally, the changes observed in germ-free mice were generally in the opposite direction to the antibiotic-treated mice. Conclusions Antibiotic treatment when young can impact brain signalling pathways underpinning social behaviour and pain regulation. Since antibiotic administration is common in childhood and adolescence, our findings highlight the potential adverse effects that antibiotic exposure during these key neurodevelopmental periods may have on the human brain, including the possible increased risk of neuropsychiatric conditions later in life. In addition, since antibiotics are often considered a more amenable alternative to germ-free conditions, our contrasting results for these two treatments suggest that they should be viewed as distinct models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V A Johnson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Qu Y, Zhang K, Pu Y, Chang L, Wang S, Tan Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Ohnishi T, Yoshikawa T, Hashimoto K. Betaine supplementation is associated with the resilience in mice after chronic social defeat stress: a role of brain-gut-microbiota axis. J Affect Disord 2020; 272:66-76. [PMID: 32379622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain-gut-microbiota axis plays a role in the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders; however, its role in the resilience versus susceptibility after stress remains unclear. Dietary nutrient betaine is suggested to affect the gut microbiome. Here, we examined whether betaine supplementation can affect anhedonia-like phenotype in mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). METHODS CSDS was performed during betaine supplementation. Sucrose preference test and 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples were performed. RESULTS CSDS did not produce an anhedonia-like phenotype in the betaine-treated mice, but did induce an anhedonia-like phenotype in water-treated mice. Furthermore, CSDS treatment did not alter the plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) of betaine-treated mice whereas CSDS caused higher plasma levels of IL-6 in water-treated mice. Betaine supplementation ameliorated the abnormal diversity and composition of the microbiota in the host gut after CSDS. At the genus level, CSDS caused marked increases in the several bacteria of water-treated mice, but not betaine-treated mice. CSDS increased levels of short-chain fatty acids (i.e., succinic acid and acetic acid) in feces from water-treated mice, but not betaine-treated mice. Interestingly, there are positive correlations between short-chain fatty acids (i.e., succinic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid) and several bacteria among the groups. LIMITATIONS Specific microbiome were not determined. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that betaine supplementation contributed to resilience to anhedonia in mice subjected to CSDS through anti-inflammation action. Therefore, it is likely that betaine could be a prophylactic nutrient to prevent stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yaoyu Pu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Siming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yunfei Tan
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Xingming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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55
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Kayyal M, Javkar T, Firoz Mian M, Binyamin D, Koren O, McVey Neufeld KA, Forsythe P. Sex dependent effects of post-natal penicillin on brain, behavior and immune regulation are prevented by concurrent probiotic treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10318. [PMID: 32587382 PMCID: PMC7316860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing awareness of the need to consider potential long-term effects of antibiotics on the health of children. In addition to being associated with immune and metabolic diseases, there is evidence that early-life antibiotic exposure can affect neurodevelopment. Here we investigated the effect of low dose of penicillin V on mice when administered for 1 week immediately prior to weaning. We demonstrated that exposure to the antibiotic during the pre-weaning period led to long-term changes in social behaviour, but not anxiety-like traits, in male mice only. The change in behaviour of males was associated with decreased hippocampal expression of AVPR1A and AVPR1B while expression of both receptors was increased in females. Spleens of male mice also showed an increase in the proportion of activated dendritic cells and a corresponding decrease in regulatory T cells with penicillin exposure. All changes in brain, behaviour and immune cell populations, associated with penicillin exposure, were absent in mice that received L. rhamnosus JB-1 supplementation concurrent with the antibiotic. Our study indicates that post-natal exposure to a clinically relevant dose of antibiotic has long-term, sex dependent effects on the CNS and may have implications for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, we also provide further evidence that probiotic based strategies may be of use in counteracting detrimental effects of early-life antibiotics on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Kayyal
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tanvi Javkar
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M Firoz Mian
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dana Binyamin
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.
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56
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Hawkins KG, Casolaro C, Brown JA, Edwards DA, Wikswo JP. The Microbiome and the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis for Central Nervous System Clinical Pharmacology: Challenges in Specifying and Integrating In Vitro and In Silico Models. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:929-948. [PMID: 32347548 PMCID: PMC7572575 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of integrating microbiota into clinical pharmacology, environmental toxicology, and opioid studies arises from bidirectional and multiscale interactions between humans and their many microbiota, notably those of the gut. Hosts and each microbiota are governed by distinct central dogmas, with genetics influencing transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Each microbiota's metabolome differentially modulates its own and the host's multi‐omics. Exogenous compounds (e.g., drugs and toxins), often affect host multi‐omics differently than microbiota multi‐omics, shifting the balance between drug efficacy and toxicity. The complexity of the host‐microbiota connection has been informed by current methods of in vitro bacterial cultures and in vivo mouse models, but they fail to elucidate mechanistic details. Together, in vitro organ‐on‐chip microphysiological models, multi‐omics, and in silico computational models have the potential to supplement the established methods to help clinical pharmacologists and environmental toxicologists unravel the myriad of connections between the gut microbiota and host health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Hawkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Caleb Casolaro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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57
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Jamar G, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP. High-fat or high-sugar diets as trigger inflammation in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:836-854. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1747046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Jamar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Fisiologia Endócrina (LaNFE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Fisiologia Endócrina (LaNFE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
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58
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Khan MS, Ikram M, Park JS, Park TJ, Kim MO. Gut Microbiota, Its Role in Induction of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology, and Possible Therapeutic Interventions: Special Focus on Anthocyanins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040853. [PMID: 32244729 PMCID: PMC7226756 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is a safe environment for several microbes that are symbiotic and important for the wellbeing of human health. However, studies on gut microbiota in different animals have suggested that changes in the composition and structure of these microbes may promote gut inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides, gut-wall leakage, and may affect systemic inflammatory and immune mechanisms that are important for the normal functioning of the body. There are many factors that aid in the gut’s dysbiosis and neuroinflammation, including high stress levels, lack of sleep, fatty and processed foods, and the prolonged use of antibiotics. These neurotoxic mechanisms of dysbiosis may increase susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, studies have recently been conducted to tackle AD-like conditions by specifically targeting gut microbes that need further elucidation. It was suggested that gut dyshomeostasis may be regulated by using available options, including the use of flavonoids such as anthocyanins, and restriction of the use of high-fatty-acid-containing food. In this review, we summarize the gut microbiota, factors promoting it, and possible therapeutic interventions especially focused on the therapeutic potential of natural dietary polyflavonoid anthocyanins. Our study strongly suggests that gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation are critically involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, and the natural intake of these flavonoids may provide new therapeutic opportunities for preclinical or clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Khan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Jun Sung Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
| | - Tae Ju Park
- Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research, Centre Institute of Cancer, Sciences University of Glasgow, 0747 657 5394 Glasgow, UK;
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.S.K.); (M.I.); (J.S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345; Fax: +82-55-772-2656
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59
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Wu Y, Yao Y, Dong M, Xia T, Li D, Xie M, Wu J, Wen A, Wang Q, Zhu G, Ni Q, Zhang M, Xu H. Characterisation of the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques in high-altitude environments. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:68. [PMID: 32216756 PMCID: PMC7098161 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammal intestinal microbiota is involved in various physiological processes and plays a key role in host environment adaption. However, for non-human primates (NHPs), little is known about their gut microbial community in high-altitude environments and even less about their adaption to such habitats. We characterised the gut microbial community of rhesus macaques from multiple high-altitude environments and compared it to those of low-altitude populations. RESULTS We collected faecal samples of rhesus macaques from four high-altitude populations (above 3000 m) and three low-altitude populations (below 500 m). By calculating the alpha diversity index, we found that high-altitude populations exhibited a higher diversity. Statistical analysis of beta diversity indicated significant differences between high- and low-altitude populations. Significant differences were also detected at the phylum and family levels. At the phylum level, the high-altitude gut microbial community was dominated by Firmicutes (63.42%), while at low altitudes, it was dominated by Bacteroidetes (47.4%). At the family level, the high-altitude population was dominated by Ruminococcaceae (36.2%), while the low-altitude one was dominated by Prevotellaceae (39.6%). Some families, such as Christensenellaceae and Rikenellaceae, were consistently higher abundant in all high-altitude populations. We analysed the overlap of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in high-altitude populations and determined their core OTUs (shared by all four high-altitude populations). However, when compared with the low-altitude core OTUs, only 65% were shared, suggesting a divergence in core OTUs. Function prediction indicated a significant difference in gene copy number of 35 level-2 pathways between high- and low-altitude populations; 29 of them were higher in high altitudes, especially in membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The gut microbial community of high-altitude rhesus macaques was significantly distinct from that of low-altitude populations in terms of diversity, composition and function. High-altitude populations were dominated by Firmicutes and Ruminococcace, while in low-altitude populations, Bacteroidetes and Prevotellaceae were dominant. The difference in gut microbiota between these two populations may be caused by differences in host diet, environmental temperature and oxygen pressure. These differentiated gut microbial microorganisms may play a critical role in the adaptive evolution of rhesus macaques to high-altitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Dong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Xia
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Diyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxiang Wen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China.
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Bharwani A, West C, Champagne-Jorgensen K, McVey Neufeld KA, Ruberto J, Kunze WA, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P. The vagus nerve is necessary for the rapid and widespread neuronal activation in the brain following oral administration of psychoactive bacteria. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108067. [PMID: 32224131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that certain gut microbes modulate brain chemistry and have antidepressant-like behavioural effects. However, it is unclear which brain regions respond to bacteria-derived signals or how signals are transmitted to distinct regions. We investigated the role of the vagus in mediating neuronal activation following oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1). Male Balb/c mice were orally administered a single dose of saline or a live or heat-killed preparation of a physiologically active bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1). 165 min later, c-Fos immunoreactivity in the brain was mapped, and mesenteric vagal afferent fibre firing was recorded. Mice also underwent sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy to investigate whether severing the vagus prevented JB-1-induced c-Fos expression. Finally, we examined the ΔFosB response following acute versus chronic bacterial treatment. While a single exposure to live and heat-killed bacteria altered vagal activity, only live treatment induced rapid neural activation in widespread but distinct brain regions, as assessed by c-Fos expression. Sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy abolished c-Fos immunoreactivity in most, but not all, previously responsive regions. Chronic, but not acute treatment induced a distinct pattern of ΔFosB expression, including in previously unresponsive brain regions. These data identify that specific brain regions respond rapidly to gut microbes via vagal-dependent and independent pathways, and demonstrate that acute versus long-term exposure is associated with differential responses in distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Bharwani
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Christine West
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joseph Ruberto
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - John Bienenstock
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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Scarsella E, Cintio M, Iacumin L, Ginaldi F, Stefanon B. Interplay between Neuroendocrine Biomarkers and Gut Microbiota in Dogs Supplemented with Grape Proanthocyanidins: Results of Dietary Intervention Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030531. [PMID: 32235730 PMCID: PMC7142954 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The connection between animal health and gut microbiota has been studied during the past years through different diet modulation experiments; however, there is still a paucity of information about the prebiotic functions in the gastrointestinal tract of companion animals. Considering this, a population of dogs living in the same environment has been subjected to a nutritional study, with different doses of proanthocyanidins extracted from grapevine supplied to the diet. Characterization of the gut microbiota and data from endocrine analysis in saliva have been collected. Dogs responded differently to the dietary intervention, and results underlined the existence of a difference between subjects in terms of fecal microorganisms and neuroendocrine markers, leading us to think the balance of gut microbiota is going to play a strong role in diet formulation based on host health modulation. Abstract Several studies on the interaction between gut microbiota and diets, including prebiotics, have been reported in dogs, but no data are available about the effects of dietary administration of grape proanthocyanidins. In the study, 24 healthy adult dogs of different breeds were recruited and divided in 3 groups of 8 subjects each. A group was fed with a control diet (D0), whilst the others were supplemented with 1 (D1) or 3 (D3) mg/kg live weight of grape proanthocyanidins. Samples of feces were collected at the beginning and after 14 and 28 days for microbiota, short chain fatty acid, and lactic acid analysis. Serotonin and cortisol were measured in saliva, collected at the beginning of the study and after 28 days. A significantly higher abundance (p < 0.01) of Enterococcus and Adlercreutzia were observed in D0, whilst Escherichia and Eubacterium were higher in D1. Fusobacterium and Phascolarctobacterium were higher (p < 0.01) in D3. Salivary serotonin increased (p < 0.01) at T28 for D1 and D3 groups but cortisol did not vary. Proanthocyanidins administration influenced the fecal microbiota and neuroendocrine response of dogs, but a high variability of taxa was observed, suggesting a uniqueness and stability of fecal microbiota related to the individual.
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Axelsson PB, Petersen AH, Hageman I, Pinborg AB, Kessing LV, Bergholt T, Rasmussen SC, Keiding N, Clausen TD, Løkkegaard ECL. Is cesarean section a cause of affective disorders?-A national cohort study using sibling designs. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:496-504. [PMID: 32090777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota of children delivered by cesarean section differs from that of children delivered vaginally. In light of the gut-brain axis hypothesis, cesarean section may influence risk of affective disorders. METHODS Population based prospective cohort study included Danish children born 1982 through 2001, with follow-up until 2015. The effect of delivery mode on the risk of affective disorders was assessed using a standard Cox model and two types of Cox sibling models. Diagnostic codes or prescriptions for antidepressants and lithium were used to define cases of affective disorders. RESULTS 1,009,444 children were followed for 8,880,794 person-years from the age of 13 years, with relevant covariates available from birth. There are strong calendar time trends in the occurrence of affective disorders with an increasingly younger age at first diagnosis and with a hotspot between the years 2007-2012. Fully adjusted standard Cox models showed an increased risk of affective disorders for both pre-labor (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.15) and intrapartum (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.10) cesarean section, compared to vaginal delivery. This effect disappeared in the between-within sibling model for pre-labor (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.94-1.07) but not intrapartum (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.12) cesarean section. LIMITATIONS Interpretation of results from sibling models may not be relevant to children without siblings. CONCLUSIONS These results do not support the hypothesis that a delivery-mode dependent change in gut microbiota is a cause of subsequent affective disorders, despite an apparent association with delivery mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bryde Axelsson
- Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Anne Helby Petersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Hageman
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Bisgaard Pinborg
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Fertility Department, The Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bergholt
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Christian Rasmussen
- Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Niels Keiding
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Dalsgaard Clausen
- Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hillerød, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Christine Leth Løkkegaard
- Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hillerød, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Champagne-Jorgensen K, Mian MF, Kay S, Hanani H, Ziv O, McVey Neufeld KA, Koren O, Bienenstock J. Prenatal low-dose penicillin results in long-term sex-specific changes to murine behaviour, immune regulation, and gut microbiota. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 84:154-163. [PMID: 31785396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that environmental disruptors of maternal microbes may have significant detrimental consequences for the developing fetus. Antibiotic exposure during early life can have long-term effects on neurodevelopment in mice and humans. Here we explore whether exposure to low-dose penicillin during only the last week of gestation in mice has long-term effects on offspring behaviour, brain, immune function, and gut microbiota. We found that this treatment had sex-specific effects in the adult mouse offspring. Female, but not male, mice demonstrated decreased anxiety-like behaviours, while male, but not female, mice had abnormal social behaviours which correlated with altered brain expression of AVPR1A, AVPR1B, and OXTR, and decreases in the balance of splenic FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Prenatal penicillin exposure also led to distinct microbiota compositions that clustered differently by sex. These data suggest that exposure of pregnant mice to even a low dose of penicillin through only the last week before birth is nonetheless sufficient to induce long-term sex-specific developmental changes in both male and female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Champagne-Jorgensen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Firoz Mian
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Kay
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hila Hanani
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Oren Ziv
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Saniotis A, Grantham JP, Kumaratilake J, Henneberg M. Neuro-hormonal Regulation Is a Better Indicator of Human Cognitive Abilities Than Brain Anatomy: The Need for a New Paradigm. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:101. [PMID: 31998082 PMCID: PMC6962128 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Saniotis
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Knowledge University, Erbil, Iraq
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit (BACARU), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Arthur Saniotis
| | - James P. Grantham
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit (BACARU), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit (BACARU), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit (BACARU), Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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DUPONT HERBERTL, JIANG ZHIDONG, DUPONT ANDREWW, UTAY NETANYAS. THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOME IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2020; 131:178-197. [PMID: 32675857 PMCID: PMC7358474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Initiative of NIH, begun in 2007, has opened the door to the power of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease. The 100 trillion gut microbes influence body function through three pathways: (1) via the neural route where 500 million neurons of the enteric nervous system (the body's second brain) connect to the brain and spinal cord, (2) via the immune route where the gut-immune capacity prevents infection and elicits immune response to vaccines, and (3) by the hormonal route wherein biologically active chemicals are released from enteroendocrine cells to control mood and body functions. Through research, the identification of diseases and disorders associated with abnormal microbiome ("dysbiosis") has increased in number with potential for reversibility. Our team has developed an orally administered fecal microbiota transplantation product that is effective in reversing dysbiosis in recurrent Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) and is being used to reverse abnormal microbiomes in chronic dysbiotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- HERBERT L. DUPONT
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Herbert L. DuPont, MD, MACP, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030713-500-9366
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Wang S, Qu Y, Chang L, Pu Y, Zhang K, Hashimoto K. Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion is associated with resilience in mice after chronic social defeat stress. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:448-457. [PMID: 31539679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain-gut axis plays a role in the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders such as depression. However, the role of brain-gut axis in the resilience versus susceptibility after stress remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion on an anhedonia-like phenotype in adult mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). METHODS Using CSDS paradigm, we investigated the effects of antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion on the resilience versus susceptibility in mice. RESULTS Treatment with an antibiotic cocktail for 14 days significantly decreased the diversity and composition of the microbiota in the host gut. Proteobacteria were markedly increased after treatment with the antibiotic cocktail. At the genus and species levels, the antibiotic-treated group exhibited marked alterations in the microbiota compared with a control group. CSDS was shown to significantly improve the abnormal composition of gut microbiota in the antibiotic-treated group. CSDS did not produce an anhedonia-like phenotype in the antibiotic-treated mice, but did induce an anhedonia-like phenotype in control mice, suggesting that gut bacteria are essential for the development of CSDS-induced anhedonia. CSDS treatment did not alter the plasma levels of interleukin-6 or the expression of synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95 and GluA1, in the prefrontal cortex of antibiotic-treated mice. LIMITATIONS Specific microbiome were not determined. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion contributed to resilience to anhedonia in mice subjected to CSDS. Therefore, it is likely that the brain-gut axis plays a role in resilience versus susceptibility to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yaoyu Pu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Wu F, Guo X, Zhang M, Ou Z, Wu D, Deng L, Lu Z, Zhang J, Deng G, Chen S, Li S, Yi J, Peng Y. An Akkermansia muciniphila subtype alleviates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders and inhibits the neurodegenerative process in mice. Anaerobe 2019; 61:102138. [PMID: 31830598 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes, and their complicating mental disorders, severely affect public health. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an Akkermansia muciniphila subtype (A. muciniphilasub) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes, and to evaluate whether this subtype can alleviate their complicated mental disorders. Whole genome sequencing and short chain fatty acid production analysis in supernatant of pure culture were performed. Female adult C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet or a normal chow diet and were gavaged with A. muciniphilasub or phosphate-buffered saline daily for 10 months. Body weight, food consumption and blood glucose were measured. At the end of the treatment period, all mice were subjected to the Y-maze test, sucrose preference test, analyses of serum, fecal microbiota analysis and histological examination. This A. muciniphilasub had 278 unique genes compared to the type strain (A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835) and produced short chain fatty acids both. A. muciniphilasub administration significantly reduced body weight gain and improved the spatial memory of high-fat diet-fed mice. A. muciniphilasub increased Nissl bodies in neurons of the hippocampus, and restored the high-fat diet-inhibited tryptophan metabolism. The high-fat diet led to decreased serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and induced depression, which were not alleviated by A. muciniphilasub. A. muciniphilasub increased the relative fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium, and was negatively correlated with the fecal abundance of Bacteroides. The present study demonstrated the beneficial effects of this A. muciniphilasub on body weight, blood glucose control and the alleviation of the memory decay caused by a high-fat diet in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Key Lab Neurogenet & Channelopathies Guangdong Pr, Minist Educ, Institute Neurosci, Affiliated Hospital 2, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Shenzhen Puensum Genetech Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yi
- Guangzhou Kangze Medical Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Effect of probiotics on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis of human studies. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112568. [PMID: 31563280 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data show that probiotics may be beneficial in reducing depressive symptoms. We conducted an updated meta-analysis and evaluated the effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms. A systematic search of six databases was performed, and the results were reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses, with the priori-defined protocol registered at PROSPERO (CRD42018107426). In total, 19 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with a total of 1901 participants were included in the qualitative synthesis. Participants treated with probiotics showed significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms than those receiving placebo. The clinical population was stratified by clinical diagnosis into those with major depressive disorder (MDD) and those with other clinical conditions. The beneficial effect of probiotics on depressive symptoms was significant in patients with MDD, but not in those with other clinical conditions and in the general population. In addition, multiple strains of probiotics were more effective in reducing depressive symptoms. In conclusion, altering the gut-brain axis with probiotics may be an approach to improve depression severity. It is essential to verify the efficacy of specific combinations or strains of probiotics for depressive symptoms by conducting studies with a larger sample size in the future.
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McVey Neufeld KA, Bienenstock J, Bharwani A, Champagne-Jorgensen K, Mao Y, West C, Liu Y, Surette MG, Kunze W, Forsythe P. Oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors activate vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14290. [PMID: 31582799 PMCID: PMC6776512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve can transmit signals to the brain resulting in a reduction in depressive behavior as evidenced by the long-term beneficial effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus in patients with intractable depression. The vagus is the major neural connection between gut and brain, and we have previously shown that ingestion of beneficial bacteria modulates behaviour and brain neurochemistry via this pathway. Given the high levels of serotonin in the gut, we considered if gut-brain signaling, and specifically the vagal pathway, might contribute to the therapeutic effect of oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). Mesenteric nerve recordings were conducted in mice after treatment with SSRI to ascertain if this class of drugs resulted in increased vagal excitability. Patch clamp recordings of enteric neurons were carried out to measure activity of primary afferent neurons in the gut in response to SSRI and to assess the importance of gut epithelium in transducing signal. The tail suspension test (TST) was used following 14d feeding of SSRI in vagotomised and surgical sham mice to measure depressive-like behaviour. Brain mRNA expression was examined via PCR and the intestinal microbiome was assessed. Mesenteric nerve recordings in BALB/c mice demonstrated that oral treatment with SSRI leads to a significant increase in vagal activity. This effect was not observed in mice treated with a representative noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is known that signals from the gut can be transmitted to the vagus via the enteric nervous system. Exposure of the gut to SSRI increased the excitability of intrinsic primary afferent neurons in the myenteric plexus, through an intestinal epithelium dependent mechanism, and alpha-diversity of gut microbiota was altered. Critically, blocking vagal signaling from gut to brain, via subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, abolished the antidepressive effects of oral SSRI treatment as determined by the tail suspension test. This work suggests that vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signaling contributes to the effects of oral SSRI and further, highlights the potential for pharmacological approaches to treatment of mood disorders that focus on vagal stimulation and may not even require therapeutic agents to enter the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Aadil Bharwani
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - YuKang Mao
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Christine West
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
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Abstract
The microbiome is proving to be increasingly important for human brain functioning. A series of recent studies have shown that the microbiome influences the central nervous system in various ways, and consequently acts on the psychological well-being of the individual by mediating, among others, the reactions of stress and anxiety. From a specifically neuroethical point of view, according to some scholars, the particular composition of the microbiome-qua microbial community-can have consequences on the traditional idea of human individuality. Another neuroethical aspect concerns the reception of this new knowledge in relation to clinical applications. In fact, attention to the balance of the microbiome-which includes eating behavior, the use of psychobiotics and, in the treatment of certain diseases, the use of fecal microbiota transplantation-may be limited or even prevented by a biased negative attitude. This attitude derives from a prejudice related to everything that has to do with the organic processing of food and, in general, with the human stomach and intestine: the latter have traditionally been regarded as low, dirty, contaminated and opposed to what belongs to the mind and the brain. This biased attitude can lead one to fail to adequately consider the new anthropological conceptions related to the microbiome, resulting in a state of health, both physical and psychological, inferior to what one might have by paying the right attention to the knowledge available today. Shifting from the ubiquitous high-low metaphor (which is synonymous with superior-inferior) to an inside-outside metaphor can thus be a neuroethical strategy to achieve a new and unbiased reception of the discoveries related to the microbiome.
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Pu Y, Chang L, Qu Y, Wang S, Zhang K, Hashimoto K. Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion protects against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6915-6929. [PMID: 31479418 PMCID: PMC6756889 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain-gut axis appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, the precise mechanisms underlying the actions of gut microbiota in this disease are unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate whether antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion affects dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the mouse brain after administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP significantly decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in the striatum and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra of water-treated mice. However, MPTP did not decrease DAT or TH immunoreactivity in the brains of mice treated with an antibiotic cocktail. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the diversity and altered the composition of the host gut microbiota at the genus and species levels. Interestingly, MPTP also altered microbiome composition in antibiotic-treated mice. These findings suggest that antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion might protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the brain via the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Pu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Siming Wang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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72
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Del Giudice M. Invisible Designers: Brain Evolution Through the Lens of Parasite Manipulation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/705038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Forsythe P. Immune to fear: With a little help from old friends. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:8-9. [PMID: 30797961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- Brain Body Institute and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Stress-induced disturbances along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis and implications for mental health: Does sex matter? Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100772. [PMID: 31302116 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Women are roughly twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related disorders, especially major depression and generalized anxiety. Accumulating evidence suggest that microbes inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (the gut microbiota) interact with the host brain and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of mental illnesses. Here, the possibility that sexually dimorphic alterations along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis could play a role in promoting this female bias of mood and anxiety disorders will be discussed. This review will also analyze the idea that gut microbes and sex hormones influence each other, and that this reciprocal crosstalk may come to modulate inflammatory players along the gut microbiota-immune-brain axis and influence behavior in a sex-dependent way.
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76
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Relation Between Infant Microbiota and Autism?: Results from a National Cohort Sibling Design Study. Epidemiology 2019; 30:52-60. [PMID: 30273187 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypotheses concerning adverse effects of changes in microbiota have received much recent attention, but unobserved confounding makes them difficult to test. We investigated whether surrogate markers for potential adverse microbiota change in infancy affected autism risk, addressing unobserved confounding using a sibling study design. METHODS This is a population-based, prospective cohort study including all singleton live births in Denmark from 1997 to 2010. The exposure variables were cesarean delivery and antibiotic use in the first 2 years of life. The outcome was a subsequent autism diagnosis. We used the between- and within-sibling model and compared it with sibling-stratified Cox models and simpler standard Cox models that ignored sibship. RESULTS Of our study population including 671,606 children, who were followed for up to 15 years (7,341,133 person-years), 72% received antibiotics, 17.5% were delivered by cesarean, and 1.2% (8,267) developed autism. The standard Cox models predicted that both cesarean (compared with vaginal) delivery and antibiotics increased the risk of autism. In the sibling-stratified Cox model, only broader spectrum antibiotics were associated with increased risk of autism: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16 (95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.36). The between-within model estimated no exposure effects: intrapartum cesarean HR = 1.06 (0.89, 1.26); prelabor cesarean HR = 0.97 (0.83, 1.15); exclusively penicillin HR = 1.05 (0.93, 1.18); and broader spectrum antibiotics HR = 1.05 (0.95, 1.16). CONCLUSIONS The between-within model rendered more precise estimates than sibling-stratified Cox models, and we believe that it also provided more valid estimates. Results from these preferred models do not support a causal relation between antibiotic treatment during infancy, cesarean delivery, and autism. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B432.
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77
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Kantar A, Seminara M. Why chronic cough in children is different. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 56:51-55. [PMID: 30851475 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there have been robust changes in our knowledge of the neurophysiology of cough and novel clinical etiologies. Specifically, cough hypersensitivity in adults and protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in children have been increasingly investigated, and differences between chronic cough in children and adults have been widely reported. In young children, postinfectious cough, bronchiectasis, airway malacia, PBB, and asthma appear to be the main causes of cough; however, by adolescence, the causes of cough are more likely to become those common in adults, namely, gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, and upper airway syndrome. These differences are attributed to changes in various characteristics of the respiratory tract, immune system, and nervous system between children and adults. New knowledge about the neural aspects of cough has revealed a complex network of pathways that initiate cough. The effect of inflammation on cough neural processing occurs at multiple peripheral and central sites within the nervous system. Evidence exists that direct or indirect neuroimmune interaction induces a complex response, which can be altered by mediators released by the sensory or parasympathetic neurons and vice versa. During childhood, the respiratory tract and the nervous system undergo a series of anatomical and physiological maturation processes that produce the cough neural circuits. Alterations provoked by various pathological processes, noxious agents, infection, and inflammation during the developmental period can lead to persistent or irreversible modifications, which may explain why many adult patients, in addition to expressing high cough sensitivity, remain refractive to disease-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kantar
- Paediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, University and Research Hospitals, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Manuela Seminara
- Paediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, University and Research Hospitals, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato, Bergamo, Italy
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78
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Antibiotics and the nervous system: More than just the microbes? Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:7-15. [PMID: 30582961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics has recently risen to prominence in neuroscience due to their potential value in studying the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this context they have been largely employed to illustrate the many influences of the gut microbiota on brain function and behaviour. Much of this research is bolstered by the abnormal behaviour seen in germ-free animals and other well-controlled experiments. However, this literature has largely failed to consider the neuroactive potential of antibiotics themselves, independent from, or in addition to, their microbicidal effects. This is problematic, as clinical as well as experimental literature, largely neglected through the past decade, has clearly demonstrated that broad classes of antibiotics are neuroactive or neurotoxic. This is true even for some antibiotics that are widely regarded as not absorbed in the intestinal tract, and is especially concerning when considering the highly-concentrated and widely-ranging doses that have been used. In this review we will critically survey the clinical and experimental evidence that antibiotics may influence a variety of nervous system functions, from the enteric nervous system through to the brain and resultant behaviour. We will discuss substantial evidence which clearly suggests neuro-activity or -toxicity by most classes of antibiotics. We will conclude that, while evidence for the microbiota-gut-brain axis remains strong, clinical and experimental studies which employ antibiotics to probe it must consider this potential confound.
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79
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Abstract
The microbiome in the gut is a diverse environment, housing the majority of our bacterial microbes. This microecosystem has a symbiotic relationship with the surrounding multicellular organism, and a balance and diversity of specific phyla of bacteria support general health. When gut bacteria diversity diminishes, there are systemic consequences, such as gastrointestinal and psychological distress. This pathway of communication is known as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Interventions such as probiotic supplementation that influence microbiome also improve both gut and brain disorders. Recent evidence suggests that aerobic exercise improves the diversity and abundance of genera from the Firmcutes phylum, which may be the link between the positive effects of exercise on the gut and brain. The purpose of this review is to explain the complex communication pathway of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and further examine the role of exercise on influencing this communication highway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Dalton
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Micah Zuhl
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,CONTACT Micah Zuhl Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Andrews K, Gonzalez A. Contextual risk factors impacting the colonization and development of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for children in low- and middle-income countries. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:714-728. [PMID: 30663777 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early adversities, such as poverty, maternal stress, and malnutrition, can affect the structure and functioning of the developing brain with implications for biological systems such as the intestinal microbiota. To date, most studies examining the impact of these risk factors on the development and functioning of the intestinal microbiota have primarily been conducted in high-income countries. However, arguably, children in low- and middle-income countries may be at increased risk given cumulative biological and psychosocial adversities during their development. Accumulating evidence in low- and middle-income countries has linked dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota to child health outcomes such as stunting, malnutrition, and diarrheal diseases characterized by reduced microbial diversity and elevated pathogenic bacteria, which has implications for psychosocial outcomes. This review summarizes empirical findings that highlight the association between risk factors prevalent in low- and middle-income countries and the intestinal microbiota of children. Additionally, we briefly survey the current evidence regarding the effect of nutritional interventions on the microbial composition of children in low- and middle-income countries. We conclude that these empirical studies have the capacity to inform future research investigating the influence of preventive interventions on biological systems by targeting the predominant risk factors faced by children in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta Andrews
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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81
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Neuman H, Forsythe P, Uzan A, Avni O, Koren O. Antibiotics in early life: dysbiosis and the damage done. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:489-499. [PMID: 29945240 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are the most common type of medication prescribed to children, including infants, in the Western world. While use of antibiotics has transformed previously lethal infections into relatively minor diseases, antibiotic treatments can have adverse effects as well. It has been shown in children, adults and animal models that antibiotics dramatically alter the gut microbial composition. Since the gut microbiota plays crucial roles in immunity, metabolism and endocrinology, the effects of antibiotics on the microbiota may lead to further health complications. In this review, we present an overview of the effects of antibiotics on the microbiome in children, and correlate them to long-lasting complications of obesity, behavior, allergies, autoimmunity and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Neuman
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 13115, Israel.,Ziv Medical Center, Derech HaRambam St., Safed 13100 Israel.,Zefat Academic College, Jerusalem St. 11, Safed 13206, Israel
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, L8N 4A6 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and Department of Medicine, 50 Charlton Avenue East, McMaster University, L8N 4A6 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Atara Uzan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 13115, Israel
| | - Orly Avni
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 13115, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Henrietta Szold 8, Safed 13115, Israel
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82
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Karl JP, Hatch AM, Arcidiacono SM, Pearce SC, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Doherty LA, Soares JW. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2013. [PMID: 30258412 PMCID: PMC6143810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota influences the host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating the gut microbiota as an important mediator of host health. This narrative review aims to summarize evidence concerning the impact of psychological, environmental, and physical stressors on gut microbiota composition and function. The stressors reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, and cold), environmental pathogens, toxicants, pollutants, and noise, physical activity, and diet (nutrient composition and food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance to military personnel, a population that is commonly exposed to these stressors, often at extremes, and in combination. However, the selected stressors are also common, alone or in combination, in some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates that the reviewed stressors alter the composition, function and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, but that effects vary across stressors, and can include effects that may be beneficial or detrimental to host health. Translation of these findings to humans is largely lacking at present. This gap precludes concluding with certainty that transient or cumulative exposures to psychological, environmental, and physical stressors have any consistent, meaningful impact on the human gut microbiota. However, provocative preclinical evidence highlights a need for translational research aiming to elucidate the impact of stressors on the human gut microbiota, and how the gut microbiota can be manipulated, for example by using nutrition, to mitigate adverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M. Hatch
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Steven M. Arcidiacono
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G. Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laurel A. Doherty
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W. Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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83
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Stripling J, Rodriguez M. Current Evidence in Delivery and Therapeutic Uses of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Human Diseases-Clostridium difficile Disease and Beyond. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:424-432. [PMID: 30384951 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was first described in China in the 4th century by Ge Hong when "yellow soup," a fecal slurry, was administered for the treatment of severe food poisoning and diarrhea, a practice that continued for centuries. Bedouin groups also consumed stools of their camels as a remedy for dysentery. FMT was also applied in veterinary medicine in Europe in the 16th century. Additional therapeutic use of human excretions was described in Europe in the 18th and 19th century and in World War II, when gut bacteria were administered to German soldiers suffering from dysentery in the North African campaign. More scientifically, Eismann, in 1958, utilized fecal transplantation via enema in 4 patients for the treatment of severe pseudomembranous colitis with success. Following this report a number of isolated cases were published describing the use of FMT by different delivery routes for the treatment of a variety of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Stripling
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Martin Rodriguez
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama.
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84
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Gut microbiota, cannabinoid system and neuroimmune interactions: New perspectives in multiple sclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:51-66. [PMID: 30171835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role on the education and function of the host immune system. Immunological dysregulation is the cause of numerous human disorders such as autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders frequently associated with inflammatory processes therefore is critical to explore novel mechanisms involved in maintaining the immune system homeostasis. The cannabinoid system and related bioactive lipids participate in multiple central and peripheral physiological processes that affect metabolic, gastrointestinal and neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms displaying a modulatory role and contributing to the maintenance of the organism's homeostasis. In this review, we gather the knowledge on the gut microbiota-endocannabinoids interactions and their impact on autoimmune disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and particularly, multiple sclerosis (MS) as the best example of a CNS autoimmune disorder. Furthermore, we contribute to this field with new data on changes in many elements of the cannabinoid system in a viral model of MS after gut microbiota manipulation by both antibiotics and probiotics. Finally, we highlight new therapeutic opportunities, under an integrative view, targeting the eCBS and the commensal microbiota in the context of neuroinflammation and MS.
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85
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Sarkar A, Harty S, Lehto SM, Moeller AH, Dinan TG, Dunbar RIM, Cryan JF, Burnet PWJ. The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:611-636. [PMID: 29907531 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychology and microbiology make unlikely friends, but the past decade has witnessed striking bidirectional associations between intrinsic gut microbes and the brain, relationships with largely untested psychological implications. Although microbe-brain relationships are receiving a great deal of attention in biomedicine and neuroscience, psychologists have yet to join this journey. Here, we illustrate microbial associations with emotion, cognition, and social behavior. However, despite considerable enthusiasm and potential, technical and conceptual limitations including low statistical power and lack of mechanistic descriptions prevent a nuanced understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior relationships. Our goal is to describe microbial effects in domains of cognitive significance and the associated challenges to stimulate interdisciplinary research on the contribution of this hidden kingdom to psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Trinity College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Siobhán Harty
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine / Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew H Moeller
- Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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86
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Konkel L. What Is Your Gut Telling You? Exploring the Role of the Microbiome in Gut-Brain Signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:062001. [PMID: 29883071 PMCID: PMC6108581 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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87
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Douglas AE. The Drosophila model for microbiome research. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 47:157-164. [PMID: 29795158 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-018-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized to play an important role in shaping the health and fitness of animals, including humans. Drosophila is emerging as a valuable model for microbiome research, combining genetic and genomic resources with simple protocols to manipulate the microbiome, such that microbiologically sterile flies and flies bearing a standardized microbiota can readily be produced in large numbers. Studying Drosophila has the potential to increase our understanding of how the microbiome influences host traits, and allows opportunities for hypothesis testing of microbial impacts on human health. Drosophila is being used to investigate aspects of host-microbe interactions, including the metabolism, the immune system and behavior. Drosophila offers a valuable alternative to rodent and other mammalian models of microbiome research for fundamental discovery of microbiome function, enabling improved research cost effectiveness and benefits for animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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88
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Houdek P. Economic Holobiont: Influence of Parasites, Microbiota and Chemosignals on Economic Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:77. [PMID: 29765310 PMCID: PMC5938411 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is a perspective on utilization of microorganisms and chemosignals in studying human economic behavior. Research in biological roots of economic development has already confirmed that parasitic pressure influenced the creation and development of cultural norms and institutions. However, other effects of microorganisms on human groups and individual decision-making and behavior are heavily understudied. The perspective discusses how parasitic infections, sexually transmitted organisms and microbiota (i.e., “human holobiont”) could causally influence risk-seeking behavior, impulsivity, social dominance, empathy, political views and gender differences. As a case study, the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and its influence on economic preferences, personal characteristics and human appearance are examined. I also briefly review how chemosignals influence decision-making, particularly in the social preferences domain. I mention some predictions that arise from the paradigm of economic holobiont for the economic science. The conclusion summarizes limitations of the discussed findings and the stated speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Houdek
- Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
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89
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Ewald DR, Sumner SCJ. Human microbiota, blood group antigens, and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1413. [PMID: 29316320 PMCID: PMC5902424 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Far from being just "bugs in our guts," the microbiota interacts with the body in previously unimagined ways. Research into the genome and the microbiome has revealed that the human body and the microbiota have a long-established but only recently recognized symbiotic relationship; homeostatic balance between them regulates body function. That balance is fragile, easily disturbed, and plays a fundamental role in human health-our very survival depends on the healthy functioning of these microorganisms. Increasing rates of cardiovascular, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases, as well as epidemics in obesity and diabetes in recent decades are believed to be explained, in part, by unintended effects on the microbiota from vaccinations, poor diets, environmental chemicals, indiscriminate antibiotic use, and "germophobia." Discovery and exploration of the brain-gut-microbiota axis have provided new insights into functional diseases of the gut, autoimmune and stress-related disorders, and the role of probiotics in treating certain affective disorders; it may even explain some aspects of autism. Research into dietary effects on the human gut microbiota led to its classification into three proposed enterotypes, but also revealed the surprising role of blood group antigens in shaping those populations. Blood group antigens have previously been associated with disease risks; their subsequent association with the microbiota may reveal mechanisms that lead to development of nutritional interventions and improved treatment modalities. Further exploration of associations between specific enteric microbes and specific metabolites will foster new dietary interventions, treatment modalities, and genetic therapies, and inevitably, their application in personalized healthcare strategies. This article is categorized under: Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Metabolomics Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rose Ewald
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081
| | - Susan CJ Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, 28081
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90
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Abstract
Today, the three classical biological explanations of the individual self––the immune system, the brain, the genome––are being challenged by the new field of microbiome research. Evidence shows that our resident microbes orchestrate the adaptive immune system, influence the brain, and contribute more gene functions than our own genome. The realization that humans are not individual, discrete entities but rather the outcome of ever-changing interactions with microorganisms has consequences beyond the biological disciplines. In particular, it calls into question the assumption that distinctive human traits set us apart from all other animals––and therefore also the traditional disciplinary divisions between the arts and the sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rees
- Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Bosch
- Zoological Institute and Interdisciplinary Research Center Kiel Life Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela E. Douglas
- Department of Entomology & Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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91
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Bonaz B, Bazin T, Pellissier S. The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 29467611 PMCID: PMC5808284 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota, the gut, and the brain communicate through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a bidirectional way that involves the autonomic nervous system. The vagus nerve (VN), the principal component of the parasympathetic nervous system, is a mixed nerve composed of 80% afferent and 20% efferent fibers. The VN, because of its role in interoceptive awareness, is able to sense the microbiota metabolites through its afferents, to transfer this gut information to the central nervous system where it is integrated in the central autonomic network, and then to generate an adapted or inappropriate response. A cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has been described through VN's fibers, which is able to dampen peripheral inflammation and to decrease intestinal permeability, thus very probably modulating microbiota composition. Stress inhibits the VN and has deleterious effects on the gastrointestinal tract and on the microbiota, and is involved in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which are both characterized by a dysbiosis. A low vagal tone has been described in IBD and IBS patients thus favoring peripheral inflammation. Targeting the VN, for example through VN stimulation which has anti-inflammatory properties, would be of interest to restore homeostasis in the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Grenoble Alpes, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Bazin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Hospital University Center, Pessac, France
| | - Sonia Pellissier
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
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92
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Lee SH, Sung JH. Organ-on-a-Chip Technology for Reproducing Multiorgan Physiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28945001 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the drug development process, the accurate prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity is important in order to reduce the cost, labor, and effort involved. For this purpose, conventional 2D cell culture models are used in the early phase of drug development. However, the differences between the in vitro and the in vivo systems have caused the failure of drugs in the later phase of the drug-development process. Therefore, there is a need for a novel in vitro model system that can provide accurate information for evaluating the drug efficacy and toxicity through a closer recapitulation of the in vivo system. Recently, the idea of using microtechnology for mimicking the microscale tissue environment has become widespread, leading to the development of "organ-on-a-chip." Furthermore, the system is further developed for realizing a multiorgan model for mimicking interactions between multiple organs. These advancements are still ongoing and are aimed at ultimately developing "body-on-a-chip" or "human-on-a-chip" devices for predicting the response of the whole body. This review summarizes recently developed organ-on-a-chip technologies, and their applications for reproducing multiorgan functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hongik University; Seoul 04066 Republic of Korea
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93
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Zhao X, Chen T, Meng F, Wang H, Tian P, Tang X, Wang X, Wang X, Xin H, Wei H. Therapeutic effect of herb residue fermentation supernatant on spleen‑deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2764-2770. [PMID: 29207096 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To minimize the waste of active ingredients present in herb residues, in the present study, probiotics of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum M3 were selected to reuse herb residues from Jianweixiaoshi tablets, and the therapeutic effects of the herb residue fermentation supernatant were evaluated using a spleen‑deficient mouse model. The results of the present study indicated that the fermentation supernatant may effectively improve the immunity of mice, as measured by body weight, spleen and thymus index, and inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑2, IL‑4 and interferon‑γ. The viable cell count and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results indicated that the fermentation supernatant markedly enhanced bacterial diversity and the number of lactobacilli in mouse intestines. Therefore, the combination of the Jianweixiaoshi herb residue and probiotics provided a novel method to reuse herb residues and may in the future contribute to the treatment of spleen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Fanjing Meng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Puyuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xianyao Tang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wei
- Jiangxi‑OAI Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, P.R. China
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94
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Delungahawatta T, Amin JY, Stanisz AM, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Antibiotic Driven Changes in Gut Motility Suggest Direct Modulation of Enteric Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:588. [PMID: 29104530 PMCID: PMC5655012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-mediated changes to the intestinal microbiome have largely been assumed to be the basis of antibiotic-induced neurophysiological and behavioral changes. However, relatively little research has addressed whether antibiotics act directly on the host nervous system to produce these changes. We aimed to identify whether acute exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to antibiotics directly modulates neuronally dependent motility reflexes, ex vivo. Motility of colon and jejunum segments in a perfusion organ bath was recorded by video and alterations to neuronally dependent propagating contractile clusters (PCC), measured using spatiotemporal maps of diameter changes. Short latency (<10 min) changes to PCC serve as an index of putative effects on the host nervous system. Bacitracin, penicillin V, and neomycin, all produced dose-dependent alterations to the velocity, frequency, and amplitude of PCC. Most significantly, colonic PCC velocity increased by 53% [probability of superiority (PS) = 87%] with 1.42 mg/ml bacitracin, 19% (PS = 81%) with 0.91 mg/ml neomycin, and 19% (PS = 86%) with 3.88 mg/ml penicillin V. Colonic frequency increased by 16% (PS = 73%) with 1.42 mg/ml bacitracin, 21% (PS = 79%) with 0.91 mg/ml neomycin, and 34% (PS = 85%) at 3.88 mg/ml penicillin V. Conversely, colonic amplitude decreased by 41% (PS = 79%) with 1.42 mg/ml bacitracin, 30% (PS = 80%) with 0.27 mg/ml neomycin and 25% (PS = 79%) at 3.88 mg/ml penicillin V. In the jejunum, antibiotic-specific changes were identified. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that acute exposure of the gastrointestinal lumen to antibiotics modulates neuronal reflexes. Future work should acknowledge the importance of this mechanism in mediating antibiotic-driven changes on gut-brain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Delungahawatta
- Department of Medical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Y Amin
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Stanisz
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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95
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purposes of this review were as follows: first, to provide an overview of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the gut and the central nervous system (the microbiota-gut-brain axis) in health, second, to review the relevance of this axis to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, and, finally, to assess the potential for microbiota-targeted therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Work on animal models has established the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a real phenomenon; to date, the evidence for its operation in man has been limited and has been confronted by considerable logistical challenges. Animal and translational models have incriminated a disturbed gut microbiota in a number of CNS disorders, including Parkinson's disease; data from human studies is scanty. While a theoretical basis can be developed for the use of microbiota-directed therapies in neurodegenerative disorders, support is yet to come from high-quality clinical trials. In theory, a role for the microbiota-gut-brain axis is highly plausible; clinical confirmation is awaited.
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96
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Margolis KG. A role for the serotonin reuptake transporter in the brain and intestinal features of autism spectrum disorders and developmental antidepressant exposure. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 83-84:36-40. [PMID: 28213183 PMCID: PMC5555828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many disease conditions considered CNS-predominant harbor significant intestinal comorbidities. Serotonin (5-HT) and the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) have increasingly been shown to play important roles in both brain and intestinal development and long-term function. 5-HT and SERT may thus modulate critical functions in the development and perpetuation of brain-gut axis disease. We discuss the potential roles of 5-HT and SERT in the brain and intestinal manifestations of autism spectrum disorders and developmental antidepressant exposure. The potential therapeutic value of 5-HT4 modulation in the subsequent treatment of these conditions is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Gross Margolis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, United States.
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97
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Desired Turbulence? Gut-Lung Axis, Immunity, and Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2017; 2017:5035371. [PMID: 29075294 PMCID: PMC5623803 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5035371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota includes different microorganisms consisting of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa distributed over many human body surfaces including the skin, vagina, gut, and airways, with the highest density found in the intestine. The gut microbiota strongly influences our metabolic, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Recently, a dialogue between the gut and lung microbiota has been discovered, suggesting that changes in one compartment could impact the other compartment, whether in relation to microbial composition or function. Further, this bidirectional axis is evidenced in an, either beneficial or malignant, altered immune response in one compartment following changes in the other compartment. Stimulation of the immune system arises from the microbial cells themselves, but also from their metabolites. It can be either direct or mediated by stimulated immune cells in one site impacting the other site. Additionally, this interaction may lead to immunological boost, assisting the innate immune system in its antitumour response. Thus, this review offers an insight into the composition of these sites, the gut and the lung, their role in shaping the immune system, and, finally, their role in the response to lung cancer.
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98
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Do bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:458-471. [PMID: 28918360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human body contains as many bacteria in the intestine as the total number of human body cells. These bacteria have a central position in human health and disease, and would also play a role in the regulation of emotions, behavior, and even higher cognitive functions. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA axis) is a major physiological stress system that produces cortisol. This hormone is involved in responding to environmental stress and also shapes many aspects of brain development. Both the HPA axis and the intestinal microbiota show rapid and profound developmental changes during the first years of life. Early environmental disturbances can affect the development of both systems. Early adversity, for example, is known to lead to later unbalances in both, as well as to psychopathological behavior and emotions. The goal of this theoretical review is to summarize current knowledge on the developmental crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the HPA axis, providing a basis for understanding the development and bidirectional communication between these two essential systems in human functioning.
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99
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Lozupone M, Seripa D, Stella E, La Montagna M, Solfrizzi V, Quaranta N, Veneziani F, Cester A, Sardone R, Bonfiglio C, Giannelli G, Bisceglia P, Bringiotti R, Daniele A, Greco A, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Panza F. Innovative biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: a major clinical challenge in psychiatry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:809-824. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1375857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | | | - Federica Veneziani
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Cester
- Department of Medicine Organization Geriatric Unit, CDCD, Dolo Hospital, Venezia, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Bonfiglio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bringiotti
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Lecce, Italy
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100
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Bienenstock J, Kunze WA, Forsythe P. Disruptive physiology: olfaction and the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:390-403. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton; 50 Charlton Ave. E. Room T3304 Hamilton L8N 4A6 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W.; Hamilton L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Wolfgang A. Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton; 50 Charlton Ave. E. Room T3304 Hamilton L8N 4A6 Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences; McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W.; Hamilton L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton; 50 Charlton Ave. E. Room T3304 Hamilton L8N 4A6 Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health; Hamilton 50 Charlton Ave. E., Room T3302 L8N 4A6 Canada
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W.; Hamilton L8S 4L8 Canada
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