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Cermenati G, Giatti S, Audano M, Pesaresi M, Spezzano R, Caruso D, Mitro N, Melcangi RC. Diabetes alters myelin lipid profile in rat cerebral cortex: Protective effects of dihydroprogesterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:60-70. [PMID: 28167298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emerging association of diabetes with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative events, the evaluation of the effects of this pathology on the brain function has now a high priority in biomedical research. In particular, the effects of diabetes on myelin compartment have been poorly taken into consideration. To this purpose, we performed a deep lipidomic analysis of cortical myelin in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. In male rats three months of diabetes induced an extensive alterations in levels of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines (the main species present in myelin membranes), plasmalogens as well as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylserines. In addition, the levels of cholesterol and myelin basic protein were also decreased. Because these lipids exert important functional and structural roles in the myelin compartment, our data indicate that cerebral cortex myelin is severely compromised in diabetic status. Treatment for one-month with a metabolite of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone, restored the lipid and protein myelin profiles to the levels observed in non-diabetic animals. These data suggest the potential of therapeutic efficacy of DHP to restore myelin in the diabetic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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McCarty MF. Supplementation with Phycocyanobilin, Citrulline, Taurine, and Supranutritional Doses of Folic Acid and Biotin-Potential for Preventing or Slowing the Progression of Diabetic Complications. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:E15. [PMID: 28335416 PMCID: PMC5371921 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the resulting uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, are key mediators of the vascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Much of this oxidative stress arises from up-regulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. Phycocyanobilin (PhyCB), the light-harvesting chromophore in edible cyanobacteria such as spirulina, is a biliverdin derivative that shares the ability of free bilirubin to inhibit certain isoforms of NADPH oxidase. Epidemiological studies reveal that diabetics with relatively elevated serum bilirubin are less likely to develop coronary disease or microvascular complications; this may reflect the ability of bilirubin to ward off these complications via inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Oral PhyCB may likewise have potential in this regard, and has been shown to protect diabetic mice from glomerulosclerosis. With respect to oxidant-mediated uncoupling of eNOS, high-dose folate can help to reverse this by modulating the oxidation status of the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Oxidation of BH4 yields dihydrobiopterin (BH2), which competes with BH4 for binding to eNOS and promotes its uncoupling. The reduced intracellular metabolites of folate have versatile oxidant-scavenging activity that can prevent oxidation of BH4; concurrently, these metabolites promote induction of dihydrofolate reductase, which functions to reconvert BH2 to BH4, and hence alleviate the uncoupling of eNOS. The arginine metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), typically elevated in diabetics, also uncouples eNOS by competitively inhibiting binding of arginine to eNOS; this effect is exacerbated by the increased expression of arginase that accompanies diabetes. These effects can be countered via supplementation with citrulline, which efficiently enhances tissue levels of arginine. With respect to the loss of NO bioactivity that contributes to diabetic complications, high dose biotin has the potential to "pinch hit" for diminished NO by direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). High-dose biotin also may aid glycemic control via modulatory effects on enzyme induction in hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells. Taurine, which suppresses diabetic complications in rodents, has the potential to reverse the inactivating impact of oxidative stress on sGC by boosting synthesis of hydrogen sulfide. Hence, it is proposed that concurrent administration of PhyCB, citrulline, taurine, and supranutritional doses of folate and biotin may have considerable potential for prevention and control of diabetic complications. Such a regimen could also be complemented with antioxidants such as lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and melatonin-that boost cellular expression of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione-as well as astaxanthin, zinc, and glycine. The development of appropriate functional foods might make it feasible for patients to use complex nutraceutical regimens of the sort suggested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity, 7831 Rush Rose Dr., Apt. 316, Carlsbad, CA 92009, USA.
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53
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Rocha IRC, Ciena AP, Rosa AS, Martins DO, Chacur M. Photobiostimulation reverses allodynia and peripheral nerve damage in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:495-501. [PMID: 28138810 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For better evaluation of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy in treating painful diabetic neuropathy and in protecting nerve fiber damage, we conducted a study with type 1 diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. It is well known that diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the leading cause of pain in those individuals who suffer from diabetes. Despite the efficacy of insulin in controlling glucose level in blood, there is no effective treatment to prevent or reverse neuropathic damage for total pain relief.Male Wistar rats were divided into saline, vehicle, and treatment groups. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (85 mg/kg) was administered for the induction of diabetes. The von Frey filaments were used to assess nociceptive thresholds (allodynia). Behavioral measurements were accessed 14, 28, 48, and 56 days after STZ administration. Rats were irradiated with GaAs Laser (Gallium Arsenide, Laserpulse, Ibramed Brazil) emitting a wavelength of 904 nm, an output power of 45 mWpk, beam spot size at target 0.13 cm2, a frequency of 9500 Hz, a pulse time 60 ns, and an energy density of 6,23 J/cm2.The application of four sessions of low-level laser therapy was sufficient to reverse allodynia and protect peripheral nerve damage in diabetic rats.The results of this study indicate that low-level laser therapy is feasible to treat painful diabetic condition in rats using this protocol. Although its efficacy in reversing painful stimuli and protecting nerve fibers from damage was demonstrated, this treatment protocol must be further evaluated in biochemical levels to confirm its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rafael Correia Rocha
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- Institute of Biosciences, University Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, 13506900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alyne Santana Rosa
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gonçalves NP, Vægter CB, Andersen H, Østergaard L, Calcutt NA, Jensen TS. Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:135-147. [PMID: 28134254 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is at pandemic levels, with the number of patients increasing by 5% annually. The most common complication of diabetes is peripheral neuropathy, which has a prevalence as high as 50% and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the nerve. The pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy remain poorly understood, impeding the development of targeted therapies to treat nerve degeneration and its most disruptive consequences of sensory loss and neuropathic pain. Involvement of Schwann cells has long been proposed, and new research techniques are beginning to unravel a complex interplay between these cells, axons and microvessels that is compromised during the development of diabetic neuropathy. In this Review, we discuss the evolving concept of Schwannopathy as an integral factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, and how disruption of the interactions between Schwann cells, axons and microvessels contribute to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Pain Research Center and IDNC, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Department of Neuroradiology and Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Troels S Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Pain Research Center and IDNC, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Attenuation of diet-induced obesity and induction of white fat browning with a chemical inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:289-298. [PMID: 27795551 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In the last decade, a strict link between epigenetics and metabolism has been demonstrated. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have emerged as key epigenetic regulators involved in metabolic homeostasis in normal and pathologic conditions. Here we investigated the effect of the class I HDAC inhibitor MS-275 in a model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS C57BL6/J male mice were fed HFD for 17 weeks and then randomized in two groups, treated intraperitoneally with vehicle dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or with the class I selective HDAC inhibitor MS-275 every other day for 22 days. Glucose tolerance test and measurement of body temperature during cold exposure were performed. Adipose tissues and liver were phenotypically characterized through histological analysis. Gene and protein expression analysis of brown and white adipose tissues (WATs) were performed. RESULTS MS-275 treated mice showed 10% reduction of body weight, lower adipocyte size and improved glucose tolerance. Inhibition of class I HDAC determined reduction of adipocyte size and of fat mass, paralleled by higher expression of adipose functionality markers and by increased rate of lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. MS-275 also promoted thermogenic capacity, related to 'browning' of visceral and subcutaneous WAT, showing increased expression of uncoupling protein 1. In brown adipose tissue, we observed limited effects on gene expression and only reduction of brown adipocyte size. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that class I HDAC inhibition stimulated functionality and oxidative potential of adipose tissue, improving glucose tolerance and ameliorating the metabolic profile in diet-induced obese mice.
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Eslami R, Gharakhanlou R, Kazemi A, Dakhili AB, Sorkhkamanzadeh G, Sheikhy A. Does Endurance Training Compensate for Neurotrophin Deficiency Following Diabetic Neuropathy? IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e37757. [PMID: 28184326 PMCID: PMC5291940 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.37757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lack of neurotrophic support is believed to contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathy. On the other hand, neurotrophins have consistently been shown to increase in the central and peripheral nervous system following exercise, but the effects of exercise intervention on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in diabetic neuropathy are not understood. OBJECTIVES This experimental study was designed and carried out at the Tarbiat Modares university (TMU) in Tehran, Iran, to investigate the hypothesis that increased activity as endurance training can help to increase the endogenous expression of neurotrophins in diabetic rats. METHODS This was an experimental study with 2 × 2 factorial plans performed at TMU in Iran. Sampling was accidental and 28 adult male Wistar rats in the body mass range of 326.3 ± 8.4 g comprised the sample, with each rat randomly assigned to four groups: diabetic control (DC), diabetic training (DT), healthy control (HC), and healthy training (HT). To induce diabetic neuropathy, after 12 hours of food deprivation, an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) solution (45 mg/Kg) method was used. Two weeks after STZ injection, the endurance training protocol was performed for 6 weeks; 24 hours after the last training session, the rats were sacrificed. Real-time PCR was used for BDNF and NGF expression. RESULTS The data indicate that diabetes decreases BDNF and NGF expression in sensory (92%, P = 0.01; 90%, P = 0.038, respectively) and motor (93%, P = 0.05; 60%, P = 0.029, respectively) roots. However, NGF mRNA levels in the DT group were significantly higher than in the HC group ((7.1-fold), P = 0.01; (2.2-fold), P = 0.001, respectively, for sensory and motor roots), but this was not shown for BDNF. In addition, endurance training can increase NGF expression in healthy rats ((7.4-fold), P = 0.01; (3.8-fold), P = 0.001, respectively, for sensory and motor roots). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that BDNF and NGF expression decreases in diabetic neuropathy. However, this decrease can be reversed through endurance training. These results also indicate that endurance training may have a potential role in compensating for neurotrophin deficiency following diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Eslami
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Gharakhanlou
- Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abdolreza Kazemi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Abdolreza Kazemi, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9133982706, E-mail:
| | - Amir Bahador Dakhili
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Sorkhkamanzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Ayob Sheikhy
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IR Iran
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Levels and actions of neuroactive steroids in the nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions: Sex-specific features. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Effects of High Glucose on Cell Viability and Differentiation in Primary Cultured Schwann Cells: Potential Role of ERK Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1281-90. [PMID: 26915107 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia is considered to be the major factor in the development and progression of DPN. Because of the contribution of Schwann cells (SCs) to the pathology of DPN, we investigated the effects of high glucose on cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in primary cultured SCs. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Hoechst staining showed that high glucose inhibited SCs proliferation and increased apoptosis ratio in time and concentration dependent manner. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the major myelin proteins and genes expressions including P0, MAG and Krox-20, were downregulated time dependently in SCs exposed to high glucose from 48 to 96 h. To further elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, we also explored the role of ERK signaling pathway in high glucose induced SC injury, which has been proved to drive demyelination of peripheral nerves. The western blot analysis showed that compared with control group phosphorylation level of ERK was increased by 14.3 % in SCs exposed to high glucose for 72 h (P < 0.01). Using immunocytochemistry analysis, we observed that the ERK specific inhibitor U0126 blocked the ERK activation induced by high glucose and reversed the inhibitory effect of high glucose on P0 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that high glucose can cause damage in primary cultured SCs and may exert the inhibitory effect on SC differentiation and myelination through ERK signaling activation.
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Bao X, Cai Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, He X, Yu D, Huang J, Jing S, Du Z, Yang T, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Fan X. Liver X Receptor β Is Involved in Formalin-Induced Spontaneous Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1467-1481. [PMID: 26846362 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the liver X receptor(LXR) β modulates inflammatory pain. However, the molecular mechanisms through which LXRβ modulates pain are unclear. Here, we found that LXRβ-null mice responded more strongly to acute noxious stimuli than wild-type (WT) littermates (in the hot plate and Hargreaves tests) and had augmented tonic inflammatory pain (in the formalin test). This increased reactivity to inflammatory pain was accompanied by enhanced formalin-evoked Fos and pERK staining of second-order nociceptive neurons. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CGRP, SP, and IB4 was increased in the lamina I-II of the lumbar dorsal horns in formalin-injected LXRβ knockout (KO) mice compared with the WT controls. In addition, LXRβ deletion in the mice enhanced the formalin-induced inflammation with more activated microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β ,TNF-α) as well as NFκB in the formalin-injected paw were elevated by the loss of LXRβ. Taken together, these data indicate that LXRβ is involved in acute as well as inflammatory pain, and thus, it may be considered as a new target for the development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xie He
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Novum, 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, Carozzi V, Porretta-Serapiglia C, Pettinato E, Ferri C, D'Antonio M, De Fabiani E, Crestani M, Scurati S, Saez E, Azcoitia I, Cavaletti G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Lack of sterol regulatory element binding factor-1c imposes glial Fatty Acid utilization leading to peripheral neuropathy. Cell Metab 2015; 21:571-83. [PMID: 25817536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a membrane characterized by high lipid content to facilitate impulse propagation. Changes in myelin fatty acid (FA) composition have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, but the specific role of peripheral nerve FA synthesis in myelin formation and function is poorly understood. We have found that mice lacking sterol regulatory element-binding factor-1c (Srebf1c) have blunted peripheral nerve FA synthesis that results in development of peripheral neuropathy. Srebf1c-null mice develop Remak bundle alterations and hypermyelination of small-caliber fibers that impair nerve function. Peripheral nerves lacking Srebf1c show decreased FA synthesis and glycolytic flux, but increased FA catabolism and mitochondrial function. These metabolic alterations are the result of local accumulation of two endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (Pparα) ligands, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine and 1-stearoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine. Treatment with a Pparα antagonist rescues the neuropathy of Srebf1c-null mice. These findings reveal the importance of peripheral nerve FA synthesis to sustain myelin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Valentina Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pettinato
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iñigo Azcoitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, D'Antonio M, Fabiani ED, Crestani M, Saez E, Azcoitia I, Cavaletti G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D. The lipogenic regulator Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Factor-1c is required to maintain peripheral nerve structure and function. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:L45. [PMID: 27386207 PMCID: PMC4798017 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-4-s1-l45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Abbiati F, Audano M, Giatti S, Crestani M, De Fabiani E, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroid treatment modulates myelin lipid profile in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:115-21. [PMID: 24607810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy causes a decrease in the levels of dihydroprogesterone and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) in the peripheral nerves. These two neuroactive steroids exert protective effects, by mechanisms that still remain elusive. We have previously shown that the activation of Liver X Receptors improves the peripheral neuropathic phenotype in diabetic rats. This protective effect is accompanied by the restoration to control values of the levels of dihydroprogesterone and 3α-diol in peripheral nerves. In addition, activation of these receptors decreases peripheral myelin abnormalities by improving the lipid desaturation capacity, which is strongly blunted by diabetes, and ultimately restores the myelin lipid profile to non-diabetic values. On this basis, we here investigate whether dihydroprogesterone or 3α-diol may exert their protective effects by modulating the myelin lipid profile. We report that both neuroactive steroids act on the lipogenic gene expression profile in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats, reducing the accumulation of myelin saturated fatty acids and promoting desaturation. These changes were associated with a reduction in myelin structural alterations. These findings provide evidence that dihydroprogesterone and 3α-diol are protective agents against diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating the de novo lipogenesis pathway, which positively influences myelin lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brioschi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Abbiati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Inigo Azcoitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Lipids in the nervous system: from biochemistry and molecular biology to patho-physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:51-60. [PMID: 25150974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipids in the nervous system accomplish a great number of key functions, from synaptogenesis to impulse conduction, and more. Most of the lipids of the nervous system are localized in myelin sheaths. It has long been known that myelin structure and brain homeostasis rely on specific lipid-protein interactions and on specific cell-to-cell signaling. In more recent years, the growing advances in large-scale technologies and genetically modified animal models have provided valuable insights into the role of lipids in the nervous system. Key findings recently emerged in these areas are here summarized. In addition, we briefly discuss how this new knowledge can open novel approaches for the treatment of diseases associated with alteration of lipid metabolism/homeostasis in the nervous system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipidomics.
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Di Gregorio E, Borroni B, Giorgio E, Lacerenza D, Ferrero M, Lo Buono N, Ragusa N, Mancini C, Gaussen M, Calcia A, Mitro N, Hoxha E, Mura I, Coviello DA, Moon YA, Tesson C, Vaula G, Couarch P, Orsi L, Duregon E, Papotti MG, Deleuze JF, Imbert J, Costanzi C, Padovani A, Giunti P, Maillet-Vioud M, Durr A, Brice A, Tempia F, Funaro A, Boccone L, Caruso D, Stevanin G, Brusco A. ELOVL5 mutations cause spinocerebellar ataxia 38. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:209-17. [PMID: 25065913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorders involving the cerebellum and 23 different genes. We mapped SCA38 to a 56 Mb region on chromosome 6p in a SCA-affected Italian family by whole-genome linkage analysis. Targeted resequencing identified a single missense mutation (c.689G>T [p.Gly230Val]) in ELOVL5. Mutation screening of 456 independent SCA-affected individuals identified the same mutation in two further unrelated Italian families. Haplotyping showed that at least two of the three families shared a common ancestor. One further missense variant (c.214C>G [p.Leu72Val]) was found in a French family. Both missense changes affect conserved amino acids, are predicted to be damaging by multiple bioinformatics tools, and were not identified in ethnically matched controls or within variant databases. ELOVL5 encodes an elongase involved in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 and ω6 series. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, two final products of the enzyme, were reduced in the serum of affected individuals. Immunohistochemistry on control mice and human brain demonstrated high levels in Purkinje cells. In transfection experiments, subcellular localization of altered ELOVL5 showed a perinuclear distribution with a signal increase in the Golgi compartment, whereas the wild-type showed a widespread signal in the endoplasmic reticulum. SCA38 and SCA34 are examples of SCAs due to mutations in elongase-encoding genes, emphasizing the importance of fatty-acid metabolism in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Lacerenza
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Lo Buono
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Neftj Ragusa
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marion Gaussen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Neurogenetics team, École Pratique des Hautes Études, HéSam Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Calcia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Isabella Mura
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Young-Ah Moon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Neurogenetics team, École Pratique des Hautes Études, HéSam Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Vaula
- Neurologic Division 1, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Couarch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Orsi
- Neurologic Division 1, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Duregon
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Mauro Giulio Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Jean Imbert
- Transcriptomic and Genomic Marseille-Luminy platform, Technological Advances for Genomics and Clinics Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1090, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Chiara Costanzi
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giunti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, WC1 N3BG London, UK
| | | | - Alexandra Durr
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ada Funaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Loredana Boccone
- Ospedale Regionale Microcitemie, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale 8, 09121 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1127, 75013 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR_S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France; Neurogenetics team, École Pratique des Hautes Études, HéSam Université, 75013 Paris, France; Fédération de Génétique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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O'Brien PD, Hinder LM, Sakowski SA, Feldman EL. ER stress in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A new therapeutic target. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:621-33. [PMID: 24382087 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes and other diseases that comprise the metabolic syndrome have reached epidemic proportions. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most prevalent complication of diabetes, affecting ~50% of diabetic patients. Characterized by chronic pain or loss of sensation, recurrent foot ulcerations, and risk for amputation, DPN is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Mechanisms underlying DPN pathogenesis are complex and not well understood, and no effective treatments are available. Thus, an improved understanding of DPN pathogenesis is critical for the development of successful therapeutic options. RECENT ADVANCES Recent research implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a novel mechanism in the onset and progression of DPN. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a well-orchestrated signaling cascade responsible for relieving stress and restoring normal ER function. CRITICAL ISSUES During times of extreme or chronic stress, such as that associated with diabetes, the UPR may be insufficient to alleviate ER stress, resulting in apoptosis. Here, we discuss the potential role of ER stress in DPN, as well as evidence demonstrating how ER stress intersects with pathways involved in DPN development and progression. An improved understanding of how ER stress contributes to peripheral nerve dysfunction in diabetes will provide important insight into DPN pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies aimed at gaining the necessary insight into ER stress in DPN pathogenesis will ultimately facilitate the development of novel therapies.
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Frye CA, Koonce CJ, Walf AA. The pregnane xenobiotic receptor, a prominent liver factor, has actions in the midbrain for neurosteroid synthesis and behavioral/neural plasticity of female rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:60. [PMID: 24795576 PMCID: PMC4001026 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel factor of interest for growth/plasticity in the brain is pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR). PXR is a liver factor known for its role in xenobiotic clearance and cholesterol metabolism. It is expressed in the brain, suggesting a potential role for plasticity, particularly involving cholesterol-based steroids and neurosteroids. Mating induces synthesis of neurosteroids in the midbrain Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of female rodents, as well as other “plastic” regions of the brain, including the hippocampus, that may be involved in the consolidation of the mating experience. Reducing PXR in the VTA attenuates mating-induced biosynthesis of the neurosteroid, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP). The 18 kDA translocator protein (TSPO) is one rate-limiting factor for 3α,5α-THP neurosteroidogenesis. The hypothesis tested was that PXR is an upstream factor of TSPO for neurosteroidogenesis of 3α,5α-THP in the VTA for lordosis, independent of peripheral glands. First, proestrous rats were administered a TSPO blocker (PK11195) and/or 3α,5α-THP following infusions of PXR antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) or vehicle to the VTA. Inhibiting TSPO with PK11195 reduced 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain and lordosis, an effect that could be reversed with 3α,5α-THP administration, but not AS-ODN+3α,5α-THP. Second, proestrous, ovariectomized (OVX), or ovariectomized/adrenalectomized (OVX/ADX) rats were infused with a TSPO enhancer (FGIN 1-27) subsequent to AS-ODNs or vehicle to the VTA. PXR AS-ODNs blocked actions of FGIN 1–27 for lordosis and 3α,5α-THP levels among proestrous > OVX > OVX/ADX rats. Thus, PXR may be upstream of TSPO, involved in neurosteroidogenesis of 3α,5α-THP in the brain for plasticity. This novel finding of a liver factor involved in behavioral/neural plasticity substantiates future studies investigating factors known for their prominent actions in the peripheral organs, such as the liver, for modulating brain function and its augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; The Center for Neuroscience Research, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; The Center for Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Carolyn J Koonce
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Alicia A Walf
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Frye CA, Koonce CJ, Walf AA. Pregnane xenobiotic receptors and membrane progestin receptors: role in neurosteroid-mediated motivated behaviours. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1002-11. [PMID: 24028379 PMCID: PMC3943623 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Progestogens have actions in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to mediate motivated behaviours, such as those involved in reproductive processes, among female rodents. In the VTA, the formation and actions of one progestogen, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), are necessary and sufficient to facilitate sexual responding (measured by lordosis) of female rodents. Although 3α,5α-THP can be produced after metabolism of ovarian progesterone, 3α,5α-THP is also a neurosteroid produced de novo in brain regions, such as the VTA. There can be dynamic changes in 3α,5α-THP production associated with behavioural experience, such as mating. Questions of interest are the sources and targets of 3α,5α-THP. Regarding sources, the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) may be a novel factor involved in 3α,5α-THP metabolism in the VTA (as well as a direct target of 3α,5α-THP). We have identified PXR in the midbrain of female rats, and manipulating PXR in this region reduces 3α,5α-THP synthesis and alters lordosis, as well as affective and social behaviours. Regarding targets, recent studies have focused on the role of membrane progestin receptors (mPRs). We have analysed the expression of two of the common forms of these receptors (mPRα/paqr7 and mPRβ/paqr8) in female rats. The expression of mPRα was observed in peripheral tissues and brain areas, including the hypothalamus and midbrain. The expression of mPRβ was only observed in brain tissues and was abundant in the midbrain and hypothalamus. To our knowledge, studies of these receptors in mammalian models have been limited to expression and regulation, instead of function. One question that was addressed was the functional effects of progestogens via mPRα and mPRβ in the midbrain of hormone-primed rats for lordosis. Studies to date suggest that mPRβ may be an important target of progestogens in the VTA for lordosis. Taken together, the result of these studies demonstrate that PXR is involved in the production of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain VTA. Moreover, mPRs may be a target for the actions of progestogens in the VTA for lordosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Frye
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Institute of Artic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Ghita AM, Parvu D, Sava R, Georgescu L, Zagrean L. Electrophysiological changes in optic neuropathy of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Med Life 2013; 6:340-8. [PMID: 24155786 PMCID: PMC3806034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The visually evoked potentials are electrical signals generated by the occipital cortex due to electrical stimulus. The clinical importance of VEP is to diagnose the functional changes of the optic nerve in different diseases such as diabetic mellitus. Our study sought latency of VEP changes depending on glycemic value and duration of diabetes in Wistar rats. METHODS this study evaluated the VEP of 25 rats in three groups: control group, diabetic group 1 with glycemic values between 200-400mg/dl and diabetic group 2 with glycemic values between 400 and 600mg/dl. These rats from diabetic group 2 were followed for 4 months and the ones in control group and diabetic group 1 for 5 months. RESULTS the latency of VEP shows slight changes without any statistical significance in the control group. In diabetic group 1 and 2 similar changes occurred, with statistical significance and the amplitude of the changes was proportional with the glycemic value. The rats had a rapid increase of VEP latency after the induction of diabetes and returned to a normal range in the first month. After a time, when the latencies of VEP were in normal range, a new growth appeared faster and larger as the glycemic values were higher. CONCLUSION diabetes brings changes to the visual signal transmission and to the central processing, this being revealed by the examination of the visually evoked potential. Increased VEP latency is statistically correlated with the changes that occur at the level of the values of glucose in blood. A rapid growth in blood sugar lowers the visual signal transmission. This change is temporary despite the persistence of elevated blood glucose values, probably by adjusting to the new condition. However, maintaining high glycemic values remotely produces a progressive increase of the delay of the visual signal. This progressive increase is faster as blood glucose levels are higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Ghita
- University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Parvu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - R Sava
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Georgescu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Zagrean
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Abbiati F, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Liver X receptors, nervous system, and lipid metabolism. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:435-43. [PMID: 23609963 DOI: 10.3275/8941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids in the nervous system are represented by cholesterol and phospholipids as constituents of cell membranes and, in particular, of myelin. Therefore, lipids are finely regulated to guarantee physiological functions. In the central nervous system, cholesterol is locally synthesized due to the presence of the blood brain barrier. In the peripheral nervous system cholesterol is either up-taken by lipoproteins and/or produced by de novo biosynthesis. Defects in lipid homeostasis in these tissues lead to structural and functional changes that often result in different pathological conditions depending on the affected pathways (i.e. cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol efflux, fatty acid biosynthesis etc.). Alterations in cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system are linked to several disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, Multiple sclerosis, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and glioblastoma. In the peripheral nervous system changes in lipid metabolism are associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy that may be caused by metabolic disorders, injuries, therapeutics, and autoimmune diseases. Transcription factors, such as the Liver X receptors (LXR), regulate both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in several tissues including the nervous system. In the last few years several studies elucidated the biology of LXR in the nervous system due to the availability of knock-out mice and the development of synthetic ligands. Here, we review a survey of the literature focused on the central and peripheral nervous system and in physiological and pathological settings with particular attention to the roles played by LXR in both districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
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Kochunov P, Charlesworth J, Winkler A, Hong LE, Nichols TE, Curran JE, Sprooten E, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Johnson MP, Kent JW, Landman BA, Mitchell B, Cole SA, Dyer TD, Moses EK, Goring HHH, Almasy L, Duggirala R, Olvera RL, Glahn DC, Blangero J. Transcriptomics of cortical gray matter thickness decline during normal aging. Neuroimage 2013; 82:273-83. [PMID: 23707588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We performed a whole-transcriptome correlation analysis, followed by the pathway enrichment and testing of innate immune response pathway analyses to evaluate the hypothesis that transcriptional activity can predict cortical gray matter thickness (GMT) variability during normal cerebral aging. METHODS Transcriptome and GMT data were available for 379 individuals (age range=28-85) community-dwelling members of large extended Mexican American families. Collection of transcriptome data preceded that of neuroimaging data by 17 years. Genome-wide gene transcriptome data consisted of 20,413 heritable lymphocytes-based transcripts. GMT measurements were performed from high-resolution (isotropic 800 μm) T1-weighted MRI. Transcriptome-wide and pathway enrichment analysis was used to classify genes correlated with GMT. Transcripts for sixty genes from seven innate immune pathways were tested as specific predictors of GMT variability. RESULTS Transcripts for eight genes (IGFBP3, LRRN3, CRIP2, SCD, IDS, TCF4, GATA3, and HN1) passed the transcriptome-wide significance threshold. Four orthogonal factors extracted from this set predicted 31.9% of the variability in the whole-brain and between 23.4 and 35% of regional GMT measurements. Pathway enrichment analysis identified six functional categories including cellular proliferation, aggregation, differentiation, viral infection, and metabolism. The integrin signaling pathway was significantly (p<10(-6)) enriched with GMT. Finally, three innate immune pathways (complement signaling, toll-receptors and scavenger and immunoglobulins) were significantly associated with GMT. CONCLUSION Expression activity for the genes that regulate cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation and inflammation can explain a significant proportion of individual variability in cortical GMT. Our findings suggest that normal cerebral aging is the product of a progressive decline in regenerative capacity and increased neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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73
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Effects of Experimental Diabetes on C/EBP Proteins in Rat Hippocampus, Sciatic Nerve and Ganglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:559-67. [PMID: 23508841 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wallace BD, Redinbo MR. Xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors involved in drug metabolism: a structural perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 45:79-100. [PMID: 23210723 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.740049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds undergo a critical range of biotransformations performed by the phase I, II, and III drug-metabolizing enzymes. The oxidation, conjugation, and transportation of potentially harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds achieved by these catalytic systems are significantly regulated, at the gene expression level, by members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors. Activation of NRs by a variety of endo- and exogenous chemicals are elemental to induction and repression of drug-metabolism pathways. The master xenobiotic sensing NRs, the promiscuous pregnane X receptor and less-promiscuous constitutive androstane receptor are crucial to initial ligand recognition, jump-starting the metabolic process. Other receptors, including farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, liver X receptor, and RAR-related orphan receptor, are not directly linked to promiscuous xenobiotic binding, but clearly play important roles in the modulation of metabolic gene expression. Crystallographic studies of the ligand-binding domains of nine NRs involved in drug metabolism provide key insights into ligand-based and constitutive activity, coregulator recruitment, and gene regulation. Structures of other, noncanonical transcription factors also shed light on secondary, but important, pathways of control. Pharmacological targeting of some of these nuclear and atypical receptors has been instituted as a means to treat metabolic and developmental disorders and provides a future avenue to be explored for other members of the xenobiotic-sensing NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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75
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Hypertension-induced peripheral neuropathy and the combined effects of hypertension and diabetes on nerve structure and function in rats. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:561-73. [PMID: 22791295 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy includes damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels. Rodent models of diabetes do not adequately replicate all pathological features of diabetic neuropathy, particularly Schwann cell damage. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that combining hypertension, a risk factor for neuropathy in diabetic patients, with insulin-deficient diabetes produces a more pertinent model of peripheral neuropathy. Behavioral, physiological and structural indices of neuropathy were measured for up to 6 months in spontaneously hypertensive and age-matched normotensive rats with or without concurrent streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Hypertensive rats developed nerve ischemia, thermal hyperalgesia, nerve conduction slowing and axonal atrophy. Thinly myelinated fibers with supernumerary Schwann cells indicative of cycles of demyelination and remyelination were also identified along with reduced nerve levels of myelin basic protein. Similar disorders were noted in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, except that thinly myelinated fibers were not observed and expression of myelin basic protein was normal. Superimposing diabetes on hypertension compounded disorders of nerve blood flow, conduction slowing and axonal atrophy and increased the incidence of thinly myelinated fibers. Rats with combined insulinopenia, hyperglycemia and hypertension provide a model for diabetic neuropathy that offers an opportunity to study mechanisms of Schwann cell pathology and suggests that hypertension may contribute to the etiology of diabetic neuropathy.
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Kang J, Rivest S. Lipid metabolism and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a role for liver X receptors. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:715-46. [PMID: 22766509 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are nuclear receptors that have emerged as key regulators of lipid metabolism. In addition to their functions as cholesterol sensors, LXR have also been found to regulate inflammatory responses in macrophages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with inflammation. Evidence indicates that the initiation and progression of AD is linked to aberrant cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Activation of LXR can regulate neuroinflammation and decrease amyloid-β peptide accumulation. Here, we highlight the role of LXR in orchestrating lipid homeostasis and neuroinflammation in the brain. In addition, diabetes mellitus is also briefly discussed as a significant risk factor for AD because of the appearing beneficial effects of LXR on glucose homeostasis. The ability of LXR to attenuate AD pathology makes them potential therapeutic targets for this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, State Education Ministry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Arsenault D, Julien C, Chen CT, Bazinet RP, Calon F. Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids modulates physiological properties of entorhinal cortex neurons in mice. J Neurochem 2012; 122:427-43. [PMID: 22551210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids modify brain fatty acid profile, but evidence of their direct effect on neuronal function is sparse. The enthorinal cortex (EC) neurons connecting to the hippocampus play a critical role in learning and memory. Here, we have exposed mice to diets based on canola:soybean oils (40 : 10, g/kg) or safflower : corn oils (25 : 25, g/kg) to investigate the relationship between the lipid profile of brain fatty acids and the intrinsic properties of EC neurons. Consumption of canola : soybean oil-enriched diet led to the increase of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid and to a decrease of arachidonic acid in ethanolamine glycerophospholipids of the white matter. We also found an important rise in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and phosphatidylserine of gray matter. The canola:soybean oil treatment led to a shorter duration of action potential (-21%), a reduction in the duration of postsynaptic response (-21%) and increased firing activity (+43%). Data from additional experiments with animals fed DHA alone or DHA with canola oil suggested that dietary monounsaturated fatty acid may have contributed to these effects on EC neuron physiology. Since neuronal function within the enthorhinal-hippocampal loop is critical to learning and memory processes, the present data may provide a functional basis for the beneficial cognitive effects of canola oil-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Omran OM. Histopathological Study of Evening Primrose Oil Effects on Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2012; 36:222-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.662268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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