51
|
Leow YN, Zhou B, Sullivan HA, Barlowe AR, Wickersham IR, Sur M. Brain-wide mapping of inputs to the mouse lateral posterior (LP/Pulvinar) thalamus-anterior cingulate cortex network. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1992-2013. [PMID: 35383929 PMCID: PMC9167239 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rodent homolog of the primate pulvinar, the lateral posterior (LP) thalamus, is extensively interconnected with multiple cortical areas. While these cortical interactions can span the entire LP, subdivisions of the LP are characterized by differential connections with specific cortical regions. In particular, the medial LP has reciprocal connections with frontoparietal cortical areas, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The ACC plays an integral role in top‐down sensory processing and attentional regulation, likely exerting some of these functions via the LP. However, little is known about how ACC and LP interact, and about the information potentially integrated in this reciprocal network. Here, we address this gap by employing a projection‐specific monosynaptic rabies tracing strategy to delineate brain‐wide inputs to bottom‐up LP→ACC and top‐down ACC→LP neurons. We find that LP→ACC neurons receive inputs from widespread cortical regions, including primary and higher order sensory and motor cortical areas. LP→ACC neurons also receive extensive subcortical inputs, particularly from the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC). Sensory inputs to ACC→LP neurons largely arise from visual cortical areas. In addition, ACC→LP neurons integrate cross‐hemispheric prefrontal cortex inputs as well as inputs from higher order medial cortex. Our brain‐wide anatomical mapping of inputs to the reciprocal LP‐ACC pathways provides a roadmap for understanding how LP and ACC communicate different sources of information to mediate attentional control and visuomotor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ning Leow
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blake Zhou
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather A Sullivan
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandria R Barlowe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Cain JA, Spivak NM, Coetzee JP, Crone JS, Johnson MA, Lutkenhoff ES, Real C, Buitrago-Blanco M, Vespa PM, Schnakers C, Monti MM. Ultrasonic Deep Brain Neuromodulation in Acute Disorders of Consciousness: A Proof-of-Concept. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040428. [PMID: 35447960 PMCID: PMC9032970 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The promotion of recovery in patients who have entered a disorder of consciousness (DOC; e.g., coma or vegetative states) following severe brain injury remains an enduring medical challenge despite an ever-growing scientific understanding of these conditions. Indeed, recent work has consistently implicated altered cortical modulation by deep brain structures (e.g., the thalamus and the basal ganglia) following brain damage in the arising of, and recovery from, DOCs. The (re)emergence of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) neuromodulation may provide a means to selectively modulate the activity of deep brain structures noninvasively for the study and treatment of DOCs. This technique is unique in its combination of relatively high spatial precision and noninvasive implementation. Given the consistent implication of the thalamus in DOCs and prior results inducing behavioral recovery through invasive thalamic stimulation, here we applied ultrasound to the central thalamus in 11 acute DOC patients, measured behavioral responsiveness before and after sonication, and applied functional MRI during sonication. With respect to behavioral responsiveness, we observed significant recovery in the week following thalamic LIFU compared with baseline. With respect to functional imaging, we found decreased BOLD signals in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia during LIFU compared with baseline. In addition, we also found a relationship between altered connectivity of the sonicated thalamus and the degree of recovery observed post-LIFU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh A. Cain
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Norman M. Spivak
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (N.M.S.); (C.R.); (M.B.-B.); (P.M.V.)
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John P. Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Palo Alto VA Medical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Julia S. Crone
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
| | - Micah A. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
| | - Evan S. Lutkenhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
| | - Courtney Real
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (N.M.S.); (C.R.); (M.B.-B.); (P.M.V.)
| | - Manuel Buitrago-Blanco
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (N.M.S.); (C.R.); (M.B.-B.); (P.M.V.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul M. Vespa
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (N.M.S.); (C.R.); (M.B.-B.); (P.M.V.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caroline Schnakers
- Research Institute, Casa Colina Hospital and Centers for Healthcare, Pomona, CA 91767, USA;
| | - Martin M. Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (J.P.C.); (J.S.C.); (M.A.J.); (E.S.L.)
- Brain Injury Research Center (BIRC), Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (N.M.S.); (C.R.); (M.B.-B.); (P.M.V.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (M.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Tasserie J, Uhrig L, Sitt JD, Manasova D, Dupont M, Dehaene S, Jarraya B. Deep brain stimulation of the thalamus restores signatures of consciousness in a nonhuman primate model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5547. [PMID: 35302854 PMCID: PMC8932660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Loss of consciousness is associated with the disruption of long-range thalamocortical and corticocortical brain communication. We tested the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of central thalamus might restore both arousal and awareness following consciousness loss. We applied anesthesia to suppress consciousness in nonhuman primates. During anesthesia, central thalamic stimulation induced arousal in an on-off manner and increased functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in prefrontal, parietal, and cingulate cortices. Moreover, DBS restored a broad dynamic repertoire of spontaneous resting-state activity, previously described as a signature of consciousness. None of these effects were obtained during the stimulation of a control site in the ventrolateral thalamus. Last, DBS restored a broad hierarchical response to auditory violations that was disrupted under anesthesia. Thus, DBS restored the two dimensions of consciousness, arousal and conscious access, following consciousness loss, paving the way to its therapeutical translation in patients with disorders of consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Tasserie
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jacobo D. Sitt
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dragana Manasova
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Morgan Dupont
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
- Collège de France, Université Paris-Sciences-Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
- University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Almeida VN. The neural hierarchy of consciousness. Neuropsychologia 2022; 169:108202. [PMID: 35271856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chief undertaking in the studies of consciousness is that of unravelling "the minimal set of neural processes that are together sufficient for the conscious experience of a particular content - the neural correlates of consciousness". To this day, this crusade remains at an impasse, with a clash of two main theories: consciousness may arise either in a graded and cortically-localised fashion, or in an all-or-none and widespread one. In spite of the long-lasting theoretical debates, neurophysiological theories of consciousness have been mostly dissociated from them. Herein, a theoretical review will be put forth with the aim to change that. In its first half, we will cover the hard available evidence on the neurophysiology of consciousness, whereas in its second half we will weave a series of considerations on both theories and substantiate a novel take on conscious awareness: the levels of processing approach, partitioning the conscious architecture into lower- and higher-order, graded and nonlinear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Almeida
- Faculdade de Letras, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
O’Neill J, Schoth A. The Mental Maxwell Relations: A Thermodynamic Allegory for Higher Brain Functions. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:827888. [PMID: 35295094 PMCID: PMC8919724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.827888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The theoretical framework of classical thermodynamics unifies vastly diverse natural phenomena and captures once-elusive effects in concrete terms. Neuroscience confronts equally varied, equally ineffable phenomena in the mental realm, but has yet to unite or to apprehend them rigorously, perhaps due to an insufficient theoretical framework. The terms for mental phenomena, the mental variables, typically used in neuroscience are overly numerous and imprecise. Unlike in thermodynamics or other branches of physics, in neuroscience, there are no core mental variables from which all others formally derive and it is unclear which variables are distinct and which overlap. This may be due to the nature of mental variables themselves. Unlike the variables of physics, perhaps they cannot be interpreted as composites of a small number of axioms. However, it is well worth exploring if they can, as that would allow more parsimonious theories of higher brain function. Here we offer a theoretical exercise in the spirit of the National Institutes of Health Research Domain Criteria (NIH RDoC) Initiative and the Cognitive Atlas Project, which aim to remedy this state of affairs. Imitating classical thermodynamics, we construct a formal framework for mental variables, an extended analogy - an allegory - between mental and thermodynamic quantities. Starting with mental correlates of the physical indefinables length, time, mass or force, and charge, we pursue the allegory up to mental versions of the thermodynamic Maxwell Relations. The Maxwell Relations interrelate the thermodynamic quantities volume, pressure, temperature, and entropy and were chosen since they are easy to derive, yet capable of generating nontrivial, nonobvious predictions. Our "Mental Maxwell Relations" interlink the mental variables consciousness, salience, arousal, and distraction and make nontrivial, nonobvious statements about mental phenomena. The mental system thus constructed is internally consistent, in harmony with introspection, and respects the RDoC criteria of employing only psychologically valid constructs with some evidence of a brain basis. We briefly apply these concepts to the problem of decision-making and sketch how some of them might be tested empirically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O’Neill
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andreas Schoth
- IMTEK Department for Process Technology, Institute of Microsystem Technology, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Jöhr J, Aureli V, Meyer I, Cossu G, Diserens K. Clinical Cognitive Motor Dissociation: A Case Report Showing How Pitfalls Can Hinder Early Clinical Detection of Awareness. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020157. [PMID: 35203921 PMCID: PMC8870211 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the case of a brain-injured patient whose pathological awakening after coma and absence of interaction led to a diagnosis of lack of consciousness when standard clinical scales were administered. However, we were able to demonstrate conscious perception in this patient from initial clinical assessments using the Motor Behaviour Tool in the acute stage, complemented by a systematic search for potential obstacles blocking his execution of motor responses (pitfalls). This refinement of the diagnosis enabled prediction of a favourable outcome despite the severity of the lesions, with the patient’s evolution confirming our prediction. Faced with an unresponsive patient, every specialist should go beyond the absence of response with the standard scores, consider the possibility of a hidden consciousness and look for rigorous ways of proving it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Jöhr
- Acute Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.M.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-795566642
| | - Viviana Aureli
- Service of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Ivo Meyer
- Acute Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Giulia Cossu
- Service of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Karin Diserens
- Acute Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit, Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.M.); (K.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Guo Y, Cho SM, Wei Z, Wang Q, Modi HR, Gharibani P, Lu H, Thakor NV, Geocadin RG. Early Thalamocortical Reperfusion Leads to Neurologic Recovery in a Rodent Cardiac Arrest Model. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:60-72. [PMID: 35072925 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral blood flow (CBF) plays an important role in neurological recovery after cardiac arrest (CA) resuscitation. However, the variations of CBF recovery in distinct brain regions and its correlation with neurologic recovery after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) have not been characterized. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of regional cerebral reperfusion following resuscitation in predicting neurological recovery. METHODS Twelve adult male Wistar rats were studied, ten resuscitated from 7-min asphyxial CA and two uninjured rats, which were designated as healthy controls (HCs). Dynamic changes in CBF in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum were assessed by pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging, starting at 60 min after ROSC to 156 min (or time to spontaneous arousal). Neurologic outcomes were evaluated by the neurologic deficit scale at 24 h post-ROSC in a blinded manner. Correlations between regional CBF (rCBF) and neurological recovery were undertaken. RESULTS All post-CA animals were found to be nonresponsive during the 60-156 min post ROSC, with reductions in rCBF by 24-42% compared with HC. Analyses of rCBF during the post-ROSC time window from 60 to 156 min showed the rCBF recovery of hippocampus and thalamus were positively associated with better neurological outcomes (rs = 0.82, p = 0.004 and rs = 0.73, p < 0.001, respectively). During 96 min before arousal, thalamic and cortical rCBF exhibited positive correlations with neurological recovery (rs = 0.80, p < 0.001 and rs = 0.65, p < 0.001, respectively); for predicting a favorable neurological outcome, the thalamic rCBF threshold was above 50.84 ml/100 g/min (34% of HC) (area under the curve of 0.96), whereas the cortical rCBF threshold was above 60.43 ml/100 g/min (38% of HC) (area under the curve of 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Early magnetic resonance imaging analyses showed early rCBF recovery in thalamus, hippocampus, and cortex post ROSC was positively correlated with neurological outcomes at 24 h. Our findings suggest new translational insights into the regional reperfusion and the time window that may be critical in neurological recovery and warrant further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sung-Min Cho
- Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qihong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiren R Modi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Departments of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Phipps 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bagnato S. The role of plasticity in the recovery of consciousness. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:375-395. [PMID: 35034750 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DOCs), i.e., coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state are the consequences of a severe brain injury that disrupts the brain ability to generate consciousness. Recovery from DOCs requires functional and structural changes in the brain. The sites where these plastic changes take place vary according to the pathophysiology of the DOC. The ascending reticular activating system of the brainstem and its complex connections with the thalamus and cortex are involved in the pathophysiology of coma. Subcortical structures, such as the striatum and globus pallidus, together with thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections, the basal forebrain, and several networks among different cortical areas are probably involved in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Some mechanisms of plasticity that allegedly operate in each of these sites to promote recovery of consciousness will be discussed in this chapter. While some mechanisms of plasticity work at a local level, others produce functional changes in complex neuronal networks, for example by entraining neuronal oscillations. The specific mechanisms of brain plasticity represent potential targets for future treatments aiming to restore consciousness in patients with severe DOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Bagnato
- Unit of Neurophysiology and Unit for Severe Acquired Brain Injuries, Rehabilitation Department, Giuseppe Giglio Foundation, Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Fridman EA, Schiff ND. Organizing a Rational Approach to Treatments of Disorders of Consciousness Using the Anterior Forebrain Mesocircuit Model. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:40-48. [PMID: 34474427 PMCID: PMC8900660 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Organizing a rational treatment strategy for patients with multifocal structural brain injuries and disorders of consciousness (DOC) is an important and challenging clinical goal. Among potential clinical end points, restoring elements of communication to DOC patients can support improved patient care, caregiver satisfaction, and patients' quality of life. Over the past decade, several studies have considered the use of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit model to approach this problem because this model proposes a supervening circuit-level impairment arising across DOC of varying etiologies. We review both the conceptual foundation of the mesocircuit model and studies of mechanisms underlying DOC that test predictions of this model. We consider how this model can guide therapeutic interventions and discuss a proposed treatment algorithm based on these ideas. Although the approach reviewed originates in the evaluation of patients with chronic DOC, we consider some emerging implications for patients in acute and subacute settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Fridman
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC. A Century Searching for the Neurons Necessary for Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930514. [PMID: 35928009 PMCID: PMC9344068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, and impaired wakefulness is a symptom of many diseases. The neural circuits that maintain wakefulness remain incompletely understood, as do the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in many patients. In contrast to the influential concept of a diffuse "reticular activating system," the past century of neuroscience research has identified a focal region of the upper brainstem that, when damaged, causes coma. This region contains diverse neuronal populations with different axonal projections, neurotransmitters, and genetic identities. Activating some of these populations promotes wakefulness, but it remains unclear which specific neurons are necessary for sustaining consciousness. In parallel, pharmacological evidence has indicated a role for special neurotransmitters, including hypocretin/orexin, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and acetylcholine. However, genetically targeted experiments have indicated that none of these neurotransmitters or the neurons producing them are individually necessary for maintaining wakefulness. In this review, we emphasize the need to determine the specific subset of brainstem neurons necessary for maintaining arousal. Accomplishing this will enable more precise mapping of wakefulness circuitry, which will be useful in developing therapies for patients with coma and other disorders of arousal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fillan S Grady
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Boes Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Günther V, Jahn S, Webelhorst C, Bodenschatz CM, Bujanow A, Mucha S, Kersting A, Hoffmann KT, Egloff B, Lobsien D, Suslow T. Coping With Anxiety: Brain Structural Correlates of Vigilance and Cognitive Avoidance. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:869367. [PMID: 35463500 PMCID: PMC9021612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals differ in their dispositional coping behavior when they are confronted with anxiety-provoking situations. Cognitive avoidance is characterized by a withdrawal from threatening information, whereas vigilance denotes the intensive search for threat-related information. Functional neuroimaging studies indicate alterations in brain responsivity to emotional stimuli as a function of cognitive avoidant and vigilant coping, but findings are partially discrepant. Studies on structural correlates of coping styles are scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using structural magnetic resonance imaging, the present study examined the relationship between brain gray matter volume and coping strategies in 114 healthy individuals. Individual differences in vigilance and cognitive avoidance were measured by the Mainz Coping Inventory. RESULTS Exploratory whole-brain analyses were conducted. Cognitive avoidant coping significantly predicted reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral thalamus, whereas vigilant coping was associated with volumetric increases in the bilateral thalamus. These relationships remained significant when controlling for a potential influence of age, sex, depressive symptoms, and trait anxiety. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that dispositional strategies to deal with anxiety-provoking situations are related to volumetric alterations in the thalamus, a brain structure that has been implicated in the mediation of attentional processes and alertness, and the anticipation of harm. The dispositional tendency to monitor the environment for potential threats (i.e., vigilance), appears to be associated with volumetric increases in the thalamus, whereas the dispositional inclination to divert one's attention away from distressing stimuli (i.e., cognitive avoidance) seems to go along with reductions in thalamic gray matter density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Salome Jahn
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Webelhorst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlott Maria Bodenschatz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Bujanow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Mucha
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl-Titus Hoffmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris Egloff
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Nir T, Raizman R, Meningher I, Jacob Y, Huang KH, Schwartz AE, Brallier JW, Ahn H, Kundu P, Tang CY, Delman BN, McCormick PJ, Scarpa J, Sano M, Deiner SG, Livny A, Baxter MG, Mincer JS. Lateralisation of subcortical functional connectivity during and after general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:65-76. [PMID: 34802696 PMCID: PMC8787782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arousal and awareness are two important components of consciousness states. Functional neuroimaging has furthered our understanding of cortical and thalamocortical mechanisms of awareness. Investigating the relationship between subcortical functional connectivity and arousal has been challenging owing to the relatively small size of brainstem structures and thalamic nuclei, and their depth in the brain. METHODS Resting state functional MRI scans of 72 healthy volunteers were acquired before, during, 1 h after, and 1 day after sevoflurane general anaesthesia. Functional connectivity of subcortical regions of interest vs whole brain and homotopic functional connectivity for assessment of left-right symmetry analyses of both cortical and subcortical regions of interest were performed. Both analyses used high resolution atlases generated from deep brain stimulation applications. RESULTS Functional connectivity in subcortical loci within the thalamus and of the ascending reticular activating system was sharply restricted under anaesthesia, featuring a general lateralisation of connectivity. Similarly, left-right homology was sharply reduced under anaesthesia. Subcortical bilateral functional connectivity was not fully restored after emergence from anaesthesia, although greater restoration was seen between ascending reticular activating system loci and specific thalamic nuclei thought to be involved in promoting and maintaining arousal. Functional connectivity was fully restored to baseline by the following day. CONCLUSIONS Functional connectivity in the subcortex is sharply restricted and lateralised under general anaesthesia. This restriction may play a part in loss and return of consciousness. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02275026.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommer Nir
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Reut Raizman
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Meningher
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Jacob
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kuang-Han Huang
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur E Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jess W Brallier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen Ahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Hyperfine Research, Guilford, CT, USA
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley N Delman
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stacie G Deiner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Abigail Livny
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua S Mincer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wang XH, Jiang W, Zhang SY, Nie BB, Zheng Y, Yan F, Lei JF, Wang TL. Hypothermia selectively protects the anterior forebrain mesocircuit during global cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1512-1517. [PMID: 34916436 PMCID: PMC8771111 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is an important protective strategy against global cerebral ischemia following cardiac arrest. However, the mechanisms of hypothermia underlying the changes in different regions and connections of the brain have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to identify the metabolic nodes and connection integrity of specific brain regions in rats with global cerebral ischemia that are most affected by hypothermia treatment. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was used to quantitatively determine glucose metabolism in different brain regions in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia established at 31–33°C. Diffusion tensor imaging was also used to reconstruct and explore the brain connections involved. The results showed that, compared with the model rats established at 37–37.5°C, the rat models of global cerebral ischemia established at 31–33°C had smaller hypometabolic regions in the thalamus and primary sensory areas and sustained no obvious thalamic injury. Hypothermia selectively preserved the integrity of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit, exhibiting protective effects on the brain during the global cerebral ischemia. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Capital Medical University (approval No. XW-AD318-97-019) on December 15, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhang
- Daxing Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Cerebrovascular Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Li J, Curley WH, Guerin B, Dougherty DD, Dalca AV, Fischl B, Horn A, Edlow BL. Mapping the subcortical connectivity of the human default mode network. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118758. [PMID: 34838949 PMCID: PMC8945548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) mediates self-awareness and introspection, core components of human consciousness. Therapies to restore consciousness in patients with severe brain injuries have historically targeted subcortical sites in the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and basal ganglia, with the goal of reactivating cortical DMN nodes. However, the subcortical connectivity of the DMN has not been fully mapped, and optimal subcortical targets for therapeutic neuromodulation of consciousness have not been identified. In this work, we created a comprehensive map of DMN subcortical connectivity by combining high-resolution functional and structural datasets with advanced signal processing methods. We analyzed 7 Tesla resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data from 168 healthy volunteers acquired in the Human Connectome Project. The rs-fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) data were temporally synchronized across subjects using the BrainSync algorithm. Cortical and subcortical DMN nodes were jointly analyzed and identified at the group level by applying a novel Nadam-Accelerated SCAlable and Robust (NASCAR) tensor decomposition method to the synchronized dataset. The subcortical connectivity map was then overlaid on a 7 Tesla 100 µm ex vivo MRI dataset for neuroanatomic analysis using automated segmentation of nuclei within the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and basal ganglia. We further compared the NASCAR subcortical connectivity map with its counterpart generated from canonical seed-based correlation analyses. The NASCAR method revealed that BOLD signal in the central lateral nucleus of the thalamus and ventral tegmental area of the midbrain is strongly correlated with that of the DMN. In an exploratory analysis, additional subcortical sites in the median and dorsal raphe, lateral hypothalamus, and caudate nuclei were correlated with the cortical DMN. We also found that the putamen and globus pallidus are negatively correlated (i.e., anti-correlated) with the DMN, providing rs-fMRI evidence for the mesocircuit hypothesis of human consciousness, whereby a striatopallidal feedback system modulates anterior forebrain function via disinhibition of the central thalamus. Seed-based analyses yielded similar subcortical DMN connectivity, but the NASCAR result showed stronger contrast and better spatial alignment with dopamine immunostaining data. The DMN subcortical connectivity map identified here advances understanding of the subcortical regions that contribute to human consciousness and can be used to inform the selection of therapeutic targets in clinical trials for patients with disorders of consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - William H Curley
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bastien Guerin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darin D Dougherty
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian V Dalca
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Horn
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Movement Disorders & Neuromodulation Section, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bachmann T. Representational 'touch' and modulatory 'retouch'-two necessary neurobiological processes in thalamocortical interaction for conscious experience. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab045. [PMID: 34925911 PMCID: PMC8672242 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Theories of consciousness using neurobiological data or being influenced by these data have been focused either on states of consciousness or contents of consciousness. These theories have occasionally used evidence from psychophysical phenomena where conscious experience is a dependent experimental variable. However, systematic catalog of many such relevant phenomena has not been offered in terms of these theories. In the perceptual retouch theory of thalamocortical interaction, recently developed to become a blend with the dendritic integration theory, consciousness states and contents of consciousness are explained by the same mechanism. This general-purpose mechanism has modulation of the cortical layer-5 pyramidal neurons that represent contents of consciousness as its core. As a surplus, many experimental psychophysical phenomena of conscious perception can be explained by the workings of this mechanism. Historical origins and current views inherent in this theory are presented and reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talis Bachmann
- Department of Penal Law, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Law, University of Tartu (Tallinn Branch), Kaarli puiestee 3, Tallinn 10119, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Janson AP, Baker JL, Sani I, Purpura KP, Schiff ND, Butson CR. Selective activation of central thalamic fiber pathway facilitates behavioral performance in healthy non-human primates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23054. [PMID: 34845232 PMCID: PMC8630225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Central thalamic deep brain stimulation (CT-DBS) is an investigational therapy to treat enduring cognitive dysfunctions in structurally brain injured (SBI) patients. However, the mechanisms of CT-DBS that promote restoration of cognitive functions are unknown, and the heterogeneous etiology and recovery profiles of SBI patients contribute to variable outcomes when using conventional DBS strategies,which may result in off-target effects due to activation of multiple pathways. To disambiguate the effects of stimulation of two adjacent thalamic pathways, we modeled and experimentally compared conventional and novel 'field-shaping' methods of CT-DBS within the central thalamus of healthy non-human primates (NHP) as they performed visuomotor tasks. We show that selective activation of the medial dorsal thalamic tegmental tract (DTTm), but not of the adjacent centromedian-parafascicularis (CM-Pf) pathway, results in robust behavioral facilitation. Our predictive modeling approach in healthy NHPs directly informs ongoing and future clinical investigations of conventional and novel methods of CT-DBS for treating cognitive dysfunctions in SBI patients, for whom no therapy currently exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Janson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - J. L. Baker
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - I. Sani
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY USA
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. P. Purpura
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - N. D. Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - C. R. Butson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Inkster AB, Milton F, Edmunds CER, Benattayallah A, Wills AJ. Neural correlates of the inverse base rate effect. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:1370-1380. [PMID: 34826165 PMCID: PMC8837595 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse base rate effect (IBRE) is a nonrational behavioral phenomenon in predictive learning. Canonically, participants learn that the AB stimulus compound leads to one outcome and that AC leads to another outcome, with AB being presented three times as often as AC. When subsequently presented with BC, the outcome associated with AC is preferentially selected, in opposition to the underlying base rates of the outcomes. The current leading explanation is based on error‐driven learning. A key component of this account is prediction error, a concept previously linked to a number of brain areas including the anterior cingulate, the striatum, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The present work is the first fMRI study to directly examine the IBRE. Activations were noted in brain areas linked to prediction error, including the caudate body, the anterior cingulate, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Analyzing the difference in activations for singular key stimuli (B and C), as well as frequency matched controls, supports the predictions made by the error‐driven learning account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angus B Inkster
- Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth
| | | | | | | | - Andy J Wills
- Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Yu Y, Zheng W, Tan X, Li X, Zhang X, Gao J, Pan G, Wu D, Luo B. Microstructural profiles of thalamus and thalamocortical connectivity in patients with disorder of consciousness. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3261-3273. [PMID: 34766648 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thalamus and thalamocortical connectivity are crucial for consciousness; however, their microstructural changes in patients with a disorder of consciousness (DOC) have not yet been thoroughly characterized. In the present study, we applied the novel fixel-based analysis to comprehensively investigate the thalamus-related microstructural abnormalities in 10 patients with DOC using 7-T diffusion-weighted imaging data. We found that compared to healthy controls, patients with DOC showed reduced fiber density (FD) and fiber density and cross-section (FDC) in the mediodorsal, anterior, and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei, while fiber-bundle cross-section (FC) was not significantly altered in the thalamus. Impaired thalamocortical connectivity in the DOC cohort was mainly connected to the middle frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and sensorimotor cortices, including the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus, with predominant microstructural abnormalities in FD and FDC. Correlation analysis showed that FC of the right mediodorsal thalamus was negatively correlated with the level of consciousness. Our results suggest that microstructural abnormalities of thalamus and thalamocortical connectivity in DOC were mainly attributed to axonal injury. In particular, the microstructural integrity of the thalamus is a vital factor in consciousness generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Yu
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- School of Information Science and Egineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xufei Tan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Hangzhou Ming Zhou Nao Kang Rehabilitation Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Pan
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Forgacs PB, Allen BB, Wu X, Gerber LM, Boddu S, Fakhar M, Stieg PE, Schiff ND, Mangat HS. Corticothalamic Connectivity in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Relationship with Disordered Consciousness and Clinical Outcomes. Neurocrit Care 2021; 36:760-771. [PMID: 34669180 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present an exploratory analysis of the occurrence of early corticothalamic connectivity disruption after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its correlation with clinical outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of patients with acute SAH who underwent continuous electroencephalography (EEG) for impairment of consciousness. Only patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm treatment were included. Continuous EEG tracings were reviewed to obtain artifact-free segments. Power spectral analyses were performed, and segments were classified as A (only delta power), B (predominant delta and theta), C (predominant theta and beta), or D (predominant alpha and beta). Each incremental category from A to D implies greater preservation of corticothalamic connectivity. We dichotomized categories as AB for poor connectivity and CD for good connectivity. The modified Rankin Scale score at follow-up and in-hospital mortality were used as outcome measures. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were included, of whom 58 had good quality EEG segments for classification: 28 were AB and 30 were CD. Hunt and Hess and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grades were higher and the initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was lower in the AB group compared with the CD group. AB classification was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.71 (95% confidence interval 1.61-20.30; p < 0.01) for poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 4-6) at a median follow-up of 4 months (interquartile range 2-6) and an odds ratio of 5.6 (95% confidence interval 0.98-31.95; p = 0.03) for in-hospital mortality, compared with CD. CONCLUSIONS EEG spectral-power-based classification demonstrates early corticothalamic connectivity disruption following aneurysmal SAH and may be a mechanism involved in early brain injury. Furthermore, the extent of this disruption appears to be associated with functional outcome and in-hospital mortality in patients with aneurysmal SAH and appears to be a potentially useful predictive tool that must be validated prospectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Forgacs
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68 Street, 610, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Baxter B Allen
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68 Street, 610, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda M Gerber
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Srikanth Boddu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malik Fakhar
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68 Street, 610, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Philip E Stieg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68 Street, 610, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Halinder S Mangat
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E 68 Street, 610, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop as a neural correlate of neuroticism in the mind-body interface. J Psychosom Res 2021; 149:110590. [PMID: 34385032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although brain structural studies have demonstrated the neural correlates of neuroticism, the outcomes are not easily identified because of the various possible brain regions involved, low statistical power (low number of subjects), and brain structural measures available, such as mean diffusivity (MD), which are more suitable than standard regional measures of grey and white-matter volume (rGMV, rWMV) and fractional anisotropy (FA). We hypothesized that neuroticism neural correlates could be detected by MD and differentially identified using other measures. We aimed to visualize the neural correlates of neuroticism. METHODS A voxel-by-voxel regression analysis was performed using the MD, rGMV, rWMV, or FA value as the dependent variable and with neuroticism scores based on the NEO-FFI and its confounding factors as independent variables in 1207 (693 men and 514 women; age, 20.7 ± 1.8, 18-27 years), non-clinical students in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS MD in the cortico- (orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior insula) striatal- (caudate and putamen) thalamic loop regions, including the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, were positively associated with neuroticism using the threshold-free cluster enhancement method with a family-wise error-corrected threshold of P < 0.0125 (0.05/4, Bonferroni correction for four types of MRI data [MD, rGMV, rWMV, and FA]) at the whole-brain level. CONCLUSIONS An increased MD has generally been associated with reduced neural tissues and possibly area function. Accordingly, this finding helps elucidate the mechanism of somatization in neuroticism because the regions related to neuroticism are considered neural correlates of somatoform disorders.
Collapse
|
71
|
Iidaka T. Fluctuations in Arousal Correlate with Neural Activity in the Human Thalamus. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab055. [PMID: 34557672 PMCID: PMC8455340 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of consciousness has been explored in humans and animals; however, the exact nature of consciousness remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate which brain regions are relevant to arousal in humans. Simultaneous recordings of brain activity and eye-tracking were conducted in 20 healthy human participants. Brain activity was measured by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with a multiband acquisition protocol. The subjective levels of arousal were investigated based on the degree of eyelid closure that was recorded using a near-infrared eye camera within the scanner. The results showed that the participants were in an aroused state for 79% of the scan time, and the bilateral thalami were significantly associated with the arousal condition. Among the major thalamic subnuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) showed greater involvement in arousal when compared with other subnuclei. A receiver operating characteristic analysis with leave-one-out crossvalidation conducted using template-based brain activity and arousal-level data from eye-tracking showed that, in most participants, thalamic activity significantly predicted the subjective levels of arousal. These results indicate a significant role of the thalamus, and in particular, the MD, which has rich connectivity with the prefrontal cortices and the limbic system in human consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Iidaka
- Brain & Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Alcaide S, Sitt J, Horikawa T, Romano A, Maldonado AC, Ibanez A, Sigman M, Kamitani Y, Barttfeld P. fMRI lag structure during waking up from early sleep stages. Cortex 2021; 142:94-103. [PMID: 34256198 PMCID: PMC11170464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain mechanisms by which we transition from sleep to a conscious state remain largely unknown in humans, partly because of methodological challenges. Here we study a pre-existing dataset of waking up participants originally designed for a study of dreaming (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) and suggest that suddenly awakening from early sleep stages results from a two-stage process that involves a sequence of cortical and subcortical brain activity. First, subcortical and sensorimotor structures seem to be recruited before most cortical regions, followed by fast, ignition-like whole-brain activation-with frontal regions engaging a little after the rest of the brain. Second, a comparably slower and possibly mirror-reversed stage might take place, with cortical regions activating before subcortical structures and the cerebellum. This pattern of activation points to a key role of subcortical structures for the initiation and maintenance of conscious states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alcaide
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Argentina
| | - Jacobo Sitt
- INSERM, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tomoyasu Horikawa
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alvaro Romano
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Argentina
| | - Ana Carolina Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad de Córdoba, CIEM-CONICET, Spain
| | - Agustín Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Argentina; Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yukiyasu Kamitani
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pablo Barttfeld
- Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
A Systematic Review of Sleep in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness: From Diagnosis to Prognosis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081072. [PMID: 34439690 PMCID: PMC8393958 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of intensive care technology, the number of patients who survive acute severe brain injury has increased significantly. At present, it is difficult to diagnose the patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs) because motor responses in these patients may be very limited and inconsistent. Electrophysiological criteria, such as event-related potentials or motor imagery, have also been studied to establish a diagnosis and prognosis based on command-following or active paradigms. However, the use of such task-based techniques in DOC patients is methodologically complex and requires careful analysis and interpretation. The present paper focuses on the analysis of sleep patterns for the evaluation of DOC and its relationships with diagnosis and prognosis outcomes. We discuss the concepts of sleep patterns in patients suffering from DOC, identification of this challenging population, and the prognostic value of sleep. The available literature on individuals in an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) or minimally conscious state (MCS) following traumatic or nontraumatic severe brain injury is reviewed. We can distinguish patients with different levels of consciousness by studying sleep patients with DOC. Most MCS patients have sleep and wake alternations, sleep spindles and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while UWS patients have few EEG changes. A large number of sleep spindles and organized sleep-wake patterns predict better clinical outcomes. It is expected that this review will promote our understanding of sleep EEG in DOC.
Collapse
|
74
|
Young MJ, Bodien YG, Giacino JT, Fins JJ, Truog RD, Hochberg LR, Edlow BL. The neuroethics of disorders of consciousness: a brief history of evolving ideas. Brain 2021; 144:3291-3310. [PMID: 34347037 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroethical questions raised by recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of consciousness are rapidly expanding, increasingly relevant, and yet underexplored. The aim of this thematic review is to provide a clinically applicable framework for understanding the current taxonomy of disorders of consciousness and to propose an approach to identifying and critically evaluating actionable neuroethical issues that are frequently encountered in research and clinical care for this vulnerable population. Increased awareness of these issues and clarity about opportunities for optimizing ethically-responsible care in this domain are especially timely given recent surges in critically ill patients with unusually prolonged disorders of consciousness associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world. We begin with an overview of the field of neuroethics: what it is, its history and evolution in the context of biomedical ethics at large. We then explore nomenclature used in disorders of consciousness, covering categories proposed by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research, including definitions of terms such as coma, the vegetative state, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, minimally conscious state, covert consciousness, and the confusional state. We discuss why these definitions matter, and why there has been such evolution in this nosology over the years, from Jennett and Plum in 1972 to the Multi-Society Task Force in 1994, the Aspen Working Group in 2002 and up until the 2018 American and 2020 European Disorders of Consciousness guidelines. We then move to a discussion of clinical aspects of disorders of consciousness, the natural history of recovery, and ethical issues that arise within the context of caring for persons with disorders of consciousness. We conclude with a discussion of key challenges associated with assessing residual consciousness in disorders of consciousness, potential solutions and future directions, including integration of crucial disability rights perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Young
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,USA.,Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yelena G Bodien
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,USA.,Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Fins
- Division of Medical Ethics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert D Truog
- Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leigh R Hochberg
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,USA.,School of Engineering and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.,VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114,USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Brébion G, Núñez C, Lombardini F, Senior C, Sánchez Laforga AM, Siddi S, Usall J, Stephan-Otto C. Subclinical depression and anxiety impact verbal memory functioning differently in men and women -an fMRI study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 140:308-315. [PMID: 34126425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are known to affect memory efficiency in various populations. More specifically, several studies conducted in patients suffering from schizophrenia have indicated that memory efficiency is affected by depressed mood in female patients and by anxiety in male patients. We investigated, using neuroimaging techniques, whether similar gender-specific associations with subclinical depression and anxiety could be observed in a non-clinical sample. METHOD Forty-five healthy Spanish-speaking individuals (23 females) were administered a verbal memory task. Lists of high- and low-frequency words were presented. Immediate free recall was requested after the learning of each list, and a yes/no recognition task was completed during the acquisition of the fMRI data. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that higher depression scores in women, and higher anxiety scores in men, were associated with poorer recall. In women, higher depression scores were further associated with decreased cerebral activity in the right temporoparietal junction, left inferior occipitotemporal gyrus, bilateral thalamus, and left anterior cingulate during correct recognition of target words. In men, anxiety scores were not associated with any cerebral activity. CONCLUSIONS Subclinical depression in women appears to affect memory efficiency by impacting cerebral regions specifically recruited for the cognitive demands of the task, as well as cerebral regions more generally involved in arousal, decision-making, and emotional regulation. Anxiety in men might impact the encoding memory processes. The results, although preliminary, suggest that gender differences may need to be taken into account when developing strategies for the cognitive and pharmacological remediation of memory impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gildas Brébion
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Christian Núñez
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Carl Senior
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | | | - Sara Siddi
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Usall
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Stephan-Otto
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Treating Traumatic Brain Injuries with Electroceuticals: Implications for the Neuroanatomy of Consciousness. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of loss of consciousness, long-term disability, and death in children and young adults (age 1 to 44). Currently, there are no United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pharmacological treatments for post-TBI regeneration and recovery, particularly related to permanent disability and level of consciousness. In some cases, long-term disorders of consciousness (DoC) exist, including the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) characterized by the exhibition of reflexive behaviors only or a minimally conscious state (MCS) with few purposeful movements and reflexive behaviors. Electroceuticals, including non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have proved efficacious in some patients with TBI and DoC. In this review, we examine how electroceuticals have improved our understanding of the neuroanatomy of consciousness. However, the level of improvements in general arousal or basic bodily and visual pursuit that constitute clinically meaningful recovery on the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) remain undefined. Nevertheless, these advancements demonstrate the importance of the vagal nerve, thalamus, reticular activating system, and cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop in the process of consciousness recovery.
Collapse
|
77
|
Qi J, Li BZ, Zhang Y, Pan B, Gao YH, Zhan H, Liu Y, Shao YC, Weng XC, Zhang X. Disrupted Small-world Networks are Associated with Decreased Vigilant Attention after Total Sleep Deprivation. Neuroscience 2021; 471:51-60. [PMID: 34293415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation critically affects vigilant attention. Previous neuroimaging studies have revealed altered inter-regional functional connectivity after sleep deprivation, which may disrupt topological properties of brain functional networks. However, little is known about alterations in the topology of intrinsic connectivity and its involvement in attention performance after sleep deprivation. In the current study, we investigated the topological properties of brain networks derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of 26 healthy men in rested wakefulness (RW) state and after 36 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD). In the predefined sparsity threshold range, both global and nodal network properties were evaluated based on graph theory analysis. Vigilant attention was assessed using the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) before and after TSD. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analyses were conducted to explore the association between altered network properties and changed PVT performance after TSD. At the global level, the brain functional networks in the TSD state showed a significantly lower small-world coefficient than RW, with decreased global efficiency. At the nodal level, the altered regions were selectively distributed in frontoparietal networks, sensorimotor networks, temporal regions, and salience networks. More specifically, the altered clustering coefficient in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and insula, and altered local efficiency in pSTS were further associated with PVT performance after TSD. Our results suggest that the topological properties of brain functional networks are disrupted, and aberrant topology of temporal networks and salience networks may act as neural signatures underlying the vigilant attention impairments after TSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Sleep Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo-Zhi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Sleep Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Eighth Medical Center of the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Bei Pan
- Airforce Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yu-Hong Gao
- National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhan
- Airforce Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Cong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xie-Chuan Weng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Sleep Medicine Research Center, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Sleep in disorders of consciousness: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic considerations. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 33:684-690. [PMID: 33177374 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sleep is important in the evaluation of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). However, it remains unclear whether reconstitution of sleep could enable consciousness or vice versa. Here we synthesize recent evidence on natural recovery of sleep in DOC, and sleep-promoting therapeutic interventions for recovery of consciousness. RECENT FINDINGS In subacute DOC, physiological sleep--wake cycles and complex sleep patterns are related to better outcomes. Moreover, structured rapid-eye-movement (REM), non-REM (NREM) stages, and presence of sleep spindles correlate with full or partial recovery. In chronic DOC, sleep organization may reflect both integrity of consciousness-supporting brain networks and engagement of those networks during wakefulness. Therapeutic strategies have integrated improvement of sleep and sleep--wake cycles in DOC patients; use of bright light stimulation or drugs enhancing sleep and/or vigilance, treatment of sleep apneas, and neuromodulatory stimulations are promising tools to promote healthy sleep architecture and wakeful recovery. SUMMARY Sleep features and sleep--wake cycles are important prognostic markers in subacute DOC and can provide insight into covert recovery in chronic DOC. Although large-scale studies are needed, preliminary studies in limited patients suggest that therapeutic options restoring sleep and/or sleep--wake cycles may improve cognitive function and outcomes in DOC.
Collapse
|
79
|
Phillips JM, Kambi NA, Redinbaugh MJ, Mohanta S, Saalmann YB. Disentangling the influences of multiple thalamic nuclei on prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:487-510. [PMID: 34216654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has a complex relationship with the thalamus, involving many nuclei which occupy predominantly medial zones along its anterior-to-posterior extent. Thalamocortical neurons in most of these nuclei are modulated by the affective and cognitive signals which funnel through the basal ganglia. We review how PFC-connected thalamic nuclei likely contribute to all aspects of cognitive control: from the processing of information on internal states and goals, facilitating its interactions with mnemonic information and learned values of stimuli and actions, to their influence on high-level cognitive processes, attentional allocation and goal-directed behavior. This includes contributions to transformations such as rule-to-choice (parvocellular mediodorsal nucleus), value-to-choice (magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus), mnemonic-to-choice (anteromedial nucleus) and sensory-to-choice (medial pulvinar). Common mechanisms appear to be thalamic modulation of cortical gain and cortico-cortical functional connectivity. The anatomy also implies a unique role for medial PFC in modulating processing in thalamocortical circuits involving other orbital and lateral PFC regions. We further discuss how cortico-basal ganglia circuits may provide a mechanism through which PFC controls cortico-cortical functional connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Phillips
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Niranjan A Kambi
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Michelle J Redinbaugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Sounak Mohanta
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Yuri B Saalmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI 53715, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Arousal Fluctuations Govern Oscillatory Transitions Between Dominant [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] Occipital Activity During Eyes Open/Closed Conditions. Brain Topogr 2021; 35:108-120. [PMID: 34160731 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arousal results in widespread activation of brain areas to increase their response in task and behavior relevant ways. Mediated by the Ascending Reticular Arousal System (ARAS), arousal-dependent inputs interact with neural circuitry to shape their dynamics. In the occipital cortex, such inputs may trigger shifts between dominant oscillations, where [Formula: see text] activity is replaced by [Formula: see text] activity, or vice versa. A salient example of this are spectral power alternations observed while eyes are opened and/or closed. These transitions closely follow fluctuations in arousal, suggesting a common origin. To better understand the mechanisms at play, we developed and analyzed a computational model composed of two modules: a thalamocortical feedback circuit coupled with a superficial cortical network. Upon activation by noise-like inputs originating from the ARAS, our model is able to demonstrate that noise-driven non-linear interactions mediate transitions in dominant peak frequency, resulting in the simultaneous suppression of [Formula: see text] limit cycle activity and the emergence of [Formula: see text] oscillations through coherence resonance. Reduction in input provoked the reverse effect - leading to anticorrelated transitions between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] power. Taken together, these results shed a new light on how arousal shapes oscillatory brain activity.
Collapse
|
81
|
Mesbah-Oskui L, Gurges P, Liu WY, Horner RL. Optical Stimulation of Thalamic Spindle Circuitry Sustains Electroencephalogram Patterns of General Anesthesia but not Duration of Loss of Consciousness. Neuroscience 2021; 468:110-122. [PMID: 34126184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in thalamic GABAergic signaling are implicated in mediating the rise in 12-30 Hz electroencephalogram (EEG) activity that signals anesthetic-induced loss-of-consciousness with GABAA receptor-targeting general anesthetics. A number of modeling studies have identified that anesthetic-induced alterations in thalamocortico-corticothalamic signaling in the same network that generates sleep spindles would be sufficient to elicit this key EEG signature of anesthetic hypnosis with general anesthetic agents. Accordingly, we hypothesize that targeted stimulation of this thalamic GABAergic circuitry into a sleep-spindle mode of activity would promote the general anesthetic effects of etomidate. We recorded EEG activity and loss-of-righting reflex in transgenic mice expressing channel rhodopsin-2 on GABAergic neurons (ChR2-VGAT, n = 8) and control, wild-type mice (C57BL/6J, n = 8). On two consecutive days mice were randomly assigned to receive spindle-rhythm stimulation via an optical probe targeting the left reticular thalamic nucleus or no stimulation. After an initial 30-minute recording, mice were administered etomidate (12 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and recorded for 90 min with or without optical stimulation. Etomidate elicited an increase in 12-30 Hz EEG power in wild-type and ChR2-VGAT mice for 20 min following administration (p < 0.001). Optical spindle-rhythm stimulation prolonged the increase in 12-30 Hz activity in ChR2-VGAT mice only (p = 0.023). Spindle-rhythm stimulation also increased the incidence and duration of sleep spindle-like oscillations in ChR2-VGAT mice only (all p ≤ 0.001). Despite the maintained anesthetic-like changes in EEG activity, optical spindle-rhythm stimulation was not associated with changes in the time to and duration of the loss-of-righting reflex, a behavioral endpoint of etomidate-induced general anesthesia in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Mesbah-Oskui
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrick Gurges
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard L Horner
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Neurophysiological basis of the N400 deflection, from Mismatch Negativity to Semantic Prediction Potentials and late positive components. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:134-150. [PMID: 34097935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first theoretical model on the neurophysiological basis of the N400: the deflection reflects layer I dendritic plateaus on a preparatory state of synaptic integration that precedes layer V somatic burst firing for conscious identification of the higher-order features of the stimulus (a late positive shift). Plateaus ensue from apical disinhibition by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive interneurons (VIPs) through suppression of Martinotti cells, opening the gates for glutamatergic feedback to trigger dendritic regenerative potentials. Cholinergic transients contribute to these dynamics directly, holding a central role in the N400 deflection. The stereotypical timing of the (frontal) glutamatergic feedback and the accompanying cholinergic transients account for the enigmatic "invariability" of the peak latency in the face of a gamut of different stimuli and paradigms. The theoretical postulations presented here may bring about unprecedented level of detail for the N400 deflection to be used in the study of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and other higher-order pathologies. The substrates of a late positive component, the Mismatch Negativity and the Semantic Prediction Potentials are also surveyed.
Collapse
|
83
|
Lemaire JJ, Pontier B, Chaix R, El Ouadih Y, Khalil T, Sinardet D, Achim V, Postelnicu A, Coste J, Germain V, Sarret C, Sontheimer A. Neural correlates of consciousness and related disorders: From phenotypic descriptors of behavioral and relative consciousness to cortico-subcortical circuitry. Neurochirurgie 2021; 68:212-222. [PMID: 34051246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a review of medical aspects of the consciousness. The behavioral dimension, phenotypic descriptors, relative consciousness and neural correlates of consciousness and related disorders were addressed successively in a holistic and chronological approach. Consciousness is relative, specific to each individual across time and space. Historically defined as the perception of the self and the environment, it cannot be separated from behaviors, entailing an idea of conscious behavior with metapractic and metagnostic aspects. Observation of spontaneous and evoked overt behavior distinguishes three main types of disorder of consciousness (DoC): coma, vegetative state or unresponsive wakefulness, and minimally conscious or relationally impoverished state. Modern functional exploration techniques, such as imaging, increase the understanding of DoCs and consciousness. Whether consciousness is a superior function and/or an instrumental function is discussed. Neural correlates can be subdivided into two wakefulness pathways (superior thalamic cholinergic and inferior extra-thalamic), and cortico-subcortical circuitry. The deep brain structures are those described in the well-known sensorimotor, associative and limbic loops, as illustrated in the mesolimbic model of DoC. The cortices can be segregated into several overlapping networks: (1) a global workspace including thalamo-cortical loops; (2) the default mode network (DMN) and related intrinsic connectivity networks (i.e., central executive, medial DMN and salience networks); (3) a 3-fold network comprising the fronto-parietal control system and its dorsal and ventral attentional sub-networks, the fronto-parietal executive control network, and the cingulo-opercular salience network; (4) the internal and external cortices, respectively medial, turned toward the self, and lateral, turned toward the environment. The network dynamics is the reflection of consciousness, notably anticorrelations such as the decrease in activity of the posterior cingulate-precuneus regions during attentional tasks. Thanks to recent advances in DoC pathophysiology, further significative therapeutic progress is expected, taking into account the societal context. This depends notably on the dissemination of medical knowledge and its transfer to a wider public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-J Lemaire
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - B Pontier
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Chaix
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Y El Ouadih
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - T Khalil
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Sinardet
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Achim
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Postelnicu
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Coste
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Germain
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Sarret
- Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Sontheimer
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut Pascal, université Clermont Auvergne CNRS SIGMA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Levinson M, Podvalny E, Baete SH, He BJ. Cortical and subcortical signatures of conscious object recognition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2930. [PMID: 34006884 PMCID: PMC8131711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying conscious recognition remain unclear, particularly the roles played by the prefrontal cortex, deactivated brain areas and subcortical regions. We investigated neural activity during conscious object recognition using 7 Tesla fMRI while human participants viewed object images presented at liminal contrasts. Here, we show both recognized and unrecognized images recruit widely distributed cortical and subcortical regions; however, recognized images elicit enhanced activation of visual, frontoparietal, and subcortical networks and stronger deactivation of the default-mode network. For recognized images, object category information can be decoded from all of the involved cortical networks but not from subcortical regions. Phase-scrambled images trigger strong involvement of inferior frontal junction, anterior cingulate cortex and default-mode network, implicating these regions in inferential processing under increased uncertainty. Our results indicate that content-specific activity in both activated and deactivated cortical networks and non-content-specific subcortical activity support conscious recognition. Cortical and subcortical neural activity supporting conscious object recognition has not yet been well defined. Here, the authors describe these networks and show recognition-related category information can be decoded from widespread cortical activity but not subcortical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Levinson
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ella Podvalny
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven H Baete
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Biyu J He
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kosciessa JQ, Lindenberger U, Garrett DD. Thalamocortical excitability modulation guides human perception under uncertainty. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2430. [PMID: 33893294 PMCID: PMC8065126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the relevance of environmental features can guide stimulus processing. However, it remains unclear how processing is adjusted when feature relevance is uncertain. We hypothesized that (a) heightened uncertainty would shift cortical networks from a rhythmic, selective processing-oriented state toward an asynchronous ("excited") state that boosts sensitivity to all stimulus features, and that (b) the thalamus provides a subcortical nexus for such uncertainty-related shifts. Here, we had young adults attend to varying numbers of task-relevant features during EEG and fMRI acquisition to test these hypotheses. Behavioral modeling and electrophysiological signatures revealed that greater uncertainty lowered the rate of evidence accumulation for individual stimulus features, shifted the cortex from a rhythmic to an asynchronous/excited regime, and heightened neuromodulatory arousal. Crucially, this unified constellation of within-person effects was dominantly reflected in the uncertainty-driven upregulation of thalamic activity. We argue that neuromodulatory processes involving the thalamus play a central role in how the brain modulates neural excitability in the face of momentary uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Q Kosciessa
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Cover KK, Mathur BN. Rostral Intralaminar Thalamus Engagement in Cognition and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:652764. [PMID: 33935663 PMCID: PMC8082140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.652764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamic rostral intralaminar nuclei (rILN) are a contiguous band of neurons that include the central medial, paracentral, and central lateral nuclei. The rILN differ from both thalamic relay nuclei, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, and caudal intralaminar nuclei, such as the parafascicular nucleus, in afferent and efferent connectivity as well as physiological and synaptic properties. rILN activity is associated with a range of neural functions and behaviors, including arousal, pain, executive function, and action control. Here, we review this evidence supporting a role for the rILN in integrating arousal, executive and motor feedback information. In light of rILN projections out to the striatum, amygdala, and sensory as well as executive cortices, we propose that such a function enables the rILN to modulate cognitive and motor resources to meet task-dependent behavioral engagement demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Cover
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian N Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Zheng W, Tan X, Liu T, Li X, Gao J, Hong L, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Luo B, Wu D. Individualized Thalamic Parcellation Reveals Alterations in Shape and Microstructure of Thalamic Nuclei in Patients with Disorder of Consciousness. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab024. [PMID: 34296169 PMCID: PMC8152869 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus plays crucial roles in consciousness generation and information processing. Previous evidence suggests that disorder of consciousness (DOC) caused by severe brain injury, is potentially related to thalamic abnormalities. However, how the morphology and microstructure change in thalamic subfields and thalamocortical fiber pathways in patients with DOC, and the relationships between these changes and the consciousness status remain unclear. Here, we generated the individual-specific thalamic parcellation in 10 DOC patients and 10 healthy controls (HC) via a novel thalamic segmentation framework based on the fiber orientation distribution (FOD) derived from 7-Tesla diffusion MRI, and investigated the shape deformation of thalamic nuclei as well as the microstructural changes associated with thalamic nuclei and thalamocortical pathways in patients with DOC. Enlargement of dorsal posterior nucleus and atrophy of anterior nucleus in the right thalamus were observed in DOC cohort relative to the HCs, and the former was closely linked to the consciousness level of the patients. We also found significant reductions of fiber density, but not fiber bundle cross-section, within several thalamic nuclei and most of the thalamocortical fiber pathways, suggesting that loss of axons might take primary responsibility for the impaired thalamocortical connections in patients with DOC rather than the change in fiber-bundle morphology. Furthermore, the individual-specific thalamic parcellation achieved 80% accuracy in classifying patients at the minimally conscious state from the vegetative state, compared with ~60% accuracy based on group-level parcellations. Our findings provide the first evidence for the shape deformation of thalamic nuclei in DOC patients and the microstructural basis of the disrupted thalamocortical connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Xufei Tan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Zhejiang Armed Police Corps, Hangzhou, 310051, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Zhejiang Armed Police Corps, Hangzhou, 310051, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Yamei Yu
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology and Brain Medical Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Yao L, Baker JL, Schiff ND, Purpura KP, Shoaran M. Predicting task performance from biomarkers of mental fatigue in global brain activity. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33108778 PMCID: PMC8122624 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Detection and early prediction of mental fatigue (i.e. shifts in vigilance), could be used to adapt neuromodulation strategies to effectively treat patients suffering from brain injury and other indications with prominent chronic mental fatigue. Approach. In this study, we analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) signals chronically recorded from two healthy non-human primates (NHP) as they performed a sustained attention task over extended periods of time. We employed a set of spectrotemporal and connectivity biomarkers of the ECoG signals to identify periods of mental fatigue and a gradient boosting classifier to predict performance, up to several seconds prior to the behavioral response. Main results. Wavelet entropy and the instantaneous amplitude and frequency were among the best single features across sessions in both NHPs. The classification performance using higher order spectral-temporal (HOST) features was significantly higher than that of conventional spectral power features in both NHPs. Across the 99 sessions analyzed, average F1 scores of 77.5%±8.2% and 91.2%±3.6%, and accuracy of 79.5%±8.9% and 87.6%±3.9 % for the classifier were obtained for each animal, respectively. Significance. Our results here demonstrate the feasibility of predicting performance and detecting periods of mental fatigue by analyzing ECoG signals, and that this general approach, in principle, could be used for closed-loop control of neuromodulation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Brain&Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.,College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, People's Republic of China.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L Baker
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Keith P Purpura
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States of America
| | - Mahsa Shoaran
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States of America.,Institute of Electrical Engineering and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Temporal Prediction Signals for Periodic Sensory Events in the Primate Central Thalamus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1917-1927. [PMID: 33452224 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2151-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of periodic event timing is an important function for everyday activities, while the exact neural mechanism remains unclear. Previous studies in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that neurons in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and those in the caudate nucleus exhibit periodic firing modulation when the animals attempt to detect a single omission of isochronous repetitive audiovisual stimuli. To understand how these subcortical signals are sent and processed through the thalamocortical pathways, we examined single-neuron activities in the central thalamus of two macaque monkeys (one female and one male). We found that three types of neurons responded to each stimulus in the sequence in the absence of movements. Reactive-type neurons showed sensory adaptation and gradually waned the transient response to each stimulus. Predictive-type neurons steadily increased the magnitude of the suppressive response, similar to neurons previously reported in the cerebellum. Switch-type neurons initially showed a transient response, but after several cycles, the direction of firing modulation reversed and the activity decreased for each repetitive stimulus. The time course of Switch-type activity was well explained by the weighted sum of activities of the other types of neurons. Furthermore, for only Switch-type neurons the activity just before stimulus omission significantly correlated with behavioral latency, indicating that this type of neuron may carry a more advanced signal in the system detecting stimulus omission. These results suggest that the central thalamus may transmit integrated signals to the cerebral cortex for temporal information processing, which are necessary to accurately predict rhythmic event timing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Several cortical and subcortical regions are involved in temporal information processing, and the thalamus will play a role in functionally linking them. The present study aimed to clarify how the paralaminar part of the thalamus transmits and modifies signals for temporal prediction of rhythmic events. Three types of thalamic neurons exhibited periodic activity when monkeys attempted to detect a single omission of isochronous repetitive stimuli. The activity of one type of neuron correlated with the behavioral latency and appeared to be generated by integrating the signals carried by the other types of neurons. Our results revealed the neuronal signals in the thalamus for temporal prediction of sensory events, providing a clue to elucidate information processing in the thalamocortical pathways.
Collapse
|
90
|
Edlow BL, Claassen J, Schiff ND, Greer DM. Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:135-156. [PMID: 33318675 PMCID: PMC7734616 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made over the past two decades in detecting, predicting and promoting recovery of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) caused by severe brain injuries. Advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques have revealed new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying recovery of consciousness and have enabled the identification of preserved brain networks in patients who seem unresponsive, thus raising hope for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Emerging evidence suggests that covert consciousness, or cognitive motor dissociation (CMD), is present in up to 15-20% of patients with DoC and that detection of CMD in the intensive care unit can predict functional recovery at 1 year post injury. Although fundamental questions remain about which patients with DoC have the potential for recovery, novel pharmacological and electrophysiological therapies have shown the potential to reactivate injured neural networks and promote re-emergence of consciousness. In this Review, we focus on mechanisms of recovery from DoC in the acute and subacute-to-chronic stages, and we discuss recent progress in detecting and predicting recovery of consciousness. We also describe the developments in pharmacological and electrophysiological therapies that are creating new opportunities to improve the lives of patients with DoC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jan Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Feil Family Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Greer
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Li R, Ryu JH, Vincent P, Springer M, Kluger D, Levinsohn EA, Chen Y, Chen H, Blumenfeld H. The pulse: transient fMRI signal increases in subcortical arousal systems during transitions in attention. Neuroimage 2021; 232:117873. [PMID: 33647499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of attention emphasize cortical circuits for salience monitoring and top-down control. However, subcortical arousal systems have a major influence on dynamic cortical state. We hypothesize that task-related increases in attention begin with a "pulse" in subcortical arousal and cortical attention networks, which are reflected indirectly through transient fMRI signals. We conducted general linear model and model-free analyses of fMRI data from two cohorts and tasks with mixed block and event-related design. 46 adolescent subjects at our center and 362 normal adults from the Human Connectome Project participated. We identified a core shared network of transient fMRI increases in subcortical arousal and cortical salience/attention networks across cohorts and tasks. Specifically, we observed a transient pulse of fMRI increases both at task block onset and with individual task events in subcortical arousal areas including midbrain tegmentum, thalamus, nucleus basalis and striatum; cortical-subcortical salience network regions including the anterior insula/claustrum and anterior cingulate cortex/supplementary motor area; in dorsal attention network regions including dorsolateral frontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule; as well as in motor regions including cerebellum, and left hemisphere hand primary motor cortex. The transient pulse of fMRI increases in subcortical and cortical arousal and attention networks was consistent across tasks and study populations, whereas sustained activity in these same networks was more variable. The function of the transient pulse in these networks is unknown. However, given its anatomical distribution, it could participate in a neuromodulatory surge of activity in multiple parallel neurotransmitter systems facilitating dynamic changes in conscious attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Jun Hwan Ryu
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Peter Vincent
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Max Springer
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Dan Kluger
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Erik A Levinsohn
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Huafu Chen
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Departments of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Structural changes in brains of patients with disorders of consciousness treated with deep brain stimulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4401. [PMID: 33623134 PMCID: PMC7902623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are one of the major consequences after anoxic or traumatic brain injury. So far, several studies have described the regaining of consciousness in DOC patients using deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, these studies often lack detailed data on the structural and functional cerebral changes after such treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct a volumetric analysis of specific cortical and subcortical structures to determine the impact of DBS after functional recovery of DOC patients. Five DOC patients underwent unilateral DBS electrode implantation into the centromedian parafascicular complex of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Consciousness recovery was confirmed using the Rappaport Disability Rating and the Coma/Near Coma scale. Brain MRI volumetric measurements were done prior to the procedure, then approximately a year after, and finally 7 years after the implementation of the electrode. The volumetric analysis included changes in regional cortical volumes and thickness, as well as in subcortical structures. Limbic cortices (parahippocampal and cingulate gyrus) and paralimbic cortices (insula) regions showed a significant volume increase and presented a trend of regional cortical thickness increase 1 and 7 years after DBS. The volumes of related subcortical structures, namely the caudate, the hippocampus as well as the amygdala, were significantly increased 1 and 7 years after DBS, while the putamen and nucleus accumbens presented with volume increase. Volume increase after DBS could be a result of direct DBS effects, or a result of functional recovery. Our findings are in accordance with the results of very few human studies connecting DBS and brain volume increase. Which mechanisms are behind the observed brain changes and whether structural changes are caused by consciousness recovery or DBS in patients with DOC is still a matter of debate.
Collapse
|
93
|
Danysz W, Dekundy A, Scheschonka A, Riederer P. Amantadine: reappraisal of the timeless diamond-target updates and novel therapeutic potentials. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:127-169. [PMID: 33624170 PMCID: PMC7901515 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current review was to provide a new, in-depth insight into possible pharmacological targets of amantadine to pave the way to extending its therapeutic use to further indications beyond Parkinson's disease symptoms and viral infections. Considering amantadine's affinities in vitro and the expected concentration at targets at therapeutic doses in humans, the following primary targets seem to be most plausible: aromatic amino acids decarboxylase, glial-cell derived neurotrophic factor, sigma-1 receptors, phosphodiesterases, and nicotinic receptors. Further three targets could play a role to a lesser extent: NMDA receptors, 5-HT3 receptors, and potassium channels. Based on published clinical studies, traumatic brain injury, fatigue [e.g., in multiple sclerosis (MS)], and chorea in Huntington's disease should be regarded potential, encouraging indications. Preclinical investigations suggest amantadine's therapeutic potential in several further indications such as: depression, recovery after spinal cord injury, neuroprotection in MS, and cutaneous pain. Query in the database http://www.clinicaltrials.gov reveals research interest in several further indications: cancer, autism, cocaine abuse, MS, diabetes, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, obesity, and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Danysz
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH., Eckenheimer Landstraße 100, 60318, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrzej Dekundy
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH., Eckenheimer Landstraße 100, 60318, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Scheschonka
- Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH., Eckenheimer Landstraße 100, 60318, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Vinslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Davis IR, Coldren SA, Li X. Methamphetamine seeking after prolonged abstinence is associated with activated projections from anterior intralaminar nucleus of thalamus to dorsolateral striatum in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 200:173087. [PMID: 33309825 PMCID: PMC11185927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) seeking progressively increases after cessation from drug self-administration (incubation of Meth craving). We have previously shown that both dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum (DMS and DLS) play critical roles in this incubation in male rats. Moreover, our recent anatomical tracing study examined afferent projections into DMS and demonstrated a novel role of projections from anterior intralaminar nucleus of thalamus (AIT) to DMS in incubation of Meth craving in male rats. Here we investigated projection-specific activation of afferent glutamate projections into DLS associated with incubated Meth seeking in female rats. We trained female rats to self-administer Meth (6-h/d for 10 d). On abstinence day 12, we injected cholera toxin subunit B (CTb, a retrograde tracer) unilaterally into DLS. On abstinence day 26, we tested rats for relapse to Meth seeking and measured Fos (a neuronal activity marker), and double-labeling of CTb and Fos in anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, AIT, and parafascicular nuclei of thalamus. We observed neuronal activation in both cortical and thalamic regions associated with incubated Meth seeking. At the circuit level, AIT➔DLS projections were strongly activated, followed by other corticostriatal projections. Overall our results suggest that AIT to DLS may play a role in Meth seeking after prolonged abstinence in female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Sydney A Coldren
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ning Y, Fang M, Zhang Y, Feng S, Feng Z, Liu X, Li K, Jia H. Attention Performance Correlated With White Matter Structural Brain Networks in Shift Work Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:802830. [PMID: 35177998 PMCID: PMC8843848 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.802830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have revealed that shift work disorder (SWD) affected the functional connectivity in specific brain regions and networks. However, topological disruptions in the structural connectivity of the white matter (WM) networks associated with attention function remain poorly understood. In the current study, we recruited 33 patients with SWD and 29 matched healthy subjects. The attention network test (ANT) was employed to investigate the efficiency of alerting, orienting, and executive control networks. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was used to construct the WM structural networks. The graph theory analysis was applied to detect the alterations of topological properties of structural networks. Our results showed lower alerting effect and higher executive effect for patients with SWD. Using the link-based analysis, 15 altered connectivity matrices (lower fiber numbers) were found between the two groups. Meanwhile, the graph theoretical analysis showed that the global efficiency and characteristic path length within SWD patients declined in contrast with the healthy controls. Furthermore, a significantly negative correlation was found between the executive effect and global network efficiency. Our findings provide the new insights into the fundamental architecture of interregional structural connectivity underlying attention deficits in SWD, which may be a potential biomarker for SWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Ning
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Fang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtian Feng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzi Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuangshi Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiao Jia
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Gruenbaum BF. Comparison of anaesthetic- and seizure-induced states of unconsciousness: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2021; 126:219-229. [PMID: 32951841 PMCID: PMC7844374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand general anaesthesia and certain seizures, a fundamental understanding of the neurobiology of unconsciousness is needed. This review article explores similarities in neuronal and network changes during general anaesthesia and seizure-induced unconsciousness. Both seizures and anaesthetics cause disruption in similar anatomical structures that presumably lead to impaired consciousness. Despite differences in behaviour and mechanisms, both of these conditions are associated with disruption of the functionality of subcortical structures that mediate neuronal activity in the frontoparietal cortex. These areas are all likely to be involved in maintaining normal consciousness. An assessment of the similarities in the brain network disruptions with certain seizures and general anaesthesia might provide fresh insights into the mechanisms of the alterations of consciousness seen in these particular unconscious states, allowing for innovative therapies for seizures and the development of anaesthetic approaches targeting specific networks.
Collapse
|
97
|
Pincherle A, Rossi F, Jöhr J, Dunet V, Ryvlin P, Oddo M, Schiff N, Diserens K. Early discrimination of cognitive motor dissociation from disorders of consciousness: pitfalls and clues. J Neurol 2021; 268:178-188. [PMID: 32754829 PMCID: PMC7815538 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bedside assessment of consciousness and awareness after a severe brain injury might be hampered by confounding clinical factors (i.e., pitfalls) interfering with the production of behavioral or motor responses to external stimuli. Despite the use of validated clinical scales, a high misdiagnosis rate is indeed observed. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 49 patients with severe brain injury admitted to an acute neuro-rehabilitation program. Patients' behavior was assessed using the Motor Behavior Tool and Coma Recovery Scale Revised. All patients underwent systematic assessment for pitfalls including polyneuropathy and/or myopathy and/or myelopathy, major cranial nerve palsies, non-convulsive status epilepticus, aphasia (expressive or comprehensive), cortical blindness, thalamic involvement and frontal akinetic syndrome. A high prevalence (75%) of pitfalls potentially interfering with sensory afference (polyneuropathy, myopathy, myelopathy, and sensory aphasia), motor efference (polyneuropathy, myopathy, motor aphasia, and frontal akinetic syndrome), and intrinsic brain activity (thalamic involvement and epilepsy) was found. Nonetheless, the motor behavior tool identified residual cognition (i.e. a cognitive motor dissociation condition) regardless of the presence of these pitfalls in 70% of the patients diagnosed as unresponsive using the Coma Recovery Scale Revised. On one hand, pitfalls might contribute to misdiagnosis. On the other, it could be argued that they are clues for diagnosing cognitive motor dissociation rather than true disorders of consciousness given their prominent effect on the sensory-motor input-output balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pincherle
- Acute Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Champ de l'Air, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hopitaux Robert Schuman, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Frederic Rossi
- Acute Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Champ de l'Air, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Jöhr
- Acute Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Champ de l'Air, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dunet
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Acute Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Champ de l'Air, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Intensive Care Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karin Diserens
- Acute Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Champ de l'Air, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Liu P, Yang W, Zhuang K, Wei D, Yu R, Huang X, Qiu J. The functional connectome predicts feeling of stress on regular days and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 14:100285. [PMID: 33385021 PMCID: PMC7772572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have explored the neural mechanism of the feeling of stress, to date, no effort has been made to establish a model capable of predicting the feeling of stress at the individual level using the resting-state functional connectome. Although individuals may be confronted with multidimensional stressors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, their appraisal of the impact and severity of these events might vary. In this study, connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) with leave-one-out cross-validation was conducted to predict individual perceived stress (PS) from whole-brain functional connectivity data from 817 participants. The results showed that the feeling of stress could be predicted by the interaction between the default model network and salience network, which are involved in emotion regulation and salience attribution, respectively. Key nodes that contributed to the prediction model comprised regions mainly located in the limbic systems and temporal lobe. Critically, the CPM model of PS based on regular days can be generalized to predict individual PS levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a multidimensional, uncontrollable stressful situation. The stability of the results was demonstrated by two independent datasets. The present work not only expands existing knowledge regarding the neural mechanism of PS but also may help identify high-risk individuals in healthy populations. Perceived stress (PS) can be predicated by resting-state functional connectome. PS can be predicated by interaction between default model and salience network. Key nodes of the prediction model located in limbic systems and temporal lobe. psCPM of regular days generalized to predict PS level in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
- Research Center for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2 TianSheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, China
- Corresponding author. Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No.2 TianSheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Mukherjee A, Bajwa N, Lam NH, Porrero C, Clasca F, Halassa MM. Variation of connectivity across exemplar sensory and associative thalamocortical loops in the mouse. eLife 2020; 9:e62554. [PMID: 33103997 PMCID: PMC7644223 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus engages in sensation, action, and cognition, but the structure underlying these functions is poorly understood. Thalamic innervation of associative cortex targets several interneuron types, modulating dynamics and influencing plasticity. Is this structure-function relationship distinct from that of sensory thalamocortical systems? Here, we systematically compared function and structure across a sensory and an associative thalamocortical loop in the mouse. Enhancing excitability of mediodorsal thalamus, an associative structure, resulted in prefrontal activity dominated by inhibition. Equivalent enhancement of medial geniculate excitability robustly drove auditory cortical excitation. Structurally, geniculate axons innervated excitatory cortical targets in a preferential manner and with larger synaptic terminals, providing a putative explanation for functional divergence. The two thalamic circuits also had distinct input patterns, with mediodorsal thalamus receiving innervation from a diverse set of cortical areas. Altogether, our findings contribute to the emerging view of functional diversity across thalamic microcircuits and its structural basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Mukherjee
- McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Navdeep Bajwa
- McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Norman H Lam
- McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - César Porrero
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid UniversityMadridSpain
| | - Francisco Clasca
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma de Madrid UniversityMadridSpain
| | - Michael M Halassa
- McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Parsons N, Outsikas A, Parish A, Clohesy R, Thakkar N, D'Aprano F, Toomey F, Advani S, Poudel G. Modelling the Anatomical Distribution of Neurological Events in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 33106811 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.21.20215640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuropathology caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported across several studies. The characterisation of the spatial distribution of these pathology remains critical to assess long and short-term neurological sequelae of COVID-19. To this end, Mathematical models can be used to characterise the location and aetiologies underlying COVID-19-related neuropathology. Method We performed a systematic review of the literature to quantify the locations of small neurological events identified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among COVID-19 patients. Neurological events were localised into the Desikan-Killiany grey and white matter atlases. A mathematical network diffusion model was then used to test whether the spatial distribution of neurological events could be explained via a linear spread through the structural connectome of the brain. Findings We identified 35 articles consisting of 123 patients that assessed the spatial distribution of small neurological events among COVID-19 patients. Of these, 91 patients had grey matter changes, 95 patients had white matter changes and 72 patients had confirmed cerebral microbleeds. White matter events were observed within 14 of 42 white matter bundles from the IIT atlas. The highest proportions (26%) of events were observed within the bilateral corticospinal tracts. The splenium and middle of the corpus callosum were affected in 14% and 9% of the cases respectively. Grey matter events were spatially distributed in the 41 brain regions within the Desikan-Killiany atlas. The highest proportions (∼10%) of the events were observed in areas including the bilateral superior temporal, precentral, and lateral occipital cortices. Sub-cortical events were most frequently identified in the Pallidum. The application of a mathematical network diffusion model suggested that the spatial pattern of the small neurological events in COVID-19 can be modelled with a linear diffusion of spread from epicentres in the bilateral cerebellum and basal ganglia (Pearson's r =0.41, p <0.001, corrected). Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically characterise the spatial distribution of small neurological events in COVID-19 patients and test whether the spatial distribution of these events can be explained by a linear diffusion spread model. The location of neurological events is consistent with commonly identified neurological symptoms including alterations in conscious state among COVID-19 patients that require brain imaging. Given the prevalence and severity of these manifestations, clinicians should carefully monitor neurological symptoms within COVID-19 patients and their potential long-term sequelae .
Collapse
|