51
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Kanemura Y, Ichimura K, Shofuda T, Yamasaki M, Shibui S, Arai H, Nishikawa R. Standardized Molecular and Genetic Diagnosis of Medulloblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7887/jcns.24.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization
| | - Mami Yamasaki
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Takatsuki General Hospital
| | - Soichiro Shibui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine University Hospital, Mizonokuchi
| | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neuro-Oncology/Neurosurgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
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52
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Farrokhpour H, Pakatchian V, Hajipour A, Abyar F, Najafi Chermahini A, Fakhari F. Protein–ligand interaction study of signal transducer smoothened protein with different drugs: molecular docking and QM/MM calculations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08609d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A part of signal transducer smoothened (SMO) protein including antitumor agent LY2940680. The site of this antitumor was considered for the docking of 716 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Abyar
- Chemistry Department
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
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53
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Santhosh S, Kumar P, Ramprasad V, Chaudhuri A. Evolution of targeted therapies in cancer: opportunities and challenges in the clinic. Future Oncol 2015; 11:279-93. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Targeted therapies have changed the course of cancer treatment in recent years. By reducing toxicity and improving outcome, these new generations of precision medicines have extended patient lives beyond what could be achieved by the use of nontargeted therapies. In the last 2 years, several new molecular entities targeting signaling proteins and immune pathways have gone through successful clinical development resulting in their approval. These new targeted therapies require patient selection and the discovery of biomarkers of response. This review discusses the evolution of targeted therapies in cancer and challenges in translating the concepts into clinical practice.
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54
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Goldman J, Eckhardt SG, Borad MJ, Curtis KK, Hidalgo M, Calvo E, Ryan DP, Wirth LJ, Parikh A, Partyka J, Faessel H, Gangolli E, Stewart S, Rosen LS, Bowles DW. Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial of the Oral Investigational Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Inhibitor TAK-441 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1002-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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55
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Fan CW, Chen B, Franco I, Lu J, Shi H, Wei S, Wang C, Wu X, Tang W, Roth MG, Williams NS, Hirsch E, Chen C, Lum L. The Hedgehog pathway effector smoothened exhibits signaling competency in the absence of ciliary accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1680-9. [PMID: 25484239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Misactivation of the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) is frequently associated with basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Cellular exposure to secreted Hedgehog (Hh) protein or oncogenic mutations in Hh pathway components induces Smo accumulation in the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle with mostly unknown cellular functions. Despite the data supporting an indispensable role of the primary cilium in Smo activation, the mechanistic underpinnings of this dependency remain unclear. Using a cell-membrane-impermeable Smo antagonist (IHR-1), we demonstrate that Smo supplied with a synthetic agonist or activated with oncogenic mutations can signal without ciliary accumulation. Similarly, cells with compromised ciliary Smo trafficking due to loss of the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-C2α retain transcriptional response to an exogenously supplied Smo agonist. These observations suggest that assembly of a Smo-signaling complex in the primary cilium is not a prerequisite for Hh pathway activation driven by Smo agonists or oncogenic Smo molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Irene Franco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Changguang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael G Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Larsen AR, Bai RY, Chung JH, Borodovsky A, Rudin CM, Riggins GJ, Bunz F. Repurposing the antihelmintic mebendazole as a hedgehog inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:3-13. [PMID: 25376612 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0755-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is activated in many types of cancer and therefore presents an attractive target for new anticancer agents. Here, we show that mebendazole, a benzamidazole with a long history of safe use against nematode infestations and hydatid disease, potently inhibited Hh signaling and slowed the growth of Hh-driven human medulloblastoma cells at clinically attainable concentrations. As an antiparasitic, mebendazole avidly binds nematode tubulin and causes inhibition of intestinal microtubule synthesis. In human cells, mebendazole suppressed the formation of the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that functions as a signaling hub for Hh pathway activation. The inhibition of Hh signaling by mebendazole was unaffected by mutants in the gene that encodes human Smoothened (SMO), which are selectively propagated in cell clones that survive treatment with the Hh inhibitor vismodegib. Combination of vismodegib and mebendazole resulted in additive Hh signaling inhibition. Because mebendazole can be safely administered to adults and children at high doses over extended time periods, we propose that mebendazole could be rapidly repurposed and clinically tested as a prospective therapeutic agent for many tumors that are dependent on Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Larsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jon H Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Borodovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Memorial Hospital Research Laboratories, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gregory J Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Fred Bunz
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
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57
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Choe JY, Yun JY, Jeon YK, Kim SH, Choung HK, Oh S, Park M, Kim JE. Sonic hedgehog signalling proteins are frequently expressed in retinoblastoma and are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features. J Clin Pathol 2014; 68:6-11. [PMID: 25296932 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to examine the expression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling proteins in retinoblastoma and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS Seventy-nine enucleated retinoblastoma tumours were investigated immunohistochemically using antibodies against SHH pathway proteins, such as SHH, glioma-associated oncogene homologue (GLI) 1, GLI2, GLI3 and ABC binding cassette G2 (ABCG2). Western blotting of SHH signalling proteins was performed in two retinoblastoma cell lines. RESULTS SHH was expressed in most retinoblastoma cases (78 of 79, 98.7%), with 21 cases (26.6%) showing strong expression. GLI1 and GLI2 were also frequently expressed: 67 of 78 cases (85.9%) and 71 of 77 cases (92.2%), respectively. GLI3, a transcriptional repressor, was expressed at low levels in 23 of the 78 cases (29.5%). High ABCG2 expression was found in 23 of the 78 cases (29.5%). High expression levels of these proteins in retinoblastoma cell lines were confirmed by western blotting. The expression of SHH was associated with advanced stages, local invasion and metastasis (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SHH signalling molecules were frequently expressed in retinoblastoma tumour cells, and high SHH expression was closely related to an advanced disease status. Our results suggest that the SHH signalling pathway may play a role in the progression of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Yun
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei Unversity, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Choung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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58
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Ruiz-Salas V, Alegre M, López-Ferrer A, Garcés J. Vismodegib: A Review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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59
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Tripathi K, Mani C, Barnett R, Nalluri S, Bachaboina L, Rocconi RP, Athar M, Owen LB, Palle K. Gli1 protein regulates the S-phase checkpoint in tumor cells via Bid protein, and its inhibition sensitizes to DNA topoisomerase 1 inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31513-25. [PMID: 25253693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of hedgehog molecules, particularly Gli1, is common in cancers of many tissues and is responsible for their aggressive behavior and chemoresistance. Here we demonstrate a novel and tumor-specific role for aberrant Gli1 in the regulation of the S-phase checkpoint that suppresses replication stress and resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibition of Gli1 in tumor cells induced replication stress-mediated DNA damage response, attenuated their clonogenic potential, abrogated camptothecin (CPT)-induced Chk1 phosphorylation, and potentiated its cytotoxicity. However, in normal fibroblasts, Gli1 siRNAs showed no significant changes in CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation. Further analysis of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR)/Chk1 signaling cascade genes in tumor cells revealed an unexpected mechanism whereby Gli1 regulates ATR-mediated Chk1 phosphorylation by transcriptional regulation of the BH3-only protein Bid. Consistent with its role in DNA damage response, Bid down-regulation in tumor cells abolished CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and sensitized them to CPT. Correspondingly, Gli1 inhibition affected the expression of Bid and the association of replication protein A (RPA) with the ATR- interacting protein (ATRIP)-ATR complex, and this compromised the S-phase checkpoint. Conversely, complementation of Bid in Gli1-deficient cells restored CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation. An in silico analysis of the Bid promoter identified a putative Gli1 binding site, and further studies using luciferase reporter assays confirmed Gli1-dependent promoter activity. Collectively, our studies established a novel connection between aberrant Gli1 and Bid in the survival of tumor cells and their response to chemotherapy, at least in part, by regulating the S-phase checkpoint. Importantly, our data suggest a novel drug combination of Gli1 and Top1 inhibitors as an effective therapeutic strategy in treating tumors that expresses Gli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushlendra Tripathi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Reagan Barnett
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Sriram Nalluri
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Lavanya Bachaboina
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Mohammed Athar
- the Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Laurie B Owen
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
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60
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Takahashi R, Yamagishi M, Nakano K, Yamochi T, Yamochi T, Fujikawa D, Nakashima M, Tanaka Y, Uchimaru K, Utsunomiya A, Watanabe T. Epigenetic deregulation of Ellis Van Creveld confers robust Hedgehog signaling in adult T-cell leukemia. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1160-9. [PMID: 24996003 PMCID: PMC4462393 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer, global gene expression alteration, is closely associated with the development and malignant characteristics associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) as well as other cancers. Here, we show that aberrant overexpression of the Ellis Van Creveld (EVC) family is responsible for cellular Hedgehog (HH) activation, which provides the pro-survival ability of ATL cells. Using microarray, quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry we have demonstrated that EVC is significantly upregulated in ATL and human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1)-infected cells. Epigenetic marks, including histone H3 acetylation and Lys4 trimethylation, are specifically accumulated at the EVC locus in ATL samples. The HTLV-1 Tax participates in the coordination of EVC expression in an epigenetic fashion. The treatment of shRNA targeting EVC, as well as the transcription factors for HH signaling, diminishes the HH activation and leads to apoptotic death in ATL cell lines. We also showed that a HH signaling inhibitor, GANT61, induces strong apoptosis in the established ATL cell lines and patient-derived primary ATL cells. Therefore, our data indicate that HH activation is involved in the regulation of leukemic cell survival. The epigenetically deregulated EVC appears to play an important role for HH activation. The possible use of EVC as a specific cell marker and a novel drug target for HTLV-1-infected T-cells is implicated by these findings. The HH inhibitors are suggested as drug candidates for ATL therapy. Our findings also suggest chromatin rearrangement associated with active histone markers in ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the Western world. Owing to a lack of specific symptoms and no accessible precursor lesions, primary diagnosis is commonly delayed, resulting in only 15%-20% of patients with potentially curable disease. The standard of care in advanced pancreatic cancer has improved. Apart from gemcitabine (plus erlotinib), FOLFIRINOX and the combination of gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel are novel and promising therapeutic options for patients with metastatic PDAC. A better molecular understanding of pancreatic cancer has led to the identification of a variety of potential molecular therapeutic targets. Many targeted therapies are currently under clinical evaluation in combination with standard therapies for PDAC. This review highlights the current status of targeted therapies and their potential benefit for the treatment of advanced PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - L Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Matsuo S, Takahashi M, Inoue K, Tamura K, Irie K, Kodama Y, Nishikawa A, Yoshida M. Inhibitory Potential of Postnatal Treatment with Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitor, on Medulloblastoma Development in Ptch1 Heterozygous Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1174-87. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314530194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MBs) are thought to be derived from granular cell precursors in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum. Heterozygous patched1 (Ptch1) knockout mice develop MBs that resemble those in humans when the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is activated. The present study was conducted to evaluate postnatal effects of a Shh signaling inhibitor, cyclopamine, on the development of MBs in Ptch1 mice. Ptch1 and wild-type mice were treated daily with subcutaneous cyclopamine at 40 mg/kg or vehicle from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND14, and the subsequent development of MBs and preneoplastic lesions was examined up to week 12 (W12). Proliferative lesions in the cerebellum, MBs, and preneoplastic lesions were only detected in Ptch1 mice. Cyclopamine treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence and/or area of proliferative lesions at PND14 and 21. The trend of decreasing preneoplastic lesions persisted up to W12. At PND7, cyclopamine treatment reduced the width and proliferation of the EGL regardless of genotype. These results indicate that inhibition of Shh signaling during cerebellar development has prolonged inhibitory potential on MB development in Ptch1 mice. This inhibitory potential might be related to inhibition of EGL proliferation, including preneoplastic MB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsuo
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miwa Takahashi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Tamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Irie
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kodama
- Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The outcome of HCC therapy depends on the stage of HCC. Early-stage HCC patients can be cured with radical treatment approaches, whereas no standard treatment regimens can be recommended for patients with advanced disease. SUMMARY In-depth basic research into the molecular mechanisms of HCC has contributed to the development of novel therapeutic agents. This article reviews several key classes of novel therapeutic agents that are under development, including molecular-targeted therapies, cancer stem cell (CSC)-based therapy and differentiation therapy. KEY MESSAGE A greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC has contributed to the development of novel therapeutic agents. This article reviews several key classes of novel therapeutic agents that are under development, including molecular-targeted therapies, CSC-based therapy and differentiation therapy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Molecular-targeted therapies based on signaling pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and progression are being evaluated in several clinical trials. There are three main categories of targeted agents: tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), monoclonal antibodies and enzyme inhibitors. The best-established agent is sorafenib, a non-specific TKI that is accepted as first-line therapy for specific patients. Other similar agents under investigation include erlotinib, linifanib and brivanib. CSC-based therapies are still in the earlier stages of development and include a neutralizing anti-CD44 antibody, small interfering RNA to suppress epithelial cell adhesion molecular levels, a neutralizing anti-CD13 antibody and a CD13 inhibitor. An important point is that CSC-targeted therapy should be combined with conventional therapies to achieve complete tumor regression. Differentiation therapy is defined as a strategy that induces malignant reversion of tumor cells. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α or 1α, important transcriptional factors for hepatocyte differentiation and phenotype maintenance, have shown significant antitumor effects by inducing differentiation of both non-CSCs and CSCs in HCC towards a hepatocyte-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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Ruat M, Hoch L, Faure H, Rognan D. Targeting of Smoothened for therapeutic gain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Batora N, Sturm D, Jones D, Kool M, Pfister S, Northcott P. Transitioning from genotypes to epigenotypes: Why the time has come for medulloblastoma epigenomics. Neuroscience 2014; 264:171-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Four out of five children diagnosed with cancer can be cured with contemporary cancer therapy. This represents a dramatic improvement since 50 years ago when the cure rate of childhood cancer was <25% in the pre-chemotherapy era. Over the past ten years, while improvement in overall survival (OS) has been marginal, progress in pediatric oncology lies with adopting risk-adapted therapeutic approach. This has been made possible through identifying clinical and biologic prognostic factors with rigorous research and stratifying patients using these risk factors, and subsequently modifying therapy according to risk group assignment. This review provides a perspective for eight distinct pediatric malignancies, in which significant advances in treatment were made in the last decade and are leading to changes in standard of care. This includes four hematologic malignancies [acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)] and four solid tumors [medulloblastoma (MB), low grade glioma (LGG), neuroblastoma (NB) and Ewing sarcoma (ES)]. Together, they comprise 60% of childhood cancer. Improved patient outcome is not limited to better survival, but encompasses reducing both short and long-term treatment-related complications which is as important as cure, given the majority of childhood cancer patients will become long-term survivors. Risk-adapted approach allows treatment intensification in the high-risk cohort while therapy can be de-escalated in the low-risk to minimize toxicity and late sequelae without compromising survival. Advances in medical research technology have also led to a rapid increase in the understanding of the genetics of childhood cancer in the last decade, facilitating identification of molecular targets that can potentially be exploited for therapeutic benefits. As we move into the era of targeted therapeutics, searching for novel agents that target specific genetic lesions becomes a major research focus. We provide an overview of seven novel agents (bevacizumab, bortezomib, vorinostat, sorafenib, tipifarnib, erlotinib and mTOR inhibitors), which have been most frequently pursued in childhood cancers in the last decade, as well as reporting the progress of clinical trials involving these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 2 Oncology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 3 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michaela S Seng
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 2 Oncology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 3 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loretta M S Lau
- 1 Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 2 Oncology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia ; 3 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kool M, Jones DTW, Jäger N, Northcott PA, Pugh TJ, Hovestadt V, Piro RM, Esparza LA, Markant SL, Remke M, Milde T, Bourdeaut F, Ryzhova M, Sturm D, Pfaff E, Stark S, Hutter S, Seker-Cin H, Johann P, Bender S, Schmidt C, Rausch T, Shih D, Reimand J, Sieber L, Wittmann A, Linke L, Witt H, Weber UD, Zapatka M, König R, Beroukhim R, Bergthold G, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Schmidt S, Wolf S, Lawerenz C, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C, Hofer S, Kulozik AE, von Deimling A, Scheurlen W, Felsberg J, Reifenberger G, Hasselblatt M, Crawford JR, Grant GA, Jabado N, Perry A, Cowdrey C, Croul S, Zadeh G, Korbel JO, Doz F, Delattre O, Bader GD, McCabe MG, Collins VP, Kieran MW, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Witt O, Brors B, Taylor MD, Schüller U, Korshunov A, Eils R, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Lichter P, Pfister SM. Genome sequencing of SHH medulloblastoma predicts genotype-related response to smoothened inhibition. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:393-405. [PMID: 24651015 PMCID: PMC4493053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors recently entered clinical trials for sonic-hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma (SHH-MB). Clinical response is highly variable. To understand the mechanism(s) of primary resistance and identify pathways cooperating with aberrant SHH signaling, we sequenced and profiled a large cohort of SHH-MBs (n = 133). SHH pathway mutations involved PTCH1 (across all age groups), SUFU (infants, including germline), and SMO (adults). Children >3 years old harbored an excess of downstream MYCN and GLI2 amplifications and frequent TP53 mutations, often in the germline, all of which were rare in infants and adults. Functional assays in different SHH-MB xenograft models demonstrated that SHH-MBs harboring a PTCH1 mutation were responsive to SMO inhibition, whereas tumors harboring an SUFU mutation or MYCN amplification were primarily resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Volker Hovestadt
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Remke
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Till Milde
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie/INSERM U830, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Pfaff
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stark
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huriye Seker-Cin
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Johann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Shih
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Sieber
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wittmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Linke
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula D Weber
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume Bergthold
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; UMR 8203, CNRS Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, University Paris XI, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Peter van Sluis
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris Lawerenz
- Data Management Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cynthia C Bartholomae
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Hofer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Scheurlen
- Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik, Nürnberg Children's Hospital, 90419 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - John R Crawford
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada
| | - Arie Perry
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cynthia Cowdrey
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sydney Croul
- Department of Neuropathology, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Department of Neuropathology, The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jan O Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francois Doz
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie/INSERM U830, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Martin G McCabe
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - V Peter Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Medical Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olaf Witt
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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68
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Target identification for a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor reveals the receptor GPR39. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:343-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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69
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Ruiz Salas V, Alegre M, Garcés JR, Puig L. Locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: molecular pathways, treatment options and new targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:741-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.895326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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70
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Onishi H, Katano M. Hedgehog signaling pathway as a new therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2335-2342. [PMID: 24605030 PMCID: PMC3942836 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and difficult cancers to treat. Despite numerous research efforts, limited success has been achieved in the therapeutic management of patients with this disease. In the current review, we focus on one component of morphogenesis signaling, Hedgehog (Hh), with the aim of developing novel, effective therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Hh signaling contributes to the induction of a malignant phenotype in pancreatic cancer and is responsible for maintaining pancreatic cancer stem cells. In addition, we propose a novel concept linking Hh signaling and tumor hypoxic conditions, and discuss the effects of Hh inhibitors in clinical trials. The Hh signaling pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target for patients with refractory pancreatic cancer.
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71
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Busch AM, Galimberti F, Nehls KE, Roengvoraphoj M, Sekula D, Li B, Guo Y, Direnzo J, Fiering SN, Spinella MJ, Robbins DJ, Memoli VA, Freemantle SJ, Dmitrovsky E. All-trans-retinoic acid antagonizes the Hedgehog pathway by inducing patched. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:463-72. [PMID: 24496080 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a model for a curable solid tumor. GCTs can differentiate into mature teratomas. Embryonal carcinomas (ECs) represent the stem cell compartment of GCTs and are the malignant counterpart to embryonic stem (ES) cells. GCTs and EC cells are useful to investigate differentiation therapy and chemotherapy response. This study explored mechanistic interactions between all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which induces differentiation of EC and ES cells, and the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a regulator of self-renewal and proliferation. RA was found to induce mRNA and protein expression of Patched 1 (Ptch1), the Hh ligand receptor and negative regulator of this pathway. PTCH1 is also a target gene of Hh signaling through Smoothened (Smo) activation. Yet, this observed RA-mediated Ptch1 induction was independent of Smo. It occurred despite co-treatment with RA and Smo inhibitors. Retinoid induction of Ptch1 also occurred in other RA-responsive cancer cell lines and in normal ES cells. Notably, this enhanced Ptch1 expression was preceded by induction of the homeobox transcription factor Meis1, a direct RA target. Direct interaction between Meis1 and Ptch1 was confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. To establish the translational relevance of this work, Ptch1 expression was shown to be deregulated in human ECs relative to mature teratoma and the normal seminiferous tubule. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which RA can inhibit the Hh pathway via Ptch1 induction. Engaging this pathway is a new way to repress the Hh pathway that can be translated into the cancer clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Busch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Fabrizio Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | | | - Monic Roengvoraphoj
- Department of Medicine; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - David Sekula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Bin Li
- Molecular Oncology Program; Department of Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami, FL USA
| | - Yongli Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - James Direnzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Department of Genetics; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program; Department of Surgery; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami, FL USA
| | - Vincent A Memoli
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA; Department of Pathology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Department of Medicine; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover, NH USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Lebanon, NH USA
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72
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Hu B, Cai J, Chen J, Cao M, Wang P, Zong X, Zhang R, Ji M. An Efficient Synthesis of Erismodegib. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x13860924330499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient synthesis of Erismodegib (LDE225) is described. The chlorine of 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine was displaced by 2,6-dimethylmorpholine and the nitro group reduced to give 3-amino-6-(2’,6'-dimethylmorpholino)pyridine. The Suzuki coupling of methyl 3-bromo-2-methylbenzoate with 4-trifluoromethoxy phenylboronic acid gave methyl-4'-(trifluormethoxy) biphenyl-3-carboxylate. These two fragments were coupled through amide bond formation to give Erismodegib. This synthesis procedure which proceeded in high yield did not require special conditions and is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Meng Cao
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
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73
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Ruat M, Faure H, Daynac M. Smoothened, Stem Cell Maintenance and Brain Diseases. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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74
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Ruiz-Salas V, Alegre M, López-Ferrer A, Garcés JR. Vismodegib: a review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 105:744-51. [PMID: 24359667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2012, vismodegib (Erivedge, manufactured by Genentech) became the first selective inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma. The drug selectively binds to Smoothened, a 7-helix transmembrane receptor, thereby inhibiting activation of transcription factors of the glioma-associated oncogene family and suppressing tumor proliferation and growth. Studies published to date have assessed the efficacy of vismodegib according to clinical and radiologic outcomes but little information is available on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the proven clinical efficacy of the drug. This review will cover recent data on the Hedgehog signaling pathway and data from clinical trials with vismodegib in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, and will consider its use in other types of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ruiz-Salas
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - M Alegre
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - A López-Ferrer
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - J R Garcés
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
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75
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de la Roche M, Ritter AT, Angus KL, Dinsmore C, Earnshaw CH, Reiter JF, Griffiths GM. Hedgehog signaling controls T cell killing at the immunological synapse. Science 2013; 342:1247-50. [PMID: 24311692 PMCID: PMC4022134 DOI: 10.1126/science.1244689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is essential for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function, contacting the plasma membrane and directing cytotoxic granules for secretion at the immunological synapse. Centrosome docking at the plasma membrane also occurs during cilia formation. The primary cilium, formed in nonhematopoietic cells, is essential for vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Lymphocytes do not form primary cilia, but we found and describe here that Hh signaling played an important role in CTL killing. T cell receptor activation, which "prearms" CTLs with cytotoxic granules, also initiated Hh signaling. Hh pathway activation occurred intracellularly and triggered Rac1 synthesis. These events "prearmed" CTLs for action by promoting the actin remodeling required for centrosome polarization and granule release. Thus, Hh signaling plays a role in CTL function, and the immunological synapse may represent a modified cilium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrosome/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Immunological Synapses
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Patched Receptors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike de la Roche
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alex T. Ritter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karen L. Angus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Colin Dinsmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charles H. Earnshaw
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jeremy F. Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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76
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Inhibition mechanism exploration of investigational drug TAK-441 as inhibitor against Vismodegib-resistant Smoothened mutant. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 723:305-13. [PMID: 24291104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is a driving force in medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), making it an attractive therapeutic target. Vismodegib recently received FDA approval for the treatment of inoperable BCC, but a drug-resistant Smoothened (Smo) mutant (D473H) was identified in a clinical study. TAK-441 is a pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4-one derivative that potently inhibits Hh signal transduction and is currently under investigation in clinical trials. We demonstrated that TAK-441 inhibits reporter activity in D473H-transfected cells with an IC50 of 79nM, while Vismodegib showed an IC50=7100nM. In order to investigate the mode of inhibition, we evaluated the Smo inhibitors with three different binding assays, such as [(3)H]-TAK-441 membrane binding assay, affinity selection-MS detection assay, and bodipy-cylopamine whole cell assay. In three different assays, Vismodegib and cyclopamine showed lower affinity for the D473H mutant in comparison with wild-type Smo. On the other hand, TAK-441 showed almost equal binding affinity for the D473H mutant compared with wild-type Smo in the binding assays, although TAK-441 binds to the same binding site as two other well-known inhibitors. These in vitro findings suggest that TAK-441 has the potential for clinical use in cancers that are dependent on Hedgehog signaling, including wild-type tumors and Vismodegib-resistant D473H mutants.
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Zhao Y, Alakhova DY, Kabanov AV. Can nanomedicines kill cancer stem cells? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1763-83. [PMID: 24120657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most tumors are heterogeneous and many cancers contain small population of highly tumorigenic and intrinsically drug resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Like normal stem cell, CSCs have the ability to self-renew and differentiate to other tumor cell types. They are believed to be a source for drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. CSCs often overexpress drug efflux transporters, spend most of their time in non-dividing G0 cell cycle state, and therefore, can escape the conventional chemotherapies. Thus, targeting CSCs is essential for developing novel therapies to prevent cancer relapse and emerging of drug resistance. Nanocarrier-based therapeutic agents (nanomedicines) have been used to achieve longer circulation times, better stability and bioavailability over current therapeutics. Recently, some groups have successfully applied nanomedicines to target CSCs to eliminate the tumor and prevent its recurrence. These approaches include 1) delivery of therapeutic agents (small molecules, siRNA, antibodies) that affect embryonic signaling pathways implicated in self-renewal and differentiation in CSCs, 2) inhibiting drug efflux transporters in an attempt to sensitize CSCs to therapy, 3) targeting metabolism in CSCs through nanoformulated chemicals and field-responsive magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, and 4) disruption of multiple pathways in drug resistant cells using combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with amphiphilic Pluronic block copolymers. Despite clear progress of these studies the challenges of targeting CSCs by nanomedicines still exist and leave plenty of room for improvement and development. This review summarizes biological processes that are related to CSCs, overviews the current state of anti-CSCs therapies, and discusses state-of-the-art nanomedicine approaches developed to kill CSCs.
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Proctor AE, Thompson LA, O'Bryant CL. Vismodegib: an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 48:99-106. [PMID: 24259609 DOI: 10.1177/1060028013506696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review vismodegib, the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor, in the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC). DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the terms vismodegib, GDC-0449, RG3616, and basal cell carcinoma for relevant clinical trials through September 2013. The FDA Web site, the National Clinical Trials registry, and abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) were also evaluated to identify unpublished data and future clinical trials. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION All identified clinical and preclinical studies published in the English language were assessed, including selected references from the bibliographies of articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Activation of the Hh signaling pathway is well documented in BCC. Vismodegib is a small-molecule inhibitor of Hh signaling that acts by antagonizing the protein Smoothened (SMO), thereby preventing downstream transcriptional activation of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. Vismodegib was approved by the FDA in January 2012 for the treatment of recurrent, locally advanced BCC (laBCC), or metastatic BCC (mBCC) for which surgery or radiation cannot be utilized. A pivotal phase 2 trial evaluating 104 patients demonstrated that treatment with vismodegib, 150 mg orally once daily, resulted in a 30% and 43% objective response rate in patients with mBCC and laBCC, respectively. The most common adverse effects from vismodegib were mild to moderate and included muscle spasms, dysgeusia, decreased weight, fatigue, alopecia, and diarrhea. However, clinical studies noted a high incidence of discontinuation of therapy by patients for reasons other than disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The approval of vismodegib represents the only targeted, prospectively studied treatment option for patients with advanced BCC. Further research assessing the utility of vismodegib in the treatment of other malignancies and the development of resistance patterns will more clearly define the role of Hedgehog inhibition in the broader scheme of oncological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Proctor
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
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Gajjar A, Stewart CF, Ellison DW, Kaste S, Kun LE, Packer RJ, Goldman S, Chintagumpala M, Wallace D, Takebe N, Boyett JM, Gilbertson RJ, Curran T. Phase I study of vismodegib in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma: a pediatric brain tumor consortium study. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6305-12. [PMID: 24077351 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety, dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetics of the smoothened inhibitor vismodegib in children with refractory or relapsed medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Initially, vismodegib was administered daily at 85 mg/m(2) and escalated to 170 mg/m(2). The study was then revised to investigate a flat-dosing schedule of 150 mg for patients with small body surface area (BSA, 0.67-1.32 m(2)) or 300 mg for those who were larger (BSA, 1.33-2.20 m(2)). Pharmacokinetics were performed during the first course of therapy, and the right knees of all patients were imaged to monitor bone toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis was done to identify patients with Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subtype medulloblastoma. RESULTS Thirteen eligible patients were enrolled in the initial study: 6 received 85 mg/m(2) vismodegib, and 7 received 170 mg/m(2). Twenty eligible patients were enrolled in the flat-dosing part of the study: 10 at each dosage level. Three dose-limiting toxicities were observed, but no drug-related bone toxicity was documented. The median (range) vismodegib penetration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 0.53 (0.26-0.78), when expressed as a ratio of the concentration of vismodegib in the CSF to that of the unbound drug in plasma. Antitumor activity was seen in 1 of 3 patients with SHH-subtype disease whose tumors were evaluable, and in none of the patients in the other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Vismodegib was well tolerated in children with recurrent or refractory medulloblastoma; only two dose-limiting toxicities were observed with flat dosing. The recommended phase II study dose is 150 or 300 mg, depending on the patient's BSA. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6305-12. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Gajjar
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Oncology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pathology, Radiological Sciences, Biostatistics, and Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Shevde LA, Samant RS. Nonclassical hedgehog-GLI signaling and its clinical implications. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1-6. [PMID: 23929208 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates embryonic patterning and organ morphogenesis. It is also involved in regeneration and repair of tissues. Aberrant Hh pathway activation is a feature of many human malignancies. Classical Hh signaling is activated by Hh ligands that can signal in an autocrine or paracrine manner generating a tumor-stromal crosstalk. In contrast to canonical Hh signaling that culminates in the activation of GLI transcription factors, "noncanonical" Hh signaling does not involve GLI transcriptional activity. Several Hh pathway inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials, where the outcomes have not been very encouraging in many solid tumors. Here we discuss the likely role of "nonclassical" Hh-GLI signaling that is activated by growth factors and cytokines from the tumor and/or its microenvironment; these uncouple Hh signaling from the vital regulatory protein Smoothened, and result in the activation of GLI. While efforts are being made to target tumor-intrinsic Hh targets, it is imperative to acknowledge the role of the complex molecular networks and crosstalk between different components of the tumor microenvironment that can result in the emergence of resistance to conventional Hh therapy. These considerations have an important bearing on appreciating the need to mitigate the effects of tumor microenvironment to combat resistance to Hh inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
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81
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Mazzà D, Infante P, Colicchia V, Greco A, Alfonsi R, Siler M, Antonucci L, Po A, De Smaele E, Ferretti E, Capalbo C, Bellavia D, Canettieri G, Giannini G, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Di Marcotullio L. PCAF ubiquitin ligase activity inhibits Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling in p53-dependent response to genotoxic stress. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1688-97. [PMID: 24013724 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates tissue development, and its aberrant activation is a leading cause of malignancies, including medulloblastoma (Mb). Hh-dependent tumorigenesis often occurs in synergy with other mechanisms, such as loss of p53, the master regulator of the DNA damage response. To date, little is known about mechanisms connecting DNA-damaging events to morphogen-dependent processes. Here, we show that genotoxic stress triggers a cascade of signals, culminating with inhibition of the activity of Gli1, the final transcriptional effector of Hh signaling. This inhibition is dependent on the p53-mediated elevation of the acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). Notably, we identify PCAF as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase of Gli1. Indeed PCAF, but not a mutant with a deletion of its ubiquitination domain, represses Hh signaling in response to DNA damage by promoting Gli1 ubiquitination and its proteasome-dependent degradation. Restoring Gli1 levels rescues the growth arrest and apoptosis effect triggered by genotoxic drugs. Consistently, DNA-damaging agents fail to inhibit Gli1 activity in the absence of either p53 or PCAF. Finally, Mb samples from p53-null mice display low levels of PCAF and upregulation of Gli1 in vivo, suggesting PCAF as potential therapeutic target in Hh-dependent tumors. Together, our data define a mechanism of inactivation of a morphogenic signaling in response to genotoxic stress and unveil a p53/PCAF/Gli1 circuitry centered on PCAF that limits Gli1-enhanced mitogenic and prosurvival response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mazzà
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Gowda PS, Deng JD, Mishra S, Bandyopadhyay A, Liang S, Lin S, Mahalingam D, Sun LZ. Inhibition of hedgehog and androgen receptor signaling pathways produced synergistic suppression of castration-resistant prostate cancer progression. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1448-61. [PMID: 23989930 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metastatic prostate cancer is initially treated with androgen ablation therapy, which causes regression of androgen-dependent tumors. However, these tumors eventually relapse resulting in recurrent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, there is no effective therapy for CRPC and the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of CRPC are not well understood. Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that combined inhibition of Hedgehog (Hh) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling will synergistically attenuate the growth of CRPC in vitro and in vivo. Androgen deprivation induced full-length androgen receptor protein levels in CRPC cells, but decreased its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. However, androgen deprivation also increased a truncated form of androgen receptor (lacking ligand-binding domain) that possessed transcriptional activity in CRPC cells. Androgen deprivation also promoted the expression of Hh signaling components in CRPC cells, xenograft tumors, and the prostate glands of castrated mice. Importantly, although inhibition of either Hh or androgen receptor signaling alone was only moderately effective in blocking CRPC cell growth, combination of an Hh pathway inhibitor and a noncompetitive androgen receptor inhibitor synergistically suppressed the growth of CRPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Finally, noncompetitive inhibition of androgen receptor, but not competitive inhibition, was effective at limiting the activity of truncated androgen receptor leading to the inhibition of CRPC. IMPLICATIONS Combined therapy using Hh inhibitors and a non-competitive AR inhibitor may limit CRPC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod S Gowda
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7762, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900.
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83
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Targeted therapy for orbital and periocular basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 29:87-92. [PMID: 23446297 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e3182831bf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the literature on targeted therapy for orbital and periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and provide examples of patients recently treated with such therapy. METHODS The authors reviewed the literature on clinical results of targeted therapy and the molecular basis for targeted therapy in orbital and periocular BCC and cutaneous SCC. The authors also present representative cases from their practice. RESULTS Mutation in the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) has been implicated in BCC, and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown in SCC. Vismodegib, an inhibitor of smoothened, which is activated upon binding of hedgehog to Ptc, has been shown to significantly decrease BCC tumor size or even produce complete resolution, especially in cases of basal cell nevus syndrome. Similarly, EGFR inhibitors have been shown to significantly decrease SCC tumor size in cases of locally advanced and metastatic disease. The authors describe successful outcomes after vismodegib treatment in a patient with basal cell nevus syndrome with numerous bulky lesions of the eyelid and periocular region and erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) treatment in a patient with SCC who was deemed not to be a good surgical candidate because of advanced SCC of the orbit with metastasis to the regional lymph nodes, advanced age, and multiple medical comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Targeted therapy using hedgehog pathway and EGFR inhibitors shows significant promise in treatment of orbital and periocular BCC and cutaneous SCC, respectively. Such targeted therapy may be appropriate for patients who are not good candidates for surgery.
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Onishi H, Morisaki T, Kiyota A, Koya N, Tanaka H, Umebayashi M, Katano M. The Hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine impairs the benefits of immunotherapy with activated T and NK lymphocytes derived from patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1029-39. [PMID: 23591983 PMCID: PMC11029486 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is activated in various types of cancer and contributes to the progression, proliferation, and invasiveness of cancer cells. Many Hh inhibitors are undergoing clinical trial and show promise as anticancer drugs. Hh signaling is also induced in the activated T and NK (TNK) lymphocytes that are used in immunotherapy. Activated TNK lymphocyte therapy is anticipated to work well within a tumor's hypoxic environment. However, most studies on the immunobiological functions of activated TNK lymphocytes have been conducted on healthy donor samples, under normoxic conditions. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Hh inhibition and oxygen concentrations on the function of activated TNK lymphocytes derived from patients with advanced cancer. Proliferation, migration, surface NKG2D expression, and cytotoxicity were all significantly inhibited, and IFN-γ secretion was significantly increased upon Hh inhibitor treatment of activated TNK lymphocytes under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Tumors from mice injected with cyclopamine-treated activated TNK lymphocytes showed a significant increase in tumor size and had fewer apoptotic cells compared with the tumors in mice injected with control activated TNK lymphocytes. These results suggest that Hh signaling plays a pivotal role in activated TNK lymphocyte cell function. Combination therapy using Hh inhibitors and activated TNK lymphocytes derived from patients with advanced cancer may not be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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85
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Naqvi SHA, Naqvi SHS, Bandukda MY, Naqvi SMA. Present status and upcoming prospects of hedgehog pathway inhibitors in small cell lung cancer therapy. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:17. [PMID: 23692865 PMCID: PMC3665447 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is an important etiology of malignant mortality worldwide with global statistics indicating over 1 million deaths annually. Although there have been advances in cytotoxic chemotherapy, the prognosis after treatment still remains poor. Remarkably, recent studies on the molecular level are creating the possibility to hamper lung cancer by inhibiting the hedgehog pathway. Currently, hedgehog pathway inhibitors include IWP-2, cyclopamine and aprotinin. However, Vismodegib is a new upcoming prospect which has shown positive results while undergoing clinical trials. If approved, it may lead to a novel class of anti-cancer therapy for patients seeking treatment for small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hassan Abbas Naqvi
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
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86
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Targeting Gli transcription activation by small molecule suppresses tumor growth. Oncogene 2013; 33:2087-97. [PMID: 23686308 PMCID: PMC3947751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of Hedgehog signaling at the cell membrane has been associated with anti-cancer activity in preclinical and early clinical studies. Hedgehog signaling involves activation of Gli transcription factors that can also be induced by alternative pathways. In this study we identified an interaction between Gli proteins and a transcription co-activator TAF9, and validated its functional relevance in regulating Gli transactivation. We also describe a novel, synthetic small molecule, FN1-8, that efficiently interferes with Gli/TAF9 interaction and down-regulate Gli/TAF9 dependent transcriptional activity. More importantly, FN1-8 suppresses cancer cell proliferation in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Our results suggest that blocking Gli transactivation, a key control point of multiple oncogenic pathways, may be an effective anti-cancer strategy.
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Spivak-Kroizman TR, Hostetter G, Posner R, Aziz M, Hu C, Demeure MJ, Von Hoff D, Hingorani SR, Palculict TB, Izzo J, Kiriakova GM, Abdelmelek M, Bartholomeusz G, James BP, Powis G. Hypoxia triggers hedgehog-mediated tumor-stromal interactions in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3235-47. [PMID: 23633488 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a desmoplastic reaction that creates a dense fibroinflammatory microenvironment, promoting hypoxia and limiting cancer drug delivery due to decreased blood perfusion. Here, we describe a novel tumor-stroma interaction that may help explain the prevalence of desmoplasia in this cancer. Specifically, we found that activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by tumor hypoxia strongly activates secretion of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligand by cancer cells, which in turn causes stromal fibroblasts to increase fibrous tissue deposition. In support of this finding, elevated levels of HIF-1α and SHH in pancreatic tumors were determined to be markers of decreased patient survival. Repeated cycles of hypoxia and desmoplasia amplified each other in a feed forward loop that made tumors more aggressive and resistant to therapy. This loop could be blocked by HIF-1α inhibition, which was sufficient to block SHH production and hedgehog signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that increased HIF-1α produced by hypoxic tumors triggers the desmoplasic reaction in pancreatic cancer, which is then amplified by a feed forward loop involving cycles of decreased blood flow and increased hypoxia. Our findings strengthen the rationale for testing HIF inhibitors and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic option for pancreatic cancer.
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88
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Peng Z, Ji Z, Mei F, Lu M, Ou Y, Cheng X. Lithium inhibits tumorigenic potential of PDA cells through targeting hedgehog-GLI signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61457. [PMID: 23626687 PMCID: PMC3634073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a critical role in the initiation and development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and represents an attractive target for PDA treatment. Lithium, a clinical mood stabilizer for mental disorders, potently inhibits the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) that promotes the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation of GLI1, an important downstream component of hedgehog signaling. Herein, we report that lithium inhibits cell proliferation, blocks G1/S cell-cycle progression, induces cell apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenic potential of PDA cells through down-regulation of the expression and activity of GLI1. Moreover, lithium synergistically enhances the anti-cancer effect of gemcitabine. These findings further our knowledge of mechanisms of action for lithium and provide a potentially new therapeutic strategy for PDA through targeting GLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fang Mei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (YO)
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XC); (YO)
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Treatment-induced host-mediated mechanisms reducing the efficacy of antitumor therapies. Oncogene 2013; 33:1341-7. [PMID: 23524584 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its direct effects on tumor cells, chemotherapy can rapidly activate various host processes that contribute to therapy resistance and tumor regrowth. The host response to chemotherapy consists of changes in numerous cell types and cytokines. Examples include the acute mobilization and tumor homing of pro-angiogenic bone marrow-derived cells, activation of cells in the tumor microenvironment to produce systemic or paracrine factors, and tissue-specific responses that provide a protective niche for tumor cells. All of these factors reduce chemotherapy efficacy, and blocking the host response at various levels may therefore significantly improve treatment outcome. However, before the combination of conventional chemotherapy with agents blocking specific aspects of the host response can be implemented into clinical practice, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the host response is required.
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90
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Gore L, DeGregori J, Porter CC. Targeting developmental pathways in children with cancer: what price success? Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:e70-8. [PMID: 23369685 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Much of current cancer research is aimed at exploiting cancers' molecular addictions through targeted therapeutics, with notable successes documented in clinical trials. By their nature, these agents have different side-effect profiles than conventional chemotherapy drugs. Although few targeted agents have attained regulatory approval for use in children, paediatric oncologists are gaining experience with these drugs, which can have unique short-term and long-term effects in developing children that are unrecognised in adults. This Review summarises the rationale for targeted therapy, challenges in paediatric drug development, unique side-effect profiles of targeted agents, limited data from children treated with targeted agents, and implications of current knowledge and gaps therein. The demonstrated and potential effects of targeted therapies on normal tissue development and function are discussed. Future clinical trial design should include carefully considered assessment of the developmental effects of targeted therapy, and informed supportive-care recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Gore
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Yoon JW, Gallant M, Lamm MLG, Iannaccone S, Vieux KF, Proytcheva M, Hyjek E, Iannaccone P, Walterhouse D. Noncanonical regulation of the Hedgehog mediator GLI1 by c-MYC in Burkitt lymphoma. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:604-15. [PMID: 23525267 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although Hedgehog signaling plays a major role in GLI1 transcription, there is now evidence suggesting that other pathways/genes, such as c-MYC, may also regulate GLI1 expression. We initiated studies in Burkitt lymphoma cells, which constitutively express c-MYC due to a chromosomal translocation, to determine whether Hedgehog or c-MYC regulates GLI1 expression. We show that all Burkitt lymphoma cell lines tested express GLI1, PTCH1, and SMO and that five of six Burkitt lymphomas express GLI1. Exposure to Sonic or Indian Hedgehog or cyclopamine (SMO inhibitor) does not modulate GLI1 expression, cell proliferation, or apoptosis in most Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Sequence analysis of PTCH1, SMO, and SuFu failed to show mutations that might explain the lack of Hedgehog responsiveness, and we did not detect primary cilia, which may contribute to it. We show that c-MYC interacts with the 5'-regulatory region of GLI1, using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and E-box-dependent transcriptional activation of GLI1 by c-MYC in NIH3T3 and HeLa cells. The c-MYC small-molecule inhibitor 10058-F4 downregulates GLI1 mRNA and protein and reduces the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cells. Inhibition of GLI1 by GANT61 increases apoptosis and reduces viability of some Burkitt lymphoma cells. Collectively, our data provide evidence that c-MYC directly regulates GLI1 and support an antiapoptotic role for GLI1 in Burkitt lymphoma. Burkitt lymphoma cells do not seem to be Hedgehog responsive. These findings suggest a mechanism for resistance to SMO inhibitors and have implications for using SMO inhibitors to treat human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Won Yoon
- Developmental Biology Program, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Illinois 60614, USA
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92
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Targeted therapy for advanced Basal-cell carcinoma: vismodegib and beyond. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2013; 3:17-31. [PMID: 23888252 PMCID: PMC3680638 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-013-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-cell carcinoma is a commonly occurring skin malignancy that has the potential to progress into locally invasive or resistant disease, as well as spread distantly. Due to advances in the molecular understanding of the disease over the last two decades, it has been discovered that the Hedgehog pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease and can be exploited as a treatment target. Several agents that inhibit the Hedgehog pathway have reached clinical studies and one drug, vismodegib, has recently been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved based on clinical activity and tolerability in patients with advanced basal-cell carcinoma. This review will describe the clinical development of vismodegib, as well as the proper application of the drug in clinical practice. Other important clinical questions, such as mechanisms of resistance to vismodegib and the role of other Hedgehog pathway inhibitors currently in development will also be discussed.
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93
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Gorojankina T, Hoch L, Faure H, Roudaut H, Traiffort E, Schoenfelder A, Girard N, Mann A, Manetti F, Solinas A, Petricci E, Taddei M, Ruat M. Discovery, molecular and pharmacological characterization of GSA-10, a novel small-molecule positive modulator of Smoothened. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1020-9. [PMID: 23448715 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Smoothened (Smo) receptor mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Hh inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer, and small-molecule Smo agonists may have therapeutic interests in regenerative medicine. Here, we have generated and validated a pharmacophoric model for Smo agonists and used this model for the virtual screening of a library of commercially available compounds. Among the 20 top-scoring ligands, we have identified and characterized a novel quinolinecarboxamide derivative, propyl 4-(1-hexyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamido) benzoate, (GSA-10), as a Smo agonist. GSA-10 fits to the agonist pharmacophoric model with two hydrogen bond acceptor groups and four hydrophobic regions. Using pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular approaches, we provide compelling evidence that GSA-10 acts at Smo to promote the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells into osteoblasts. However, this molecule does not display the hallmarks of reference Smo agonists. Remarkably, GSA-10 does not recognize the classic bodipy-cyclopamine binding site. Its effect on cell differentiation is inhibited by Smo antagonists, such as MRT-83, SANT-1, LDE225, and M25 in the nanomolar range, by GDC-0449 in the micromolar range, but not by cyclopamine and CUR61414. Thus, GSA-10 allows the pharmacological characterization of a novel Smo active site, which is notably not targeted to the primary cilium and strongly potentiated by forskolin and cholera toxin. GSA-10 belongs to a new class of Smo agonists and will be helpful for dissecting Hh mechanism of action, with important implications in physiology and in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gorojankina
- CNRS, UPR-3294, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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94
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Onishi H, Morisaki T, Nakao F, Odate S, Morisaki T, Katano M. Protein-bound polysaccharide decreases invasiveness and proliferation in pancreatic cancer by inhibition of hedgehog signaling and HIF-1α pathways under hypoxia. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:289-98. [PMID: 23485726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To develop an effective therapeutic approach to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we focused on the antitumor mechanism of protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) under hypoxia. PSK decreased proliferation in PDAC cells under hypoxia but not normoxia. PSK also showed anti-tumor effects in vivo, inhibited invasiveness of PDAC cells, and decreased the expression of HIF-1α and hedgehog (Hh) signaling-related molecules under hypoxia. Inhibition of HIF-1α and Hh signaling reduced proliferation and invasiveness in PDAC cells under hypoxia. In conclusion, we found new PSK-related pathways in invasiveness and proliferation in PDAC under hypoxia. PSK may be a promising therapeutic drug to treat refractory PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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95
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Samusik N, Krukovskaya L, Meln I, Shilov E, Kozlov AP. PBOV1 is a human de novo gene with tumor-specific expression that is associated with a positive clinical outcome of cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56162. [PMID: 23418531 PMCID: PMC3572036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PBOV1 is a known human protein-coding gene with an uncharacterized function. We have previously found that PBOV1 lacks orthologs in non-primate genomes and is expressed in a wide range of tumor types. Here we report that PBOV1 protein-coding sequence is human-specific and has originated de novo in the primate evolution through a series of frame-shift and stop codon mutations. We profiled PBOV1 expression in multiple cancer and normal tissue samples and found that it was expressed in 19 out of 34 tumors of various origins but completely lacked expression in any of the normal adult or fetal human tissues. We found that, unlike the cancer/testis antigens that are typically controlled by CpG island-containing promoters, PBOV1 was expressed from a GC-poor TATA-containing promoter which was not influenced by CpG demethylation and was inactive in testis. Our analysis of public microarray data suggests that PBOV1 activation in tumors could be dependent on the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Despite the recent de novo origin and the lack of identifiable functional signatures, a missense SNP in the PBOV1 coding sequence has been previously associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Using publicly available microarray datasets, we found that high levels of PBOV1 expression in breast cancer and glioma samples were significantly associated with a positive outcome of the cancer disease. We also found that PBOV1 was highly expressed in primary but not in recurrent high-grade gliomas, suggesting the presence of a negative selection against PBOV1-expressing cancer cells. Our findings could contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind de novo gene origin and the possible role of tumors in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Samusik
- Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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96
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Katagiri S, Tauchi T, Okabe S, Minami Y, Kimura S, Maekawa T, Naoe T, Ohyashiki K. Combination of ponatinib with Hedgehog antagonist vismodegib for therapy-resistant BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1422-32. [PMID: 23319824 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a key regulator of cell growth and differentiation during development. Whereas the Hedgehog pathway is inactive in most normal adult tissues, Hedgehog pathway reactivation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neoplasms including BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia. The clear link between the Hedgehog pathway and BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia led to an effort to identify small molecules to block the pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the combined effects of vismodegib and ponatinib, a pan-ABL1 kinase inhibitor, in nonobese diabetic/severe-combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) repopulating T315I BCR-ABL1-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We observed that combination with vismodegib and ponatinib helps to eliminate therapy-resistant NOD/SCID repopulating T315I BCR-ABL1-positive cells. The percentage of CD19-positive leukemia cells in peripheral blood was significantly lower in vismodegib + ponatinib-treated mice than that of the vehicle or ponatinib alone (P < 0.001). Spleen weights were also lower in vismodegib + ponatinib-treated mice than in ponatinib alone (P < 0.05). Overall tumor burden, as assessed by BCR-ABL mRNA from bone marrow cells, was significantly lower in vismodegib + ponatinib-treated mice than in ponatinib alone (P < 0.005). We also found that vismodegib significantly reduced BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia cell self-renewal in vitro as well as during serial transplantation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The combination with a Smo inhibitor and ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors may help eliminate therapy-resistant T315I BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia cells. Our preclinical results indicate that vismodegib has potential as an important option for controlling minimal residual cells in BCR-ABL1-positive leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Katagiri
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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97
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Joudeh J, Allen JE, Das A, Prabhu V, Farbaniec M, Adler J, El-Deiry WS. Novel antineoplastics targeting genetic changes in colorectal cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:1-34. [PMID: 23288633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of the medical -management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Research over the last two decades has led to a molecular understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms involved in CRC and has contributed to the rational development of antineoplastics that target these mechanisms. During carcinogenesis, genetic changes often occur in molecules that play key functional roles in cancer such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell death and immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells. Here, we review novel antineoplastics that are approved or in development for CRC that target molecules associated with genetic aberrations in CRC. Some of these targeted antineoplastics have proven effective against other solid tumors and hold promise in treating CRC whereas others are now routinely used in combination with cytotoxic agents. This article reviews antineoplastics that target genetic changes in CRC, their antitumor mechanisms, and their stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Joudeh
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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98
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Teperino R, Amann S, Bayer M, McGee SL, Loipetzberger A, Connor T, Jaeger C, Kammerer B, Winter L, Wiche G, Dalgaard K, Selvaraj M, Gaster M, Lee-Young RS, Febbraio MA, Knauf C, Cani PD, Aberger F, Penninger JM, Pospisilik JA, Esterbauer H. Hedgehog partial agonism drives Warburg-like metabolism in muscle and brown fat. Cell 2012; 151:414-26. [PMID: 23063129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes, obesity, and cancer affect upward of 15% of the world's population. Interestingly, all three diseases juxtapose dysregulated intracellular signaling with altered metabolic state. Exactly which genetic factors define stable metabolic set points in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hedgehog signaling rewires cellular metabolism. We identify a cilium-dependent Smo-Ca(2+)-Ampk axis that triggers rapid Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming within minutes of activation and is required for proper metabolic selectivity and flexibility. We show that Smo modulators can uncouple the Smo-Ampk axis from canonical signaling and identify cyclopamine as one of a new class of "selective partial agonists," capable of concomitant inhibition of canonical and activation of noncanonical hedgehog signaling. Intriguingly, activation of the Smo-Ampk axis in vivo drives robust insulin-independent glucose uptake in muscle and brown adipose tissue. These data identify multiple noncanonical endpoints that are pivotal for rational design of hedgehog modulators and provide a new therapeutic avenue for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Teperino
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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99
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Dirix L, Rutten A. Vismodegib: a promising drug in the treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Future Oncol 2012; 8:915-28. [PMID: 22894666 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog pathway signaling is important for embryonic development; however, inappropriate reactivation of this pathway in adults has been linked to several forms of cancer. Vismodegib (Erivedge™), a first-in-class hedgehog pathway inhibitor, blocks the pathway by inhibiting the activity of the signaling protein SMO. Preclinical studies have provided promising indications of potential tumor-reducing activity in several cancers. Thus far, clinical pharmacology and Phase I studies have demonstrated the unique pharmacokinetic profile of vismodegib, its efficacy in certain types of tumors and a generally tolerable adverse-event profile. A pivotal Phase II clinical trial confirmed the favorable benefit:risk profile of vismodegib in advanced basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Dirix
- Sint-Augustinus Hospital, Oosterveldlaan 24, Antwerp, Belgium.
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100
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Northcott PA, Dubuc AM, Pfister S, Taylor MD. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:871-84. [PMID: 22853794 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts at stratifying medulloblastomas based on their molecular features have revolutionized our understanding of this morbidity. Collective efforts by multiple independent groups have subdivided medulloblastoma from a single disease into four distinct molecular subgroups characterized by disparate transcriptional signatures, mutational spectra, copy number profiles and, most importantly, clinical features. We present a summary of recent studies that have contributed to our understanding of the core medulloblastoma subgroups, focusing largely on clinically relevant discoveries that have already, and will continue to, shape research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Northcott
- The Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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