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Yang R, Duan C, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Prolactin Regulates Ovine Ovarian Granulosa Cell Apoptosis by Affecting the Expression of MAPK12 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10269. [PMID: 37373417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has been reported to influence reproductive performance and cell apoptosis. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Hence, in the present study, ovine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were used as a cell model to investigate the relationship between PRL concentration and GC apoptosis, as well as its possible mechanisms. We examined the relationship between serum PRL concentration and follicle counts in sexually mature ewes. GCs were isolated from adult ewes and treated with different concentrations of PRL, while 500 ng/mL PRL was selected as the high concentration of prolactin (HPC). Then, we applied the transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) combined with a gene editing approach to explore the HPC contributing to cell apoptosis and steroid hormones. The apoptosis of GCs gradually increased at PRL concentrations above 20 ng/mL, while 500 ng/mL PRL significantly decreased the secretion of steroid hormones and the expression of L-PRLR and S-PRLR. The results indicated that PRL regulates GC development and steroid hormones mainly through the target gene MAPK12. The expression of MAPK12 was increased after knocked-down L-PRLR and S-PRLR, while it decreased after overexpressed L-PRLR and S-PRLR. Cell apoptosis was inhibited and the secretion of steroid hormones increased after interfering with MAPK12, while the overexpression of MAPK12 showed the opposite trend. Overall, the number of follicles gradually decreased with increasing PRL concentration. HPCs promoted apoptosis and inhibited steroid hormone secretion in GCs by upregulating MAPK12 through reducing L-PRLR and S-PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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de Castro Moreira AR, Trarbach E, Bueno CBF, Monteiro ALS, Grande IPP, Padula M, Maciel GAR, Glezer A. PRL-R Variants Are Not Only Associated With Prolactinomas But Also With Dopamine Agonist Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e450-e457. [PMID: 36638053 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knockout prolactin receptor gene (PRL-R) mice are animal models for prolactinomas and PRL acts via autocrine/paracrine inhibiting lactotroph proliferation. Recently, variants of the PRL-R were identified in prolactinoma patients and their frequency was higher compared to individuals from the genomic database. OBJECTIVE We analyzed PRL-R variants frequency in an extensive cohort of prolactinoma patients and evaluated their association with clinical, laboratorial, and imaging characteristics and hormonal response to cabergoline. DESIGN Observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study. SETTING This study took place at the Neuroendocrinology Unit of Clinics Hospital, Medical School of University of São Paulo, Brazil, a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study participants included adults with sporadic prolactinomas treated with cabergoline, where response to therapy was defined by prolactin normalization with up to 3 mg/week doses. DNA was extracted from blood samples and the PRL-R was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction techniques and automatic sequencing. The association of PRL-R variants with serum prolactin levels, maximal tumor diameter, tumor parasellar invasiveness, and response to cabergoline was analyzed. RESULTS We found 6 PRL-R variants: p.Ile100(76)Val, p.Ile170(146)Leu, p.Glu400(376)Gln/p.Asn516(492)Ile, p.Glu470Asp e p.Ala591Pro; the last 2 are newly described in prolactinomas' patients. The variants p.Glu400(376)Gln/p.Asn516(492)Ile and p.Ala591Pro were more frequent amongst patients compared to genomic databases, and the p.Asn516(492)Ile showed pathogenic potential using in silico analysis as previously described. PRL-R variants were associated with male sex (P = 0.015), higher serum PRL levels (P = 0.007), larger tumors (P = 0.001), and cabergoline resistance (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prolactin/prolactin receptor system seems to be related to prolactinoma tumorigenesis and cabergoline resistance. Additional studies are needed to better understand the PRL-R variants' role and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ramos de Castro Moreira
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ericka Trarbach
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Anna Louise Stellfeld Monteiro
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Pacetti Pajaro Grande
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mario Padula
- Department of Radiology, Instituto de Radiologia-INRAD, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Arantes Rosa Maciel
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Glezer
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Wang Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Wu J, Zeng B, Liu L, Yan P, Liang J, Guo H, Jin L, Tang Q, Long K, Li M. Spatio-temporal transcriptome dynamics coordinate rapid transition of core crop functions in 'lactating' pigeon. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010746. [PMID: 37289658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeons (Columba livia) are among a select few avian species that have developed a specialized reproductive mode wherein the parents produce a 'milk' in their crop to feed newborn squabs. Nonetheless, the transcriptomic dynamics and role in the rapid transition of core crop functions during 'lactation' remain largely unexplored. Here, we generated a de novo pigeon genome assembly to construct a high resolution spatio-temporal transcriptomic landscape of the crop epithelium across the entire breeding stage. This multi-omics analysis identified a set of 'lactation'-related genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism, which contribute to the rapid functional transitions in the crop. Analysis of in situ high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing revealed extensive reorganization of promoter-enhancer interactions linked to the dynamic expression of these 'lactation'-related genes between stages. Moreover, their expression is spatially localized in specific epithelial layers, and can be correlated with phenotypic changes in the crop. These results illustrate the preferential de novo synthesis of 'milk' lipids and proteins in the crop, and provides candidate enhancer loci for further investigation of the regulatory elements controlling pigeon 'lactation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaman Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqi Yan
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyuan Liang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Jin
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keren Long
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Bermejo-Haro MY, Camacho-Pacheco RT, Brito-Pérez Y, Mancilla-Herrera I. The hormonal physiology of immune components in breast milk and their impact on the infant immune response. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023:111956. [PMID: 37236499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes a considerable transformation regarding the anatomy, metabolism, and immune profile that, after delivery, allows for protection and nourishment of the offspring via lactation. Pregnancy hormones are responsible for the development and functionality of the mammary gland for breast milk production, but little is known about how hormones control its immune properties. Breast milk composition is highly dynamic, adapting to the nutritional and immunological needs that the infant requires in the first months of life and is responsible for the main immune modeling of breastfed newborns. Therefore, alterations in the mechanisms that control the endocrinology of mammary gland adaptation for lactation could disturb the properties of breast milk that prepare the neonatal immune system to respond to the first immunologic challenges. In modern life, humans are chronically exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs), which alter the endocrine physiology of mammals, affecting the composition of breast milk and hence the neonatal immune response. In this review, we provide a landscape of the possible role of hormones in the control of passive immunity transferred by breast milk and the possible effect of maternal exposure to EDs on lactation, as well as their impacts on the development of neonatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mextli Y Bermejo-Haro
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo T Camacho-Pacheco
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Brito-Pérez
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Cuesta-Casanovas L, Delgado-Martínez J, Cornet-Masana JM, Carbó JM, Banús-Mulet A, Guijarro F, Esteve J, Risueño RM. Prolactin receptor signaling induces acquisition of chemoresistance and reduces clonogenicity in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:97. [PMID: 37208719 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of precision medicine requires the identification of easily detectable and druggable biomarkers. Despite recent targeted drug approvals, prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients needs to be greatly improved, as relapse and refractory disease are still difficult to manage. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Based on in silico-generated preliminary data and the literature, the role of the prolactin (PRL)-mediated signaling was interrogated in AML. METHODS Protein expression and cell viability were determined by flow cytometry. Repopulation capacity was studied in murine xenotransplantation assays. Gene expression was measured by qPCR and luciferase-reporters. SA-β-Gal staining was used as a senescence marker. RESULTS The prolactin receptor (PRLR) was upregulated in AML cells, as compared to their healthy counterpart. The genetic and molecular inhibition of this receptor reduced the colony-forming potential. Disruption of the PRLR signaling, either using a mutant PRL or a dominant-negative isoform of PRLR, reduced the leukemia burden in vivo, in xenotransplantation assays. The expression levels of PRLR directly correlated with resistance to cytarabine. Indeed, acquired cytarabine resistance was accompanied with the induction of PRLR surface expression. The signaling associated to PRLR in AML was mainly mediated by Stat5, in contrast to the residual function of Stat3. In concordance, Stat5 mRNA was significantly overexpressed at mRNA levels in relapse AML samples. A senescence-like phenotype, measured by SA-β-gal staining, was induced upon enforced expression of PRLR in AML cells, partially dependent on ATR. Similar to the previously described chemoresistance-induced senescence in AML, no cell cycle arrest was observed. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of PRLR in AML was genetically validated. CONCLUSIONS These results support the role of PRLR as a therapeutic target for AML and the further development of drug discovery programs searching for specific PRLR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Cuesta-Casanovas
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Delgado-Martínez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cornet-Masana
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Carbó
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antònia Banús-Mulet
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Guijarro
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Esteve
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth M Risueño
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-GTP, Crta Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Spaggiari G, Costantino F, Granata ARM, Tagliavini S, Canu G, Varani M, De Santis MC, Roli L, Trenti T, Simoni M, Santi D. Prolactin and spermatogenesis: new lights on the interplay between prolactin and sperm parameters. Endocrine 2023:10.1007/s12020-023-03375-x. [PMID: 37140814 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the relationship between one the most gender-specific hormone, i.e. prolactin (PRL), and semen parameters in men. METHODS A retrospective, observational, cohort, real-world study was carried out, enrolling all men performing a semen analysis and PRL examination from 2010 to 2022. For each patient, the first semen analys was extracted, associated to PRL, total testosterone (TT), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Hyperprolactinaemia (>35 ng/mL) was excluded. RESULTS 1211 subjects were included. PRL serum levels were lower in normozoospermia compared to azoospermia (p = 0.002) and altered semen parameters (p = 0.048) groups. TT serum levels were not different among groups (p = 0.122). Excluding azoospermic men, PRL serum levels were lower in normozoospermic patients, when compared to other groups of semen alterations. An inverse correlation was detected between PRL and sperm concentration. Considering normozospermic subjects, PRL was directly related to both non-progressive sperm motility (p = 0.014) and normal sperm morphology (p = 0.040). Subdiving the cohort in quartiles according to PRL distribution, the highest motilities were observed in the second PRL quartile (8.30-11.10 ng/mL) and asthenozoospermia was significantly predicted by FSH (p < 0.001) and second PRL quartile (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION The PRL-spermatogenesis connection seems to be mild, although low-normal PRL levels are associated with the best spermatogenetic profile. PRL serum levels could mirror the immunoregulatory status within the testis, suggesting that there is a sort of 'PRL optimal window' reflecting an efficent spermatogenesis. Alternatively, men with good semen parameters might have a higher central dopaminergic tone resulting in low PRL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Spaggiari
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Costantino
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio R M Granata
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Canu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Varani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy.
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Cortasa SA, Schmidt AR, Proietto S, Corso MC, Inserra PIF, Giorgio NPD, Lux-Lantos V, Vitullo AD, Halperin J, Dorfman VB. Hypothalamic GnRH expression and pulsatility depends on a balance of prolactin receptors in the plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:720-742. [PMID: 36716283 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, gestation is considered a physiological hyperprolactinemia status. Prolactin (PRL) is one of the modulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons function. The South American plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) is a unique model to study the regulation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons by direct and indirect steroid-dependent pathways. The aim was to characterize the hypothalamic expression of endocrine markers in vizcacha during gestation as well as their response to experimental induced hyperprolactinemia. The possible involvement of PRL regulatory pathways on GnRH in the context of hypothalamic and pituitary reactivation in mid-gestating vizcachas was discussed. Using two in vivo approaches, we determined changes in the hypothalamic expression and distribution of prolactin receptor (PRLR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine type 2 receptor. A significant increment in the number of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons was determined in the arcuate nucleus from early to term pregnancy. On the other hand, at preoptic area, the number of both TH+PRLR+ and GnRH+PRLR+ double-labeled neurons significantly decreased at mid-pregnancy probably allowing the recovery of GnRH expression indicating that both types of neurons may represent the key points of PRL indirect and direct pathways modulating GnRH. Moreover, in a model of induced hyperprolactinemic vizcachas, the inhibitory effect of PRL on GnRH at both expression and delivery levels were confirmed. These results suggest the concomitant participation of both PRL regulatory pathways on GnRH modulation and pinpoint the key role of PRL on GnRH expression enabling the recovery of the hypothalamic activity during the gestation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Andrés Cortasa
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Raúl Schmidt
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Proietto
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Clara Corso
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia Paula Di Giorgio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Lux-Lantos
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Daniel Vitullo
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Halperin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Berta Dorfman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chen L, Chou CL, Yang CR, Knepper MA. Multiomics Analyses Reveal Sex Differences in Mouse Renal Proximal Subsegments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:829-845. [PMID: 36758122 PMCID: PMC10125651 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sex-dependent differences in kidney function are recognized but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unexplored. Advances in genomics and proteomic technologies now allow extensive characterization of differences between the same cell types of males and females. Multiomics integrating RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and proteomics data to investigate differences in gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and protein expression in proximal tubules of male and female mice identified many sex-biased genes and proteins associated with kidney functions, including metabolic and transport processes. Sex differences may also arise from variations of the interaction between transcription factors and accessible chromatin regions. A comprehensive web resource is provided to advance understanding of sex differences in cells of the proximal tubule. BACKGROUND Sex differences have been increasingly recognized as important in kidney physiology and pathophysiology, but limited resources are available for comprehensive interrogation of sex differences. METHODS RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of microdissected mouse proximal tubules and protein mass spectrometry of homogenized perfused mouse kidneys reveal differences in proximal tubule cells of males and females. RESULTS The transcriptomic data indicated that the major differences in the proximal tubules between the sexes were in the S2/S3 segments, and most of the sex-biased transcripts mapped to autosomes rather than to the sex chromosomes. Many of the transcripts exhibiting sex-biased expression are involved in monocarboxylic acid metabolic processes, organic anion transport, and organic acid transport. The ATAC-seq method on microdissected tubules captured chromatin accessibility. Many of the more than 7000 differentially accessible DNA regions identified were in distal regions. Motif analyses revealed a lack of direct involvement of estrogen receptors or the androgen receptor (absence of canonical hormone response elements), suggesting an indirect regulatory role of sex hormones. Instead, analyses identified several transcription factors (TFs) ( Tead1 , Nfia/b , and Pou3f3 ) whose interplay with proximal tubule-specific TFs ( e.g. , Hnf1b , Hnf4a ) may contribute to sex differences. Finally, the whole-kidney proteome was correlated with the transcriptome, and many sex-biased proteins ( e.g. , Cyp2e1, Acsm2/3) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Sex-dependent cis-regulatory elements interact with TFs in ways that lead to sex-biased gene expression in proximal tubule cells. These data are provided as a user-friendly web page at https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/MRECA/PT/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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El-Makarem MAERA, Sayed DM, Matta RA, Mohamed MR, El-Malak MAA, Abbas NI. Interaction of peripheral CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs with prolactin in HCV hepatocellular carcinoma: oncogenic or immunogenic mechanisms. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-023-00250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and objective
There is little and conflicting data about the peripheral CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of various etiologies. The expressed membrane-bound transforming growth factor (mTGF-β1) on these Tregs is a marker of their suppressive function. Prolactin suppresses Tregs function in healthy subjects but enhances local Tregs in breast cancer. Our study is the first to assess the frequency and function of CD4+CD25+CD127−Tregs and their association with clinicopathological features and staging in HCV-related HCC and to determine whether prolactin acts as an oncogenic growth factor or participates in the regulation of the immune response mediated by peripheral Tregs. In patients with HCV- elated HCC, HCV-cirrhotic patients, and healthy subjects, we measured the frequency of peripheral traditional CD4+ CD25+ Tregs and well-characterized CD4+CD25+CD127−Tregs and their mTGF-β1 using flow cytometric analysis and measured serum prolactin level.
Results
The frequency of CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs was comparable between HCC and cirrhotic patients and healthy subjects. Serum prolactin and mTGF-β1 on traditional and CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs were significantly higher in HCC and cirrhotic patients than healthy subjects with an insignificant difference between HCC and cirrhotic patients. Roc curve analysis revealed that cutoff value for mTGF-β1 on Tregs ≥ 13.5% is a good specific (87%) but low sensitive (54%) test in discriminating HCC patients from healthy subjects. The frequency of Tregs and mTGF-β1 were not correlated to clinicopathological characteristics or staging of HCC. Prolactin was higher in the multifocal lesions and negatively correlated to expressed mTGFβ1. The expressed mTGF-β1 was positively correlated with hemoglobin and alanine transaminase. The traditional Tregs was positively correlated with hemoglobin and albumin.
Conclusion
mTGFβ1, as a marker for suppressive function of peripheral CD4 + CD25 + CD127-Tregs, has a diagnostic role in discriminating HCV-related HCC patient from healthy subjects, unfortunately not from HCV-related cirrhotic patients. Serum prolactin has an oncogenic role as it is correlated to multiple focal lesions. It also impedes the suppressive function of peripheral Tregs as an immunogenic role. mTGF-β1 is related to hemoglobin and hepatic inflammation.
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Lamba I, Bhardwaj MK, Verma A, Meena E. Comparative Study of Breastfeeding in Caesarean Delivery and Vaginal Delivery Using LATCH Score and Maternal Serum Prolactin Level in Early Postpartum Period. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2023; 73:139-145. [PMID: 37073235 PMCID: PMC10105808 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-022-01698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Practice of starting and sustaining breastfeeding is affected by many conditions, mode of delivery is one of the major factor influencing it. Purpose of the study was to see if the mode of delivery affects the subsequent lactation in early postpartum period and to raise awareness among the community about the importance of mode of delivery in early initiation of breast feeding. Materials and Methods Present study was a hospital based observational, comparative prospective study. A sample size of 120 subjects in each group (caesarean delivery CD Group and vaginal delivery VD group) was required. Serum prolactin and LATCH score both at 1st hour and 24th hour were compared in both groups. Results Mean LATCH score at 1st hour and 24th hour of CD Group was 5.44 ± 0.68 and 7.12 ± 0.95, respectively. The mean LATCH score at 1st hour and 24th hour of VD Group was 7.12 ± 0.94 and 8.1 ± 1, respectively. Mean serum prolactin level at 1st hour and 24th hour of CD Group was 259.68 ± 33.99 and 309.99 ± 42.27, respectively. Mean serum prolactin level at 1st hour and 24th hour of VD Group was 304.91 ± 42.07 and 333.34 ± 42.65, respectively. The mothers delivered by caesarean had main problem with latch (L) and hold (H) of the baby as compared to mothers delivered vaginally. Conclusion Mode of delivery has a direct impact on early initiation of breast feeding. Caesarean delivery is a cause for delay in initiation of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Lamba
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College, JLN marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004 India
| | - Manish Kumar Bhardwaj
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College, JLN marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004 India
| | - Asha Verma
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College, JLN marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004 India
| | - Ekta Meena
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SMS Medical College, JLN marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004 India
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Wilson AB, Whittington CM, Meyer A, Scobell SK, Gauthier ME. Prolactin and the evolution of male pregnancy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 334:114210. [PMID: 36646326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional hormone of broad physiological importance, and is involved in many aspects of fish reproduction, including the regulation of live birth (viviparity) and both male and female parental care. Previous research suggests that PRL also plays an important reproductive role in syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons), a group with a highly derived reproductive strategy, male pregnancy - how the PRL axis has come to be co-opted for male pregnancy remains unclear. We investigated the molecular evolution and expression of the genes for prolactin and its receptor (PRLR) in an evolutionarily diverse sampling of syngnathid fishes to explore how the co-option of PRL for male pregnancy has impacted its evolution, and to clarify whether the PRL axis is also involved in regulating reproductive function in species with more rudimentary forms of male pregnancy. In contrast to the majority of teleost fishes, all syngnathid fishes tested carry single copies of PRL and PRLR that cluster genetically within the PRL1 and PRLRa lineages of teleosts, respectively. PRL1 gene expression in seahorses and pipefish is restricted to the pituitary, while PRLRa is expressed in all tissues, including the brood pouch of species with both rudimentary and complex brooding structures. Pituitary PRL1 expression remains stable throughout pregnancy, but PRLRa expression is specifically upregulated in the male brood pouch during pregnancy, consistent with the higher affinity of pouch tissues for PRL hormone during embryonic incubation. Finally, immunohistochemistry of brood pouch tissues reveals that both PRL1 protein and PRLRa and Na+/K+ ATPase-positive cells line the inner pouch epithelium, suggesting that pituitary-derived PRL1 may be involved in brood pouch osmoregulation during pregnancy. Our data provide a unique molecular perspective on the evolution and expression of prolactin and its receptor during male pregnancy, and provide the foundation for further manipulative experiments exploring the role of PRL in this unique form of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Wilson
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Germany.
| | - Camilla M Whittington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Germany
| | - Sunny K Scobell
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Marie-Emilie Gauthier
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Grupe K, Scherneck S. Mouse Models of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Subtypes: Recent Insights and Pitfalls. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065982. [PMID: 36983056 PMCID: PMC10058162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is currently the most common complication of pregnancy and is defined as a glucose intolerance disorder with recognition during pregnancy. GDM is considered a uniform group of patients in conventional guidelines. In recent years, evidence of the disease's heterogeneity has led to a growing understanding of the value of dividing patients into different subpopulations. Furthermore, in view of the increasing incidence of hyperglycemia outside pregnancy, it is likely that many cases diagnosed as GDM are in fact patients with undiagnosed pre-pregnancy impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Experimental models contribute significantly to the understanding of the pathogenesis of GDM and numerous animal models have been described in the literature. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing mouse models of GDM, in particular those that have been obtained by genetic manipulation. However, these commonly used models have certain limitations in the study of the pathogenesis of GDM and cannot fully describe the heterogeneous spectrum of this polygenic disease. The polygenic New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse is introduced as a recently emerged model of a subpopulation of GDM. Although this strain lacks conventional GDM, it exhibits prediabetes and an IGT both preconceptionally and during gestation. In addition, it should be emphasized that the choice of an appropriate control strain is of great importance in metabolic studies. The commonly used control strain C57BL/6N, which exhibits IGT during gestation, is discussed in this review as a potential model of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grupe
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Chang YM, Alkhamis YA, Mathew RT, Chang CF. Effects of Osmotic Stress on the mRNA Expression of prl, prlr, gr, gh, and ghr in the Pituitary and Osmoregulatory Organs of Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065318. [PMID: 36982391 PMCID: PMC10049143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In euryhaline teleost black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, the glucocorticoid receptor (gr), growth hormone receptor (ghr), prolactin (prl)-receptor (prlr), and sodium–potassium ATPase alpha subunit (α-nka) play essential physiological roles in the osmoregulatory organs, including the gill, kidney, and intestine, during osmotic stress. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of pituitary hormones and hormone receptors in the osmoregulatory organs during the transfer from freshwater (FW) to 4 ppt and seawater (SW) and vice versa in black porgy. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) was carried out to analyze the transcript levels during salinity and osmoregulatory stress. Increased salinity resulted in decreased transcripts of prl in the pituitary, α-nka and prlr in the gill, and α-nka and prlr in the kidney. Increased salinity caused the increased transcripts of gr in the gill and α-nka in the intestine. Decreased salinity resulted in increased pituitary prl, and increases in α-nka and prlr in the gill, and α-nka, prlr, and ghr in the kidney. Taken together, the present results highlight the involvement of prl, prlr, gh, and ghr in the osmoregulation and osmotic stress in the osmoregulatory organs (gill, intestine, and kidney). Pituitary prl, and gill and intestine prlr are consistently downregulated during the increased salinity stress and vice versa. It is suggested that prl plays a more significant role in osmoregulation than gh in the euryhaline black porgy. Furthermore, the present results highlighted that the gill gr transcript’s role was solely to balance the homeostasis in the black porgy during salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Basic Sciences, PYD, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
| | - Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yousef Ahmed Alkhamis
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshmon Thomas Mathew
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
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Chien HY, Chen SM, Li WC. Dopamine receptor agonists mechanism of actions on glucose lowering and their connections with prolactin actions. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2023; 4:935872. [PMID: 36993818 PMCID: PMC10012161 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2023.935872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Robust experiment evidence suggests that prolactin can enhance beta-cell proliferation and increase insulin secretion and sensitivity. Apart from acting as an endocrine hormone, it also function as an adipokine and act on adipocytes to modulate adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Several cross-sectional epidemiologic studies consistently showed that circulating prolactin levels positive correlated with increased insulin sensitivity, lower glucose and lipid levels, and lower prevalence of T2D and metabolic syndrome. Bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist used to treat prolactinoma, is approved by Food and Drug Administration for treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus since 2009. Prolactin lowering suppress insulin secretion and decrease insulin sensitivity, therefore dopamine receptor agonists which act at the pituitary to lower serum prolactin levels are expected to impair glucose tolerance. Making it more complicating, studies exploring the glucose-lowering mechanism of bromocriptine and cabergoline have resulted in contradictory results; while some demonstrated actions independently on prolactin status, others showed glucose lowering partly explained by prolactin level. Previous studies showed that a moderate increase in central intraventricular prolactin levels stimulates hypothalamic dopamine with a decreased serum prolactin level and improved glucose metabolism. Additionally, sharp wave-ripples from the hippocampus modulates peripheral glucose level within 10 minutes, providing evidence for a mechanistic link between hypothalamus and blood glucose control. Central insulin in the mesolimbic system have been shown to suppress dopamine levels thus comprising a feedback control loop. Central dopamine and prolactin levels plays a key role in the glucose homeostasis control, and their dysregulation could lead to the pathognomonic central insulin resistance depicted in the “ominous octet”. This review aims to provide an in-depth discussion on the glucose-lowering mechanism of dopamine receptor agonists and on the diverse prolactin and dopamine actions on metabolism targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Mei Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Wan-Chun Li,
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Arcopinto M, D’Assante R, Auriemma RS, Pirchio R, Pivonello R, Bossone E, Colao A, Cittadini A. Early Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Females with Chronic Hyperprolactinemia: A Doppler Echocardiographic Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041658. [PMID: 36836192 PMCID: PMC9962036 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the myocardial prolactin (PRL) binding activity and the known effect of enhancing contractility in the isolated rat heart, little information is available concerning the cardiovascular consequences of hyperprolactinemia in humans. To elucidate the effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia on cardiac structure and function, twenty-four patients with isolated PRL-secreting adenoma and twenty-four controls underwent a complete mono- and two-dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Blood pressure and heart rate were similar in the two groups, and no significant differences were observed as to left ventricular (LV) geometry between patients and controls. Resting LV systolic function was normal in patients with hyperprolactinemia, as shown by similar values of fractional shortening and cardiac output. Conversely, hyperprolactinemic patients exhibited a slight impairment of LV diastolic filling, as demonstrated by the prolongation of the isovolumetric relaxation time and the increase of the atrial filling wave of mitral Doppler velocimetry (58 ± 13 vs. 47 ± 8 cm/s, p < 0.05) with a subgroup of females (16%) having a clear diastolic dysfunction, and a worse exercise capacity (6 min walking test 452 ± 70 vs. 524 ± 56; p < 0.05). In conclusion, hyperprolactinemia in humans may be associated with a slight impairment of diastolic function, with an overt diastolic dysfunction in a subgroup of females which correlated with poorer exercise performance, in the absence of significant abnormalities of LV structure and systolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Arcopinto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta D’Assante
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Pirchio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Department of Public Health, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817-464-375
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Mucci V, Demori I, Browne CJ, Deblieck C, Burlando B. Fibromyalgia in Pregnancy: Neuro-Endocrine Fluctuations Provide Insight into Pathophysiology and Neuromodulation Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020615. [PMID: 36831148 PMCID: PMC9953487 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder with unclear pathophysiological mechanisms, which leads to challenges in patient management. In addition to pain, the disorder presents with a broad range of symptoms, such as sleep disruption, chronic fatigue, brain fog, depression, muscle stiffness, and migraine. FM has a considerable female prevalence, and it has been shown that symptoms are influenced by the menstrual cycle and periods of significant hormonal and immunological changes. There is increasing evidence that females with FM experience an aggravation of symptoms in pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester and after childbirth. In this perspective paper, we focus on the neuro-endocrine interactions that occur between progesterone, allopregnanolone, and cortisol during pregnancy, and propose that they align with our previously proposed model of FM pathogenesis based on GABAergic "weakening" in a thalamocortical neural loop system. Based on our hypothesis, we introduce the possibility of utilizing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a non-invasive treatment potentially capable of exerting sex-specific effects on FM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mucci
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilaria Demori
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cherylea J. Browne
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation (BrainStAR) Lab, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Choi Deblieck
- Antwerp Management School, University of Antwerp, Boogkeers 5, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Benedek I, Altbäcker V, Zsolnai A, Nagy I, Mezőszentgyörgyi D, Molnár T. The Role of PRLR Gene Polymorphisms in Milk Production in European Wild Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040671. [PMID: 36830458 PMCID: PMC9951758 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the problematic points of rabbit breeding is that the nutritional requirements of the kits are not fully satisfied by the does' milk production from the third week of lactation onwards. The prolactin receptor gene has a significant effect on reproductive processes, and its polymorphisms have been associated with milk production in several species (cattle, goats, sheep, and buffalo). The European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), has a more diverse genetic background compared to domesticated lines. In the course of our study, sequencing of the 1210 bp long segment of the PRLR gene promoter region was accomplished. We detected four point mutations (SNP1-407G > A, SNP2-496G > C, SNP3-926T> and SNP4-973A > C) and one microsatellite at position 574. In our population, the four SNPs were segregated into four genotypes: AACCCCCC, GGGGTTAA, AAGGTTAC, and GGGGTCAC. Our results show that the genotype in the homozygous form is associated with higher milk production (1564.7 ± 444.7 g) compared to the other three genotypes (AACCCCCC 1399.1 ± 326.8 g; GTGACCTT 1403.8 ± 517.1 g; GGGGTCAC 1220.0 ± 666.2 g), and the short microsatellite repeat (167 bp) also coincides with significantly higher milk production (1623.8 ± 525.1 g). These results make the marker-assisted selection possible also for domesticated lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Benedek
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
- Correspondence: or (I.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Vilmos Altbäcker
- Department of Nature Conservation, Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsolnai
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Dávid Mezőszentgyörgyi
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Tamás Molnár
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary
- Correspondence: or (I.B.); (T.M.)
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Begon E, Bernard V. [Prolactin and its receptor: From animal models to pituitary pathophysiology]. Biol Aujourdhui 2023; 216:105-110. [PMID: 36744975 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2022019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The actions of prolactin are mediated by its transmembrane receptor, PRLR. The principal role attributed to PRL is to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the mammary cells required for lactation, but studies of animal models have assigned more than 300 separate actions to this hormone in various species. Hyperprolactinaemia is the prototypical pathological state associated with this hormone. Indeed, hyperprolactinaemia is the most common cause of amenorrhoea due to hypogonadotropic anovulation and is one of the most prevalent endocrine causes of infertility in women. In recent years, the study of conditional or complete Prlr -/- mouse models had improved the understanding concerning the regulation of gonadotroph and lactotroph axes. It is now demonstrated that prolactin exerts autocrine or paracrine actions on lactotroph cells in vivo. One of the major advances was to better understand, using mouse models, the impact of hyperprolactinemia on gonadotroph axis. It is now accepted that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in patients with hyperprolactinemia is mediated by a decrease of hypothalamic kisspeptin secretion. Gonadotroph axis can be restored by intravenous administration of kisspeptin. However, the mechanisms of lactotroph tumorigenesis in Prlr -/- animals remain incompletely understood and transposable to the human species, since the only patient with biallelic PRLR loss-of-function mutation leading to complete prolactin resistance that has been described so far did not have pituitary adenoma visible on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Begon
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, gynécologie médicale et de médecine de la reproduction, Centre Aliénor d'Aquitaine, CHU et Université de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Bernard
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, gynécologie médicale et de médecine de la reproduction, Centre Aliénor d'Aquitaine, CHU et Université de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Al-Karagholi MAM, Kalatharan V, Ghanizada H, Gram C, Dussor G, Ashina M. Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of clinical studies. Cephalalgia 2023; 43:3331024221136286. [PMID: 36718026 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221136286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systemically review clinical studies investigating the role of prolactin and its receptors in headache and migraine. BACKGROUND Migraine prevalence is more common in women compared to men. As prolactin is a crucial regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, prolactin and its receptors might contribute to signaling mechanisms underlying migraine. METHODS In this systematic review, we searched PubMed and EMBASE with the terms: prolactin, hyperprolactinemia, macroprolactinemia, hypoprolactinemia, migraine, headache, head pain and trigeminal pain pathway for clinical studies investigating prolactin signaling in headache and migraine. Two reviewers independently screened 841 articles for population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design. Studies were restricted to the English language and were excluded if they had a nonexperimental methodology. RESULTS Nineteen clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The main findings were that serum prolactin levels were found to be higher in individuals with migraine compared to healthy controls, and prolactinomas (prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas) were correlated with higher incidence of headache in otherwise healthy individuals and migraine attacks in individuals with migraine. CONCLUSION Considerable evidence suggests a key role of prolactin and its receptors in migraine pathophysiology. Further randomized and placebo-controlled clinical studies targeting prolactin signaling are needed to further clarify influences of prolactin in migraine attack initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al-Mahdi Al-Karagholi
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Veberka Kalatharan
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Hashmat Ghanizada
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Christian Gram
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet- Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark.,Danish Headache Knowledge Center on Headache Disorders, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Pawlak P, Burren A, Seitz A, Pietsch C. Effects of different acute stressors on the regulation of appetite genes in the carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) brain. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230040. [PMID: 36816841 PMCID: PMC9929511 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the timing of stress responses and specific roles of different regulatory pathways that drive stress responses is incomplete. In particular, the regulation of appetite genes as a consequence of exposure to different stressors has not been studied in sufficient detail in fish. Therefore, a stress trial was conducted with koi carp, aiming at identifying typical effects of stress on regulation of appetite genes. The stressors tank manipulation, air exposure and feed rewarding were chosen. The responses to these stressors were evaluated 10, 30 and 60 min after the stressors were applied. Orexigenic and anorexigenic genes were investigated in four different brain regions (telencephalon, hypothalamus, optic tectum and rhombencephalon). The results show that, apart from the typical appetite regulation in the hypothalamus, the different brain regions also display pronounced responses of appetite genes to the different stressors. In addition, several genes in the serotonergic, dopaminergic and gaba-related pathways were investigated. These genes revealed that rearing in pairs of two and opening of the tank lid affected anorexigenic genes, such as cart and cck, which were not changed by air exposure or feed rewarding. Moreover, distress and eustress led to limited, but distinguishable gene expression pattern changes in the investigated brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pawlak
- Agronomy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Bern CH-2052, Switzerland
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH-3032, Hinterkappelen, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Burren
- Agronomy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Bern CH-2052, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Seitz
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Zürich CH-8820, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Pietsch
- Agronomy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Bern CH-2052, Switzerland
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Zogopoulos VL, Malatras A, Kyriakidis K, Charalampous C, Makrygianni EA, Duguez S, Koutsi MA, Pouliou M, Vasileiou C, Duddy WJ, Agelopoulos M, Chrousos GP, Iconomidou VA, Michalopoulos I. HGCA2.0: An RNA-Seq Based Webtool for Gene Coexpression Analysis in Homo sapiens. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030388. [PMID: 36766730 PMCID: PMC9913097 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes with similar expression patterns in a set of diverse samples may be considered coexpressed. Human Gene Coexpression Analysis 2.0 (HGCA2.0) is a webtool which studies the global coexpression landscape of human genes. The website is based on the hierarchical clustering of 55,431 Homo sapiens genes based on a large-scale coexpression analysis of 3500 GTEx bulk RNA-Seq samples of healthy individuals, which were selected as the best representative samples of each tissue type. HGCA2.0 presents subclades of coexpressed genes to a gene of interest, and performs various built-in gene term enrichment analyses on the coexpressed genes, including gene ontologies, biological pathways, protein families, and diseases, while also being unique in revealing enriched transcription factors driving coexpression. HGCA2.0 has been successful in identifying not only genes with ubiquitous expression patterns, but also tissue-specific genes. Benchmarking showed that HGCA2.0 belongs to the top performing coexpression webtools, as shown by STRING analysis. HGCA2.0 creates working hypotheses for the discovery of gene partners or common biological processes that can be experimentally validated. It offers a simple and intuitive website design and user interface, as well as an API endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios L. Zogopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Malatras
- Biobank.cy Center of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, University of Cyprus, 2029 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakidis
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Charalampous
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia A. Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphanie Duguez
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Marianna A. Koutsi
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marialena Pouliou
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Vasileiou
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William J. Duddy
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry-Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Marios Agelopoulos
- Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A. Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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González-Álvarez R, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Gene Content and Coding Diversity of the Growth Hormone Loci of Apes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020241. [PMID: 36833167 PMCID: PMC9956162 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) locus has experienced a dramatic evolution in primates, becoming multigenic and diverse in anthropoids. Despite sequence information from a vast number of primate species, it has remained unclear how the multigene family was favored. We compared the structure and composition of apes' GH loci as a prerequisite to understanding their origin and possible evolutionary role. These thorough analyses of the GH loci of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan were done by resorting to previously sequenced bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) harboring them, as well as to their respective genome projects data available in GenBank. The GH loci of modern man, Neanderthal, gibbon, and wild boar were retrieved from GenBank. Coding regions, regulatory elements, and repetitive sequences were identified and compared among species. The GH loci of all the analyzed species are flanked by the genes CD79B (5') and ICAM-1 (3'). In man, Neanderthal, and chimpanzee, the loci were integrated by five almost indistinguishable genes; however, in the former two, they rendered three different hormones, and in the latter, four different proteins were derived. Gorilla exhibited six genes, gibbon seven, and orangutan four. The sequences of the proximal promoters, enhancers, P-elements, and a locus control region (LCR) were highly conserved. The locus evolution might have implicated duplications of the ancestral pituitary gene (GH-N) and subsequent diversification of the copies, leading to the placental single GH-V gene and the multiple CSH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Álvarez
- Instituto Tecnológico de los Altos de Jalisco, Yahualica de González Gallo, Zapopan 47300, Mexico
| | - Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | - Hugo A. Barrera-Saldaña
- Vitagénesis, SA de CV/Innbiogem, Monterrey 64630, Mexico
- Facultades de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Vaishnav S, Chauhan A, Ajay A, Saini BL, Kumar S, Kumar A, Bhushan B, Gaur GK. Allelic to genome wide perspectives of swine genetic variation to litter size and its component traits. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3705-3721. [PMID: 36642776 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Litter size is a complex and sex limited trait that depends on various biological, managemental and environmental factors. Owing to its low heritability it is inefficaciously selected by traditional methods. However, due to higher heritability of ovulation rate and embryo survival, selection based on component traits of litter size is advocated. QTL analysis and candidate gene approach are among the various supplementary/alternate strategies for selection of litter size. QTL analysis is aimed at identifying genomic regions affecting trait of interest significantly. Candidate gene approach necessitates identification of genes potentially affecting the trait. There are various genes that significantly affect litter size and its component traits viz. ESR, LEP, BF, IGFBP, RBP4, PRLR, CTNNAL1, WNT10B, TCF12, DAZ, and RNF4. These genes affect litter size in a complex interacting manner. Lately, genome wide association study (GWAS) have been utilized to unveil the genetic and biological background of litter traits, and elucidate the genes governing litter size. Favorable SNPs in these genes have been identified and offers a scope for inclusion in selection programs thereby increasing breeding efficiency and profit in pigs. The review provides a comprehensive coverage of investigations carried out globally to unravel the genetic variation in litter size and its component traits in pigs, both at allelic and genome wide level. It offers a current perspective on different strategies including the profiling of candidate genes, QTLs, and genome wide association studies as an aid to efficient selection for litter size and its component traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.
| | - Argana Ajay
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Subodh Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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74
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Chao HH, Zhang Y, Dong PY, Gurunathan S, Zhang XF. Comprehensive review on the positive and negative effects of various important regulators on male spermatogenesis and fertility. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1063510. [PMID: 36726821 PMCID: PMC9884832 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing global incidence of infertility, the influence of environmental factors, lifestyle habits, and nutrients on reproductive health has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. The quantity and quality of sperm play vital roles in male fertility, and both characteristics can be affected by external and internal factors. In this review, the potential role of genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors; nutrients and trace elements in male reproductive health, spermatozoa function, and fertility potency and the underlying mechanisms are considered to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-He Chao
- Development Center for Medical Science and Technology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pei-Yu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Xi-Feng Zhang ✉ ; ✉
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75
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Ferraris J. Is prolactin receptor signaling a target in dopamine-resistant prolactinomas? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1057749. [PMID: 36714572 PMCID: PMC9877409 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1057749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuroendocrine catecholamine dopamine regulates the lactotroph function, including prolactin (PRL) secretion, proliferation, and apoptosis. The treatment of PRL-secreting tumors, formerly known as prolactinomas, has relied mainly on this physiological characteristic, making dopamine agonists the first therapeutic alternative. Nevertheless, the group of patients that do not respond to this treatment has few therapeutical options. Prolactin is another physiological regulator of lactotroph function, acting as an autocrine/paracrine factor that controls PRL secretion and cellular turnover, inducing apoptosis and decreasing proliferation. Furthermore, the signaling pathways related to these effects, mainly JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt, and MAPK, have been extensively studied in prolactinomas and other tumors as therapeutic targets. In the present work, the relationship between PRL pathophysiology and prolactinoma development is explored, aiming to comprehend the value of PRL and PRLR-associated pathways as exploratory fields alternative to dopamine-related approaches, which are worth physiological characteristics that might be impaired and can be potentially restored or upregulated to provide more options to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Ferraris
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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76
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Yao D, Lu Y, Li L, Wang S, Mu Y, Ding C, Zhao J, Liu M, Xu M, Wu H, Dou C, Zhu Z, Li H. Prolactin and glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex are associated with anxiety-like behavior in prenatally stressed adolescent offspring rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13231. [PMID: 36683309 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) causes anxiety in mothers and their offspring and chewing is a commonly observed behavior during maternal stress. Prolactin (PRL) is an anti-anxiety factor that suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we studied the roles of PRL, corticosterone (CORT), and their receptors in PS-induced anxiety-like behavior in dams and their offspring. We further investigated whether chewing during maternal stress could prevent PS-induced harmful consequences. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into PS, PS + chewing, and control groups. Anxiety-like behaviors of dams and their adolescent offspring were assessed using the open field test and elevated plus maze. Serum levels of PRL and CORT were measured by ELISA. Expression of mRNA and protein of PRLR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Compared to the control rats, dams and their female offspring, but not male offspring, in the PS group showed increased anxiety-like behaviors. The PS-affected rats had a lower serum PRL level and increased PRLR expression in the PFC. In contrast, these rats had a higher serum CORT level and decreased GR expression in the PFC. Chewing ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors and counteracted stress-induced changes in serum PRL and CORT, as well as the expression of their receptors in the PFC. Conclusion: PS-induced anxiety-like behavior is associated with changes in the serum levels of PRL and CORT and expression of their receptors in the PFC. Moreover, chewing blunts the hormonal and receptor changes and may serve as an effective stress-coping method for preventing PS-induced anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Mu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Chenxi Ding
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Meina Xu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoyue Wu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengyin Dou
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Maternal and Infant Health Research Institute, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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Li M, Zhang J, Yang G, Zhang J, Han M, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Effects of Anterior Pituitary Adenomas' Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Its Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:409-424. [PMID: 36816815 PMCID: PMC9937076 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s397445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas have recently become more common and their incidence is increasing yearly. Functional pituitary tumors commonly secrete prolactin, growth hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormones, which cause diseases such as prolactinoma, acromegaly, and Cushing's disease, but rarely secrete luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, thyroid-stimulating, and melanocyte-stimulating hormones. In addition to the typical clinical manifestations of functional pituitary tumors caused by excessive hormone levels, some pituitary tumors are also accompanied by abnormal glucose metabolism. The effects of these seven hormones on glucose metabolism are important for the treatment of diabetes secondary to pituitary tumors. This review focuses on the effects of hormones on glucose metabolism, providing important clues for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guimei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minmin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Zhang, Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Yunfeng Liu, Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18703416196, Email
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Rahmad Royan M, Siddique K, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Weltzien FA, Henkel C, Fontaine R. Functional and developmental heterogeneity of pituitary lactotropes in medaka. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114144. [PMID: 36270338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In fish, prolactin-producing cells (lactotropes) are located in the anterior part of the pituitary and play an essential role in osmoregulation. However, small satellite lactotrope clusters have been described in other parts of the pituitary in several species. The functional and developmental backgrounds of these satellite clusters are not known. We recently discovered two distinct prolactin-expressing cell types in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a euryhaline species, using single cell transcriptomics. In the present study, we characterize these two transcriptomically distinct lactotrope cell types and explore the hypothesis that they represent spatially distinct cell clusters, as found in other species. Single cell RNA sequencing shows that one of the two lactotrope cell types exhibits an expression profile similar to that of stem cell-like folliculo-stellate cell populations. Using in situ hybridization, we show that the medaka pituitary often develops additional small satellite lactotrope cell clusters, like in other teleost species. These satellite clusters arise early during development and grow in cell number throughout life regardless of the animal's sex. Surprisingly, our data do not show a correspondence between the stem cell-like lactotropes and these satellite lactotrope clusters. Instead, our data support a scenario in which the stem cell-like lactotropes are an intrinsic stage in the development of every spatially distinct lactotrope cluster. In addition, lactotrope activity in both spatially distinct lactotrope clusters decreases when environmental salinity increases, supporting their role in osmoregulation. However, this decrease appears weaker in the satellite lactotrope cell clusters, suggesting that these lactotropes are regulated differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahmad Royan
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Khadeeja Siddique
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan Henkel
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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TRH Regulates the Synthesis and Secretion of Prolactin in Rats with Adenohypophysis through the Differential Expression of miR-126a-5p. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415914. [PMID: 36555554 PMCID: PMC9781503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is an important hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland and plays an important role in the growth, development and reproduction of organisms. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a common prolactin-releasing factor that regulates the synthesis and secretion of prolactin. In recent studies, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to play a key role in the regulation of pituitary hormones. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the regulatory role that TRH plays on the pituitary transcriptome, and the role of miRNAs in the regulation of PRL synthesis and secretion by TRH lacks experimental evidence. In this study, we first investigated the changes in PRL synthesis and secretion in the rat pituitary gland after TRH administration. The results of transcriptomic analysis after TRH treatment showed that 102 genes, including those that encode Nppc, Fgf1, PRL, Cd63, Npw, and Il23a, were upregulated, and 488 genes, including those that encode Lats1, Cacna2d1, Top2a, and Tfap2a, were downregulated. These genes are all involved in the regulation of prolactin expression. The gene expression of miR-126a-5p, which regulates the level of PRL in the pituitary gland, was screened by analysis prediction software and by a dual luciferase reporter system. The data presented in this study demonstrate that TRH can regulate prolactin synthesis and secretion through miR-126a-5p, thereby improving our understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRH-mediated PRL secretion and providing a theoretical basis for the role of miRNAs in regulating the secretion of pituitary hormones.
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80
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Stewart C, Marshall CJ. Seasonality of prolactin in birds and mammals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:919-938. [PMID: 35686456 PMCID: PMC9796654 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In most animals, annual rhythms in environmental cues and internal programs regulate seasonal physiology and behavior. Prolactin, an evolutionarily ancient hormone, serves as a molecular correlate of seasonal timing in most species. Prolactin is highly pleiotropic with a wide variety of well-documented physiological effects; in a seasonal context prolactin is known to regulate annual changes in pelage and molt. While short-term homeostatic variation of prolactin secretion is under the control of the hypothalamus, long-term seasonal rhythms of prolactin are programmed by endogenous timers that reside in the pituitary gland. The molecular basis of these rhythms is generally understood to be melatonin dependent in mammals. Prolactin rhythmicity persists for several years in many species, in the absence of hypothalamic signaling. Such evidence in mammals has supported the hypothesis that seasonal rhythms in prolactin derive from an endogenous timer within the pituitary gland that is entrained by external photoperiod. In this review, we describe the conserved nature of prolactin signaling in birds and mammals and highlight its role in regulating multiple diverse physiological systems. The review will cover the current understanding of the molecular control of prolactin seasonality and propose a mechanism by which long-term rhythms may be generated in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Stewart
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Christopher J. Marshall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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81
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Mohamadianamiri M, Ebrahimi A, Farzaneh F, Aklami M, Momeni M, Hajighasem T, Shirazi H, Zeinadini M. The association between expression of prolactin receptor and lymph node involvement in triple-negative breast cancer. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis and requires more aggressive treatment. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prophetic role of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) in TNBC stratification. Materials & methods: In a retrospective study, 58 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from patients diagnosed with TNBC were examined for PRLR expression using immunohistochemistry. The potential associations between PRLR expression and tumor characteristics were assessed. Result: PRLR expression was negative in 36 (62%) patients and positive in 22 (38%) patients. The number of positive PRLR tumors was significantly higher in patients without lymph node involvement (p = 0.019). Conclusion: PRLR expression was negatively associated with lymph node invasion in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiss Mohamadianamiri
- Firoozgar Clinical Research & Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 15937-48711, Iran
| | - Abdolali Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Hossein Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 16177-63141, Iran
| | - Farah Farzaneh
- Preventive Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Emam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 16177-63141, Iran
| | - Majid Aklami
- Department of Anesthesiology, Akbarabadi Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 11687-43514, Iran
| | - Mina Momeni
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Tannaz Hajighasem
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirazi
- Firoozgar Clinical Research & Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, 15937-48711, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Zeinadini
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Fars, 71348-14336, Iran
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82
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Mamelak A. Surgery as a first-line option for prolactinomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:485-498. [PMID: 36200144 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2131531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of prolactinomas with dopamine agonists has been the established first-line treatment option for many years, with surgery reserved for refractory cases or medication intolerance. This approach may not be the best option in many cases. AREAS COVERED Review of the epidemiology, biology, and treatment options available for prolactinomas, including best available data on outcomes, costs, and morbidities for each therapy. These data are then used to propose a 'surgery-first' treatment approach for a subset of prolactinomas as an alternative to primary medical management. EXPERT OPINION Based on the available data, there is a strong rationale that transsphenoidal surgery should be considered a first-line treatment option for both micro- and macro-prolactinomas that do not demonstrate high grade cavernous sinus invasion on MRI imaging, with dopamine agonists administered as a secondary therapy for tumors not in remission following surgery, and for giant tumors. This 'surgery-first' approach assumes the availability of skilled and experienced pituitary surgeons to ensure optimal outcomes. This approach should result in high cure rates and reduced DA requirements for patients not cured from initial surgery. Further, it will reduce medical costs over a patient's lifetime and the chronic morbidities associated with protracted dopamine agonist usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mamelak
- Surgical Director, Pituitary Center & Center for Minimally Invasive Skull Base Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
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83
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Legorreta-Haquet MV, Santana-Sánchez P, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. The effect of prolactin on immune cell subsets involved in SLE pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016427. [PMID: 36389803 PMCID: PMC9650038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher frequency of autoimmune diseases in the female population compared to males suggests that certain hormones, such as prolactin (PRL), play a role in determining the prevalence of autoimmunity in women, particularly during childbearing age. PRL can act not only as a hormone but also as a cytokine, being able to modulate immune responses. Hyperprolactinemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases where it may affect disease activity. One of the conditions where PRL has such a role is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). PRL regulates the proliferation and survival of both lymphoid and myeloid cells. It also affects the selection of T-cell repertoires by influencing the thymic microenvironment. In autoimmune conditions, PRL interferes with the activity of regulatory T cells. It also influences B cell tolerance by lowering the activation threshold of anergic B cells. The production of CD40L and cytokines, such as interleukin IL-6, are also promoted by PRL. This, in turn, leads to the production of autoantibodies, one of the hallmarks of SLE. PRL increases the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly those belonging to the type 1 interferon (IFN) family, is part of the SLE characteristic genetic signature. PRL also participates in the maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells, promoting the presentation of autoantigens and high IFNα secretion. It also affects neutrophil function and the production of neutrophil traps. Macrophages and dendritic cells can also be affected by PRL, linking this molecule to the abnormal behavior of both innate and adaptive immune responses.This review aimed to highlight the importance of PRL and its actions on the cells of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, by elucidating the role of PRL in SLE etiopathogenesis, this work will contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in SLE development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología (UIM) en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
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84
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Han Q, Yan X, Ye Y, Han L, Ma X, Wang T, Cao D, Zhang WJ. ZBTB20 Regulates Prolactin Expression and Lactotrope Function in Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6775161. [PMID: 36288554 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactotropes are prolactin (PRL)-secreting endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary. We have established the zinc finger protein ZBTB20 as an essential transcription factor for lactotrope specification, the disruption of which results in complete loss of lactotropes in mice. However, the potential role of ZBTB20 in mature lactotropes remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that ZBTB20 acts as a critical cell-autonomous regulator for PRL expression in mature lactotropes in adult mice. Via a CRISPR/Cas9 approach, we first generated a tamoxifen-inducible Prl-CreER knockin mouse line that could efficiently mediate gene recombination specifically in lactotropes. Conditional deletion of the Zbtb20 gene specifically in mature lactotropes at adulthood led to a substantial decrease in PRL levels both in the pituitary and in plasma, without significant alterations of lactotrope relative density in the pituitary from male or female mice. Furthermore, conditional disruption of Zbtb20 in adult female mice did not significantly change pregnancy-elicited lactotrope expansion, but caused an impaired mammary gland expansion and lactation due to the PRL defect. Thus, our data point to an important role of ZBTB20 in regulating PRL expression and lactotrope function at adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuede Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yufei Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linhui Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianhua Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiping J Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
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85
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PRL/PRLR Can Promote Insulin Resistance by Activating the JAK2/STAT5 Signaling Pathway. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1456187. [PMID: 36238467 PMCID: PMC9553348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1456187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although prolactin (PRL) is known to affect food intake, weight gain, and insulin resistance, its effects on lipid metabolism and underlying mechanisms remain underinvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRL and its receptor (PRLR) on fat metabolism in regulating the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Methods SW872 adipocytes were incubated with oleic acid to establish an insulin resistance (IR) model. Western blot was used to detect the expression of PRLR, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT5, and p-STAT5. Triglyceride (TG) mass was detected by chemical colorimetry methods. Results Fat droplets in the high-dose and medium-dose PRL groups were significantly higher than in the IR model group. TG mass in the cells was increased significantly compared with the model group. Compared with the control group, the expression of PRLR, p-JAK2, and p-STAT5 were significantly decreased in the IR model group when PRL was intervened for 24 h and 48 h. The expression of PRLR, p-JAK2, and p-STAT5 in the high-dose PRL intervention group increased significantly compared with the model group. The PRLR overexpressing group had significantly increased TG content and PRLR, and JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT5, and p-STAT5 levels compared with the IR model. Conclusion PRL and PRLR are related to fat metabolism, and the PRL/PRLR signaling pathway can promote insulin resistance by activating the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway and increasing the deposition of TGs.
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86
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Kavarthapu R, Dufau ML. Prolactin receptor gene transcriptional control, regulatory modalities relevant to breast cancer resistance and invasiveness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:949396. [PMID: 36187116 PMCID: PMC9520000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.949396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a member of the lactogen/cytokine receptor family, which mediates multiple actions of prolactin (PRL). PRL is a major hormone in the proliferation/differentiation of breast epithelium that is essential for lactation. It is also involved in breast cancer development, tumor growth and chemoresistance. Human PRLR expression is controlled at the transcriptional level by multiple promoters. Each promoter directs transcription/expression of a specific non-coding exon 1, a common non-coding exon 2 and coding exons E3-11. The identification of exon 11 of PRLR led to finding of alternative spliced products and two novel short forms (SF) that can inhibit the long form (LF) of PRLR activity with relevance in physiological regulation and breast cancer. Homo and heterodimers of LF and SF are formed in the absence of PRL that acts as a conformational modifier. Heterodimerization of SF with LF is a major mechanism through which SF inhibits some signaling pathways originating at the LF. Biochemical/molecular modeling approaches demonstrated that the human PRLR conformation stabilized by extracellular intramolecular S-S bonds and several amino acids in the extracellular D1 domain of PRLR SF are required for its inhibitory actions on PRLR LF-mediated functions. Studies in breast cancer cells demonstrated that the transcription of PRLR was directed by the preferentially utilized PIII promoter, which lacks an estrogen responsive element. Complex formation of non-DNA bound ERα dimer with Sp1 and C/EBPβ dimers bound to their sites at the PRLR promoter is required for basal activity. Estradiol induces transcriptional activation/expression of the PRLR gene, and subsequent studies revealed the essential role of autocrine PRL released by breast cancer cells and CDK7 in estradiol-induced PRLR promoter activation and upregulation. Other studies revealed stimulation of the PRLR promoter activity and PRLR LF protein by PRL in the absence of estrogen via the STAT5/phospho-ERα activation loop. Additionally, EGF/ERBB1 can induce the transcription of PRLR independent of estrogen and prolactin. The various regulatory modalities contributing to the upregulation of PRLR provide options for the development of therapeutic approaches to mitigate its participation in breast cancer progression and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L. Dufau
- Section on Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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87
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Garza-Rodríguez ML, Rodríguez-Sanchez IP, González-Álvarez R, Luna M, Burciaga-Flores CH, Alcorta-Nuñez F, Solis-Coronado O, Bautista de Lucio VM, Ramírez-Correa GA, Vidal-Gutiérrez O, Pérez-Ibave DC. Prolactin Expression in the Baboon ( Papio hamadryas) Eye. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2288. [PMID: 36078009 PMCID: PMC9455022 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone expressed in lactotrophs cells of the pituitary gland in primates. Extra pituitary expression of PRL has been reported, including the eye; however, expression in the developing eye of primates is limited. The aim of the study was determining the expression of PRL and PRL receptor (PRLR) (mRNAs and proteins) in adult and fetal baboon (Papio hamadryas) ocular tissues. METHODS We analyzed PRL and PRLR in baboon eyes tissues by immunofluorescence. The mRNAs of PRL and PRLR were detected by RT-PCR, cDNA was cloned, and sequenced. Furthermore, we performed a phylogenetic analysis to identify the evolutionary forces that underlie the divergence of PRL and PRLR primate genes. RESULTS We observed the expression of PRL and PRLR (mRNAs and proteins) in all retinal cell lineages of fetal and adult baboon. PRL and PRLR fit the hypothesis of evolutionary purifying gene selection. CONCLUSIONS mRNA and protein of PRL and PRLR are expressed in fetal and adult baboon retinal tissue. PRL may trigger autocrine and paracrine-specific actions in retinal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lourdes Garza-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
| | - Iram Pablo Rodríguez-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | | | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Horacio Burciaga-Flores
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
| | - Fernando Alcorta-Nuñez
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
| | - Orlando Solis-Coronado
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
- División de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Bautista de Lucio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología “Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana”, Ciudad de México 06800, Mexico
| | - Genaro A. Ramírez-Correa
- Department of Molecular Science, University of Texas Health Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78550, USA
| | - Oscar Vidal-Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
| | - Diana Cristina Pérez-Ibave
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64440, Mexico
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Lalli E, Figueiredo BC. Prolactin as an adrenocorticotropic hormone: Prolactin signalling is a conserved key regulator of sexually dimorphic adrenal gland function in health and disease. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200109. [PMID: 36000778 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large number of previous reports described an effect of the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) on steroid hormone production by the adrenal cortex. However, those studies remained anecdotal and were never converted into a conceptual and mechanistic framework, let alone being translated into clinical care. In the light of our recently published landmark study where we described PRL signalling as a pivotal regulator of the sexually dimorphic adrenal phenotype in mouse and of adrenal androgen production in humans, we present here the overarching hypothesis that PRL signalling increases the activity of Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1/NR5A1), a transcription factor that has an essential role in adrenal gland development and function, to regulate adrenal cortex growth and hormonal production in physiological and pathological conditions. PRL can then be considered as a bona fide adrenocorticotropic hormone synergizing with ACTH in the endocrine control of adrenal cortex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lalli
- EXPOGEN-CANCER CNRS International Research Project, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, 06560, France.,Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bonald C Figueiredo
- EXPOGEN-CANCER CNRS International Research Project, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, 06560, France.,Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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89
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Transcriptome analyses of nine endocrine tissues identifies organism-wide transcript distribution and structure in the Siberian hamster. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13552. [PMID: 35941167 PMCID: PMC9360046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate zone animals exhibit seasonal variation in multiple endocrine systems. In most cases, peripheral organs display robust switches in tissue involution and recrudescence in mass. Our understanding of the molecular control of tissue-specific changes in seasonal function remains limited. Central to this problem is the lack of information on the nucleic acid structure, and distribution of transcripts across tissues in seasonal model organisms. Here we report the transcriptome profile of nine endocrine tissues from Siberian hamsters. Luteinizing hormone receptor expression was localized to gonadal tissues and confirmed previous distribution analyses. Assessment of the prolactin receptor reveal relatively high abundance across tissues involved in reproduction, energy, and water homeostasis. Neither melatonin receptor-1a, nor -1b, were found to be expressed in most tissues. Instead, the closely related G-protein coupled receptor Gpr50 was widely expressed in peripheral tissues. Epigenetic enzymes such as DNA methyltransferase 3a, was widely expressed and the predominant DNA methylation enzyme. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed some sex- and tissue-specific differences for prolactin receptor and DNA methyltransferase 3a expression. These data provide significant information on the distribution of transcripts, relative expression levels and nucleic acid sequences that will facilitate molecular studies into the seasonal programs in mammalian physiology.
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90
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Zhao H, Gong S, Shi Y, Luo C, Qiu H, He J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Wang S, Miao Y, Wu W. The role of prolactin/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 6:81-91. [PMID: 35923071 PMCID: PMC10158951 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary. There are two main isoforms of PRL: 23-kDa PRL (named full-length PRL) and vasoinhibins (including 5.6-18 kDa fragments). Both act as circulating hormones and cytokines to stimulate or inhibit vascular formation at different stages and neovascularization, including endothelial cell proliferation and migration, protease production, and apoptosis. However, their effects on vascular function and cardiovascular diseases are different or even contrary. In addition to the structure, secretion regulation, and signal transduction of PRL/vasoinhibins, this review focuses on the pathological mechanism and clinical significance of PRL/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sugang Gong
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongcong Shi
- Respiratory Medicine, Dongchuan District People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Cijun Luo
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Qiu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Huang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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91
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André GI, Firman RC, Simmons LW. The effect of genital stimulation on competitive fertilization success in house mice. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marciniak E, Młotkowska P, Roszkowicz-Ostrowska K, Ciska E, Misztal T. Involvement of neurosteroids in the control of prolactin secretion in sheep under basal, stressful and pregnancy conditions. Theriogenology 2022; 190:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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93
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Chavan SP, Kawale SA, Tripathi A, Kadam AL, Gonnade RG. Revisiting Classical Pummerer Cyclization Reaction: A Key Strategy for the Synthesis of (±)‐Quinagolide. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash P. Chavan
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar pradesh 201002 India
| | - Sanket A. Kawale
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar pradesh 201002 India
| | - Anupam Tripathi
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar pradesh 201002 India
| | - Appasaheb L. Kadam
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar pradesh 201002 India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, Uttar pradesh 201002 India
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94
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Mo G, Hu B, Wei P, Luo Q, Zhang X. The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900041. [PMID: 35910654 PMCID: PMC9331192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) exhibit important roles in the immune system maintenance. In poultry, PRL mainly plays its roles in nesting, hatching, and reproduction, while GH is primarily responding to body weight, fat formation and feed conversion. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the relationship between PRL and GH, PRLR and GHR, and the immune response of poultry. We also propose a hypothesis that PRL, GH and their receptors might be used by viruses as viral receptors. This may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of viral infection and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingbin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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95
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Brockhoff G. "Shedding" light on HER4 signaling in normal and malignant breast tissues. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110401. [PMID: 35820544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family play a pivotal role as drivers of carcinogenesis and uncontrolled cell growth for a variety of malignancies, not least for breast cancer. Besides the estrogen receptor, the HER2 receptor was and still is a representative marker for advanced taxonomic sub-differentiation of breast cancer and emerged as one of the first therapeutic targets for antibody based therapies. Since the approval of trastuzumab for the therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer in 1998 anti-HER2 treatment strategies are being modified, refined, and successfully combined with complementary treatments, nevertheless there is still potential for improvement. The HER2 relatives, namely HER1 (i.e., EGFR), HER3 and HER4 share a high degree of molecular homology and together form a functional unit for signal transmission. Under regular conditions, receptor coexpression patterns and receptor interaction represent key parameters for signaling robustness, which ensures cellular growth control and enables tissue differentiation. In addition, treatment efficiency of e.g., an anti-HER2 targeting is substantially determined by the expression pattern of HER receptors on target cells. Within the receptor family, the HER4 plays a particular role and is engaged in exceptional signaling activities. A favorable prognostic impact has been attributed to HER4 expression in breast cancer under specific molecular conditions. HER4-specific cellular effects are initially determined by a ligand-dependent or -independent receptor activation. Essential processes as cell growth and proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptotic cell death can be initiated by this receptor. This review gives an overview of the role of HER4 in normal and malignant breast epithelial cells and tissues. Specific mechanism of HER4 activation and subsequent intracellular signaling will be described by taking a focus on effects provoked by receptor shedding. HER4 activities and specific effects will be correlated to breast cancer subtypes and the impact of HER4 on course and outcome of disease will be considered. Moreover, current and potential therapeutic approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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96
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Roach CM, Bidne KL, Romoser MR, Ross JW, Baumgard LH, Keating AF. Impact of heat stress on prolactin-mediated ovarian JAK-STAT signaling in postpubertal gilts. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620801. [PMID: 35772766 PMCID: PMC9246670 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) compromises almost every aspect of animal agriculture including reproduction. In pigs, this infecundity is referred to as seasonal infertility (SI), a phenotype including ovarian dysfunction. In multiple species, HS-induced hyperprolactinemia has been described; hence, our study objectives were to characterize and compare HS effects on circulating prolactin (PRL) and ovarian Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling during the follicular (FOL) or luteal (LUT) phases of the estrous cycle in postpubertal gilts. Gilts were estrus synchronized using altrenogest and environmental treatments began immediately after altrenogest withdrawal. For the FOL study: postpubertal gilts were allocated to constant thermoneutral (TN; n = 6; 20 ± 1.2 °C) or cyclical HS (n = 6; 25 to 32 ± 1.2 °C) conditions for 5 d. In the LUT study: postpubertal gilts were assigned to either TN (n = 7; 20 ± 2.6 °C) or cyclical HS (n = 7; 32 to 35 ± 2.6 °C) conditions from 2 to 12 days postestrus (dpe). Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture for PRL quantification on day 5 in the FOL and on day 0 and day 12 in the LUT gilts. Ovaries and corpora lutea (CL) were obtained from euthanized FOL and LUT gilts on day 5 and day 12, respectively. Western blotting was performed to quantify prolactin receptor (PRLR) and JAK/STAT pathway protein abundance. In the FOL phase, no difference (P = 0.20) in circulating PRL between thermal groups was observed. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.34) of HS on PRLR, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5α (STAT5α), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription α/β tyrosine 694/699 (pSTAT5α/βTyr694/699) abundance and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), phosphorylated janus kinase 2 tyrosine 1007/1008 (pJAK2Tyr1007/1008), STAT1, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 tyrosine 701 (pSTAT1Tyr701), phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 serine 727 (pSTAT1Ser727), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 tyrosine 705 (pSTAT3Tyr705) were undetectable in FOL gilt ovaries. Ovarian pSTAT5α/βTyr694/699 abundance tended to moderately increase (4%; P = 0.07) in FOL gilts by HS. In the LUT phase, circulating PRL increased progressively from 2 to 12 dpe, but no thermal treatment-induced difference (P = 0.37) was noted. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.16) of HS on CL abundance of PRLR, pJAK2Tyr1007/1008, JAK2, STAT1, pSTAT1Tyr701, pSTAT1Ser727, pSTAT3Tyr705, STAT5α, or pSTAT5α/βTyr694/699. In LUT phase, CL STAT3 abundance was increased (11%; P < 0.03) by HS. There was no impact of HS (P ≥ 0.76) on levels of pJAK2Tyr1007/1008 and pSTAT5α/βTyr694/699 in LUT gilts; however, the CL pSTAT3Tyr705:STAT3 ratio tended to be decreased (P = 0.10) due to HS. These results indicate an HS-induced estrous cycle-stage-dependent effect on the ovarian JAK/STAT pathway, establishing a potential role for this signaling pathway as a potential contributor to SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Roach
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Katie L Bidne
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthew R Romoser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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97
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Radecki KC, Ford MJ, Phillipps HR, Lorenson MY, Grattan DR, Yamanaka Y, Walker AM. Multiple cell types in the oviduct express the prolactin receptor. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:485-504. [PMID: 35812077 PMCID: PMC9254223 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the physiological role of prolactin in the oviduct. Examining mRNA for all four isoforms of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) in mice by functional oviduct segment and stage of the estrous cycle, we found short form 3 (SF3) to be the most highly expressed, far exceeding the long form (LF) in highly ciliated areas such as the infundibulum, whereas in areas of low ciliation, the SF3 to LF ratio was ~1. SF2 expression was low throughout the oviduct, and SF1 was undetectable. Only in the infundibulum did PRLR ratios change with the estrous cycle. Immunofluorescent localization of SF3 and LF showed an epithelial (both mucosal and mesothelial) distribution aligned with the mRNA results. Despite the high SF3/LF ratio in densely ciliated regions, these regions responded to an acute elevation of prolactin (30 min, intraperitoneal), with LF-tyrosine phosphorylated STAT5 seen within cilia. Collectively, these results show ciliated cells are responsive to prolactin and suggest that prolactin regulates estrous cyclic changes in ciliated cell function in the infundibulum. Changes in gene expression in the infundibulum after prolonged prolactin treatment (7-day) showed prolactin-induced downregulation of genes necessary for cilium development/function, a result supporting localization of PRLRs on ciliated cells, and one further suggesting hyperprolactinemia would negatively impact ciliated cell function and therefore fertility. Flow cytometry, single-cell RNAseq, and analysis of LF-td-Tomato transgenic mice supported expression of PRLRs in at least a proportion of epithelial cells while also hinting at additional roles for prolactin in smooth muscle and other stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Radecki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew J. Ford
- Department of Human GeneticsRosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill UniversityQuebecCanada
| | - Hollian R. Phillipps
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Mary Y. Lorenson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Department of Human GeneticsRosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill UniversityQuebecCanada
| | - Ameae M. Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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98
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Jüngert K, Paulsen F, Jacobi C, Horwath-Winter J, Garreis F. Prolactin Inducible Protein, but Not Prolactin, Is Present in Human Tears, Is Involved in Tear Film Quality, and Influences Evaporative Dry Eye Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:892831. [PMID: 35847789 PMCID: PMC9279896 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.892831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Decreased production of the aqueous component of the tear film is an important cause of the development of dry eye disease (DED). Tear production is influenced by hormones and hormone-like factors. Prolactin (PLR), a multifunctional pituitary gland hormone, is regularly present in the lacrimal gland of rats and rabbits. In humans, serum PLR concentration correlates with tear quality. To gain deeper insights of possible effects of PRL, prolactin receptor (PRLR) and prolactin inducible protein (PIP), we analyzed the three proteins in the human lacrimal apparatus and in reflex tears of healthy volunteers as well as patients suffering from DED. Methods Gene expression of PRLR and PIP was analyzed by RT-PCR in cadaveric human lacrimal gland and ocular surface tissues, immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCE and hTEPI) and human Meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). At the protein level, the expression and localization of PRL, PRLR and PIP in formalin-fixed paraffin sections of the lacrimal apparatus were studied by immunohistochemistry. In addition, tear fluid from DED patients and healthy volunteers was analyzed by ELISA to determine the concentration of PRL and PIP. Results RT-PCR analyses revealed gene expression of PRLR and PIP in human tissue samples of cornea, lacrimal glands, and eyelids, whereas only PIP, but not PRLR, was detectable in immortalized corneal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed for the first time the expression and localization of PRL, PRLR, and PIP in human tissues of the lacrimal apparatus and at the ocular surface. PRL and PRLR were detectable in corneal epithelium, lacrimal glands, and Meibomian glands. Reflex tears from DED patients revealed significantly increased PIP concentrations, whereas PRL was undetectable in tears of DED patients and healthy volunteers. Conclusion PRL, PRLR, and PIP are found in the lacrimal apparatus and on the ocular surface. PIP, but not PRL, is present in human tears and appears to be involved in the physiology of tear film quality. Our clinical data revealed that PIP may affect tear quality, but further functional analyses are needed to fully elucidate the effects of PRL and PIP-associated factors in tear secretion as well as in the connection of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jüngert
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Jacobi
- Eyes and Skin Practice Dr. Jacobi, Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Garreis
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fabian Garreis
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99
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Zeng J, Li J, Yang K, Yan J, Xu T, Lu W. Differential Branchial Response of Low Salinity Challenge Induced Prolactin in Active and Passive Coping Style Olive Flounder. Front Physiol 2022; 13:913233. [PMID: 35846010 PMCID: PMC9277578 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.913233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress coping styles are very common in fish, and investigations into this area can greatly improve fish welfare and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture. Although most studies have focused on the behavioral and physiological differences of these fishes, the endocrine response of different coping styles fish when undergoing salinity challenge is still unclear. We examined the physiological response in olive flounder with active coping (AC) style and passive coping (PC) style after transferred from seawater (SW) to freshwater for 0, 2, 5, 8, and 14 days. The results showed that: 1) the plasma prolactin level of FW-acclimated AC flounder was substantially higher than that of FW-acclimated PC flounder at 5, 8, and 14 days, and the branchial gene expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in AC flounder was slightly higher than PC flounder after transfer. While there was no remarkable difference observed in cortisol (COR) levels between AC and PC flounder. After transfer, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in AC flounder was significantly higher compared with PC flounder at 8 days. 2) Branchial NKA-IR ionocytes numbers were reduced in PC flounder after transfer, while ionocytes number remain stable in AC flounder. 3) The branchial stem cell transcription factor foxi1 gene expression of AC flounder was significantly higher than PC flounder at 2, 5, and 14 days after transfer, while branchial stem cell transcription factor p63 gene expression of FW-acclimated AC flounder was only substantially higher than that of PC flounder at 5 days. 4) As an apoptosis upstream initiator, the branchial gene expression of caspase-9 in PC flounder was considerably higher than in AC flounder after transfer at 8 days. This study revealed that olive flounder with active and passive coping styles have different endocrine coping strategies after facing the low-salinity challenge. AC flounder adopt an active endocrine strategy by increasing ionocyte differentiation and prolactin secretion significantly. In contrast, PC flounder employ a passive strategy of reducing ionocytes differentiation and retaining prolactin content at a low level to reduce branchial ionocytes number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjia Zeng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianchun Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqun Lu,
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100
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Chen D, Wang X, Huang T, Jia J. Sleep and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Shared Genetic Risk Factors, Drug Targets, Molecular Mechanisms, and Causal Effects. Front Genet 2022; 13:794202. [PMID: 35656316 PMCID: PMC9152224 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.794202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with sleep-related phenotypes (SRPs). The fact that whether they share a common genetic etiology remains largely unknown. We explored the shared genetics and causality between AD and SRPs by using high-definition likelihood (HDL), cross-phenotype association study (CPASSOC), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) in summary-level data for AD (N = 455,258) and summary-level data for seven SRPs (sample size ranges from 359,916 to 1,331,010). AD shared a strong genetic basis with insomnia (r g = 0.20; p = 9.70 × 10-5), snoring (r g = 0.13; p = 2.45 × 10-3), and sleep duration (r g = -0.11; p = 1.18 × 10-3). The CPASSOC identifies 31 independent loci shared between AD and SRPs, including four novel shared loci. Functional analysis and the TWAS showed shared genes were enriched in liver, brain, breast, and heart tissues and highlighted the regulatory roles of immunological disorders, very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance, chylomicron remnant clearance, and positive regulation of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathways. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified three potential drug target genes (APOE, MARK4, and HLA-DRA) that interacted with known FDA-approved drug target genes. The CPASSOC and TWAS demonstrated three regions 11p11.2, 6p22.3, and 16p11.2 may account for the shared basis between AD and sleep duration or snoring. MR showed insomnia had a causal effect on AD (ORIVW = 1.02, P IVW = 6.7 × 10-6), and multivariate MR suggested a potential role of sleep duration and major depression in this association. Our findings provide strong evidence of shared genetics and causation between AD and sleep abnormalities and advance our understanding of the genetic overlap between them. Identifying shared drug targets and molecular pathways can be beneficial for treating AD and sleep disorders more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongze Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Jia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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