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Zhang S, Zhong R, Tang S, Han H, Chen L, Zhang H. Baicalin Alleviates Short-Term Lincomycin-Induced Intestinal and Liver Injury and Inflammation in Infant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116072. [PMID: 35682750 PMCID: PMC9181170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of short-term megadose of antibiotics exposure on the gastrointestinal and liver tissue reactions in young children have been reported. Antibiotic-induced intestinal and liver reactions are usually unpredictable and present a poorly understood pathogenesis. It is, therefore, necessary to develop strategies for reducing the adverse effects of antibiotics. Studies on the harm and rescue measures of antibiotics from the perspective of the gut–liver system are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that lincomycin exposure reduced body weight, disrupted the composition of gut microbiota and intestinal morphology, triggered immune-mediated injury and inflammation, caused liver dysfunction, and affected lipid metabolism. However, baicalin administration attenuated the lincomycin-induced changes. Transcriptome analysis showed that baicalin improved immunity in mice, as evidenced by the decreased levels of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and expression of genes that regulate Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell differentiation, and inhibited mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathways. In addition, baicalin improved liver function by upregulating the expression of genes involved in bile acid secretion and lipid degradation, and downregulating genes involved in lipid synthesis in lincomycin-treated mice. Bile acids can regulate intestinal immunity and strengthen hepatoenteric circulation. In addition, baicalin also improved anti-inflammatory bacteria abundance (Blautia and Coprobacillus) and reduced pathogenic bacteria abundance (Proteobacteria, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter) in lincomycin-treated mice. Thus, baicalin can ameliorate antibiotic-induced injury and its associated complications such as liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liang Chen
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6281-8910 (L.C.); Fax: +86-10-6281-6013 (H.Z.)
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-10-6281-8910 (L.C.); Fax: +86-10-6281-6013 (H.Z.)
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Moonwiriyakit A, Pathomthongtaweechai N, Steinhagen PR, Chantawichitwong P, Satianrapapong W, Pongkorpsakol P. Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2077620. [PMID: 35621376 PMCID: PMC10161963 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2077620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a tissue barrier to prevent interaction between the internal compartment and the external milieu. Intestinal barrier function also determines epithelial polarity for the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of waste products. These vital functions require strong integrity of tight junction proteins. In fact, intestinal tight junctions that seal the paracellular space can restrict mucosal-to-serosal transport of hostile luminal contents. Tight junctions can form both an absolute barrier and a paracellular ion channel. Although defective tight junctions potentially lead to compromised intestinal barrier and the development and progression of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, no FDA-approved therapies that recover the epithelial tight junction barrier are currently available in clinical practice. Here, we discuss the impacts and regulatory mechanisms of tight junction disruption in the gut and related diseases. We also provide an overview of potential therapeutic targets to restore the epithelial tight junction barrier in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Peter R Steinhagen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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Piossek F, Beneke S, Schlichenmaier N, Mucic G, Drewitz S, Dietrich DR. Physiological oxygen and co-culture with human fibroblasts facilitate in vivo-like properties in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Livzan MA, Bicbavova GR, Romanyuk AE. Ulcerative colitis: focus on colonic mucosal resistance. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2022; 21:121-132. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-1-121-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, following cooperation between scientists in various specialties, new unique data on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis have been obtained. The role of an impaired immune response to antigens of gut microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals under the effect of certain environmental factors was proven. Assessing the interaction between the colonic mucosa and gut microbiota will help to understand the mechanisms of ulcerative colitis and develop new treatment strategies for the disease.This review presents modern views on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis with a focus on the imbalance between local protective and aggressive factors of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The structure and role of the epithelial barrier both under normal conditions and in ulcerative colitis are considered in detail.The aim of this review was to summarize the data on resistance of the colonic mucosa and its damage in ulcerative colitis.
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Metabolites and Biomarker Compounds of Neurodegenerative Diseases in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040343. [PMID: 35448530 PMCID: PMC9031591 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnostic procedures for neurological disorders, it is still difficult to definitively diagnose some neurodegenerative diseases without neuropathological examination of autopsied brain tissue. As pathological processes in the brain are frequently reflected in the components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF samples are sometimes useful for diagnosis. After CSF is secreted from the choroid plexus epithelial cells in the ventricles, some flows in the brain, some is mixed with intracerebral interstitial fluid, and some is excreted through two major drainage pathways, i.e., the intravascular periarterial drainage pathway and the glymphatic system. Accordingly, substances produced by metabolic and pathological processes in the brain may be detectable in CSF. Many papers have reported changes in the concentration of substances in the CSF of patients with metabolic and neurological disorders, some of which can be useful biomarkers of the disorders. In this paper, we show the significance of glucose- and neurotransmitter-related CSF metabolites, considering their transporters in the choroid plexus; summarize the reported candidates of CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, including amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, microRNAs, and mitochondrial DNA; and evaluate their potential as efficient diagnostic tools.
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Vitamin D Receptor Influences Intestinal Barriers in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071129. [PMID: 35406694 PMCID: PMC8997406 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) executes most of the biological functions of vitamin D. Beyond this, VDR is a transcriptional factor regulating the expression levels of many target genes, such as genes for tight junction proteins claudin-2, -5, -12, and -15. In this review, we discuss the progress of research on VDR that influences intestinal barriers in health and disease. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar using key words vitamin D, VDR, tight junctions, cancer, inflammation, and infection. We summarize the literature and progress reports on VDR regulation of tight junction distribution, cellular functions, and mechanisms (directly or indirectly). We review the impacts of VDR on barriers in various diseases, e.g., colon cancer, infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic inflammatory lung diseases. We also discuss the limits of current studies and future directions. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which the VDR signaling regulates intestinal barrier functions allow us to develop efficient and effective therapeutic strategies based on levels of tight junction proteins and vitamin D/VDR statuses for human diseases.
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MacAulay N, Keep RF, Zeuthen T. Cerebrospinal fluid production by the choroid plexus: a century of barrier research revisited. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35317823 PMCID: PMC8941821 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) envelops the brain and fills the central ventricles. This fluid is continuously replenished by net fluid extraction from the vasculature by the secretory action of the choroid plexus epithelium residing in each of the four ventricles. We have known about these processes for more than a century, and yet the molecular mechanisms supporting this fluid secretion remain unresolved. The choroid plexus epithelium secretes its fluid in the absence of a trans-epithelial osmotic gradient, and, in addition, has an inherent ability to secrete CSF against an osmotic gradient. This paradoxical feature is shared with other 'leaky' epithelia. The assumptions underlying the classical standing gradient hypothesis await experimental support and appear to not suffice as an explanation of CSF secretion. Here, we suggest that the elusive local hyperosmotic compartment resides within the membrane transport proteins themselves. In this manner, the battery of plasma membrane transporters expressed in choroid plexus are proposed to sustain the choroidal CSF secretion independently of the prevailing bulk osmotic gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Zeuthen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jo CH, Kim S, Kim GH. Claudins in kidney health and disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2022; 41:275-287. [PMID: 35354245 PMCID: PMC9184838 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are strategically located to exert their physiologic actions along with the nephron segments from the glomerulus. Claudin-1 is normally located in the Bowman’s capsule, but its overexpression can reach the podocytes and lead to albuminuria. In the proximal tubule (PT), claudin-2 forms paracellular channels selective for water, Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Claudin-2 gene mutations are associated with hypercalciuria and kidney stones. Claudin-10 has two splice variants, -10a and -10b; Claudin-10a acts as an anion-selective channel in the PT, and claudin-10b functions as a cation-selective pore in the thick ascending limb (TAL). Claudin-16 and claudin-19 mediate paracellular transport of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in the TAL, where the expression of claudin-3/16/19 and claudin-10b are mutually exclusive. The claudin-16 or -19 mutation causes familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Claudin-14 polymorphisms have been linked to increased risk of hypercalciuria. Claudin-10b mutations produce HELIX syndrome, which encompasses hypohidrosis, electrolyte imbalance, lacrimal gland dysfunction, ichthyosis, and xerostomia. Hypercalciuria and magnesuria in metabolic acidosis are related to downregulation of PT and TAL claudins. In the TAL, stimulation of calcium-sensing receptors upregulates claudin-14 and negatively acts on the claudin-16/19 complex. Claudin-3 acts as a general barrier to ions in the collecting duct. If this barrier is disturbed, urine acidification might be impaired. Claudin-7 forms a nonselective paracellular channel facilitating Cl– and Na+ reabsorption in the collecting ducts. Claudin-4 and -8 serve as anion channels and mediate paracellular Cl– transport; their upregulation may contribute to pseudohypoaldosteronism II and salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor ho Jo
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sua Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheun-Ho Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Gheun-Ho Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222-1 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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Breiderhoff T, Himmerkus N, Meoli L, Fromm A, Sewerin S, Kriuchkova N, Nagel O, Ladilov Y, Krug S, Quintanova C, Stumpp M, Garbe-Schönberg D, Westernströer U, Merkel C, Brinkhus M, Altmüller J, Schweiger M, Mueller D, Mutig K, Morawski M, Halbritter J, Milatz S, Bleich M, Günzel D. Claudin-10a Deficiency Shifts Proximal Tubular Cl - Permeability to Cation Selectivity via Claudin-2 Redistribution. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:699-717. [PMID: 35031570 PMCID: PMC8970455 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tight junction proteins claudin-2 and claudin-10a form paracellular cation and anion channels, respectively, and are expressed in the proximal tubule. However, the physiological role of claudin-10a in the kidney has been unclear. Methods To investigate the physiologic role of claudin-10a, we generated claudin-10a-deficient mice; confirmed successful knockout by Southern blot, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining; and analyzed urine and serum of knockout and wild-type animals. We also used electrophysiologic studies to investigate the functionality of isolated proximal tubules, and studied compensatory regulation by pharmacologic intervention, RNA sequencing analysis, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and respirometry. Results Mice deficient in claudin-10a were fertile and without overt phenotypes. Upon knockout, claudin-10a was replaced by claudin-2 in all proximal tubule segments. Electrophysiology showed conversion from paracellular anion preference to cation preference and a loss of paracellular Cl- over HCO3- preference. As a consequence, there was tubular retention of calcium and magnesium, higher urine pH, and mild hypermagnesemia. A comparison of other urine and serum parameters under control conditions and sequential pharmacologic transport inhibition, as well as unchanged fractional lithium excretion, suggested compensative measures in proximal and distal tubular segments. Changes in proximal tubular oxygen handling and differential expression of genes regulating fatty acid metabolism indicated proximal tubular adaptation. Western blot and immunofluorescence revealed alterations in distal tubular transport. Conclusions Claudin-10a is the major paracellular anion channel in the proximal tubule and its deletion causes calcium and magnesium hyperreabsorption by claudin-2 redistribution. Transcellular transport in proximal and distal segments and proximal tubular metabolic adaptation compensate for loss of paracellular anion permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Breiderhoff
- T Breiderhoff, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Medicine, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- N Himmerkus, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Luca Meoli
- L Meoli, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- A Fromm, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sewerin
- S Sewerin, Division of Nephrology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalia Kriuchkova
- N Kriuchkova, Institute for Functional Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Nagel
- O Nagel, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yury Ladilov
- Y Ladilov, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Krug
- S Krug, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catarina Quintanova
- C Quintanova, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- M Stumpp, Zoological Institute, Comparative Immunobiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Garbe-Schönberg
- D Garbe-Schönberg, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Westernströer
- U Westernströer, Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cosima Merkel
- C Merkel, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Merle Brinkhus
- M Brinkhus, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- J Altmüller, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany
| | - Michal Schweiger
- M Schweiger, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany
| | - Dominik Mueller
- D Mueller, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- K Mutig, Institute for Functional Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- M Morawski, Leipzig University Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Halbritter
- J Halbritter, Division of Nephrology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Milatz
- S Milatz, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- M Bleich, Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- D Günzel, Clinical Physiology / Div. of Nutritional Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Ng TT, Mortada M, Akerele G, Oxford JH, Blanchard A, Selvaraj RK. Effects of zinc glycinate on growth, immunity, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Lai Y, Sun M, He Y, Lei J, Han Y, Wu Y, Bai D, Guo Y, Zhang B. Mycotoxins binder supplementation alleviates aflatoxin B 1 toxic effects on the immune response and intestinal barrier function in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101683. [PMID: 35121530 PMCID: PMC8883060 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether a commercial mycotoxins-binder, XL, could effectively attenuate the negative effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, immunological function, and intestinal health in birds. Two hundred forty 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments using a 2 × 2 factorial randomized design with 2 levels of dietary mycotoxins binder (0 or 2g /kg) and 2 AFB1 supplemented levels (0 or 200 μg/kg) from 0 to 42 d. Results showed that AFB1 exposure impaired growth performance by decreasing BWG in 1–21 d and 1–42 d, decreasing FI in 1–21 d, increasing FCR in 1–21 d and 1–42 d (P < 0.05). Broilers fed AFB1- contaminated diet impaired the immune function, as evident by decreasing IgA contents, Newcastle disease antibody titers in serum, and sIgA contents of jejunal mucosa at 21 d (P < 0.05). On the other hand, AFB1 challenge significantly increased the gene expression of proinflammatory factors in spleen at 21 d and liver at 42 d, and significantly decreased claudin-1 expression at 42 d and occludin expression at 21 d, and increased claudin-2 at 21 d in jejunum of broiler chickens (P < 0.05) compared to the basal diet group. Dietary XL supplementation significantly decreased the gene expression of IL-6 in spleen at 21 d and IL-1β in liver at 42 d, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression in liver at 21 d of broilers (P < 0.05) compared with the nonsupplemented birds, regardless of AFB1 challenged or not. Inclusion of 2 g/kg XL increased serum ALB at 42 d, IgM and IgA at 42 d, Newcastle disease antibody titer level at 35 d (P < 0.05). Dietary XL addition enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of claudin-1 at 21 d and Occludin at 42 d (P < 0.05) in jejunum. Conclusively, 2 g/kg mycotoxins-binder can relieve the toxic effect of AFB1 on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition Amersfoort 773811, The Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Trouw Nutrition Amersfoort 773811, The Netherlands
| | - Dongying Bai
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kozieł MJ, Ziaja M, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Intestinal Barrier, Claudins and Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:758. [PMID: 34822542 PMCID: PMC8622050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is the main barrier against all of the substances that enter the body. Proper functioning of this barrier guarantees maintained balance in the organism. Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary fungi metabolites, that have a negative impact both on human and animal health. It was postulated that various mycotoxins may affect homeostasis by disturbing the intestinal barrier. Claudins are proteins that are involved in creating tight junctions between epithelial cells. A growing body of evidence underlines their role in molecular response to mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the information connected with claudins, their association with an intestinal barrier, physiological conditions in general, and with gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, this review also includes information about the changes in claudin expression upon exposition to various mycotoxins.
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Mayangsari Y, Okudaira M, Mano C, Tanaka Y, Ueda O, Sakuta T, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki T. 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone enhances barrier function by increasing occludin and reducing claudin-2 in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Endo S, Nishiyama T, Matuoka T, Miura T, Nishinaka T, Matsunaga T, Ikari A. Loxoprofen enhances intestinal barrier function via generation of its active metabolite by carbonyl reductase 1 in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 348:109634. [PMID: 34506768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used worldwide as antipyretic analgesics and agents for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, but known to cause damage to the gastrointestinal mucosae as their serious adverse effects. Few studies showed the impairment of intestinal epithelial barrier function (EBF) by high concentrations (0.5-1 mM) of NSAIDs, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study is aimed at clarifying effects at a low concentration (50 μM) of three NSAIDs, loxoprofen (Lox), ibuprofen and indomethacin, on intestinal EBF using human intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells. Among those NSAIDs, Lox increased the transepithelial electric resistance (TER) value, decreased the paracellular Lucifer yellow CH (LYCH) permeability, and upregulated claudin (CLDN)-1, -3 and -5, indicating that low doses of Lox enhanced EBF through increasing expression of CLDNs. Lox is known to be metabolized to a pharmacologically active metabolite, (2S,1'R,2'S)-loxoprofen alcohol (Lox-RS), by carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), which is highly expressed in human intestine. CBR1 was expressed in the Caco-2 cells, and the pretreatment with a CBR1 inhibitor suppressed both the Lox-evoked CLDN upregulation and EBF enhancement. In addition, the treatment of the cells with Lox-RS resulted in higher TER value and lower LYCH permeability than those with Lox. Thus, Lox-RS synthesized by CBR1 may greatly contribute to the improving efficacy of Lox on the barrier function. Since EBF is decreased in inflammatory bowel disease, we finally examined the effect of Lox on EBF using the Caco-2/THP-1 co-culture system, which is used as an in vitro inflammatory bowel disease model. Lox significantly recovered EBF which was impaired by inflammatory cytokines secreted from THP-1 macrophages. These in vitro observations suggest that Lox enhances intestinal EBF, for which the metabolism of Lox to Lox-RS by CBR1 has an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoe Matuoka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Pharmaceutical Education Support Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, 663-8184, Japan
| | - Toru Nishinaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 502-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 501-1196, Gifu, Japan.
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Canter JA, Ernst SE, Peters KM, Carlson BA, Thielman NRJ, Grysczyk L, Udofe P, Yu Y, Cao L, Davis CD, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL, Tsuji PA. Selenium and the 15kDa Selenoprotein Impact Colorectal Tumorigenesis by Modulating Intestinal Barrier Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10651. [PMID: 34638991 PMCID: PMC8508755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenoproteins play important roles in many cellular functions and biochemical pathways in mammals. Our previous study showed that the deficiency of the 15 kDa selenoprotein (Selenof) significantly reduced the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in a mouse model of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Selenof on inflammatory tumorigenesis, and whether dietary selenium modified these effects. For 20 weeks post-weaning, Selenof-knockout (KO) mice and littermate controls were fed diets that were either deficient, adequate or high in sodium selenite. Colon tumors were induced with AOM and dextran sulfate sodium. Surprisingly, KO mice had drastically fewer ACF but developed a similar number of tumors as their littermate controls. Expression of genes important in inflammatory colorectal cancer and those relevant to epithelial barrier function was assessed, in addition to structural differences via tissue histology. Our findings point to Selenof's potential role in intestinal barrier integrity and structural changes in glandular and mucin-producing goblet cells in the mucosa and submucosa, which may determine the type of tumor developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Canter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
| | - Sarah E. Ernst
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
| | - Kristin M. Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
| | - Bradley A. Carlson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.A.C.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Noelle R. J. Thielman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Lara Grysczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
| | - Precious Udofe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
| | - Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.Y.); (L.C.)
| | - Cindy D. Davis
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA;
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Dolph L. Hatfield
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.A.C.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Petra A. Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA; (J.A.C.); (S.E.E.); (K.M.P.); (N.R.J.T.); (L.G.); (P.U.)
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Huang K, Castiaux A, Podicheti R, Rusch DB, Martin RS, Baker LA. A Hybrid Nanofiber/Paper Cell Culture Platform for Building a 3D Blood-brain Barrier Model. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:2100592. [PMID: 34541301 PMCID: PMC8445000 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system from toxins and pathogens in the blood by regulating permeation of molecules through the barrier interface. In vitro BBB models described to date reproduce some aspects of BBB functionality, but also suffer from incomplete phenotypic expression of brain endothelial traits, difficulty in reproducibility and fabrication, or overall cost. To address these limitations, we describe a three-dimensional (3D) BBB model based on a hybrid paper/nanofiber scaffold. The cell culture platform utilizes lens paper as a framework to accommodate 3D culture of astrocytes. An electrospun nanofiber layer is coated onto one face of the paper to mimic the basement membrane and support growth of an organized two-dimensional layer of endothelial cells (ECs). Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs and astrocytes are co-cultured to develop a human BBB model. Morphological and spatial organization of model are validated with confocal microscopy. Measurements of transendothelial resistance and permeability demonstrate the BBB model develops a high-quality barrier and responds to hyperosmolar treatments. RNA-sequencing shows introduction of astrocytes both regulates EC tight junction proteins and improves endothelial phenotypes related to vasculogenesis. This model shows promise as a model platform for future in vitro studies of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Andre Castiaux
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | - Ram Podicheti
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Third St., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Douglas B Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Third St., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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67
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Marchelletta RR, Krishnan M, Spalinger MR, Placone TW, Alvarez R, Sayoc-Becerra A, Canale V, Shawki A, Park YS, Bernts LH, Myers S, Tremblay ML, Barrett KE, Krystofiak E, Kachar B, McGovern DP, Weber CR, Hanson EM, Eckmann L, McCole DF. T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase protects intestinal barrier function by restricting epithelial tight junction remodeling. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138230. [PMID: 34623320 DOI: 10.1172/jci138230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies revealed that loss-of-function mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) increase the risk of developing chronic immune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease. These conditions are associated with increased intestinal permeability as an early etiological event. The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of deficient activity of the PTPN2 gene product, T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), on intestinal barrier function and tight junction organization in vivo and in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that TCPTP protected against intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ by 2 mechanisms: it maintained localization of zonula occludens 1 and occludin at apical tight junctions and restricted both expression and insertion of the cation pore-forming transmembrane protein, claudin-2, at tight junctions through upregulation of the inhibitory cysteine protease, matriptase. We also confirmed that the loss-of-function PTPN2 rs1893217 SNP was associated with increased intestinal claudin-2 expression in patients with IBD. Moreover, elevated claudin-2 levels and paracellular electrolyte flux in TCPTP-deficient intestinal epithelial cells were normalized by recombinant matriptase. Our findings uncover distinct and critical roles for epithelial TCPTP in preserving intestinal barrier integrity, thereby proposing a mechanism by which PTPN2 mutations contribute to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Marchelletta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Moorthy Krishnan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Taylaur W Placone
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rocio Alvarez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anica Sayoc-Becerra
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Vinicius Canale
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ali Shawki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Young Su Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lucas Hp Bernts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen Myers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bechara Kachar
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dermot Pb McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Elaine M Hanson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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Pongkorpsakol P, Turner JR, Zuo L. Culture of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Monolayers and Their Use in Multiplex Macromolecular Permeability Assays for In Vitro Analysis of Tight Junction Size Selectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 131:e112. [PMID: 33175441 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions form a selectively permeable barrier that limits paracellular flux across epithelial-lined surfaces. Small molecules (less than ∼8 Å diameter) can traverse the junction via the size- and charge-selective, high-conductance pore pathway. In contrast, the low-conductance leak pathway accommodates larger macromolecules (up to ∼100 Å diameter) and is not charge-selective. Flux across the tight junction-independent, high-conductance, non-selective, unrestricted pathway occurs at sites of epithelial damage. Cytokines can regulate each of these pathways, but commonly used measures of barrier function cannot discriminate between tight junction regulation and epithelial damage. This article describes methods for culturing intestinal epithelial cell monolayers and assessing the impact of cytokine treatment on leak and unrestricted pathway permeabilities. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation and culture of cell monolayers in Transwells Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of cytokine (IFNγ and TNF) treatment effects on barrier function Support Protocol: Immunofluorescent staining of monolayers Basic Protocol 3: Multiplex flux assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Zuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
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69
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Lei H, Crawford MS, McCole DF. JAK-STAT Pathway Regulation of Intestinal Permeability: Pathogenic Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:840. [PMID: 34577540 PMCID: PMC8466350 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier forms the interface between luminal microbes and the host immune system and is the first site of exposure to many of the environmental factors that trigger disease activity in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Disruption of the epithelial barrier, in the form of increased intestinal permeability, is a feature of IBD and other inflammatory diseases, including celiac disease and type 1 diabetes. Variants in genes that regulate or belong to the JAK-STAT signaling pathway are associated with IBD risk. Inhibitors of the JAK-STAT pathway are now effective therapeutic options in IBD. This review will discuss emerging evidence that JAK inhibitors can be used to improve defects in intestinal permeability and how this plays a key role in resolving intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Declan F. McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.L.); (M.S.C.)
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Effects on the Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Include Enhanced Expression of TNF Receptor 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168746. [PMID: 34445450 PMCID: PMC8395858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been shown to impair the intestinal barrier, inducing and maintaining inflammatory states of the intestine. The aim of the current study was to analyze functional, molecular and regulatory effects of TNFα in a newly established non-transformed jejunal enterocyte model, namely IPEC-J2 monolayers. Incubation with 1000 U/mL TNFα induced a marked decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and an increase in permeability for the paracellular flux marker [3H]-D-mannitol compared to controls. Immunoblots revealed a significant decrease in tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-3. Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in the TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 was detected, explaining the exponential nature of pro-inflammatory effects, while TNFR-2 remained unchanged. Recovery experiments revealed reversible effects after the removal of the cytokine, excluding apoptosis as a reason for the observed changes. Furthermore, TNFα signaling could be inhibited by the specific myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) blocker ML-7. Results of confocal laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy were in accordance with all quantitative changes. This study explains the self-enhancing effects of TNFα mediated by MLCK, leading to a differential regulation of TJ proteins resulting in barrier impairment in the intestinal epithelium.
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71
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Smyth T, Georas SN. Effects of ozone and particulate matter on airway epithelial barrier structure and function: a review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:177-192. [PMID: 34346824 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1956021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium represents a crucial line of defense against the spread of inhaled pathogens. As the epithelium is the first part of the body to be exposed to the inhaled environment, it must act as both a barrier to and sentinel against any inhaled agents. Despite its vital role in limiting the spread of inhaled pathogens, the airway epithelium is also regularly exposed to air pollutants which disrupt its normal function. Here we review the current understanding of the structure and composition of the airway epithelial barrier, as well as the impact of inhaled pollutants, including the reactive gas ozone and particulate matter, on epithelial function. We discuss the current in vitro, rodent model, and human exposure findings surrounding the impact of various inhaled pollutants on epithelial barrier function, mucus production, and mucociliary clearance. Detailed information on how inhaled pollutants impact epithelial structure and function will further our understanding of the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Smyth
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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72
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Ayala-Torres C, Krug SM, Rosenthal R, Fromm M. Angulin-1 (LSR) Affects Paracellular Water Transport, However Only in Tight Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157827. [PMID: 34360593 PMCID: PMC8346120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water transport in epithelia occurs transcellularly (aquaporins) and paracellularly (claudin-2, claudin-15). Recently, we showed that downregulated tricellulin, a protein of the tricellular tight junction (tTJ, the site where three epithelial cells meet), increased transepithelial water flux. We now check the hypothesis that another tTJ-associated protein, angulin-1 (alias lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor, LSR) is a direct negative actuator of tTJ water permeability depending on the tightness of the epithelium. For this, a tight and an intermediate-tight epithelial cell line, MDCK C7 and HT-29/B6, were stably transfected with CRISPR/Cas9 and single-guide RNA targeting angulin-1 and morphologically and functionally characterized. Water flux induced by an osmotic gradient using 4-kDa dextran caused water flux to increase in angulin-1 KO clones in MDCK C7 cells, but not in HT-29/B6 cells. In addition, we found that water permeability in HT-29/B6 cells was not modified after either angulin-1 knockout or tricellulin knockdown, which may be related to the presence of other pathways, which reduce the impact of the tTJ pathway. In conclusion, modulation of the tTJ by knockout or knockdown of tTJ proteins affects ion and macromolecule permeability in tight and intermediate-tight epithelial cell lines, while the transepithelial water permeability was affected only in tight cell lines.
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Fernandez-Cantos MV, Garcia-Morena D, Iannone V, El-Nezami H, Kolehmainen M, Kuipers OP. Role of microbiota and related metabolites in gastrointestinal tract barrier function in NAFLD. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1879719. [PMID: 34280073 PMCID: PMC8489918 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1879719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of four main barriers: microbiological, chemical, physical and immunological. These barriers play important roles in maintaining GI tract homeostasis. In the crosstalk between these barriers, microbiota and related metabolites have been shown to influence GI tract barrier integrity, and alterations of the gut microbiome might lead to an increase in intestinal permeability. As a consequence, translocation of bacteria and their products into the circulatory system increases, reaching proximal and distal tissues, such as the liver. One of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), has been associated with an altered gut microbiota and barrier integrity. However, the causal link between them has not been fully elucidated yet. In this review, we aim to highlight relevant bacterial taxa and their related metabolites affecting the GI tract barriers in the context of NAFLD, discussing their implications in gut homeostasis and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Fernandez-Cantos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Garcia-Morena
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Iannone
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- Molecular and Cell Biology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M. The blood-brain and gut-vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1926190. [PMID: 34152937 PMCID: PMC8489939 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
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75
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Takei Y. The digestive tract as an essential organ for water acquisition in marine teleosts: lessons from euryhaline eels. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:10. [PMID: 34154668 PMCID: PMC8215749 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to a hypertonic marine environment is one of the major topics in animal physiology research. Marine teleosts lose water osmotically from the gills and compensate for this loss by drinking surrounding seawater and absorbing water from the intestine. This situation is in contrast to that in mammals, which experience a net osmotic loss of water after drinking seawater. Water absorption in fishes is made possible by (1) removal of monovalent ions (desalinization) by the esophagus, (2) removal of divalent ions as carbonate (Mg/CaCO3) precipitates promoted by HCO3- secretion, and (3) facilitation of NaCl and water absorption from diluted seawater by the intestine using a suite of unique transporters. As a result, 70-85% of ingested seawater is absorbed during its passage through the digestive tract. Thus, the digestive tract is an essential organ for marine teleost survival in the hypertonic seawater environment. The eel is a species that has been frequently used for osmoregulation research in laboratories worldwide. The eel possesses many advantages as an experimental animal for osmoregulation studies, one of which is its outstanding euryhalinity, which enables researchers to examine changes in the structure and function of the digestive tract after direct transfer from freshwater to seawater. In recent years, the molecular mechanisms of ion and water transport across epithelial cells (the transcellular route) and through tight junctions (the paracellular route) have been elucidated for the esophagus and intestine. Thanks to the rapid progress in analytical methods for genome databases on teleosts, including the eel, the molecular identities of transporters, channels, pumps and junctional proteins have been clarified at the isoform level. As 10 y have passed since the previous reviews on this subject, it seems relevant and timely to summarize recent progress in research on the molecular mechanisms of water and ion transport in the digestive tract in eels and to compare the mechanisms with those of other teleosts and mammals from comparative and evolutionary viewpoints. We also propose future directions for this research field to achieve integrative understanding of the role of the digestive tract in adaptation to seawater with regard to pathways/mechanisms including the paracellular route, divalent ion absorption, metabolon formation and cellular trafficking of transporters. Notably, some of these have already attracted practical attention in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takei
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Marine Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan.
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Marincola Smith P, Choksi YA, Markham NO, Hanna DN, Zi J, Weaver CJ, Hamaamen JA, Lewis KB, Yang J, Liu Q, Kaji I, Means AL, Beauchamp RD. Colon epithelial cell TGFβ signaling modulates the expression of tight junction proteins and barrier function in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G936-G957. [PMID: 33759564 PMCID: PMC8285585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00053.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Defective barrier function is a predisposing factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Although TGFβ signaling defects have been associated with IBD and CAC, few studies have examined the relationship between TGFβ and intestinal barrier function. Here, we examine the role of TGFβ signaling via SMAD4 in modulation of colon barrier function. The Smad4 gene was conditionally deleted in the intestines of adult mice and intestinal permeability assessed using an in vivo 4 kDa FITC-Dextran (FD4) permeability assay. Mouse colon was isolated for gene expression (RNA-sequencing), Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. In vitro colon organoid culture was utilized to assess junction-related gene expression by qPCR and transepithelial resistance (TER). In silico analyses of human IBD and colon cancer databases were performed. Mice lacking intestinal expression of Smad4 demonstrate increased colonic permeability to FD4 without gross mucosal damage. mRNA/protein expression analyses demonstrate significant increases in Cldn2/Claudin 2 and Cldn8/Claudin 8, and decreases in Cldn3, Cldn4, and Cldn7/Claudin 7 with intestinal SMAD4 loss in vivo without changes in Claudin protein localization. TGFβ1/BMP2 treatment of polarized SMAD4+ colonoids increases TER. Cldn2, Cldn4, Cldn7, and Cldn8 are regulated by canonical TGFβ signaling, and TGFβ-dependent regulation of these genes is dependent on nascent RNA transcription (Cldn2, Cldn4, Cldn8) but not nascent protein translation (Cldn4, Cldn8). Human IBD/colon cancer specimens demonstrate decreased SMAD4, CLDN4, CLDN7, and CLDN8 and increased CLDN2 compared with healthy controls. Canonical TGFβ signaling modulates the expression of tight junction proteins and barrier function in mouse colon.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that canonical TGFβ family signaling modulates the expression of critical tight junction proteins in colon epithelial cells, and that expression of these tight junction proteins is associated with maintenance of colon epithelial barrier function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marincola Smith
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,2Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yash A. Choksi
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,4Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicholas O. Markham
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,6Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David N. Hanna
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jinghuan Zi
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Connie J. Weaver
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jalal A. Hamaamen
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keeli B. Lewis
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing Yang
- 7Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,8Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Qi Liu
- 7Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,8Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Izumi Kaji
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna L. Means
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,2Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,6Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,9Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,10Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R. Daniel Beauchamp
- 1Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,2Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,5Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,6Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,9Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,10Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Novel Characterization of Constipation Phenotypes in ICR Mice Orally Administrated with Polystyrene Microplastics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115845. [PMID: 34072552 PMCID: PMC8198713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect evidence has determined the possibility that microplastics (MP) induce constipation, although direct scientific proof for constipation induction in animals remains unclear. To investigate whether oral administration of polystyrene (PS)-MP causes constipation, an alteration in the constipation parameters and mechanisms was analyzed in ICR mice, treated with 0.5 μm PS-MP for 2 weeks. Significant alterations in water consumption, stool weight, stool water contents, and stool morphology were detected in MP treated ICR mice, as compared to Vehicle treated group. Also, the gastrointestinal (GI) motility and intestinal length were decreased, while the histopathological structure and cytological structure of the mid colon were remarkably altered in treated mice. Mice exposed to MP also showed a significant decrease in the GI hormone concentration, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) expression, and their downstream signaling pathway. Subsequent to MP treatment, concentrations of chloride ion and expressions of its channel (CFTR and CIC-2) were decreased, whereas expressions of aquaporin (AQP)3 and 8 for water transportation were downregulated by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. These results are the first to suggest that oral administration of PS-MP induces chronic constipation through the dysregulation of GI motility, mucin secretion, and chloride ion and water transportation in the mid colon.
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Petito V, Greco V, Laterza L, Graziani C, Fanali C, Lucchetti D, Barbaro MR, Bugli F, Pieroni L, Lopetuso LR, Sgambato A, Sanguinetti M, Scaldaferri F, Urbani A, Gasbarrini A. Impact of the Trophic Effects of the Secretome From a Multistrain Probiotic Preparation on the Intestinal Epithelia. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:902-913. [PMID: 33300553 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are defined as live, nonpathogenic bacteria that confer health benefits beyond their nutritional value. In particular, VSL#3 exhibits demonstrated efficacy in the management of diseases characterized by an increased intestinal permeability. Our study aimed to understand how VSL#3 promotes gut health by secreting bioactive factors and identify which human pathways are modulated by secretome derived from the VSL#3 formula. METHODS Two different lots of VSL#3 were used, and Caco-2 cell line was treated with conditioned media (CM) prepared using 1 g of the probiotic formula. We evaluated the effects of the probiotics on cellular proliferation and apoptosis by cytometry and the expression of tight junction proteins by western blotting. A proteomics analysis of both culture media and the whole proteome of Caco-2 cells treated with VSL#3-CM was performed by nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass (nUPLC MS/MS) spectrometry. RESULTS The probiotic formula increased cell proliferation, decreased cellular apoptosis cells, and increased re-epithelialization in the scratch assay. Several peptides specifically synthetized by all the species within the probiotic preparation were recognized in the proteomics analysis. Human proteins synthesized by CaCo-2 cells were also identified. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this manuscript describes the first evaluation of the probiotic secretome, and the results showed that the improvement in intestinal barrier functions induced by probiotics seems to be accompanied by the modulation of some human cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Petito
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Laterza
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Graziani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fanali
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Policlinico Sant'Orsola- Malpighi, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Bologna, Italia
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Unitá di Proteomica e Metabolomica, Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Rome, Italy
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Kim YH, Kim KJ, D’Argenio DZ, Crandall ED. Characteristics of Passive Solute Transport across Primary Rat Alveolar Epithelial Cell Monolayers. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:331. [PMID: 33946241 PMCID: PMC8145727 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) were grown without (type I cell-like phenotype, RAECM-I) or with (type II cell-like phenotype, RAECM-II) keratinocyte growth factor to assess passive transport of 11 hydrophilic solutes. We estimated apparent permeability (Papp) in the absence/presence of calcium chelator EGTA to determine the effects of perturbing tight junctions on "equivalent" pores. Papp across RAECM-I and -II in the absence of EGTA are similar and decrease as solute size increases. We modeled Papp of the hydrophilic solutes across RAECM-I/-II as taking place via heterogeneous populations of equivalent pores comprised of small (0.41/0.32 nm radius) and large (9.88/11.56 nm radius) pores, respectively. Total equivalent pore area is dominated by small equivalent pores (99.92-99.97%). The number of small and large equivalent pores in RAECM-I was 8.55 and 1.29 times greater, respectively, than those in RAECM-II. With EGTA, the large pore radius in RAECM-I/-II increased by 1.58/4.34 times and the small equivalent pore radius increased by 1.84/1.90 times, respectively. These results indicate that passive diffusion of hydrophilic solutes across an alveolar epithelium occurs via small and large equivalent pores, reflecting interactions of transmembrane proteins expressed in intercellular tight junctions of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - David Z. D’Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA;
| | - Edward D. Crandall
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9092, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1211, USA
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80
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Takvam M, Wood CM, Kryvi H, Nilsen TO. Ion Transporters and Osmoregulation in the Kidney of Teleost Fishes as a Function of Salinity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664588. [PMID: 33967835 PMCID: PMC8098666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Euryhaline teleosts exhibit major changes in renal function as they move between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) environments, thus tolerating large fluctuations in salinity. In FW, the kidney excretes large volumes of water through high glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and low tubular reabsorption rates, while actively reabsorbing most ions at high rates. The excreted product has a high urine flow rate (UFR) with a dilute composition. In SW, GFR is greatly reduced, and the tubules reabsorb as much water as possible, while actively secreting divalent ions. The excreted product has a low UFR, and is almost isosmotic to the blood plasma, with Mg2+, SO42–, and Cl– as the major ionic components. Early studies at the organismal level have described these basic patterns, while in the last two decades, studies of regulation at the cell and molecular level have been implemented, though only in a few euryhaline groups (salmonids, eels, tilapias, and fugus). There have been few studies combining the two approaches. The aim of the review is to integrate known aspects of renal physiology (reabsorption and secretion) with more recent advances in molecular water and solute physiology (gene and protein function of transporters). The renal transporters addressed include the subunits of the Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA) enzyme, monovalent ion transporters for Na+, Cl–, and K+ (NKCC1, NKCC2, CLC-K, NCC, ROMK2), water transport pathways [aquaporins (AQP), claudins (CLDN)], and divalent ion transporters for SO42–, Mg2+, and Ca2+ (SLC26A6, SLC26A1, SLC13A1, SLC41A1, CNNM2, CNNM3, NCX1, NCX2, PMCA). For each transport category, we address the current understanding at the molecular level, try to synthesize it with classical knowledge of overall renal function, and highlight knowledge gaps. Future research on the kidney of euryhaline fishes should focus on integrating changes in kidney reabsorption and secretion of ions with changes in transporter function at the cellular and molecular level (gene and protein verification) in different regions of the nephrons. An increased focus on the kidney individually and its functional integration with the other osmoregulatory organs (gills, skin and intestine) in maintaining overall homeostasis will have applied relevance for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Takvam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE Environment, Bergen, Norway
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harald Kryvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom O Nilsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE Environment, Bergen, Norway
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81
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The effect of hypergravity in intestinal permeability of nanoformulations and molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:38-48. [PMID: 33785416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oral administration of drugs remains a challenge due to rapid enzymatic degradation and minimal absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Mechanical forces, namely hypergravity, can interfere with cellular integrity and drug absorption, and there is no study describing its influence in the intestinal permeability. In this work, it was studied the effect of hypergravity on intestinal Caco-2 cells and its influence in the intestinal permeability of different nanoformulations and molecules. It was shown that the cellular metabolic activity and integrity were maintained after exposure to different gravity-levels (g-levels). Expression of important drug transporters and tight junctions' proteins was evaluated and, most proteins demonstrated a switch of behavior in their expression. Furthermore, paracellular transport of FITC-Dextran showed to significantly increase with hypergravity, which agrees with the decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance and the increase of claudin-2 at higher g-levels. The diffusion of camptothecin released from polymeric micelles revealed a significant decrease, which agrees with the increased expression of the P-gp observed with the increase in g-levels, responsible for pumping this drug out. The neonatal Fc receptor-mediated transport of albumin-functionalized nanoparticles loaded with insulin showed no significant changes when increasing the g-levels. Thus, this study supports the effect of hypergravity on intestinal permeability is dependent on the molecule studied and the mechanism by which it is absorbed in the intestine.
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Rosas-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Namorado-Tonix MDC, Missirlis F, Del Valle-Mondragón L, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Reyes-Sánchez JL, Cervantes-Pérez LG. Hyperglycemic levels in early stage of diabetic nephropathy affect differentially renal expression of claudins-2 and -5 by oxidative stress. Life Sci 2021; 268:119003. [PMID: 33417957 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study attempts to elicit whether the level of hyperglycemia in an early stage of diabetic nephropathy changes the renal expression of claudins-2 and -5 and to determine the involvement of glucose-induced oxidative stress. MAIN METHODS Streptozotocin-induced type-1 and type-2 diabetic (DM1, DM2)-rat models were used. At 14-week old, the rats were placed in metabolic cages to evaluate proteinuria, creatinine clearance, and electrolyte excretion. Proximal tubules and glomeruli were isolated and analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Renal oxidative stress and metalloproteinase activities were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS We found that claudin-5 expression in glomeruli and claudin-2 expression in proximal tubules were significantly reduced in DM1 versus DM2 model, paralleling with higher proteinuria and loss of sodium and potassium reabsorption, increased malondialdehyde levels, but lower antioxidant capacity in both models. Enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and-9 was increased in both diabetic groups versus control being higher in DM1 than DM2, suggesting higher claudin's degradation. SIGNIFICANCE The level of hyperglycemia determines the time-dependent progression to diabetic nephropathy; hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress parallels an increase in metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities consequently affecting the integrity of claudin-2 and -5 in glomerulus and proximal tubule. Our results suggest that chronic high-glycemia levels in early stages of diabetic nephropathy decrease expression of claudins-2 and -5, increase oxidative stress, and induce MMP-activity faster than chronic middle-glycemia levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rosas-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Del Carmen Namorado-Tonix
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Leonardo Del Valle-Mondragón
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Reyes-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Luz Graciela Cervantes-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Seccion XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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83
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Lobo de Sá FD, Schulzke JD, Bücker R. Diarrheal Mechanisms and the Role of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Campylobacter Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:203-231. [PMID: 33620653 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter enteritis is the most common cause of foodborne bacterial diarrhea in humans. Although various studies have been performed to clarify the pathomechanism in Campylobacter infection, the mechanism itself and bacterial virulence factors are yet not completely understood. The purpose of this chapter is to (i) give an overview on Campylobacter-induced diarrheal mechanisms, (ii) illustrate underlying barrier defects, (iii) explain the role of the mucosal immune response and (iv) weigh preventive and therapeutic approaches. Our present knowledge of pathogenetic and diarrheal mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni is explained in the first part of this chapter. In the second part, the molecular basis for the Campylobacter-induced barrier dysfunction is compared with that of other species in the Campylobacter genus. The bacteria are capable of overcoming the intestinal epithelial barrier. The invasion into the intestinal mucosa is the initial step of the infection, followed by a second step, the epithelial barrier impairment. The extent of the impairment depends on various factors, including tight junction dysregulation and epithelial apoptosis. The disturbed intestinal epithelium leads to a loss of water and solutes, the leak flux type of diarrhea, and facilitates the uptake of harmful antigens, the leaky gut phenomenon. The barrier dysfunction is accompanied by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, which is partially responsible for the dysfunction. Moreover, cytokines also mediate ion channel dysregulation (e.g., epithelial sodium channel, ENaC), leading to another diarrheal mechanism, which is sodium malabsorption. Future perspectives of Campylobacter research are the clarification of molecular pathomechanisms and the characterization of therapeutic and preventive compounds to combat and prevent Campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Daniela Lobo de Sá
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Luo H, Chevillard L, Bellivier F, Mégarbane B, Etain B, Cisternino S, Declèves X. The role of brain barriers in the neurokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lithium. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105480. [PMID: 33549730 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the most widely used mood stabilizer in treating patients with bipolar disorder. However, more than half of the patients do not or partially respond to Li therapy, despite serum Li concentrations in the serum therapeutic range. The exact mechanisms underlying the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships of lithium are still poorly understood and alteration in the brain pharmacokinetics of lithium may be one of the mechanisms explaining the variability in the clinical response to Li. Brain barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) play a crucial role in controlling blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood exchanges of various molecules including central nervous system (CNS) drugs. Recent in vivo studies by nuclear resonance spectroscopy revealed heterogenous brain distribution of Li in human that were not always correlated with serum concentrations, suggesting regional and variable transport mechanisms of Li through the brain barriers. Moreover, alteration in the functionality and integrity of brain barriers is reported in various CNS diseases, as a cause or a consequence and in this regard, Li by itself is known to modulate BBB properties such as the expression and activity of various transporters, metabolizing enzymes, and the specialized tight junction proteins on BBB. In this review, we will focus on recent knowledge into the role of the brain barriers as key-element in the Li neuropharmacokinetics which might improve the understanding of PK-PD of Li and its interindividual variability in drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Luo
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Biologie du Médicament, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg, St. Jacques, 75679 Paris Cedex 14, France.
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85
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Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by modulating gut tight junctions in mice. Proc Nutr Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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86
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Strauss RE, Gourdie RG. Cx43 and the Actin Cytoskeleton: Novel Roles and Implications for Cell-Cell Junction-Based Barrier Function Regulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1656. [PMID: 33321985 PMCID: PMC7764618 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function is a vital homeostatic mechanism employed by epithelial and endothelial tissue. Diseases across a wide range of tissue types involve dynamic changes in transcellular junctional complexes and the actin cytoskeleton in the regulation of substance exchange across tissue compartments. In this review, we focus on the contribution of the gap junction protein, Cx43, to the biophysical and biochemical regulation of barrier function. First, we introduce the structure and canonical channel-dependent functions of Cx43. Second, we define barrier function and examine the key molecular structures fundamental to its regulation. Third, we survey the literature on the channel-dependent roles of connexins in barrier function, with an emphasis on the role of Cx43 and the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we discuss findings on the channel-independent roles of Cx43 in its associations with the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures highlighted by PI3K signaling, in the potential modulation of cellular barriers. Mounting evidence of crosstalk between connexins, the cytoskeleton, focal adhesion complexes, and junctional structures has led to a growing appreciation of how barrier-modulating mechanisms may work together to effect solute and cellular flux across tissue boundaries. This new understanding could translate into improved therapeutic outcomes in the treatment of barrier-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E. Strauss
- Virginia Tech, Translational Biology Medicine and Health (TBMH) Program, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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87
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Adil MS, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Cell-cell junctions: structure and regulation in physiology and pathology. Tissue Barriers 2020; 9:1848212. [PMID: 33300427 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1848212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial cell-cell contacts are established and maintained by several intercellular junctional complexes. These structurally and biochemically differentiated regions on the plasma membrane primarily include tight junctions (TJs), and anchoring junctions. While the adherens junctions (AJs) provide essential adhesive and mechanical properties, TJs hold the cells together and form a near leak-proof intercellular seal by the fusion of adjacent cell membranes. AJs and TJs play essential roles in vascular permeability. Considering their involvement in several key cellular functions such as barrier formation, proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation, further research is warranted on the composition and signaling pathways regulating cell-cell junctions to develop novel therapeutics for diseases such as organ injuries. The current review article presents our current state of knowledge on various cell-cell junctions, their molecular composition, and mechanisms regulating their expression and function in endothelial and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center , Augusta, GA, USA
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88
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Nakashima M, Hisada M, Goda N, Tenno T, Kotake A, Inotsume Y, Kameoka I, Hiroaki H. Opposing Effect of Naringenin and Quercetin on the Junctional Compartment of MDCK II Cells to Modulate the Tight Junction. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113285. [PMID: 33120983 PMCID: PMC7693399 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining tight junction (TJ) integrity is important for epithelial cell barriers. Previously, the enhancement of TJ integrity, induced by citrus-derived flavonoids, naringin (NRG) and hesperidin (HSD), was demonstrated, but the effects of their aglycones naringenin (NAR) and hesperetin (HST), and the mechanisms, have not been systematically investigated. Here we compared three series of flavonoids related to NAR, HST, quercetin (QUE) and their glycosides with the Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cell monolayers. The effect of flavonoids on the protein expression level of claudin (CLD)-2 and its subcellular localization were investigated. NAR, NRG, and HSD increased the CLD-2 localization at the TJ compartment, and its protein expression level. QUE and HST showed TJ-mitigating activity. Narirutin (NRT), neohesperidin (NHD) and rutin (RUT) did not affect the TJ. In addition, NAR and QUE induced an increase or decrease of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of the MDCK II monolayers. Two known signaling pathways, phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were further compared with NAR. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D PAGE) analysis of whole-cell proteins treated with NAR, AICA-riboside (AMPK activator) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) showed in both a distinct pattern. This suggests the target of NAR’s CLD-2 or zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) modulation was unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nakashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Misaki Hisada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Natsuko Goda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kotake
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Yuko Inotsume
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Ikuo Kameoka
- Cosmetics Research Department, Nicca Chemical Co. Ltd., Fukui 910-8670, Japan; (A.K.); (Y.I.); (I.K.)
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (M.N.); (M.H.); (N.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-789-4535
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89
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Raju P, Shashikanth N, Tsai PY, Pongkorpsakol P, Chanez-Paredes S, Steinhagen PR, Kuo WT, Singh G, Tsukita S, Turner JR. Inactivation of paracellular cation-selective claudin-2 channels attenuates immune-mediated experimental colitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5197-5208. [PMID: 32516134 PMCID: PMC7524482 DOI: 10.1172/jci138697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin-2 is upregulated in disease. Although many studies have linked intestinal barrier loss to local and systemic disease, these have relied on macromolecular probes. In vitro analyses show, however, that these probes cannot be accommodated by size- and charge-selective claudin-2 channels. We sought to define the impact of claudin-2 channels on disease. Transgenic claudin-2 overexpression or IL-13-induced claudin-2 upregulation increased intestinal small cation permeability in vivo. IL-13 did not, however, affect permeability in claudin-2-knockout mice. Claudin-2 is therefore necessary and sufficient to effect size- and charge-selective permeability increases in vivo. In chronic disease, T cell transfer colitis severity was augmented or diminished in claudin-2-transgenic or -knockout mice, respectively. We translated the in vitro observation that casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibition blocks claudin-2 channel function to prevent acute, IL-13-induced, claudin-2-mediated permeability increases in vivo. In chronic immune-mediated colitis, CK2 inhibition attenuated progression in claudin-2-sufficient, but not claudin-2-knockout, mice, i.e., the effect was claudin-2 dependent. Paracellular flux mediated by claudin-2 channels can therefore promote immune-mediated colitis progression. Although the mechanisms by which claudin-2 channels intensify disease remain to be defined, these data suggest that claudin-2 may be an accessible target in immune-mediated disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raju
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandra Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter R. Steinhagen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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90
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Hall CHT, Lee JS, Murphy EM, Gerich ME, Dran R, Glover LE, Abdulla ZI, Skelton MR, Colgan SP. Creatine Transporter, Reduced in Colon Tissues From Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Regulates Energy Balance in Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Integrity, and Barrier Function. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:984-998.e1. [PMID: 32433978 PMCID: PMC7891846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have intestinal barrier dysfunction. Creatine regulates energy distribution within cells and reduces the severity of colitis in mice. We studied the functions of the creatine transporter solute carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8, also called CRT) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and mice, and we measured levels in mucosal biopsies from patients with IBD. METHODS Colon biopsy specimens from patients with IBD (30 with Crohn's disease and 27 with ulcerative colitis) and 30 patients without IBD (control individuals) and colon tissues from mice (with and without disruption of Crt) were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblots, and/or quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CRT was knocked down or overexpressed in T84 cells, which were analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblots, high-performance liquid chromatography (to measure creatine levels), qRT-PCR, transepithelial electrical resistance, barrier function, actin localization, wound healing, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and glycolysis extracellular acidification rate assays. Organoids from colon cells of CRT-knockout mice and control mice were analyzed by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and transepithelial electrical resistance. RESULTS CRT localized around tight junctions (TJs) of T84 IECs. In analyses of IECs with CRT knockdown or overexpression, we found that CRT regulates intracellular creatine, barrier formation, and wound healing. CRT-knockout organoids also had diminished barrier formation. In the absence of adequate creatine, IECs transition toward a stressed, glycolysis-predominant form of metabolism; this resulted in leaky TJs and mislocalization of actin and TJ proteins. Colon tissues from patients with IBD had reduced levels of CRT messenger RNA compared with those from control individuals. CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of IEC cell lines and colonoids derived from CRT-knockout mice, we found that CRT regulates energy balance in IECs and thereby epithelial integrity and barrier function. Mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis and inactive Crohn's disease have lower levels of CRT, which might contribute to the reduced barrier function observed in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H T Hall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - J Scott Lee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily M Murphy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mark E Gerich
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachael Dran
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Louis E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zuhair I Abdulla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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91
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Madsen SS, Bollinger RJ, Brauckhoff M, Engelund MB. Gene expression profiling of proximal and distal renal tubules in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) acclimated to fresh water and seawater. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F380-F393. [PMID: 32628538 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00557.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Euryhaline teleost kidneys undergo a major functional switch from being filtratory in freshwater (FW) to being predominantly secretory in seawater (SW) conditions. The transition involves both vascular and tubular effects. There is consensus that the glomerular filtration rate is greatly reduced upon exposure to hyperosmotic conditions. Yet, regulation at the tubular level has only been examined sporadically in a few different species. This study aimed to obtain a broader understanding of transcriptional regulation in proximal versus distal tubular segments during osmotic transitions. Proximal and distal tubule cells were dissected separately by laser capture microdissection, RNA was extracted, and relative mRNA expression levels of >30 targets involved in solute and water transport were quantified by quantitative PCR in relation to segment type in fish acclimated to FW or SW. The gene categories were aquaporins, solute transporters, fxyd proteins, and tight junction proteins. aqp8bb1, aqp10b1, nhe3, sglt1, slc41a1, cnnm3, fxyd12a, cldn3b, cldn10b, cldn15a, and cldn12 were expressed at a higher level in proximal compared with distal tubules. aqp1aa, aqp1ab, nka-a1a, nka-a1b, nkcc1a, nkcc2, ncc, clc-k, slc26a6C, sglt2, fxyd2, cldn3a, and occln were expressed at a higher level in distal compared with proximal tubules. Expression of aqp1aa, aqp3a1, aqp10b1, ncc, nhe3, cftr, sglt1, slc41a1, fxyd12a, cldn3a, cldn3b, cldn3c, cldn10b, cldn10e, cldn28a, and cldn30c was higher in SW- than in FW-acclimated salmon, whereas the opposite was the case for aqp1ab, slc26a6C, and fxyd2. The data show distinct segmental distribution of transport genes and a significant regulation of tubular transcripts when kidney function is modulated during salinity transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen S Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Melanie Brauckhoff
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Angulin-2/ILDR1, a tricellular tight junction protein, does not affect water transport in the mouse large intestine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10374. [PMID: 32587380 PMCID: PMC7316798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angulin-2/ILDR1 is a member of the angulin protein family, which is exclusively expressed at tricellular tight junctions in epithelia. Tricellular tight junctions are found where three cells meet and where three bicellular tight junction strands converge. Tricellular tight junctions are thought to be important for paracellular permeability of ions and water in epithelial tissues. It was recently reported that angulin-2/ILDR1 knockout mice have water transport abnormalities in the kidney. Since angulin-2/ILDR1 is the main tricellular tight junction protein in the large intestine, the goal of this research was to examine the effect of angulin-2/ILDR1 knockout on large intestinal paracellular water transport. We found that Ildr1 knockout mice showed no detectable phenotype other than deafness. In addition, paracellular transport as assessed by Ussing chamber was unchanged in Ildr1 knockout mice. However, we found that in the colon and the kidney of Ildr1 knockout mice, another tricellular tight junction protein, angulin-1/LSR, changes its expression pattern. We propose that with this replacement in tissue localization, angulin-1/LSR compensates for the loss of angulin-2/ILDR1 and maintains the barrier and function of the epithelia in the large intestine as well as the kidney.
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93
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Meoli L, Günzel D. Channel functions of claudins in the organization of biological systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183344. [PMID: 32442419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Claudins are tight junction proteins mostly appreciated in their function of paracellular barrier-formation. Compared to a virtual absence of any tight junctions, their paracellular sealing role certainly stands out. Yet, it was recognized immediately after the discovery of the first claudins, that some members of the claudin protein family were able to convey size and charge selectivity to the paracellular pathway. Thus, paracellular permeability can be fine-tuned according to the physiological needs of a tissue by inserting these channel-forming claudins into tight junction strands. Precise permeability adjustment is further suggested by the presence of numerous isoforms of channel-forming claudins (claudin-10b-, -15-, -16-like isoforms) in various vertebrate taxa. Moreover, their expression and localization are controlled by multiple transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Consequently, mutation or dysregulation of channel-forming claudins can cause severe diseases. The present review therefore aims at providing an up-to-date report of the current research on these aspects of channel-forming claudins and their possible implications on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Meoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
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94
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Lynn KS, Peterson RJ, Koval M. Ruffles and spikes: Control of tight junction morphology and permeability by claudins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183339. [PMID: 32389670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial barrier function is regulated by a family of transmembrane proteins known as claudins. Functional tight junctions are formed when claudins interact with other transmembrane proteins, cytosolic scaffold proteins and the actin cytoskeleton. The predominant scaffold protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), directly binds to most claudin C-terminal domains, crosslinking them to the actin cytoskeleton. When imaged by immunofluorescence microscopy, tight junctions most frequently are linear structures that form between tricellular junctions. However, tight junctions also adapt non-linear architectures exhibiting either a ruffled or spiked morphology, which both are responses to changes in claudin engagement of actin filaments. Other terms for ruffled tight junctions include wavy, tortuous, undulating, serpentine or zig-zag junctions. Ruffling is under the control of hypoxia induced factor (HIF) and integrin-mediated signaling, as well as direct mechanical stimulation. Tight junction ruffling is specifically enhanced by claudin-2, antagonized by claudin-1 and requires claudin binding to ZO-1. Tight junction spikes are sites of active vesicle budding and fusion that appear as perpendicular projections oriented towards the nucleus. Spikes share molecular features with focal adherens junctions and tubulobulbar complexes found in Sertoli cells. Lung epithelial cells under stress form spikes due to an increase in claudin-5 expression that directly disrupts claudin-18/ZO-1 interactions. Together this suggests that claudins are not simply passive cargoes controlled by scaffold proteins. We propose a model where claudins specifically influence tight junction scaffold proteins to control interactions with the cytoskeleton as a mechanism that regulates tight junction assembly and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sabrina Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raven J Peterson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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95
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Eguchi H, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Ichihara K, Ikari A. Kaempferide Enhances Chemosensitivity of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells Mediated by the Decrease in Phosphorylation of Akt and Claudin-2 Expression. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041190. [PMID: 32340376 PMCID: PMC7230790 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs) play crucial roles in the formation of tight junctions. We have reported that abnormal expression of CLDN2 confers chemoresistance in the spheroids of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. A food composition, which can reduce CLDN2 expression, may function to prevent the malignant progression. Here, we found that ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis (EBGP) and kaempferide, a major component of EBGP, decrease CLDN2 expression. In the two-dimensional culture model, EBGP decreased the tight junctional localization of CLDN2 without affecting that of zonula occludens-1, an adaptor protein, and enhanced paracellular permeability to doxorubicin, a cytotoxic anticancer drug. EBGP reduced hypoxic stress, and enhanced the accumulation and sensitivity of doxorubicin in the spheroid of A549 cells. Kaempferide dose-dependently decreased CLDN2 expression, although dihydrokaempferide and pinocembrin did not. The phosphorylation of Akt, a regulatory factor of CLDN2 expression, was inhibited by kaempferide but not by dihydrokaempferide. The 2,3-double bond in the C ring may be important to inhibit Akt. Kaempferide decreased the mRNA level and promoter activity of CLDN2, indicating that it inhibits the transcription of CLDN2. In accordance with EBGP, kaempferide decreased the tight junctional localization of CLDN2 and increased a paracellular permeability to doxorubicin, suggesting that it diminished the paracellular barrier to small molecules. In addition, kaempferide reduced hypoxic stress, and enhanced the accumulation and sensitivity of doxorubicin in the spheroids. In contrast, dihydrokaempferide did not improve the sensitivity to doxorubicin. Further study is needed using an animal model, but we suggest that natural foods abundantly containing kaempferide are candidates for the prevention of the chemoresistance of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (S.E.)
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (S.E.)
| | - Kenji Ichihara
- Nagaragawa Research Center, API Co., Ltd., Gifu 502-0071, Japan;
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; (H.E.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-230-8124
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96
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Louer EM, Günzel D, Rosenthal R, Carmone C, Yi G, Stunnenberg HG, den Hollander AI, Deen PM. Differential day-night expression of tight junction components in murine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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97
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Piontek J, Krug SM, Protze J, Krause G, Fromm M. Molecular architecture and assembly of the tight junction backbone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183279. [PMID: 32224152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The functional and structural concept of tight junctions has developed after discovery of claudin and TAMP proteins. Many of these proteins contribute to epi- and endothelial barrier but some, in contrast, form paracellular channels. Claudins form the backbone of tight junction (TJ) strands whereas other proteins regulate TJ dynamics. The current joined double-row model of TJ strands and channels is crucially based on the linear alignment of claudin-15 in the crystal. Molecular dynamics simulations, protein docking, mutagenesis, cellular TJ reconstitution, and electron microscopy studies largely support stability and functionality of the model. Here, we summarize in silico and in vitro data about TJ strand assembly including comparison of claudin crystal structures and alternative models. Sequence comparisons, experimental and structural data substantiate differentiation of classic and non-classic claudins differing in motifs related to strand assembly. Classic claudins seem to share a similar mechanism of strand formation. Interface variations likely contribute to TJ strand flexibility. Combined in vitro/in silico studies are expected to elucidate mechanistic keys determining TJ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M Krug
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
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98
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Curry JN, Tokuda S, McAnulty P, Yu ASL. Combinatorial expression of claudins in the proximal renal tubule and its functional consequences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1138-F1146. [PMID: 32174144 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal renal tubule (PT) is characterized by a highly conductive paracellular pathway, which contributes to a significant amount of solute and water reabsorption by the kidney. Claudins are tight junction proteins that, in part, determine the paracellular permeability of epithelia. In the present study, we determined the expression pattern of the major PT claudins. We found that claudin-2 and claudin-10 are coexpressed throughout the PT, whereas claudin-3 is coexpressed with claudin-2 predominantly in the proximal straight tubule. Additionally, claudin-2 and claudin-3 are expressed separately within mutually exclusive populations of descending thin limbs. We developed a novel double-inducible Madin-Darby canine kidney I cell model to characterize in vitro the functional effect of coexpression of PT claudins. In keeping with previous studies, we found that claudin-2 alone primarily increased cation (Na+ and Ca2+) permeability, whereas claudin-10a alone increased anion (Cl-) permeability. Coexpression of claudin-2 and claudin-10a together led to a weak physical interaction between the isoforms and the formation of a monolayer with high conductance but neutral charge selectivity. Claudin-3 expression had a negligible effect on all measures of cell permeability, whether expressed alone or together with claudin-2. In cells coexpressing a claudin-2 mutant, S68C, together with claudin-10a, inhibition of cation permeability through the claudin-2 pore with a thiol-reactive pore blocker did not block anion permeation through claudin-10a. We conclude that claudin-2 and claudin-10a form independent paracellular cation- and anion-selective channels that function in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Curry
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick McAnulty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Alan S L Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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99
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Tipsmark CK, Nielsen AM, Bossus MC, Ellis LV, Baun C, Andersen TL, Dreier J, Brewer JR, Madsen SS. Drinking and Water Handling in the Medaka Intestine: A Possible Role of Claudin-15 in Paracellular Absorption? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051853. [PMID: 32182691 PMCID: PMC7085193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When euryhaline fish move between fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW), the intestine undergoes functional changes to handle imbibed SW. In Japanese medaka, the potential transcellular aquaporin-mediated conduits for water are paradoxically downregulated during SW acclimation, suggesting paracellular transport to be of principal importance in hyperosmotic conditions. In mammals, intestinal claudin-15 (CLDN15) forms paracellular channels for small cations and water, which may participate in water transport. Since two cldn15 paralogs, cldn15a and cldn15b, have previously been identified in medaka, we examined the salinity effects on their mRNA expression and immunolocalization in the intestine. In addition, we analyzed the drinking rate and intestinal water handling by adding non-absorbable radiotracers, 51-Cr-EDTA or 99-Tc-DTPA, to the water. The drinking rate was >2-fold higher in SW than FW-acclimated fish, and radiotracer experiments showed anterior accumulation in FW and posterior buildup in SW intestines. Salinity had no effect on expression of cldn15a, while cldn15b was approximately 100-fold higher in FW than SW. Despite differences in transcript dynamics, Cldn15a and Cldn15b proteins were both similarly localized in the apical tight junctions of enterocytes, co-localizing with occludin and with no apparent difference in localization and abundance between FW and SW. The stability of the Cldn15 protein suggests a physiological role in water transport in the medaka intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K. Tipsmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.C.B.); (L.V.E.); (S.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-479-575-8436
| | - Andreas M. Nielsen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| | - Maryline C. Bossus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.C.B.); (L.V.E.); (S.S.M.)
- Department of Math and Sciences, Lyon College, 2300 Highland Rd, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Laura V. Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.C.B.); (L.V.E.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.L.A.)
| | - Thomas L. Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (C.B.); (T.L.A.)
| | - Jes Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.D.); (J.R.B.)
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; (J.D.); (J.R.B.)
| | - Steffen S. Madsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.C.B.); (L.V.E.); (S.S.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;
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100
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Kim HY, Jeon H, Bae CH, Lee Y, Kim H, Kim S. Rumex japonicus Houtt. alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by protecting tight junctions in mice. Integr Med Res 2020; 9:100398. [PMID: 32322483 PMCID: PMC7168767 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJ) is widely distributed in Korea, Japan, and China. The root of RJ has traditionally been used to treat constipation, jaundice, hematemesis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and gastrointestinal diseases. According to recent studies, plants of the genus Rumex have beneficial functionalities such as anti-microbial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by an abnormal immune response and epithelial barrier dysfunction. This study evaluates the protective effect of RJ against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods Male 8-week-old C57BL/6 N mice were treated with methanolic extract of RJ for 14 days, and DSS-induced groups were administered 2.5% DSS for last 7 days. After sacrifice, the length and weight of the colon were measured, and colon sections were subjected to H&E staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to investigate the changes of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction and apoptosis-related factors. Results The colon of DSS-treated mouse was significantly shorter and heavier than the normal mouse. Moreover, DSS exposure induced an increase of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, occludin, zonula occludens-1, p21, p53 and Bcl-2, and decreased the expressions of IL-10, claudin-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in the colon tissue. These DSS-induced changes were inhibited by RJ treatment. Conclusion Our results indicate that RJ effectively suppresses DSS-induced colitis by protecting tight junction connections in the colonic tissue. We therefore infer that RJ has the potential as a medicine or ingredient for treating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Bae
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukyoung Lee
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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