51
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Hua H, Zhang X, Mu H, Meng Q, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Lu X, Wang A, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wan Z, Sun K. RVG29-modified docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles for brain-targeted glioma therapy. Int J Pharm 2018; 543:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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52
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Yang S, Jin H, Zhao Z. Paracellular tightness and the functional expression of efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP in bEnd3 cells. Neurol Res 2018; 40:644-649. [PMID: 29683403 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1460701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulating brain homeostasis and limiting the entry of most drugs, is characterized by intercellular tight junctions and the presence of transporters. In this study, the paracellular tightness and functional expression of efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were evaluated in mouse brain immortalized cell line bEnd3 to prove it as a useful BBB-mimicking system for biological and pharmacological research. Methods The presence of P-gp, BCRP and tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 were validated by RT-PCR and Western blot. The tightness of bEnd3 monolayers was evaluated by measuring the permeability of hydrophilic marker Lucifer yellow. The P-gp functionality was identified by intracellular uptake assay using Rhodamine 123 (R123) as P-gp substrate and verapamil as P-gp inhibitor. The BCRP functionality was identified by flow cytometric analysis of mitoxantrone accumulation and fluorescence microscopic analysis of Hoechst 33342 accumulation using Ko-143 as BCRP inhibitor. Results The bEnd3 cells demonstrated the expression of P-gp, BCRP and tight junction proteins occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 at mRNA and protein levels. The permeability coefficient of Lucifer yellow was 1.3 ± 0.13 × 10-3 cm/min, indicating the moderate paracellular tightness barrier formed by bEnd3 cells. The verapamil induced a higher cellular uptake of Rhodamine 123, and Ko-143 significantly elevated cellular accumulation of mitoxantrone and Hoechst 33342, suggesting the P-gp and BCRP functionality shown by bEnd3 cells. Conclusions The bEnd3 cell line represents a useful in vitro tool for studying BBB characteristics and drug transport mechanisms at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Hong Jin
- b Disinfection Evaluation Research Center , Institute of Disease Prevention and Control of PLA , Beijing , China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacy , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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53
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Van Skike CE, Jahrling JB, Olson AB, Sayre NL, Hussong SA, Ungvari Z, Lechleiter JD, Galvan V. Inhibition of mTOR protects the blood-brain barrier in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H693-H703. [PMID: 29351469 PMCID: PMC5966773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00570.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits entry of proinflammatory and neurotoxic blood-derived factors into the brain parenchyma. The BBB is damaged in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which contributes significantly to the progression of AD pathologies and cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB breakdown in AD remain elusive, and no interventions are available for treatment or prevention. We and others recently established that inhibition of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with rapamycin yields significant neuroprotective effects, improving cerebrovascular and cognitive function in mouse models of AD. To test whether mTOR inhibition protects the BBB in neurological diseases of aging, we treated hAPP(J20) mice modeling AD and low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (LDLR-/-) mice modeling vascular cognitive impairment with rapamycin. We found that inhibition of mTOR abrogates BBB breakdown in hAPP(J20) and LDLR-/- mice. Experiments using an in vitro BBB model indicated that mTOR attenuation preserves BBB integrity through upregulation of specific tight junction proteins and downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. Together, our data establish mTOR activity as a critical mediator of BBB breakdown in AD and, potentially, vascular cognitive impairment and suggest that rapamycin and/or rapalogs could be used for the restoration of BBB integrity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report establishes mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin as a critical mediator of blood-brain barrier breakdown in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment and suggests that drugs targeting the target of rapamycin pathway could be used for the restoration of blood-brain barrier integrity in disease states.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
- Alzheimer Disease/enzymology
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/enzymology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cognition
- Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/pathology
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/drug effects
- Tight Junctions/enzymology
- Tight Junctions/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice E Van Skike
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jordan B Jahrling
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Angela B Olson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Naomi L Sayre
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stacy A Hussong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Research Facility Neuroscience Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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54
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Liu DZ, Cheng Y, Cai RQ, Wang Bd WW, Cui H, Liu M, Zhang BL, Mei QB, Zhou SY. The enhancement of siPLK1 penetration across BBB and its anti glioblastoma activity in vivo by magnet and transferrin co-modified nanoparticle. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:991-1003. [PMID: 29339188 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance the penetration of small interference RNA against the polo-like kinase I (siPLK1) across BBB to treat glioblastoma (GBM), transferrin (Tf) modified magnetic nanoparticle (Tf-PEG-PLL/MNP@siPLK1) was prepared. The in vitro experiments indicated that Tf-PEG-PLL/MNP@siPLK1 enhanced the cellular uptake of siPLK1, which resulted in an increase of gene silencing effect and cytotoxicity of Tf-PEG-PLL/MNP@siPLK1 on U87 cells. Besides, Tf-PEG-PLL/MNP@siPLK1 significantly inhibited the growth of U87 glioblastoma spheroids and markedly increased the BBB penetration efficiency of siPLK1 with the application of external magnetic field in in-vitro BBB model. The in vivo experiments indicated that siPLK1 selectively accumulated in the brain tissue, and markedly reduced tumor volume and prolonged the survival time of GBM-bearing mice after Tf-PEG-PLL/MNP@siPLK1 was injected to GBM-bearing mice via tail vein. The above data indicated that magnet and transferrin co-modified nanoparticle enhanced siPLK1 penetration across BBB and increased its anti GBM activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Zhou Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong-Qiao Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang Bd
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bang-le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medical of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medical of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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55
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Jung J, Eggleton P, Robinson A, Wang J, Gutowski N, Holley J, Newcombe J, Dudek E, Paul AM, Zochodne D, Kraus A, Power C, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Calnexin is necessary for T cell transmigration into the central nervous system. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515033 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the CNS, and its animal model (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; EAE), circulating immune cells gain access to the CNS across the blood-brain barrier to cause inflammation, myelin destruction, and neuronal damage. Here, we discovered that calnexin, an ER chaperone, is highly abundant in human brain endothelial cells of MS patients. Conversely, mice lacking calnexin exhibited resistance to EAE induction, no evidence of immune cell infiltration into the CNS, and no induction of inflammation markers within the CNS. Furthermore, calnexin deficiency in mice did not alter the development or function of the immune system. Instead, the loss of calnexin led to a defect in brain endothelial cell function that resulted in reduced T cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier. These findings identify calnexin in brain endothelial cells as a potentially novel target for developing strategies aimed at managing or preventing the pathogenic cascade that drives neuroinflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.,UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nick Gutowski
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Holley
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elzbieta Dudek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amber M Paul
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Zochodne
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison Kraus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre and.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Multiple Sclerosis Centre and
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56
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Modarres HP, Janmaleki M, Novin M, Saliba J, El-Hajj F, RezayatiCharan M, Seyfoori A, Sadabadi H, Vandal M, Nguyen MD, Hasan A, Sanati-Nezhad A. In vitro models and systems for evaluating the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy and diseased brain. J Control Release 2018; 273:108-130. [PMID: 29378233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mana Novin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Saliba
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi RezayatiCharan
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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57
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Li HL, Jin JM, Yang C, Wang P, Huang F, Wu H, Zhang BB, Shi HL, Wu XJ. Isoastragaloside I suppresses LPS-induced tight junction disruption and monocyte adhesion on bEnd.3 cells via an activating Nrf2 antioxidant defense system. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ISOI rescued TJs disruption from ROS induced by LPS in bEnd.3 cells. ISOI ameliorated inflammatory response and decreased monocyte adhesion onto bEnd.3 cells induced with LPS. ISOI protected BBB integrity through activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jin-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Chun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Fei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hai-Lian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines
- The Ministry of Education (MOE)
- Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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58
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Yang S, Mei S, Jin H, Zhu B, Tian Y, Huo J, Cui X, Guo A, Zhao Z. Identification of two immortalized cell lines, ECV304 and bEnd3, for in vitro permeability studies of blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187017. [PMID: 29059256 PMCID: PMC5653355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify suitable cell lines for a mimetic system of in vivo blood-brain barrier (BBB) for drug permeability assessment, we characterized two immortalized cell lines, ECV304 and bEnd3 in the respect of the tightness, tight junction proteins, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function and discriminative brain penetration. The ECV304 monoculture achieved higher transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lower permeability to Lucifer yellow than bEnd3. However, co-culture with rat glioma C6 cells impaired the integrity of ECV304 and bEnd3 cell layers perhaps due to the heterogeneity among C6 cells in inducing BBB characteristics. The immunostaining of ZO-1 delivered distinct bands along cell borders on both cell lines while those of occludin and claudin-5 were diffused and weak. P-gp functionality was only proved in bEnd3 by Rhodamine 123 (R123) uptake assay. A permeability test of reference compounds displayed a similar rank order (digoxin < R123 < quinidine, verapamil < propranolol) in ECV304 and bEnd3 cells. In comparison with bEnd3, ECV304 developed tighter barrier for the passage of reference compounds and higher discrimination between transcellular and paracellular transport. However, the monoculture models of ECV304 and bEnd3 fail to achieve the sufficient tightness of in vitro BBB permeability models with high TEER and evident immunostaining of tight junction proteins. Further strategies to enhance the paracellular tightness of both cell lines to mimic in vivo BBB tight barrier deserve to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cui
- Neurology Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anchen Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (AG)
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (AG)
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59
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Qie X, Wen D, Guo H, Xu G, Liu S, Shen Q, Liu Y, Zhang W, Cong B, Ma C. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediates Methamphetamine-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Damage. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:639. [PMID: 28959203 PMCID: PMC5603670 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse causes serious health problems worldwide, and long-term use of METH disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we explored the potential mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in METH-induced BBB endothelial cell damage in vitro and the therapeutic potential of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors for METH-induced BBB disruption in C57BL/6J mice. Exposure of immortalized BMVEC (bEnd.3) cells to METH significantly decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, and diminished the tightness of cell monolayers. METH activated ER stress sensor proteins, including PERK, ATF6, and IRE1, and upregulated the pro-apoptotic protein CHOP. The ER stress inhibitors significantly blocked the upregulation of CHOP. Knockdown of CHOP protected bEnd.3 cells from METH-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, METH elevated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced the dysfunction of mitochondrial characterized by a Bcl2/Bax ratio decrease, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and cytochrome c. ER stress release was partially reversed by ROS inhibition, and cytochrome c release was partially blocked by knockdown of CHOP. Finally, PBA significantly attenuated METH-induced sodium fluorescein (NaFluo) and Evans Blue leakage, as well as tight junction protein loss, in C57BL/6J mice. These data suggest that BBB endothelial cell damage was caused by METH-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which further induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and that PBA was an effective treatment for METH-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Qie
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Di Wen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Guanjie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianchao Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- The 8th Brigade of General Division of Criminal Investigation, Beijing Municipal Public Security BureauBeijing, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
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60
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Papadopoulos D, Scheiner-Bobis G. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate augments blood-brain barrier and tight junction protein expression in brain endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1382-1392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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61
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Sonar SA, Shaikh S, Joshi N, Atre AN, Lal G. IFN-γ promotes transendothelial migration of CD4 + T cells across the blood-brain barrier. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:843-853. [PMID: 28682305 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration (TEM) of Th1 and Th17 cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). How cytokines produced by inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells damage the endothelial BBB and promote transendothelial migration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) during autoimmunity is not understood. We therefore investigated the effect of various cytokines on brain endothelial cells. Among the various cytokines tested, such as Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12), Th2 (IL-3, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-13), Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, GM-CSF) and Treg-specific cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), IFN-γ predominantly showed increased expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, H2-Kb and I-Ab molecules on brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, IFN-γ induced transendothelial migration of CD4+ T cells from the apical (luminal side) to the basal side (abluminal side) of the endothelial monolayer to chemokine CCL21 in a STAT-1-dependent manner. IFN-γ also favored the transcellular route of TEM of CD4+ T cells. Multicolor immunofluorescence and confocal microscopic analysis showed that IFN-γ induced relocalization of ICAM-1, PECAM-1, ZO-1 and VE-cadherin in the endothelial cells, which affected the migration of CD4+ T cells. These findings reveal that the IFN-γ produced during inflammation could contribute towards disrupting the BBB and promoting TEM of CD4+ T cells. Our findings also indicate that strategies that interfere with the activation of CNS endothelial cells may help in controlling neuroinflammation and autoimmunity.
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Panzetta V, Guarnieri D, Paciello A, Della Sala F, Muscetti O, Raiola L, Netti P, Fusco S. ECM Mechano-Sensing Regulates Cytoskeleton Assembly and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Nanoparticles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1586-1594. [PMID: 33429644 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is possible to create sophisticated and target-specific devices for nanomedicine thanks to technological advances in the engineering of nanomaterials. When on target, these nanocarriers often have to be internalized by cells in order to accomplish their diagnostic or therapeutic function. Therefore, the control of such uptake mechanism by active targeting strategy has today become the new challenge in nanoparticle designing. It is also well-known that cells are able to sense and respond to the local physical environment and that the substrate stiffness, and not only the nanoparticle design, influences the cellular internalization mechanisms. In this frame, our work reports on the cyclic relationship among substrate stiffness, cell cytoskeleton assembly and internalization mechanism. Nanoparticles uptake has been investigated in terms of the mechanics of cell environment, the resulting cytoskeleton activity and the opportunity of activate molecular specific molecular pathways during the internalization process. To this aim, the surface of 100 nm polystyrene nanoparticles was decorated with a tripeptide (RGD and a scrambled version as a control), which was able to activate an internalization pathway directly correlated to the dynamics of the cell cytoskeleton, in turn, directly correlated to the elastic modulus of the substrates. We found that the substrate stiffness modulates the uptake of nanoparticles by regulating structural parameters of bEnd.3 cells as spreading, volume, focal adhesion, and mechanics. In fact, the nanoparticles were internalized in larger amounts both when decorated with RGD, which activated an internalization pathway directly correlated to the cell cytoskeleton, and when cells resided on stiffer material that, in turn, promoted the formation of a more structured cytoskeleton. This evidence indicates the directive role of the mechanical environment on cellular uptake of nanoparticles, contributing new insights to the rational design and development of novel nanocarrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Panzetta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Daniela Guarnieri
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Antonio Paciello
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Francesca Della Sala
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Ornella Muscetti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Luca Raiola
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Paolo Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, CRIB and Department of Chemical, Materials & Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, CRIB and Department of Chemical, Materials & Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
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63
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Bonney S, Siegenthaler JA. Differential Effects of Retinoic Acid Concentrations in Regulating Blood-Brain Barrier Properties. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0378-16.2017. [PMID: 28560318 PMCID: PMC5446490 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0378-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multifaceted property of the brain vasculature that protects the brain and maintains homeostasis by tightly regulating the flux of ions, molecules, and cells across the vasculature. Blood vessels in the brain are formed by endothelial cells that acquire barrier properties, such as tight and adherens junctions, soon after the brain vasculature is formed. Endothelial WNT signaling is crucial to induce these BBB properties by regulating their expression and stabilization. Recent studies have implicated retinoic acid (RA) signaling in BBB development and shown that pharmacological concentrations of RA (≥5 µm) can induce BBB properties in cultured brain endothelial cells. However, a recent study demonstrated that RA inhibits endothelial WNT signaling during brain development, suggesting that RA does not promote BBB properties. We therefore investigated whether RA plays a physiological role in BBB development. We found that BBB function and junctional protein expression was unaffected in mouse mutants that have a reduced capacity to synthesize RA (Rdh10 mutants). Furthermore, embryos exposed to a RA-enriched diet did not enhance BBB protein expression. Together, our data indicate that RA is not capable of inducing, nor is it required for, BBB protein expression in vivo. Like other studies, we found that pharmacological concentrations of RA induce BBB genes in cultured murine brain endothelial cells, and this may involve activation of the LXR/RXR signaling pathway. Our data do not support a role for RA in BBB development, but confirm reports that pharmacological RA is a robust tool to induce BBB properties in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bonney
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology School of Medicine Aurora, University of Colorado, CO 80045
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology School of Medicine Aurora, University of Colorado, CO 80045
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64
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Inflammation-induced brain endothelial activation leads to uptake of electrostatically stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles via sulfated glycosaminoglycans. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1411-1421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Sun A, Du Y, Ye M, Pu X, Qi X. Intestinal absorption and neuroprotective effects of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05415g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (K3R) has been proven to have biological activities for the prevention and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yujie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Aning Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Yitian Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Natural Medicines
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Xiaoping Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Xianrong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing
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66
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Kaisar MA, Sajja RK, Prasad S, Abhyankar VV, Liles T, Cucullo L. New experimental models of the blood-brain barrier for CNS drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:89-103. [PMID: 27782770 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1253676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic biological interface which actively controls the passage of substances between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS). From a biological and functional standpoint, the BBB plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis inasmuch that deterioration of BBB functions are prodromal to many CNS disorders. Conversely, the BBB hinders the delivery of drugs targeting the brain to treat a variety of neurological diseases. Area covered: This article reviews recent technological improvements and innovation in the field of BBB modeling including static and dynamic cell-based platforms, microfluidic systems and the use of stem cells and 3D printing technologies. Additionally, the authors laid out a roadmap for the integration of microfluidics and stem cell biology as a holistic approach for the development of novel in vitro BBB platforms. Expert opinion: Development of effective CNS drugs has been hindered by the lack of reliable strategies to mimic the BBB and cerebrovascular impairments in vitro. Technological advancements in BBB modeling have fostered the development of highly integrative and quasi- physiological in vitro platforms to support the process of drug discovery. These advanced in vitro tools are likely to further current understanding of the cerebrovascular modulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Shikha Prasad
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Vinay V Abhyankar
- c Biological Microsystems Division at The University of Texas at Arlington Research Institute , Fort Worth , TX , USA
| | - Taylor Liles
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA.,b Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo , TX , USA
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67
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Garraud M, Khacef K, Vion AC, Leconte C, Yin M, Renard JM, Marchand-Leroux C, Boulanger CM, Margaill I, Beray-Berthat V. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator enhances microparticle release from mouse brain-derived endothelial cells through plasmin. J Neurol Sci 2016; 370:187-195. [PMID: 27772757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is currently the only approved pharmacological strategy for acute ischemic stroke. However, rt-PA exhibits vascular toxicity mainly due to endothelial damage. To investigate the mechanisms underlying rt-PA-induced endothelial alterations, we assessed the role of rt-PA in the generation of endothelial microparticles (EMPs), emerging biological markers and effectors of endothelial dysfunction. The mouse brain-derived endothelial cell line bEnd.3 was used. Cells were treated with rt-PA at 20, 40 or 80μg/ml for 15 or 24h, and EMPs were quantified in the culture media using Annexin-V staining coupled with flow cytometry. Rt-PA enhanced EMP release from bEnd.3 cells with a maximal increase at the 40μg/ml dose for 24h (+78% compared to controls). Using tranexamic acid and aprotinin we demonstrated that plasmin is responsible for rt-PA-induced EMP release. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitor PJ34 also reduced rt-PA-induced EMP production, suggesting that p38 MAPK and PARP are downstream intracellular effectors of rt-PA/plasmin. Rt-PA also altered through plasmin the morphology and the confluence of bEnd.3 cells. By contrast, these changes did not implicate p38 MAPK and PARP. This study demonstrates that rt-PA induces the production of microparticles by cerebral endothelial cells, through plasmin, p38 MAPK and PARP pathways. Determining the phenotype of these EMPs to clarify their role on the endothelium in ischemic conditions could thus be of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garraud
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kahina Khacef
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Clémence Vion
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Leconte
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Min Yin
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Renard
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Margaill
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Beray-Berthat
- Equipe de recherche "Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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68
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Qosa H, Mohamed LA, Al Rihani SB, Batarseh YS, Duong QV, Keller JN, Kaddoumi A. High-Throughput Screening for Identification of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Enhancers: A Drug Repurposing Opportunity to Rectify Vascular Amyloid Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:1499-516. [PMID: 27392852 PMCID: PMC4992409 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that maintains brain homeostasis and protects it from free entry of chemicals, toxins, and drugs. The barrier function of the BBB is maintained mainly by capillary endothelial cells that physically separate brain from blood. Several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are known to disrupt BBB integrity. In this study, a high-throughput screening (HTS) was developed to identify drugs that rectify/protect BBB integrity from vascular amyloid toxicity associated with AD progression. Assessing Lucifer Yellow permeation across in-vitro BBB model composed from mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) grown on 96-well plate inserts was used to screen 1280 compounds of Sigma LOPAC®1280 library for modulators of bEnd3 monolayer integrity. HTS identified 62 compounds as disruptors, and 50 compounds as enhancers of the endothelial barrier integrity. From these 50 enhancers, 7 FDA approved drugs were identified with EC50 values ranging from 0.76-4.56 μM. Of these 7 drugs, 5 were able to protect bEnd3-based BBB model integrity against amyloid toxicity. Furthermore, to test the translational potential to humans, the 7 drugs were tested for their ability to rectify the disruptive effect of Aβ in the human endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Only 3 (etodolac, granisetron, and beclomethasone) out of the 5 effective drugs in the bEnd3-based BBB model demonstrated a promising effect to protect the hCMEC/D3-based BBB model integrity. These drugs are compelling candidates for repurposing as therapeutic agents that could rectify dysfunctional BBB associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Loqman A. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Yazan S. Batarseh
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Quoc-Viet Duong
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
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69
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review. Biomaterials 2016; 103:229-255. [PMID: 27392291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly at the nanoscale of available biomaterials to provide a delivery platform with potential to raising brain levels of either imaging or therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, to prevent later failure due to ineffective drug levels at the target site, researchers have been endeavoring to develop a battery of in vitro screening procedures that can predict earlier in the drug discovery process the ability of these cutting-edge drug delivery platforms to cross the blood-brain barrier for biomedical purposes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models (both cell-based and non-cell-based) with the focus on their suitability for understanding the biological brain distribution of forthcoming nanomedicines. The relationship between experimental factors and underlying physiological assumptions that would ultimately lead to a more predictive capacity of their in vivo performance, and those methods already assayed for the evaluation of the brain distribution of nanomedicines are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Cao GS, Chen HL, Zhang YY, Li F, Liu CH, Xiang X, Qi J, Chai CZ, Kou JP, Yu BY. YiQiFuMai Powder Injection ameliorates the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction associated with the NF-κB and ROCK1/MLC signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 183:18-28. [PMID: 26915982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE YiQiFuMai Powder Injection (YQFM) is a modern preparation derived from Sheng-mai San, a traditional Chinese prescription, widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, its potential molecular mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to observe the effect of YQFM on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced the brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction and to explore the underlying pathways in vitro. METHODS A mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) was subjected to OGD (2-9h) to examine the efficacy and molecular mechanisms in the presence or absence of YQFM (100, 200 and 400 μg/ml). RESULTS The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays demonstrated that treatment with YQFM increased the cell viability and TEER value, decreased even blue (EB) albumin leakage after OGD in bEnd.3 cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that YQFM reduced the breakage and translocation of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 after 4h of OGD and decreased the expression of these proteins after 9h of OGD. Moreover, YQFM significantly inhibited the expression, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65 and decreased the expression of intercellular adhesionmolecule-1 (ICAM-1) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) as well as production of nitric oxide (NO). In addition, real time-PCR results revealed that YQFM suppressed the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after 4h of OGD. Furthermore, YQFM markedly inhibited both the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and cytoskeletal reorganization and reduced the expression of cleaved-ROCK1 in bEnd.3 cells subjected to OGD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that YQFM ameliorates the OGD-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell barrier disruption associated with the NF-κB/p65 and ROCK1/MLC signaling pathways. These data provide new insights into the use of this preparation for treating cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Hong-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Xiang Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Zhi Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Tongxinluo (TXL), a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Compound, Improves Endothelial Function After Chronic Hypoxia Both In Vivo and In Vitro. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:579-86. [PMID: 26065642 PMCID: PMC4461393 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury after chronic hypoxia leads to endothelial injury and structural damage to tight junctions (TJs), thereby resulting in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, attenuating hypoxia-induced damage has great significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the endothelial protection conferred by tongxinluo (TXL), a traditional Chinese medicinal compound, is related to its regulation of TJ protein expression. In vivo, we found that TXL could promote hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in lung and liver tissue. In vitro, we found that CoCl2 treatment significantly reduced the expression of the TJ proteins occludin, claudin-1, VE-cadherin, and beta-catenin in cultured human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. TXL pretreatment abrogated the CoCl2-induced downregulation of these TJ proteins. Conversely, overexpression of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) inhibited the expression of TJ proteins in human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, an effect that was reversed by TXL pretreatment. Further experiments showed that TXL could promote endothelial cell proliferation by increasing KLF4 phosphorylation, thereby reversing the effect of KLF4 on the expression of TJ proteins. These findings provide a new molecular mechanism for the TXL-induced increase in TJ protein expression.
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72
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Development of a cell line from the American eel brain expressing endothelial cell properties. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:395-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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73
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Picone P, Ditta LA, Sabatino MA, Militello V, San Biagio PL, Di Giacinto ML, Cristaldi L, Nuzzo D, Dispenza C, Giacomazza D, Di Carlo M. Ionizing radiation-engineered nanogels as insulin nanocarriers for the development of a new strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Biomaterials 2015; 80:179-194. [PMID: 26708643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows the protective role of insulin in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A nanogel system (NG) to deliver insulin to the brain, as a tool for the development of a new therapy for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is designed and synthetized. A carboxyl-functionalized poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) nanogel system produced by ionizing radiation is chosen as substrate for the covalent attachment of insulin or fluorescent molecules relevant for its characterization. Biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of the naked carrier is demonstrated. The insulin conjugated to the NG (NG-In) is protected by protease degradation and able to bind to insulin receptor (IR), as demonstrated by immunofluorescence measurements showing colocalization of NG-In(FITC) with IR. Moreover, after binding to the receptor, NG-In is able to trigger insulin signaling via AKT activation. Neuroprotection of NG-In against dysfunction induced by amyloid β (Aβ), a peptide mainly involved in AD, is verified. Finally, the potential of NG-In to be efficiently transported across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is demonstrated. All together these results indicate that the synthesized NG-In is a suitable vehicle system for insulin deliver in biomedicine and a very promising tool to develop new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Lorena Anna Ditta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 6, 90128 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 6, 90128 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Valeria Militello
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 18, 90128 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Maria Laura Di Giacinto
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Laura Cristaldi
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 6, 90128 Palermo (PA), Italy; School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy.
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo (PA), Italy.
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Brain Invasion by Mouse Hepatitis Virus Depends on Impairment of Tight Junctions and Beta Interferon Production in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2015. [PMID: 26202229 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01501-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses (CoVs) have shown neuroinvasive properties in humans and animals secondary to replication in peripheral organs, but the mechanism of neuroinvasion is unknown. The major aim of our work was to evaluate the ability of CoVs to enter the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Using the highly hepatotropic mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3), its attenuated variant, 51.6-MHV3, which shows low tropism for endothelial cells, and the weakly hepatotropic MHV-A59 strain from the murine coronavirus group, we investigated the virus-induced dysfunctions of BBB in vivo and in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. We report here a MHV strain-specific ability to cross the BBB during acute infection according to their virulence for liver. Brain invasion was observed only in MHV3-infected mice and correlated with enhanced BBB permeability associated with decreased expression of zona occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), VE-cadherin, and occludin, but not claudin-5, in the brain or in cultured BMECs. BBB breakdown in MHV3 infection was not related to production of barrier-dysregulating inflammatory cytokines or chemokines by infected BMECs but rather to a downregulation of barrier protective beta interferon (IFN-β) production. Our findings highlight the importance of IFN-β production by infected BMECs in preserving BBB function and preventing access of blood-borne infectious viruses to the brain. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect several mammals, including humans, and are associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and/or neurological diseases. There is some evidence that suggest that human respiratory CoVs may show neuroinvasive properties. Indeed, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), causing severe acute respiratory syndrome, and the CoVs OC43 and 229E were found in the brains of SARS patients and multiple sclerosis patients, respectively. These findings suggest that hematogenously spread CoVs may gain access to the CNS at the BBB level. Herein we report for the first time that CoVs exhibit the ability to cross the BBB according to strain virulence. BBB invasion by CoVs correlates with virus-induced disruption of tight junctions on BMECs, leading to BBB dysfunction and enhanced permeability. We provide evidence that production of IFN-β by BMECs during CoV infection may prevent BBB breakdown and brain viral invasion.
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Dan M, Bae Y, Pittman TA, Yokel RA. Alternating magnetic field-induced hyperthermia increases iron oxide nanoparticle cell association/uptake and flux in blood-brain barrier models. Pharm Res 2015; 32:1615-25. [PMID: 25377069 PMCID: PMC4803069 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are being investigated for brain cancer therapy because alternating magnetic field (AMF) activates them to produce hyperthermia. For central nervous system applications, brain entry of diagnostic and therapeutic agents is usually essential. We hypothesized that AMF-induced hyperthermia significantly increases IONP blood-brain barrier (BBB) association/uptake and flux. METHODS Cross-linked nanoassemblies loaded with IONPs (CNA-IONPs) and conventional citrate-coated IONPs (citrate-IONPs) were synthesized and characterized in house. CNA-IONP and citrate-IONP BBB cell association/uptake and flux were studied using two BBB Transwell(®) models (bEnd.3 and MDCKII cells) after conventional and AMF-induced hyperthermia exposure. RESULTS AMF-induced hyperthermia for 0.5 h did not alter CNA-IONP size but accelerated citrate-IONP agglomeration. AMF-induced hyperthermia for 0.5 h enhanced CNA-IONP and citrate-IONP BBB cell association/uptake. It also enhanced the flux of CNA-IONPs across the two in vitro BBB models compared to conventional hyperthermia and normothermia, in the absence of cell death. Citrate-IONP flux was not observed under these conditions. AMF-induced hyperthermia also significantly enhanced paracellular pathway flux. The mechanism appears to involve more than the increased temperature surrounding the CNA-IONPs. CONCLUSIONS Hyperthermia induced by AMF activation of CNA-IONPs has potential to increase the BBB permeability of therapeutics for the diagnosis and therapy of various brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Dan
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100176, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, 335 Biopharmaceutical Complex (College of Pharmacy) Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, 335 Biopharmaceutical Complex (College of Pharmacy) Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
| | - Thomas A. Pittman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Robert A. Yokel
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, 335 Biopharmaceutical Complex (College of Pharmacy) Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, USA
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Wan W, Cao L, Liu L, Zhang C, Kalionis B, Tai X, Li Y, Xia S. Aβ(1-42) oligomer-induced leakage in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model is associated with up-regulation of RAGE and metalloproteinases, and down-regulation of tight junction scaffold proteins. J Neurochem 2015; 134:382-93. [PMID: 25866188 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain is responsible for endothelial cell damage and consequently leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB disruption are not well described. We employed an monolayer BBB model comprising bEnd.3 cell and found that BBB leakage was induced by treatment with Aβ(1-42), and the levels of tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin) were decreased. Through comparisons of the effects of the different components of Aβ(1-42), including monomer (Aβ(1-42)-Mono), oligomer (Aβ(1-42)-Oligo), and fibril (Aβ(1-42)-Fibril), our data confirmed that Aβ(1-42)-Oligo is likely to be the most important damage factor that results in TJ damage and BBB leakage in Alzheimer's disease. We found that the incubation of bEnd.3 cells with Aβ(1-42) significantly up-regulated the level of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Co-incubation of a polyclonal antibody to RAGE and Aβ(1-42)-Oligo in bEnd.3 cells blocked RAGE suppression of Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced alterations in TJ scaffold proteins and reversed Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced up-regulation of RAGE, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Furthermore, we found that these effects induced by Aβ(1-42)-Oligo treatment were effectively suppressed by knockdown of RAGE using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. We also found that GM 6001, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, partially reversed the Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced inhibitor effects in bEnd.3 cells. Thus, these results suggested that RAGE played an important role in Aβ-induced BBB leakage and alterations of TJ scaffold proteins, through a mechanism that involved up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lumei Liu
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiantao Tai
- School of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Development and characterization of an endothelial cell line from the bulbus arteriosus of walleye, Sander vitreus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 180:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yasutaka Y, Watanabe T, Nakashima A, Matsumoto J, Futagami K, Yamauchi A, Kataoka Y. Tumor necrosis factor-α reduces beta-amyloid accumulation primarily by lowering cellular prion protein levels in a brain endothelial cell line. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:263-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Haseloff RF, Dithmer S, Winkler L, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:16-25. [PMID: 25433243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tetraspanning tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as claudins and TAMPs (TJ-associated marvel proteins, occludin and tricellulin). Claudins are the major components of the TJs. At the BBB, claudin-5 dominates the TJs by preventing the paracellular permeation of small molecules. On the other hand, TAMPs regulate the structure and function of the TJs; tricellulin may tighten the barrier for large molecules. This review aims at integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work on how the BBB is influenced by claudin-1, -3, -5, -12 and the TAMPs occludin and tricellulin, all of which are four-transmembrane TJ proteins. The exact functions of claudin-1, -3, -12 and TAMPs at this barrier still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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80
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Ruck T, Bittner S, Epping L, Herrmann AM, Meuth SG. Isolation of primary murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Vis Exp 2014:e52204. [PMID: 25489873 PMCID: PMC4354020 DOI: 10.3791/52204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional complex of tight and adherens junctions. Together with other cell-types such as astrocytes or pericytes, they form the neurovascular unit (NVU), which specifically regulates the interchange of fluids, molecules and cells between the peripheral blood and the CNS. Through this complex and dynamic system BMECs are involved in various processes maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. A dysfunction of the BBB is observed as an essential step in the pathogenesis of many severe CNS diseases. However, specific and targeted therapies are very limited, as the underlying mechanisms are still far from being understood. Animal and in vitro models have been extensively used to gain in-depth understanding of complex physiological and pathophysiological processes. By reduction and simplification it is possible to focus the investigation on the subject of interest and to exclude a variety of confounding factors. However, comparability and transferability are also reduced in model systems, which have to be taken into account for evaluation. The most common animal models are based on mice, among other reasons, mainly due to the constantly increasing possibilities of methodology. In vitro studies of isolated murine BMECs might enable an in-depth analysis of their properties and of the blood-brain-barrier under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further insights into the complex mechanisms at the BBB potentially provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies. This protocol describes a method to isolate primary murine microvascular endothelial cells by a sequence of physical and chemical purification steps. Special considerations for purity and cultivation of MBMECs as well as quality control, potential applications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster;
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster
| | - Lisa Epping
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology I, University of Münster
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Kalani A, Kamat PK, Familtseva A, Chaturvedi P, Muradashvili N, Narayanan N, Tyagi SC, Tyagi N. Role of microRNA29b in blood-brain barrier dysfunction during hyperhomocysteinemia: an epigenetic mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1212-22. [PMID: 24802332 PMCID: PMC4083388 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is maintained by the cross-talk of endothelial cells, junction proteins, and neurogliovascular network, the epigenetic mechanisms behind BBB permeability are largely unknown. We are reporting for the first time miR29b-mediated regulation of BBB, which is a novel mechanism underlying BBB integrity. We hypothesize that miR29b regulates BBB dysfunction by regulating DNMT3b, which consequently regulates the levels of metalloproteinases, that can eat up the membrane and junction proteins leading to leaky vasculature. In addition, 5'-azacytidine (5'-aza) was used to test its efficacy on BBB permeability. Blood-brain barrier disruption model was created by using homocysteine, and in the models miR29b was identified to be most affected, by using microRNA RT(2)-qPCR array. MiR29b mimics and inhibitors also confirmed that miR29b regulates the levels DNMT3b and MMP9. In hyperhomocysteinemic cystathionine-β-synthase deficient (CBS(+/-)) mice with high brain vessel permeability, miR29b levels were also high as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, 5'-aza improved BBB permeability by decreasing the expression of miR29b. In conclusion, our data suggested miR29b-mediated regulation of BBB dysfunction through DNMT3b and MMP9. It also potentiates the use of microRNAs as candidates for future epigenetic therapies in the improvement of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pradip K Kamat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anastasia Familtseva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nithya Narayanan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Curcumin-primed exosomes mitigate endothelial cell dysfunction during hyperhomocysteinemia. Life Sci 2014; 107:1-7. [PMID: 24780320 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exosomes, the nano-units (<200 nm), released from diverse cell types in the extracellular body fluid, possess non-immunogenic property and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Since exosomes carry biological information from their cells of origin, we hypothesize that priming cells with potential therapeutic agents release improved cellular contents through exosomes. Curcumin possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties and provides a promising treatment for cerebral diseases and therefore, the aim of the study is to establish that mouse brain endothelial cells (MBECs) when primed with curcumin (7.5 μM), release an alleviated exosome population that can help recover the endothelial cell (EC) layer permeability. MAIN METHODS Homocysteine is a well-known causative factor of BBB disruption; therefore, homocysteine-treated ECs were used as a model of BBB disruption and curcumin-primed exosomes were utilized to check their potential for mitigating EC disruption. MBECs were treated with curcumin and exosomes were isolated by using ultracentrifugation and immunoprecipitation. Expression levels of junction proteins were detected by Western blot and immunocytochemistry assays. Endothelial cell permeability was analyzed with Fluorescein isothiocyanate-Bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) leakage assay using transwell permeable supports. KEY FINDINGS Exosomes derived from curcumin-treated (primed) cells (CUR-EXO) alleviated oxidative stress, tight junctions (ZO-1, claudin-5, occludin), adherent junction (VE-cadherin) proteins and EC layer permeability induced during EC damage due to high homocysteine levels (hyperhomocysteinemia). SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the study potentiates the use of CUR-EXO for cerebral diseases where drug delivery is still a challenge. The results also pave the way to novel translational therapies for cerebral diseases by maintaining and establishing therapeutic conservatories via primed exosomes.
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Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier for the study of drug delivery to the brain. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1949-63. [PMID: 24641309 DOI: 10.1021/mp500046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most important obstacle to the drug delivery into the brain is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which limits the traffic of substances between the blood and the nervous tissue. Therefore, adequate in vitro models need to be developed in order to characterize the penetration properties of drug candidates into the central nervous system. This review article summarizes the presently used and the most promising in vitro BBB models based on the culture of brain endothelial cells. Robust models can be obtained using primary porcine brain endothelial cells and rodent coculture models, which have low paracellular permeability and express functional efflux transporters, showing good correlation of drug penetration data with in vivo results. Models mimicking the in vivo anatomophysiological complexity of the BBB are also available, including triple coculture (culture of brain endothelial cells in the presence of pericytes and astrocytes), dynamic, and microfluidic models; however, these are not suitable for rapid, high throughput studies. Potent human cell lines would be needed for easily available and reproducible models which avoid interspecies differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Temesvári krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Bicker J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Blood-brain barrier models and their relevance for a successful development of CNS drug delivery systems: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:409-32. [PMID: 24686194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During the research and development of new drugs directed at the central nervous system, there is a considerable attrition rate caused by their hampered access to the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Throughout the years, several in vitro models have been developed in an attempt to mimic critical functionalities of the blood-brain barrier and reliably predict the permeability of drug candidates. However, the current challenge lies in developing a model that retains fundamental blood-brain barrier characteristics and simultaneously remains compatible with the high throughput demands of pharmaceutical industries. This review firstly describes the roles of all elements of the neurovascular unit and their influence on drug brain penetration. In vitro models, including non-cell based and cell-based models, and in vivo models are herein presented, with a particular emphasis on their methodological aspects. Lastly, their contribution to the improvement of brain drug delivery strategies and drug transport across the blood-brain barrier is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Le Trionnaire S, Perry A, Szczesny B, Szabo C, Winyard PG, Whatmore JL, Wood ME, Whiteman M. The synthesis and functional evaluation of a mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide donor, (10-oxo-10-(4-(3-thioxo-3H-1,2-dithiol-5-yl)phenoxy)decyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (AP39). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in many diseases. Targeting H2S generation to mitochondria may be cytoprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Perry
- Biosciences
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, USA
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School
- St. Luke's Campus
- Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Mark E. Wood
- Biosciences
- College of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Exeter
- Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School
- St. Luke's Campus
- Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Srimanee A, Regberg J, Hallbrink M, Kurrikoff K, Veiman KL, Vajragupta O, Langel Ü. Peptide-Based Delivery of Oligonucleotides Across Blood–Brain Barrier Model. Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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