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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Pandiri AR, Kissling GE, Gerrish KE, Ton TV, Wilson RE, Brar SS, Brix AE, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Morgan DL. PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture (DE-71) toxicities and liver transcriptomic changes at PND 22 after in utero/postnatal exposure in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3415-3433. [PMID: 30206662 PMCID: PMC6706773 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE) are found in human tissue, in household dust, and in the environment, and a particular concern is the potential for the induction of cancer pathways from these fat-soluble persistent organic pollutants. Only one PBDE cancer study has been conducted and that was for a PBDE mixture (DE-71). Because it is not feasible to test all PBDE congeners in the environment for cancer potential, it is important to develop a set of biological endpoints that can be used in short-term toxicity studies to predict disease outcome after long-term exposures. In this study, PBDE-47 was selected as the test PBDE congener to evaluate and compare toxicity to that of the carcinogenic PBDE mixture. The toxicities of PBDE-47 and the PBDE mixture were evaluated at PND 22 in Wistar Han rat (Crl: WI (Han)) pups after in utero/postnatal exposure (0, 0.1, 15, or 50 mg/kg; dams, GD6-21; pups, PND 12-PND 21; oral gavage daily dosing). By PND 22, PBDE-47 caused centrilobular hypertrophy and fatty change in liver, and reduced serum thyroxin (T4) levels; similar effects were also observed after PBDE mixture exposure. Transcriptomic changes in the liver included induction of cytochrome p450 transcripts and up-regulation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway transcripts and ABC membrane transport transcripts. Decreases in other transport transcripts (ABCG5 & 8) provided a plausible mechanism for lipid accumulation, characterized by a treatment-related liver fatty change after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure. The benchmark dose calculation based on liver transcriptomic data was generally lower for PBDE-47 than for the PBDE mixture. The up-regulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and changes in metabolic transcripts after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure suggest that PBDE-47, like the PBDE mixture (NTP 2016, TR 589), could be a liver toxin/carcinogen after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA.
| | - K R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - K E Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - R E Wilson
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S S Brar
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A E Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - E Mutlu
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - D L Morgan
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA
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Buser MC, Abadin HG, Irwin JL, Pohl HR. Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR's toxicological profile database. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:553-578. [PMID: 30022686 PMCID: PMC6261274 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1496235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of the fetus is a complex process influenced by many factors including genetics, maternal health, and environmental exposures to toxic chemicals. Adverse developmental effects on the reproductive system have the potential to harm generations beyond those directly exposed. Here, we review the available literature in Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry toxicological profiles related to reproductive-developmental effects in animals following in utero exposure to chemicals. We attempt to identify windows of sensitivity. In the discussion, we correlate the findings with human development. The endpoints noted are fertility, estrus, anogenital distance, sex ratio, spermatogenesis, and mammary gland development. We identified some windows of sensitivity; however, the results were hampered by chronic-exposure studies designed to detect effects occurring throughout developmental, including multi-generational studies. This paper demonstrates the need for more acute studies in animals aimed at understanding time periods of development that are more susceptible to chemically induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Buser
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Henry G Abadin
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - John L Irwin
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Hana R Pohl
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Leijs MM, Koppe JG, Olie K, de Voogt P, van Aalderen WMC, Ten Tusscher GW. Exposure to Environmental Contaminants and Lung Function in Adolescents-Is There a Link? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071352. [PMID: 29954136 PMCID: PMC6069052 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF)), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and brominated flame retardants (BDEs) are well known toxic environmental contaminants. Their possible role in the incidence of respiratory disease is not yet well understood. Previous studies showed a negative effect on lung function in relation to prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure in pre-pubertal children. Effects of BDE exposure on the lung function have not previously been evaluated. As part of a longitudinal cohort study, the effects of perinatal dioxin (PCDD/F) exposure and serum PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and BDE levels on lung function in adolescents were assessed using spirometry, a body box, and diffusion measurements. Thirty-three children (born between 1986 and 1991) consented to the current follow-up study. Prenatal, lactational, and current dioxin, PCB, and BDE concentrations were determined using GC-MS. No relationship was seen between prenatal and lactational dioxin exposure, nor with current PCB body burden, and lung function. Indications of increasing airway obstruction were seen in relation to increasing current BDE exposure. This is a novel finding and certainly warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike M Leijs
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, The Netherlands.
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RTWH University Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Janna G Koppe
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ecobaby Foundation, Hollandstraat 6, 3634 AT Loenersloot, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees Olie
- IBED/ESPM, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBED/ESPM, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim M C van Aalderen
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gavin W Ten Tusscher
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Westfriesgasthuis, Maelsonstraat 3, 1624 NP Hoorn, The Netherlands.
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Zohrabi D, Parivar K, Sanati MH, Hayati Roodbari N. Effects of Crocin on The Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Hypothalamic Kiss-1 Gene Expression in Female Wistar Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2018; 12:56-60. [PMID: 29334208 PMCID: PMC5767933 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been traditionally used as a spice for coloring and flavoring in some countries cuisine. One of the main components of saffron is Crocin. Recent research have shown that crocin has various pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of crocin on the Pituitary-Gonadal axis and Kiss-1 gene expression in hypothalamus and ovarian tissue organization in female Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, 18 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Control group received normal saline and experimental groups received two different doses of crocin (100 and 200 mg/kg) every two days for 30 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were obtained from the heart and centrifuged. Next, the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone hormones were measured by ELISA assay. The ovarian tissues were removed and fixed for histological investigation. The hypothalamic Kiss-1 gene expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A significant reduction (P=0.038) in the number of atretic graafian follicles (0.5 ± 0.31) was observed in rats treated with 200 mg/kg crocin. In addition, estrogen concentration in experimental groups (35.04 ± 0.85 and 36.18 ± 0.69 in crocin 100 and 200 mg/kg groups, respectively) compared to control group (38.35 ± 0.64) and progesterone concentration in rats treated with crocin 200 mg/kg (2.06 ± 0.07) compared to control group (2.16 ± 0.04), significantly decreased. Interestingly, relative expressions of Kiss-1 mRNA significantly decreased in experimental groups (0.00053 ± 0.00051 and 0.0011 ± 0.00066 in crocin 100 and 200 mg/kg groups, respectively) (P=0.000) compared to control group (1 ± 0). CONCLUSION Crocin, at hypothalamic level, reduces Kiss-1 gene expression and it can prevent follicular atresia and reduce serum levels of estrogen and progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Zohrabi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Nasim Hayati Roodbari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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In utero and lactational exposure to BDE-47 promotes obesity development in mouse offspring fed a high-fat diet: impaired lipid metabolism and intestinal dysbiosis. Arch Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Deodati A, Sallemi A, Maranghi F, Germani D, Puglianiello A, Baldari F, Busani L, Mancini FR, Tassinari R, Mantovani A, Cianfarani S. Serum Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Girls with Premature Thelarche. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 86:233-239. [PMID: 27035145 DOI: 10.1159/000444586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants and have shown endocrine disruption properties in experimental studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the exposure to PBDEs and alterations of puberty in girls referred for idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and premature thelarche (PT). METHODS A case-control study was conducted in 124 girls: 37 girls with ICPP (mean age 7.4 ± 0.9 years), 56 with PT (mean age 5.7 ± 2.1 years) and 31 controls (mean age 5.4 ± 1.9 years). PBDE serum concentrations, hormone levels and anthropometry were assessed. PBDE concentrations were corrected for total serum lipid content. Individual exposure to PBDEs was evaluated through ad hoc questionnaires. RESULTS PBDE serum concentrations corrected for total lipid content were significantly higher in girls with PT (mean 1.49 ± 0.63 log ng/g) than in controls (mean 1.23 ± 0.54 log ng/g; p < 0.05). PT girls showed higher levels of PBDE than ICPP girls (1.49 ± 0.63 vs. 1.37 ± 0.49 log ng/g), though this was not significant. An analysis of the questionnaires revealed no significant differences in exposure between the three groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that higher concentrations of serum PBDEs are associated with PT in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Deodati
- Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, 'Tor Vergata' University, Rome, Italy
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Krieger LK, Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Hepatic microsomal metabolism of BDE-47 and BDE-99 by lesser snow geese and Japanese quail. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:559-566. [PMID: 28525869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the oxidative biotransformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) by liver microsomes from wild lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and domesticated Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Formation of hydroxy-metabolites was analyzed using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Incubation of BDE-47 with avian liver microsomes produced sixteen hydroxy-metabolites, eight of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites formed by liver microsomes from individual lesser snow geese were 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-42), 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47), and 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-49). By comparison, 4-OH-BDE-42 and 4'-OH-BDE-49, but not 3-OH-BDE-47, were major metabolites of Japanese quail liver microsomes. Unidentified metabolites included monohydroxy- and dihydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers. Incubation of BDE-99 with avian liver microsomes produced seventeen hydroxy-metabolites, twelve of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites formed by lesser snow goose liver microsomes were 2,4,5-tribromophenol, 3-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-90), and 5'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (5'-OH-BDE-99). By comparison, the major metabolites produced by liver microsomes from Japanese quail included 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47) and 2-hydroxy-2',3,4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (2-OH-BDE-123), but not 3-OH-BDE-47. Unidentified metabolites consisted of monohydroxy-pentabromodiphenyl ethers, monohydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers and dihydroxy-tetrabromodiphenyl ethers. Another difference between the two species was that formation rates of BDE-47 and BDE-99 metabolites were greater with liver microsomes from male than female Japanese quail, but a sex difference was not observed with lesser snow geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Krieger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stelvio M Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Zhu Y, Tan YQ, Leung LK. Exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether at late gestation modulates placental signaling molecules in the mouse model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:289-295. [PMID: 28448910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants generally employed in manufacturing household items. Surface water may remove and carry these chemicals to the drainage upon disposal of the items, and ultimately the chemicals enter our food chain. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is a PBDE congener commonly found in contaminated seafood. The placenta is the site of nutrient exchange and is responsible for reproductive hormone secretion during pregnancy. In the present study, pregnant ICR mice were given p.o. daily doses of BDE-47 at 0, 0.36, 3.6, 36 mg/kg for 4 days (from E13.5 to E16.5). Compared to the control group, increased rates of stillborn and low birth weight were observed in mice treated with 36 mg BDE-47/kg. Plasma testosterone and progesterone levels were reduced in mice treated with 36 mg BDE-47/kg. In addition, the group treated with 3.6 mg/kg of BDE-47 displayed decreased growth hormone (Gh) peptide expression in the placental tissue extracted at E17.5. As this peptide stimulates growth, the expression pattern might suggest compromised fetal development. Further analysis indicated that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were activated in the placental tissue of the BDE-47-treatment groups. The activation of these signaling molecules might affect the hormonal and other physiological functions in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Yan Qin Tan
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Lai K Leung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Vuong AM, Braun JM, Sjödin A, Webster GM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Prenatal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposure and Body Mass Index in Children Up To 8 Years of Age. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1891-1897. [PMID: 27285825 PMCID: PMC5132628 DOI: 10.1289/ehp139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors has been associated with increased risk of childhood obesity. However, epidemiologic studies on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are limited despite animal studies indicating PBDEs' potential role as an obesogen. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether maternal concentrations of BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, and ΣPBDEs during pregnancy were associated with anthropometric measures in children aged 1-8 years. METHODS We examined 318 mother-child pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a birth cohort enrolled from 2003 through 2006 (Cincinnati, OH). Serum PBDEs were measured at 16 ± 3 weeks gestation. We measured child height (1-8 years), weight (1-8 years), body mass index (BMI) (2-8 years), waist circumference (4-8 years), and body fat (8 years). To account for repeated measures, we used linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations to estimate associations between maternal PBDEs and child anthropometric measures. RESULTS We found no statistically significant associations between prenatal PBDEs and height or weight z-score. A 10-fold increase in maternal serum BDE-153 was associated with lower BMI z-score (β = -0.36; 95% CI: -0.60, -0.13) at 2-8 years, smaller waist circumference (β = -1.81 cm; 95% CI: -3.13, -0.50) at 4-8 years, and lower percent body fat (β = -2.37%; 95% CI: -4.21, -0.53) at 8 years. A decrease in waist circumference at 4-8 years was observed with a 10-fold increase in BDE-100 (β = -1.50 cm; 95% CI: -2.93, -0.08) and ΣPBDEs (β = -1.57 cm; 95% CI: -3.11, -0.02). CONCLUSIONS Reverse causality may have resulted in prenatal PBDEs, particularly BDE-153, and decreased BMI, waist circumference, and body fat. Citation: Vuong AM, Braun JM, Sjödin A, Webster GM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A. 2016. Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure and body mass index in children up to 8 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 124:1891-1897; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP139.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Vuong
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Glenys M. Webster
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Address correspondence to: A. Chen, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056 USA. Telephone: (513) 558-2129. E-mail:
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Gao Y, Chen L, Wang C, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Ji L, Shi R, Cui C, Ding G, Jin J, Tian Y. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and female reproductive function: A study in the production area of Shandong, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:9-15. [PMID: 27485910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used in commercial and household products. Few human studies have examined the effects of PBDE exposure on female reproductive function. We recruited 207 pregnant women when they were admitted for labor from September 2010 to February 2012 as part of a birth cohort study, the Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort study. Maternal sera were analyzed for eight PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) and four sex hormones. BDE-153 exhibited the highest serum level (median 4.67ng/g lipid), followed by BDE-99 (median 3.45ng/g lipid) and BDE-28, -47, and -100 (medians near 2ng/g lipid). BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, and -153 were the most frequently detected (>90%) congeners. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were negatively associated with PBDE exposure. For each natural log unit increase in BDE-47, 100, and ∑5PBDEs, FSH levels changed -1.19IU/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.32, -1.02), -1.17IU/L (95%CI: -1.36, -1.01) and -1.26IU/L (95%CI: -1.55, -1.02) respectively. BDE-85, -153, and -183 were associated with adverse reproductive effects, including an increased risk of threatened abortion (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI]: 1.30 [1.03, 1.62], 1.04 [1.01, 1.08], and 1.03 [1.01, 1.06], respectively). BDE-153 was associated with an increased risk of premature birth (adjusted OR [95% CI]:1.05 [1.01, 1.09]), and BDE-28 was associated with longer time to pregnancy (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.34 [1.03, 1.76]). These findings suggest that maternal PBDE exposure may be inversely associated with female reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caifeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Research Base of Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infection Disease in China CDC, Shanghai, Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and autophagy in 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether-induced rat ovarian injury. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:187-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Karpeta A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Differences in the mechanisms of action of BDE-47 and its metabolites on OVCAR-3 and MCF-7 cell apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:426-435. [PMID: 27589474 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Data concerning possible carcinogenic action of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in hormone-dependent tissues are limited. Our earlier studies showed that 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) stimulated OVCAR-3 and MCF-7 cell proliferation, while its hydroxylated metabolites (5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47) increased estrogen receptors protein expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase Cα phosphorylation in these cell lines. In addition to cell proliferative disorder, a failure in the regulation of apoptosis can also lead to the formation and development of tumors. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of BDE-47 and its metabolites (2.5-50 ng ml-1 ) on the expression of apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins, caspase-8 and -9 activity and DNA fragmentation induced by extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor (PD098059) and protein kinase Cα inhibitor (Gӧ 6976) in ovarian (OVCAR-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. In OVCAR-3 cells, BDE-47 upregulated expression of most of the investigated genes and increased protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptor 1, caspase-6, Bcl-xl and caspase-8 activity. Whereas in MCF-7 cells, BDE-47 resulted in the downregulation of most of the investigated genes, and decreased caspase-8 and -9 activity. In both OVCAR-3 and MCF-7 cells, the expression of most of the investigated genes were downregulated by metabolites. Exposure of OVCAR-3 cells to 5-OH-BDE-47 corresponded with a decrease in the protein expression of caspase-6, caspase-9 and Bcl-xl and treatment with 6-OH-BDE-47 decreased Bcl-xl and TNF receptor 1 expression in OVCAR-3 cells and caspase-9 expression in MCF-7 cells. Hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 have strong inhibitory effects on apoptosis in ovarian and breast tumor cells and thus should be considered potential carcinogens in hormone-dependent cancers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Lundin JI, Ylitalo GM, Booth RK, Anulacion B, Hempelmann JA, Parsons KM, Giles DA, Seely EA, Hanson MB, Emmons CK, Wasser SK. Modulation in Persistent Organic Pollutant Concentration and Profile by Prey Availability and Reproductive Status in Southern Resident Killer Whale Scat Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6506-6516. [PMID: 27186642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), specifically PCBs, PBDEs, and DDTs, in the marine environment are well documented, however accumulation and mobilization patterns at the top of the food-web are poorly understood. This study broadens the understanding of POPs in the endangered Southern Resident killer whale population by addressing modulation by prey availability and reproductive status, along with endocrine disrupting effects. A total of 140 killer whale scat samples collected from 54 unique whales across a 4 year sampling period (2010-2013) were analyzed for concentrations of POPs. Toxicant measures were linked to pod, age, and birth order in genotyped individuals, prey abundance using open-source test fishery data, and pregnancy status based on hormone indices from the same sample. Toxicant concentrations were highest and had the greatest potential for toxicity when prey abundance was the lowest. In addition, these toxicants were likely from endogenous lipid stores. Bioaccumulation of POPs increased with age, with the exception of presumed nulliparous females. The exceptional pattern may be explained by females experiencing unobserved neonatal loss. Transfer of POPs through mobilization of endogenous lipid stores during lactation was highest for first-borns with diminished transfer to subsequent calves. Contrary to expectation, POP concentrations did not demonstrate an associated disruption of thyroid hormone, although this association may have been masked by impacts of prey abundance on thyroid hormone concentrations. The noninvasive method for measuring POP concentrations in killer whales through scat employed in this study may improve toxicant monitoring in the marine environment and promote conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Lundin
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Rebecca K Booth
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bernadita Anulacion
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jennifer A Hempelmann
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Kim M Parsons
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Deborah A Giles
- Center for Whale Research , Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Seely
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - M Bradley Hanson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Candice K Emmons
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Samuel K Wasser
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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64
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Makey CM, McClean MD, Braverman LE, Pearce EN, Sjödin A, Weinberg J, Webster TF. Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure and reproductive hormones in North American men. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62:46-52. [PMID: 27094376 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardant chemicals that are persistent organic pollutants. Animal experiments and some human studies indicate that PBDEs may adversely affect male reproductive function. OBJECTIVES To assess the association between PBDE exposure and reproductive hormones (RHs) in a North American male adult cohort. METHODS From 2010-11, we collected three serum samples from 27 healthy adult men. We assessed associations between PBDEs and RHs using mixed effect regression models. RESULTS PBDEs were inversely associated with inhibin-B. In older men, increased concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-100 were significantly associated with a decrease in inhibin-B, and an increase in follicular stimulating hormone (FSH). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest PBDE exposure may affect RHs in older men. We did not measure other parameters of male reproductive function and therefore these results are preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Makey
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Michael D McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lewis E Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 1010 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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65
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Karpeta A, Maniecka A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Different mechanisms of action of 2, 2’, 4, 4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and its metabolites (5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47) on cell proliferation in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1558-1567. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Poland
| | - Anna Maniecka
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow; Krakow Poland
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66
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Krieger LK, Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Evaluation of hepatic biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:555-564. [PMID: 26745384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polar bears are at the top of the Arctic marine food chain and are subject to exposure and bioaccumulation of environmental chemicals of concern such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which were widely used as flame retardants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) by polar bear liver microsomes. The identification and quantification of the hydroxy-brominated diphenyl ethers formed were assessed using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method. Incubation of BDE-47 with archived individual liver microsomes, prepared from fifteen polar bears from northern Canada, produced a total of eleven hydroxylated metabolites, eight of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites were 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether and 5'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. Incubation of BDE-99 with polar bear liver microsomes produced a total of eleven hydroxylated metabolites, seven of which were identified using authentic standards. The major metabolites were 2,4,5-tribromophenol and 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether. Among the CYP specific antibodies tested, anti-rat CYP2B was found to be the most active in inhibiting the formation of hydroxylated metabolites of both BDE-47 and BDE-99, indicating that CYP2B was the major CYP enzyme involved in the oxidative biotransformation of these two congeners. Our study shows that polar bears are capable of forming multiple hydroxylated metabolites of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in vitro and demonstrates the role of CYP2B in the biotransformation and possibly in the toxicity of BDE-47 and BDE-99 in polar bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Krieger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stelvio M Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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67
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Kariyazono Y, Taura J, Hattori Y, Ishii Y, Narimatsu S, Fujimura M, Takeda T, Yamada H. Effect of in utero exposure to endocrine disruptors on fetal steroidogenesis governed by the pituitary-gonad axis: a study in rats using different ways of administration. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:909-16. [PMID: 26558472 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of endocrine disruptors on testicular steroidogenesis in fetal rats were investigated in a study involving in utero exposure. In the major part of this study, pregnant rats at gestational day (GD)15 were given a single oral administration of the test substance, and then the expression of the following mRNAs in GD20 fetuses was determined: testicular steroidogenic acute-regulatory protein (StAR), a cholesterol transporter mediating the rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis, a ß-subunit of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH), and a regulator of gonadal steroidogenesis. Among the substances tested, only di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) reduced the expression of fetal testicular StAR. The others listed below exhibited little effect on fetal StAR: 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether, tributyltin chloride, atrazine, permethrin, cadmium chloride (Cd), lead acetate (Pb) and methylmercury (CH3HgOH). None of them, including DEHP, lacked the ability to reduce the expression of pituitary LHß mRNA. The present study also examined the potential of metals as modifiers of fetal steroidogenesis by giving them to pregnant dams in drinking water during GD1 and GD20. Under these conditions, Cd and Pb at a low concentration (0.01 ppm) significantly attenuated the fetal testicular expression of StAR mRNA without a concomitant reduction in LHß. No such effect was detected with CH3HgOH even at 1 ppm. These results suggest that: 1) DEHP, Cd and Pb attenuate the fetal production of sex steroids by directly acting on the testis, and 2) chronic treatment during the entire gestational period is more useful than a single administration for determining the hazardous effect of a suspected endocrine disruptor on fetal steroidogenesis.
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68
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Jarema KA, Hunter DL, Shaffer RM, Behl M, Padilla S. Acute and developmental behavioral effects of flame retardants and related chemicals in zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:194-209. [PMID: 26348672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As polybrominated diphenyl ethers are phased out, numerous compounds are emerging as potential replacement flame retardants for use in consumer and electronic products. Little is known, however, about the neurobehavioral toxicity of these replacements. This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of acute or developmental exposure to t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP; also abbreviated TCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP; also abbreviated TPP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP; also abbreviated TDCPP), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), and 2,2-,4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Larvae (n≈24 per dose per compound) were exposed to test compounds (0.4-120 μM) at sub-teratogenic concentrations either developmentally or acutely, and locomotor activity was assessed at 6 days post fertilization. When given developmentally, all chemicals except BPDP, IDDP and TBBPA produced behavioral effects. When given acutely, all chemicals produced behavioral effects, with TPHP, TBBPA, EHDP, IPP, and BPDP eliciting the most effects at the most concentrations. The results indicate that these replacement flame retardants may have developmental or pharmacological effects on the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Jarema
- Toxicology Assessment Division NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Deborah L Hunter
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rachel M Shaffer
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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69
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Sha J, Wang Y, Chen H, Wang M, Wang H, Li X, Qi L, Tang X. Using population demographic parameters to assess impacts of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 119:106-115. [PMID: 25988436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are highly persistent anthropogenic contaminants found in the environment, posing a risk to aquatic ecosystems, whereas there is a lack of data concerning their impacts on marine invertebrates. The objective of this study was to assess the relative lethal and sublethal aquatic toxicity effects of two PBDEs, BDE-47 and BDE-209 congeners, on marine zooplankton rotifer Brachionus plicatilis associated with PBDE concentrations and time of exposure. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed to determine actual PBDE concentrations. Rotifer population demographic parameters from life tables, including age-specific survivorship (lx), age-specific fecundity (mx), net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), life expectancy (E0) and generation time (T), were used as measures of treatment effects. Results from this study have revealed increasingly intense negative effects on many of the rotifer demographic parameters with elevated PBDE concentrations. The population growth curves of B. plicatilis showed almost no lag phase and reached peak abundances within 11 days, while B. plicatilis exposed to BDE-209 had a lag phase of about 5 days. In addition, increased PBDE levels reduced the population abundances and peak population densities of B. plicatilis. The two PBDEs have caused the carrying capacity (K) suppressed and the negative influence turned more serious as the concentration rose. Results also revealed that the time to reach growth curve inflection point (Tp) was shortened by PBDEs to different degrees. This study not only indicated that life table demography and population growth curve studies were two important aspects used to evaluate toxicant PBDE effects, but also compared the two PBDE disruptions to the population growth and reproduction of the rotifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sha
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lei Qi
- The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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70
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Gregoraszczuk EL, Dobrzanska G, Karpeta A. Effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) on the enzymes of phase I (CYP2B1/2) and phase II (SULT1A and COMT) metabolism, and differences in the action of parent BDE-47 and its hydroxylated metabolites, 5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE47, on steroid secretion by luteal cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:498-507. [PMID: 26310508 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study we determined the effects of BDE-47 on the expression and activity of phase I (CYP2B1/2) and phase II (SULT1A and COMT) enzymes, and assessed the actions of BDE-47 and its metabolites on luteal steroidogenesis. Luteal cells collected during early (ELP), middle (MLP) and late (LLP) luteal phase were exposed to BDE-47 (0.5, 25, and 50ng/ml) or metabolites (2.5, 5 and 25ng/ml). BDE-47 decreased CYP2B1/2 activity and expression but had no effect on SULT1A or COMT. BDE-47 exerted a stimulatory action on estrogen secretion in MLP and an inhibitory in LLP, but had no effect on progesterone secretion. 5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 decreased progesterone, but had no effect on estrogen secretion. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of BDE-47 on CYP2B1/2 suggests the possibility of BDE-47 accumulation in the corpus luteum; by affecting steroid secretion and steroidogenesis enzymes, BDE-47 and its metabolites can be responsible for shortening luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - G Dobrzanska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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71
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Neuman-Lee LA, Carr J, Vaughn K, French SS. Physiological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-47) on pregnant gartersnakes and resulting offspring. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:143-51. [PMID: 25845721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants and are persistent contaminants found in virtually every environment and organism sampled to date, including humans. There is growing evidence that PBDEs are the source of thyroid, neurodevelopmental, and reproductive toxicity. Yet little work has focused on how this pervasive contaminant may influence the reproduction and physiology of non-traditional model species. This is especially critical because in many cases non-model species, such as reptiles, are most likely to come into contact with PBDEs in nature. We tested how short-term, repeated exposure to the PBDE congener BDE-47 during pregnancy affected physiological processes in pregnant female gartersnakes (thyroid follicular height, bactericidal ability, stress responsiveness, reproductive output, and tendency to terminate pregnancy) and their resulting offspring (levels of corticosterone, bactericidal ability, and size differences). We found potential effects of BDE-47 on both the mother, such as increased size and higher thyroid follicular height, and her offspring (increased size), suggesting the effects on physiological function of PBDEs do indeed extend beyond the traditional rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin A Neuman-Lee
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| | - James Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Katelynn Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
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Xu XB, Shi YJ, Lu YL, Zheng XQ, Ritchie RJ. Growth inhibition and altered gene transcript levels in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:1-7. [PMID: 25600924 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of the ubiquitous pollutant 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida were assessed by determining growth-inhibition and gene transcript levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione transferase (GST), and transcriptional changes of the stress-response gene (heat-shock protein 70 [Hsp70]). Somatic growth and growth-inhibition rates in all BDE-47-treated groups were significantly different from those of the controls. The SOD gene transcripts were upregulated at all exposure doses and reached the maximum at the concentration of 400 mg/kg dry weight (dw) (3.84-fold, P < 0.01), which protected earthworms from oxidative stresses. However, downregulation of CAT and Hsp70 was present in all exposure doses and reached to the minimum at concentrations of 400 mg/kg dw (0.07-fold, P < 0.01 and 0.06-fold, P < 0.01, respectively). Upregulation of GST gene transcript level presented significant changes at concentrations of 10 (2.69-fold, P < 0.05) and 100 mg/kg dw (2.55-fold, P < 0.05). SOD maintained a dynamic balance to upregulate SOD expression to eliminate superoxide radicals in all dosage treatments, but downregulation of CAT decreased the ability to eliminate hydrogen peroxide. These changes could result in biochemical and physiological disturbances in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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The Correlation between Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Thyroid Hormones in the General Population: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126989. [PMID: 25992849 PMCID: PMC4436299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Certain epidemiological studies have suggested exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the production and secretion of thyroid hormones (TH); however, conflicting results have been reported in different studies. There is not a convincing conclusion about this debate to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS To perform a meta-analysis determining if there are correlations between PBDEs exposure and the serum levels of TH. Medical and scientific literature databases were searched for articles that met the eligibility criteria. The included articles were assessed for methodological quality. The correlation coefficient values or regression coefficient values between PBDEs and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or total thyroxine (TT4) from each article were used for analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Sixteen articles were included in this meta-analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were directly collected or calculated from data given in the articles. Then, Fisher's z transformation was performed to convert each correlation coefficient to an approximately normal distribution. For z values between PBDEs exposure and TSH levels, the pooled z value for 18 studies was 0.08 (95% CI: -0.06, 0.22), and indicated significant heterogeneity (I2 values = 90.7%). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the median values of serum PBDEs in each study, there was not significant heterogeneity in each of the four subgroups (I2 values <30%). In meta-analysis of z values between PBDEs exposure and the levels of TT4, the pooled z value for 11 studies was -0.02 (95% CI: -0.11, 0.08), and also indicated significant heterogeneity (I2 values = 57.6%). Similar subgroup analysis was done for the PBDEs exposures and the levels of TT4. No significant heterogeneity was shown in either of the two subgroups (I2 values = 0). CONCLUSION The findings in our meta-analysis indicate the effects of PBDEs on thyroid function may mainly depend on PBDEs exposure and their levels found in serum. The relationship between PBDEs exposure and changes in thyroid function seem to fit an approximate u-shaped curve. These predictions await further verification, namely a prospective longitudinal study.
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Fan F, Hu R, Munzli A, Chen Y, Dunn RT, Weikl K, Strauch S, Schwandner R, Afshari CA, Hamadeh H, Nioi P. Utilization of human nuclear receptors as an early counter screen for off-target activity: a case study with a compendium of 615 known drugs. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:283-95. [PMID: 25752796 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-target effects of drugs on nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) may result in adverse effects in multiple organs/physiological processes. Reliable assessments of the NHR activities for drug candidates are therefore crucial for drug development. However, the highly permissive structures of NHRs for vastly different ligands make it challenging to predict interactions by examining the chemical structures of the ligands. Here, we report a detailed investigation on the agonistic and antagonistic activities of 615 known drugs or drug candidates against a panel of 6 NHRs: androgen, progesterone, estrogen α/β, and thyroid hormone α/β receptors. Our study revealed that 4.7 and 12.4% compounds have agonistic and antagonistic activities, respectively, against this panel of NHRs. Nonetheless, potent, unintended NHR hits are relatively rare among the known drugs, indicating that such interactions are perhaps not tolerated during drug development. However, we uncovered examples of compounds that unintentionally agonize or antagonize NHRs. In addition, a number of compounds showed multi-NHR activities, suggesting that the cross-talk between multiple NHRs co-operate to elicit in vivo effects. These data highlight the merits of counter screening drug candidate against NHRs during drug discovery/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rong Hu
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anke Munzli
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Chen
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert T Dunn
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Weikl
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Strauch
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwandner
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia A Afshari
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul Nioi
- *Amgen Inc., Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Discovery Toxicology, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and Amgen Research GmbH, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Man YB, Chow KL, Man M, Lam JCW, Lau FTK, Fung WC, Wong MH. Profiles and removal efficiency of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by two different types of sewage treatment work in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:261-268. [PMID: 25461027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate removal efficiencies and profiles of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners by two different types of sewage treatment work (STW) in Hong Kong: Stonecutters Island STW (SCISTW) which uses chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and Sha Tin STW (STSTW) which adopts biological treatment. The results indicated that both SCISTW and STSTW had a high total removal efficiency for BDE-47, BDE-99 BDE-209 and total PBDEs (SCISTW: 71.6 ± 15.8, 84.7 ± 12.3, 96.0 ± 2.62 and 87.4 ± 8.02%, respectively; STSTW: 74.8 ± 9.5, 90.7 ± 9.14, 96.2 ± 2.41 and 89.3 ± 2.62%, respectively) and PBDEs were chiefly removed by sorption. However, the profile of PBDEs demonstrated that the relative proportions of BDE-28 and BDE-47 in total PBDEs markedly increased, while that of BDE-209 decreased in the effluent samples of the two sewage treatment works, especially in STSTW. The percentage of BDE-209 in total PBDEs in effluent (49.3%) of SCISTW was 21.2% lower than that in influent (70.5%), and the percentage of BDE-209 in total PBDEs in effluent (13.8%) of STSTW was 34.1% reduced from influent (47.9%). Despite overall removal, the percentage of BDE-47 in total PBDEs in effluent (17.6%) of SCISTW was 6.85% higher than that in influent (10.7%), and the percentage of BDE-47 in total PBDEs in effluent (33.5%) of STSTW was 18.1% increased from influent (16.8%). The increase in proportion of BDE-47 in the effluent might raise environmental and public health concerns. Our study is a first attempt in reporting the PBDE congener profiles in different phases of sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Man
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Chung Wah Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution and Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Frankie Tat Kwong Lau
- Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Cheong Fung
- Drainage Services Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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Talsness C, Grote K, Kuriyama S, Presibella K, Sterner-Kock A, Poça K, Chahoud I. Prenatal exposure to the phytoestrogen daidzein resulted in persistent changes in ovarian surface epithelial cell height, folliculogenesis, and estrus phase length in adult Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:635-644. [PMID: 26039681 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1006711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein (DZ), an isoflavone with the potential to interfere with estrogen signaling, is found in soy products, which have gained popularity due to purported beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and skeletal systems and potential antineoplastic properties. However, the ingestion of phytoestrogens has been associated with impaired reproductive function in many species. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term effects on the ovaries of rat offspring exposed to DZ or ethinyl estradiol (EE) during prenatal development. Gravid rats were administered either vehicle or 5 or 60 mg DZ/kg body weight/d or 0.002 mg 17-α EE /kg body weight/d on gestational days 6-21. Ovarian-related endpoints were investigated during adulthood in female offspring. The mean cell height of the ovarian surface epithelium was significantly reduced in all treated groups. Alterations in folliculogenesis included increased follicular atresia, a reduction in secondary and tertiary follicle numbers, and cyst formation. An elevated prevalence of a slightly prolonged estrus phase was also observed. The morphological changes to the ovarian surface epithelium are consistent with an antiproliferative effect, while ovarian folliculogenesis was adversely affected. The effects of the high dose DZ were similar to those observed with 17-α EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Talsness
- a Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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Choi G, Kim S, Kim S, Kim S, Choi Y, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Kim SY, Lee S, Moon HB, Choi S, Choi K, Park J. Occurrences of major polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in maternal and fetal cord blood sera in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 491-492:219-226. [PMID: 24636800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are of growing public health concern because of their potential toxicities which range from endocrine disruption to neurodevelopment. However, information on their exposure among sensitive human populations is limited. The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of major PBDEs in blood sera of pregnant women and their matching newborn infants. For this purpose, a total of 198 maternal blood samples and 118 matching umbilical cord blood samples were collected from four regions of South Korea in 2011, and were determined for 19 PBDE congeners. Various demographic, dietary, and behavioral characteristics were asked in a questionnaire survey. Average concentration of total PBDEs in maternal blood serum was 3.34 ± 8.42 ng/g lipid weight (lw) at delivery and 3.14 ± 7.46 ng/g lw at 6 months of pregnancy, respectively. In cord blood serum, an average of 9.37 ± 12.60 ng/g lw was detected. Among the measured PBDE congeners, BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 were most dominant in both maternal and cord blood sera. Relatively higher levels of BDE-99 were detected in cord blood serum. Strong positive correlations were detected between maternal and cord blood serum samples, indicating the importance of maternal transfer. Health consequences of transplacental exposure to PBDEs among fetuses and newborn infants warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Choi
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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78
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Exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants affects fetal development in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 2014; 320:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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79
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Yu L, Liu C, Chen Q, Zhou B. Endocrine disruption and reproduction impairment in zebrafish after long-term exposure to DE-71. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1354-62. [PMID: 24596126 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on fish reproduction over 2 generations. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (F0) were exposed to low concentrations (3 µg/L, 10 µg/L, and 30 µg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 until they were sexually mature, and steroid hormone production, expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, gonadal development, and gamete characteristics were examined. Exposure of female zebrafish to DE-71 resulted in lower estradiol production and downregulation of cytochrome P450 aromatase mRNA. In males, exposure to DE-71 resulted in greater testosterone production and greater cytochrome P450 c17 α-hydroxylase,17,20-lase mRNA expression. Moreover, hepatic vitellogenin mRNA and estrogenic receptor β gene transcription were downregulated in females and males. Expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone β gene in the pituitary was upregulated, and the expression of luteinizing hormone β was downregulated in both sexes. Histological examination showed inhibition of oocyte maturation in females and retarded spermiation in males. The average number of eggs (F1) produced was also reduced. Additionally, exposure of F0 embryos to DE-71 did not result in developmental toxicity, whereas delayed hatching, reduced survival, and decreased growth were observed in the F1 embryos derived from parent fish exposed to DE-71. Therefore, long-term exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs in zebrafish could cause reproductive impairment, suggesting that PBDEs might have significant adverse effects on fish population in the highly PBDEs-contaminated aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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80
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Zhang S, Xu X, Wu Y, Ge J, Li W, Huo X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential and agricultural soils from an electronic waste polluted region in South China: distribution, compositional profile, and sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 102:55-60. [PMID: 24374188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation was conducted to understand the concentration, distribution, profile and possible source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential and agricultural soils from Guiyu, Shantou, China, one of the largest electronic waste (e-waste) recycling and dismantling areas in the world. Ten PBDEs were analyzed in 46 surface soil samples in terms of individual and total concentrations, together with soil organic matter concentrations. Much higher concentrations of the total PBDEs were predicted in the residential areas (more than 2000 ng g(-1)), exhibiting a clear urban source, while in the agricultural areas, concentrations were lower than 1500 ng g(-1). PBDE-209 was the most dominant congener among the study sites, indicating the prevalence of commercial deca-PBDE. However signature congeners from commercial octa-PBDE were also found. The total PBDE concentrations were significantly correlated with each individual PBDE. Principal component analysis indicated that PBDEs were mainly distributed in three groups according to the number of bromine atoms on the phenyl rings, and potential source. This study showed that the informal e-waste recycling has already introduced PBDEs into surrounding areas as pollutant which thus warrants an urgent investigation into the transport of PBDEs in the soil-plant system of agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Zhang
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yousheng Wu
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jingjing Ge
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiqiu Li
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Analytic Cytology Laboratory and the Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Abstract
Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) during sensitive developmental windows can interfere with cognitive function and behavior, which are critical components of neurodevelopment. The association between developmental exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment has been extensively studied using animal models. In this review, we focus on the accumulating evidence in humans. Despite methodological, geographical, and temporal differences between studies, the majority of the epidemiologic evidence supports that early life exposure to PBDEs measured during pregnancy and/or during childhood is detrimental to child neurodevelopment in domains related to child behavior, cognition, and motor skills. While the precise mechanism of action of PBDEs on neurodevelopment is unknown, PBDE-induced neurotoxicity via thyroid hormone disruption and direct action of PBDEs on the developing brain have been proposed and tested. Additional studies are suggested to better understand how early life and/or childhood PBDE exposures, including exposure to specific PBDE congeners, impact neurodevelopmental indices.
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Hashmi MZ, Shen H, Zhu S, Yu C, Shen C. Growth, bioluminescence and shoal behavior hormetic responses to inorganic and/or organic chemicals: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 64:28-39. [PMID: 24361513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A biphasic dose response, termed hormesis, is characterized by beneficial effects of a chemical at a low dose and harmful effects at a high dose. This biphasic dose response phenomenon has the potential to strongly alter toxicology in a broad range. The present review focuses on the progress of research into hormetic responses in terms of growth (in plants, birds, algae and humans), bioluminescence, and shoal behavior as end points. The paper describes how both inorganic and organic chemicals at a low dose show stimulatory responses while at higher doses are inhibitory. The article highlights how factors such as symbiosis, density-dependent factors, time, and contrasting environmental factors (availability of nutrients, temperature, light, etc.) affect both the range and amplitude of hormetic responses. Furthermore, the possible underlying mechanisms are also discussed and we suggest that, for every end point, different hormetic mechanisms may exist. The occurrences of varying interacting receptor systems or receptor systems affecting the assessment of hormesis for each endpoint are discussed. The present review suggests that a hormetic model should be adopted for toxicological evaluations instead of the older threshold and linear non-threshold models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenhai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunna Yu
- Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang R, Guo J, Wu F, Mu Y, Giesy JP, Chang H, Zhao X, Feng C. Toxicity reference values for polybrominated diphenyl ethers: risk assessment for predatory birds and mammals from two Chinese lakes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 229:111-137. [PMID: 24515812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03777-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are persistent organic pollutants, and have the capability to produce adverse effects on organisms. Aquatic piscivorous species at higher trophic levels have the greatest exposure risk. Information on the toxic potency of a commercial PBDE mixture, DE-71, to mink and American kestrel was reviewed, and dietary- and tissue-based TRVs were derived and evaluated for ecological risk assessment of aquatic piscivorous species inhabiting wetland areas in China. The effect on mink thyroid function was identified as the most appropriate and protective endpoint for deriving the TRV s for mammals. The TRV was based on dietary exposure, and wa s0.1 mg DE-71/kg (wm) or 0.01 mg DE-71/kg (bm)/day (ADI); for liver of mammals,the TRV was 1.2 mg LPBDEslkg (lm). For birds, reproductive effects on American kestrels were used to derive the TRVs, in which an overall UF of 3.0 was used. The TRV was based on dietary exposure, and was 0.1 mg DE-71/kg (wm) or 0.018 mg DE-71/kg (bm)/day (ADI); for eggs of birds, the TRV was 2.35 jlgLPBDEs/g (lm). Reported concentrations of PBDEs in livers of aquatic mammals found dead, and in fish and bird eggs from Chinese wetland areas were compiled and compared to the corresponding criteria values. Results indicated that TRV values reported in this study can be used as indicators for screening-level risk assessment of piscivorous species in Chinese aquatic systems. Furthermore, based on monitoring concentrations of PBDEs in fishes from two lakes (DCL and TL) in China and the dietary-based TRV of 0.1 mg DE-71/kg (wm), a screening-level risk assessment of PBDEs was performed for predatory birds and mammals. The results suggest that concentrations of PBDEs in these two areas would not be expected to cause any adverse effects on the local fish-eating wild birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia, China
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Reverte I, Klein AB, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Long term effects of murine postnatal exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on learning and memory are dependent upon APOE polymorphism and age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 40:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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85
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Zhao Y, Ruan X, Li Y, Yan M, Qin Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aborted human fetuses and placental transfer during the first trimester of pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5939-46. [PMID: 23621775 DOI: 10.1021/es305349x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Data on early human fetal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is limited. However, early pregnancy, in particular the first trimester, is critical for fetal development. We investigated exposure to PBDEs and placental transfer during early pregnancy by analyzing PBDEs in paired aborted fetuses (n = 65), placentas (n = 65), and maternal blood samples (n = 31) at 10-13 weeks gestation, which were collected in a hospital near electronic wastes (e-wastes) recycling sites in Taizhou, China. Mean total PBDE (∑PBDE) concentrations were 4.46, 7.90, and 15.7 ng/g of lipid weight (lw) in the fetuses, placentas, and blood, respectively. The three matrices had roughly similar PBDE congener profiles, dominated by BDE-209, BDE-197, BDE-153, BDE-47, and BDE-28. Significant correlations were found between ∑PBDE concentrations in the paired matrices. Comparing the concentration ratios between the paired samples, we observed significantly higher fetus/blood and fetus/placenta ratios for BDE-28, BDE-99, and BDE-47 than for BDE-197, BDE-209, and BDE-153, while opposite results were found in placenta/blood ratios. Our results indicate that PBDEs can enter the fetus during the first trimester and low-brominated congeners cross the placenta more easily than high-brominated congeners, which tend to remain in the placenta. This phenomenon is consistent with findings at the end of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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Erratico CA, Szeitz A, Bandiera SM. Biotransformation of 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) by Human Liver Microsomes: Identification of Cytochrome P450 2B6 as the Major Enzyme Involved. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:721-31. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300522u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A. Erratico
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Stelvio M. Bandiera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada V6T 1Z3
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87
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Gregoraszczuk EL, Ptak A. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Some Actions of POPs on Female Reproduction. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:828532. [PMID: 23762054 PMCID: PMC3674739 DOI: 10.1155/2013/828532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated ethers (PBDEs), chloronaftalens (PCNs), and bisphenol A (BPA), are stable, lipophilic pollutants that affect fertility and cause serious reproductive problems, including ovotoxic action, lack of ovulation, premature ovarian failure (POF), or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Most of the representatives of POPs influence the activation of transcription factors, not only activation of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but also the steroid hormone receptors. This minireview will focus on a variety of PAH activities in oocyte, ovary, placenta, and mammary gland. The complexity and diversity of factors belonging to POPs and disorders of the reproductive function of women indicate that the impact of environmental pollution as an important determinant factor in fertility should not be minimize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- *Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk:
| | - Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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88
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Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormone, neurodevelopment and fertility in rodents and humans. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:498-510. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants. Due to their widespread use in many consumer products, PBDEs can be found in food as well as in the environment. Their presence has also been found in the human serum, human adipose tissue and human breast milk. Results of experimental studies suggest that the presence of PBDE in the environment is not neutral to our health. In rats and mice exposed to PBDE disturbances in thyroid hormone homeostasis and reproductive system such as changes in reproductive organs weight and disorders in sperm motility and motion were found. In rodents, pre- and postnatal exposure to PBDE can cause neurobehavioral effects. Also in humans disturbances in thyroid hormone system, weight of reproductive organs and concentrations of sex hormones associated with PBDEs serum concentrations were found. Exposure to PBDEs during pregnancy may lead to slower mental and psychomotor development in infants. In this paper the results of previous animal and human studies are reviewed.
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89
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Kiciński M, Viaene MK, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Covaci A, Dirtu AC, Nelen V, Bruckers L, Croes K, Sioen I, Baeyens W, Van Larebeke N, Nawrot TS. Neurobehavioral function and low-level exposure to brominated flame retardants in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2012; 11:86. [PMID: 23151181 PMCID: PMC3519795 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and in vitro studies demonstrated a neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants, a group of chemicals used in many household and commercial products to prevent fire. Although the first reports of detrimental neurobehavioral effects in rodents appeared more than ten years ago, human data are sparse. METHODS As a part of a biomonitoring program for environmental health surveillance in Flanders, Belgium, we assessed the neurobehavioral function with the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES-3), and collected blood samples in a group of high school students. Cross-sectional data on 515 adolescents (13.6-17 years of age) was available for the analysis. Multiple regression models accounting for potential confounders were used to investigate the associations between biomarkers of internal exposure to brominated flame retardants [serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, 209, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)] and cognitive performance. In addition, we investigated the association between brominated flame retardants and serum levels of FT3, FT4, and TSH. RESULTS A two-fold increase of the sum of serum PBDE's was associated with a decrease of the number of taps with the preferred-hand in the Finger Tapping test by 5.31 (95% CI: 0.56 to 10.05, p = 0.029). The effects of the individual PBDE congeners on the motor speed were consistent. Serum levels above the level of quantification were associated with an average decrease of FT3 level by 0.18 pg/mL (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.34, p = 0.020) for PBDE-99 and by 0.15 pg/mL (95% CI: 0.004 to 0.29, p = 0.045) for PBDE-100, compared with concentrations below the level of quantification. PBDE-47 level above the level of quantification was associated with an average increase of TSH levels by 10.1% (95% CI: 0.8% to 20.2%, p = 0.033), compared with concentrations below the level of quantification. We did not observe effects of PBDE's on neurobehavioral domains other than the motor function. HBCD and TBBPA did not show consistent associations with performance in the neurobehavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS This study is one of few studies and so far the largest one investigating the neurobehavioral effects of brominated flame retardants in humans. Consistently with experimental animal data, PBDE exposure was associated with changes in the motor function and the serum levels of the thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiciński
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mineke K Viaene
- Department of Neurology, Sint Dimphna Hospital, Geel, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Brussels Free University (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Brussels Free University (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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90
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Johnson PI, Altshul L, Cramer DW, Missmer SA, Hauser R, Meeker JD. Serum and follicular fluid concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and in-vitro fertilization outcome. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 45:9-14. [PMID: 22572111 PMCID: PMC3366013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence of endocrine disruption and reproductive effects in animals following exposure to certain PBDEs, but human studies are limited. The goal of this study was to investigate the use of serum and follicular fluid as biomarkers of exposure to PBDEs and to explore whether a relationship between PBDE exposure and early pregnancy loss exists. We measured 8 PBDE congeners in archived serum and ovarian follicular fluid samples from 65 women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Logistic regression models were used to predict the odds of failed embryo implantation associated with higher levels of PBDEs among the women in the study. There were moderate Kendall's Tau-beta correlations between serum and follicular fluid concentrations of BDE 28, 47, 100 and 154 (T(β)=0.29-0.38, all p-values<0.005), but BDE 99 and 153 were not correlated between the two matrices (T(β)<0.2, p-values>0.05). Women with detectable concentrations of BDE 153 (39% had detectable levels) in follicular fluid had elevated odds of failed implantation compared with women who had non-detectable concentrations (adjusted OR=10.0; 95%CI: 1.9 to 52; p=0.006; adjusted by age and body mass index). These findings suggest that exposure to BDE 153 may be associated with failed embryo implantation. Due to our observation of only moderate correlations between matrices, serum PBDE concentrations may not be a good indicator of follicular fluid concentrations when studying early pregnancy endpoints in women undergoing IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Larisa Altshul
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Inc., 117 Fourth Avenue, Needham, MA 02494 USA
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: 734-764-7184; fax: 734-763-8095,
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91
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Han X, Tang R, Chen X, Xu B, Qin Y, Wu W, Hu Y, Xu B, Song L, Xia Y, Wang X. 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) decreases progesterone synthesis through cAMP-PKA pathway and P450scc downregulation in mouse Leydig tumor cells. Toxicology 2012; 302:44-50. [PMID: 22867812 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used as flame retardants in textiles, plastics and electronics and represent a group of persistent environmental contaminants. They have been found to accumulate in human and marine mammals. Previous studies have shown that PBDEs have endocrine-disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. However, the mechanisms under the reproductive disruptions are still not well understood. In this study, we explored the effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on progesterone biosynthesis and possible mechanisms in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). Our results showed that BDE-47 could reduce progesterone production and decrease the intracellular cAMP level induced by hCG or forskolin. These suggested that BDE-47 decreasing progesterone production in mLTC-1 cells may be associated with the decline of intracellular cAMP level. Moreover, our data also indicated that the site G protein in cAMP-PKA pathway may be involved in this process. Furthermore, the addition of cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, could not reverse the decrease of progesterone biosynthesis, indicating that a post-cAMP site (or sites) might be involved into the BDE-47-decreased progesterone production. In addition, we found BDE-47 reduced the activity of P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), which was companied with the decline of P450scc mRNA and protein level in mLTC-1 cells. Put all together, these results suggested that progesterone synthesis decrease induced by BDE-47 may be associated with attenuation of cAMP generation and reduction of P450scc activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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92
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Gregoraszczuk EL, Siembida M, Grzyb D, Rak-Mardyła A. Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) act as apoptotic factors in the corpus luteum in addition to having a short-term stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion by luteal cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:131-8. [PMID: 22242629 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.606433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of data showing effect of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on the corpus luteum (CL), a mini-endocrine gland responsible for a normal estrous cycle and the maintenance of pregnancy. Luteal cells obtained from corpora lutea (8-10 days after ovulation) were exposed to PBDE 47, 99, and 100 at doses of 50, 250, and 500 ng/ml for 24 and 48 hours. The progesterone (P4) level in the culture medium and caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities in the cells were estimated by ELISA. CYP11A1 and 3β-HSD protein expression were evaluated by western blot. A 2-fold increase in P4 secretion after 24 hours and no effect after 48 hours of exposure were observed. We demonstrated that the increase in P4 secretion was the result of the stimulatory action of all PBDEs on 3β-HSD protein expression and additionally, PBDE 99 alone on 3β-HSD activity (measured by the conversion of P5 into P4). In contrast, the activation of caspase-8 and -9 but not caspase-3 during 24 hours of exposure, and activation of all investigated caspases during 48 hours was observed. In conclusion, the present findings provide evidence that despite the initial stimulatory effect of PBDEs on the secretion of progesterone (due to the fact that the biochemical apparatus responsible for the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone remains uninterrupted). PBDEs are also a key executor of apoptosis (by activating both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis after longer exposure periods) which can lead to premature dysfunction of the corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Lucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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93
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Li ZH, Liu XY, Wang N, Chen JS, Chen YH, Huang JT, Su CH, Xie F, Yu B, Chen DJ. Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209) in regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:541-6. [PMID: 22472210 PMCID: PMC3339458 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used in building materials, electronics, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles, are health hazards found in the environment. OBJECTIVE In this study we investigated the effects of PBDE-209, a deca-PBDE, on the regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells as well as the underlying protein alterations. METHODS We used MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR (multidrug-resistant MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines, the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, the OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cell line, and the normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line to assess the effects of PBDE-209 using cell viability, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometric assays. Western blot assays were used to detect changes in protein expression. To assess the effects of PBDE-209 on apoptosis, we used the protein kinase Cα (PKCα) inhibitor Gö 6976, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, and tamoxifen. RESULTS Our data indicate that PBDE-209 increased viability and proliferation of the tumor cell lines and in CHO cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PBDE-209 also altered cell cycle distribution by inducing the S phase or G2/M phase. Furthermore, PBDE-209 partially suppressed tamoxifen-induced cell apoptosis in the breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR) but suppressed Gö 6976- and PD98059-induced apoptosis in all cell lines. At the molecular level, PBDE-209 enhanced PKCα and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PBDE-209 is able to promote proliferation of various cancer cells from the female reproductive system and normal ovarian CHO cells. Furthermore, it reduced tamoxifen, PKCα, and ERK inhibition-induced apoptosis. Finally, PBDE-209 up-regulated phosphorylation of PKCα and ERK1/2 proteins in tumor cells and in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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94
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Van Schmidt ND, Cary TL, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Karasov WH. Effects of chronic polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure on gonadal development in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:347-354. [PMID: 22105220 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are bioaccumulative, persistent organic pollutants used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Concentrations of PBDEs in North American wildlife have been increasing for decades and been shown to have estrogenic effects on sexual development. No studies, however, have examined the effects of PBDEs on the sexual development of North American frogs at ecologically relevant concentrations. This study examined the effects of five dietary concentrations of DE-71 (0, 1.1, 6.1, 71.4, and 634 ng ΣPBDEs/g diet), a technical PBDE mixture, on the gonadal development of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Tadpoles were exposed chronically from the time they became free-swimming until metamorphosis. Frogs were killed either at metamorphic climax or 10 weeks after completing metamorphosis, processed for histology, and examined for alterations in sexual development. The experimental group exposed to PBDEs at 1.1 ng/g had a significantly larger proportion of females compared with the expected 50:50 sex ratio. At 10 weeks post-metamorphosis, male frogs exposed to 6.1 and 71.4 ng/g had significantly smaller testes, but all other measure of gonadal development tested showed no effects. No intersex or increased incidence of gonadal abnormality were detected. These findings indicate that PBDEs may disrupt sexual differentiation in frogs at low, environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Van Schmidt
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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95
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Wang L, Zou W, Zhong Y, An J, Zhang X, Wu M, Yu Z. The hormesis effect of BDE-47 in HepG2 cells and the potential molecular mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:193-201. [PMID: 22233939 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) had been used extensively in electrical and electronic products as brominated flame retardants. PBDEs are widely distributed in environment media and wildlife since they are lipophilic and persistent, resulting in bioaccumulation and bioamplification through food chains. Accumulation of PBDEs in the environment and human tissues will consequently cause potential negative effects on the ecological environment and human health. To date, some in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PBDEs possess neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproduction toxicity, endocrine disrupting activity and carcinogenicity. BDE-47 is one of the most predominant PBDE congeners detected in human tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate whether low concentration of BDE-47 could cause hormesis effect in the human hepatoma HepG(2) cells, and to explore the possible molecular mechanism. The results showed that low concentration of BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) could promote cell proliferation and cause no obvious change in DNA damage or cell apoptosis, while the high concentration significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in low concentration BDE-47 (10(-10), 10(-9) and 10(-8) M) treated groups significantly elevated compared with the control group. After low concentration BDE-47 treatment, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) in the HepG(2) cells was markedly up-regulated. However, in DNA-PKcs inhibited cells, the promotion effect on cell proliferation was significantly suppressed. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant decrease in G1 phase after exposure to low concentration of BDE-47. Moreover, pre-exposure to low concentration BDE-47 seemed alleviate the negative effects of high concentration (50 μM) exposure to cause DNA damage and apoptosis. These results suggested that BDE-47 has a hormesis effect in HepG(2) cells and DNA-PKcs/Akt pathway may be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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96
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Dunnick JK, Brix A, Cunny H, Vallant M, Shockley KR. Characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ether toxicity in Wistar Han rats and use of liver microarray data for predicting disease susceptibilities. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:93-106. [PMID: 22267650 PMCID: PMC4816085 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311429973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame-retardant components, was characterized in offspring from Wistar Han dams exposed by gavage to a PBDE mixture (DE71) starting at gestation day 6 and continuing to weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21. Offspring from the dams underwent PBDE direct dosing by gavage at the same dose as their dams from PND 12 to PND 21, and then after weaning for another thirteen weeks. Liver samples were collected at PND 22 and week 13 for liver gene expression analysis (Affymetrix Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array). Treatment with PBDE induced 1,066 liver gene transcript changes in females and 1,200 transcriptional changes in males at PND 22 (false discovery rate < 0.01), but only 263 liver transcriptional changes at thirteen weeks in male rats (false discovery rate < 0.05). No significant differences in dose response were found between male and female pups. Transcript changes at PND 22 coded for proteins in xenobiotic, sterol, and lipid metabolism, and cell cycle regulation, and overlapped rodent liver transcript patterns after a high-fat diet or phenobarbital exposure. These findings, along with the observed PBDE-induced liver hypertrophy and vacuolization, suggest that long-term PBDE exposure has the potential to modify cell functions that contribute to metabolic disease and/or cancer susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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97
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Park MA, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Diverse animal models to examine potential role(s) and mechanism of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the tumor progression and prevention: Do they have tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic property? Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:265-73. [PMID: 22232634 PMCID: PMC3251756 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.4.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acting as hormone mimics or antagonists in the interaction with hormone receptors, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have the potentials of disturbing the endocrine system in sex steroid hormone-controlled organs and tissues. These effects may lead to the disruption of major regulatory mechanisms, the onset of developmental disorders, and carcinogenesis. Especially, among diverse EDCs, xenoestrogens such as bisphenol A, dioxins, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, have been shown to activate estrogen receptors (ERs) and to modulate cellular functions induced by ERs. Furthermore, they appear to be closely related with carcinogenicity in estrogen-dependant cancers, including breast, ovary, and prostate cancers. In in vivo animal models, prenatal exposure to xenoestrogens changed the development of the mouse reproductive organs and increased the susceptibility to further carcinogenic exposure and tumor occurence in adults. Unlike EDCs, which are chemically synthesized, several phytoestrogens such as genistein and resveratrol showed chemopreventive effects on specific cancers by contending with ER binding and regulating normal ER action in target tissues of mice. These results support the notion that a diet containing high levels of phytoestrogens can have protective effects on estrogen-related diseases. In spite of the diverse evidences of EDCs and phytoestrogens on causation and prevention of estrogen-dependant cancers provided in this article, there are still disputable questions about the dose-response effect of EDCs or chemopreventive potentials of phytoestrogens. As a wide range of EDCs including phytoestrogens have been remarkably increasing in the environment with the rapid growth in our industrial society and more closely affecting human and wildlife, the potential risks of EDCs in endocrine disruption and carcinogenesis are important issues and needed to be verified in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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98
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Fenton SE, Reed C, Newbold RR. Perinatal environmental exposures affect mammary development, function, and cancer risk in adulthood. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 52:455-79. [PMID: 22017681 PMCID: PMC3477544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is an important transition that enables reproduction of mammalian species. Precocious puberty, specifically early thelarche (the appearance of breast "buds"), in girls of multiple ethnic backgrounds is a major health problem in the United States and other countries. The cause for a continued decrease in the age of breast development in girls is unknown, but environmental factors likely play a major role. Laboratory and epidemiological studies have identified several individual environmental factors that affect breast development, but further progress is needed. Current research needs include increased attention to and recording of prenatal and neonatal environmental exposures, testing of marketed chemicals for effects on the mammary gland, and understanding of the mammary gland-specific mechanisms that are altered by chemicals. Such research is required to halt the increasing trend toward puberty at earlier ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Casey Reed
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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99
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Harley KG, Chevrier J, Aguilar Schall R, Sjödin A, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Association of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and infant birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:885-92. [PMID: 21878423 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent compounds that have been used as flame retardants in vehicles, household furnishings, and consumer electronics. This study examined whether concentrations of PBDEs in maternal serum during pregnancy were associated with infant birth weight, length, head circumference, and length of gestation. Participants were pregnant women (n = 286) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort study of low-income, predominantly Mexican families living in the Salinas Valley, California. Blood samples were collected near the 26th week of pregnancy in 1999-2000, and concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, -28, -47, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of lipid-adjusted, log(10)-transformed PBDE concentrations and birth outcome. In adjusted analyses, negative associations with birth weight were seen with BDE-47 (β = -115 g, 95% confidence interval (CI): -229, -2), BDE-99 (β = -114 g, 95% CI: -225, -4), and BDE-100 (β = -122 g, 95% CI: -235, -9). These findings were diminished slightly and were no longer statistically significant when maternal weight gain was included in the models. PBDE congeners were not associated with birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
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100
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Foster WG, Gregorovich S, Morrison KM, Atkinson SA, Kubwabo C, Stewart B, Teo K. Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1301-9. [PMID: 21663933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants in commercial products, have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Although adult human exposure to PBDEs is well documented, developmental exposure is less well characterized. The objectives of this study were to measure maternal and fetal exposure to nine PBDE congeners and to investigate potential associations with birth weight. PBDE congeners were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery, and umbilical cord serum (UCS) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Complete blood sample sets were obtained from 97 pregnant women (mean age 33.1±0.5 years). PBDE-28, -47 and -99 were quantified in all samples tested and PBDE-47 was the most abundant congener measured in both maternal (mid-pregnancy and delivery samples geometric mean=26.9 and 26.9, respectively) and UCS (GM=56.0 ng g(-1) lipid). The UCS concentration for all congeners with the exception of PBDE-153 was higher vs. maternal delivery samples (p<0.001). Only the UCS concentration of PBDE-17 and -99 were significantly associated (β=-49.860, p=0.032, and β=-3.645, p=0.05) with birth weight. However, after adjustment for potential confounders only the association between PBDE-99 and birth weight remained significant (β=-3.951 and p=0.016). We conclude that: the fetus is exposed to PBDEs from at least the second trimester of pregnancy onward; PBDE congeners are higher in UCS compared to maternal serum samples collected at delivery; and that developmental PBDE exposure is potentially associated with lower birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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