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Lee W, Choi HM, Kim D, Honda Y, Leon Guo YL, Kim H. Synergic effect between high temperature and air pollution on mortality in Northeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108735. [PMID: 31539825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High temperature and air pollutants have been reported as potential risk factors of mortality. Previous studies investigated interaction between the two variables; however, the excess death risk due to the synergic effect (i.e. interaction on the additive scale) between the two variables has not been investigated adequately on a multi-country scale. This study aimed to assess the excess death risk due to the synergism between high temperature and air pollution on mortality using a multicity time-series analysis. We collected time-series data on mortality, weather variables, and four air pollutants (PM10, O3, NO2, and CO) for 16 metropolitan cities of three countries (Japan, Korea, and Taiwan) in Northeast Asia (1979-2015). Quasi-Poisson time-series regression and meta-analysis were used to estimate the additive interaction between high temperature and air pollution. The additive interaction was measured by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) index. We calculated RERI with relative risks (RR) of the 99th/10th, 90th/90th, and 99th/90th percentiles of temperature/air pollution metrics, where risk at the 90th/10th percentiles of temperature/air pollution metrics was the reference category. This study showed that there may exist positive and significant excess death risks due to the synergism between high temperature and air pollution in the total population for all pollutants (95% lower confidence intervals of all RERIs>0 or near 0). In final, we measured quantitatively the excess death risks due to synergic effect between high temperature and air pollution, and the synergism should be considered in public health interventions and a composite warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whanhee Lee
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayon Michelle Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yue-Liang Leon Guo
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yu G, Wang F, Hu J, Liao Y, Liu X. Value Assessment of Health Losses Caused by PM 2.5 in Changsha City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2063. [PMID: 31212685 PMCID: PMC6604026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement of urbanization, the harm caused to human health by PM2.5 pollution has been receiving increasing attention worldwide. In order to increase public awareness and understanding of the damage caused by PM2.5 in the air and gain the attention of relevant management departments, Changsha City is used as the research object, and the environmental quality data and public health data of Changsha City from 2013 to 2017 are used. All-cause death, respiratory death, cardiovascular death, chronic bronchitis, and asthma were selected as the endpoints of PM2.5 pollution health effects, according to an exposure-response coefficient, Poisson regression model, and health-impact-assessment-related methods (the Human Capital Approach, the Willingness to Pay Approach, and the Cost of Illness Approach), assessing the health loss and economic loss associated with PM2.5. The results show that the pollution of PM2.5 in Changsha City is serious, which has resulted in extensive health hazards and economic losses to local residents. From 2013 to 2017, when annual average PM2.5 concentrations fell to 10 μg/m3, the total annual losses from the five health-effect endpoints were $2788.41 million, $2123.18 million, $1657.29 million, $1402.90 million, and $1419.92 million, respectively. The proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the current year was 2.69%, 1.87%, 1.34%, 1.04% and 0.93%, respectively. Furthermore, when the concentration of PM2.5 in Changsha City drops to the safety threshold of 10 μg/m3, the number of affected populations and health economic losses can far exceed the situation when it falls to 35 μg/m3, as stipulated by the national secondary standard. From 2013 to 2017, the total loss under the former situation was 1.48 times, 1.54 times, 1.86 times, 2.25 times, and 2.33 times that of the latter, respectively. Among them, all-cause death and cardiovascular death are the main sources of health loss. Taking 2017 as an example, when the annual average concentration dropped to 10 μg/m3, the health loss caused by deaths from all-cause death and cardiovascular disease was 49.16% of the total loss and 35.73%, respectively. Additionally, deaths as a result of respiratory disease, asthma, and chronic bronchitis contributed to 7.31%, 7.29%, and 0.51% of the total loss, respectively. The research results can provide a reference for the formulation of air pollution control policies based on health effects, which is of great significance for controlling air pollution and protecting people's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yu
- The School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Feifan Wang
- The School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Jing Hu
- The School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Yan Liao
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Xianzhao Liu
- The School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
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Liu J, Liang S, Du Z, Zhang J, Sun B, Zhao T, Yang X, Shi Y, Duan J, Sun Z. PM 2.5 aggravates the lipid accumulation, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in macrophage foam cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:482-490. [PMID: 30928520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence showed that the particulate matter exposure is associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression, which may be related to foam cell formation, but the mechanism is still unknown. The study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects and possible mechanism of PM2.5 on the formation of macrophage foam cells induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Results showed that PM2.5 induced cytotoxicity by decreasing the cell viability and increasing the LDH level in macrophage foam cells. PM2.5 aggravated the lipid accumulation in ox-LDL-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 within markedly increasing level of intracellular lipid by Oil red O staining. The level of ROS increased obivously after co-exposure to PM2.5 and ox-LDL than single exposure group. In addition, serious mitochondrial damage such as the mitochondrial swelling, cristae rupturing and disappearance were observed in macrophage foam cells. The loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) further exacerbated the mitochondrial damage in PM2.5-induced macrophage foam cells. The apoptotic rate increased more severely via up-regulated protein level of Bax, Cyt C, Caspase-9, Caspase-3, and down-regulated that of Bcl-2, indicating that PM2.5 activated the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway. In summary, our results demonstrated that PM2.5 aggravated the lipid accumulation, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in macrophage foam cells, suggesting that PM2.5 was a risk factor of atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Zhou Du
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Baiyang Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
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Particulate Matter Mortality Rates and Their Modification by Spatial Synoptic Classification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111904. [PMID: 31146484 PMCID: PMC6603550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution levels are highly correlated with temperature or humidity, so we investigated the relationship between PM10 and the spatial synoptic classification (SSC) scheme on daily mortality, according to age group and season. Daily death data for 2000-2014 from Seoul, Korea, were acquired, and time-series analysis was applied with respect to season and to each of seven distinct SSC types: dry moderate (DM); dry polar (DP); dry tropical (DT); moist moderate (MM); moist polar (MP); moist tropical (MT); and transition (T). Modification effects were estimated for daily, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality between PM10 and SSC types. The following SSC-type-specific increased mortalities were observed, by cause of death: non-accidental mortality: DT (1.86%) and MT (1.86%); cardiovascular mortality: DT (2.83%) and MM (3.00%); respiratory mortality: MT (3.78%). Based on simplified weather types, increased PM10 effects in non-accidental mortality rates were observed in dry (1.54%) and moist (2.32%) conditions among those aged 40-59 years and were detected regardless of conditions in other age groups: 60-74 (1.11%), 75-84 (1.55%), and 85+ (1.75%). The effects of particulate air pollution, by SSC, suggest the applicability of SSC to the comparison and understanding of acute effects of daily mortality based on weather type.
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Ladd-Acosta C, Feinberg JI, Brown SC, Lurmann FW, Croen LA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Newschaffer CJ, Feinberg AP, Fallin MD, Volk HE. Epigenetic marks of prenatal air pollution exposure found in multiple tissues relevant for child health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:363-376. [PMID: 30826615 PMCID: PMC6446941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal air pollution exposure has been linked to many adverse health conditions in the offspring. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these associations. Epigenetics may be one plausible biologic link. Here, we sought to identify site-specific and global DNA methylation (DNAm) changes, in developmentally relevant tissues, associated with prenatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Additionally, we assessed whether sex-specific changes in methylation exist and whether DNAm changes are consistently observed across tissues. METHODS Genome-scale DNAm measurements were obtained using the Infinium HumanMethylation450k platform for 133 placenta and 175 cord blood specimens from Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI) neonates. Ambient NO2 and O3 exposure levels were based on prenatal address locations of EARLI mothers and the Environmental Protection Agency's AirNOW monitoring network using inverse distance weighting. We computed sample-level aggregate methylation measures for each of 5 types of genomic regions including genome-wide, open sea, shelf, shore, and island regions. Linear regression was performed for each genomic region; per-sample aggregate methylation measures were modeled as a function of quantitative exposure level with covariate adjustment. In addition, bumphunting was performed to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with prenatal O3 and NO2 exposures in each tissue and by sex, with adjustment for technical and biological sources of variation. RESULTS We identified global and locus-specific changes in DNA methylation related to prenatal exposure to NO2 and O3 in 2 developmentally relevant tissues. Neonates with increased prenatal O3 exposure had lower aggregate levels of DNAm at CpGs located in open sea and shelf regions of the genome. We identified 6 DMRs associated with prenatal NO2 exposure, including 3 sex-specific. An additional 3 sex-specific DMRs were associated with prenatal O3 exposure levels. DMRs initially detected in cord blood samples (n = 4) showed consistent exposure-related changes in DNAm in placenta. However, the DMRs initially detected in placenta (n = 5) did not show DNAm differences in cord blood and, thus, they appear to be tissue-specific. CONCLUSIONS We observed global, locus, and sex-specific methylation changes associated with prenatal NO2 and O3 exposures. Our findings support DNAm is a biologic target of prenatal air pollutant exposures and highlight epigenetic involvement in sex-specific differential susceptibility to environmental exposure effects in 2 developmentally relevant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jason I Feinberg
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon C Brown
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Croen
- Autism Research Program, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Craig J Newschaffer
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew P Feinberg
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather E Volk
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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56
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Lin YC, Li YC, Amesho KTT, Chou FC, Cheng PC. Characterization and quantification of PM 2.5 emissions and PAHs concentration in PM 2.5 from the exhausts of diesel vehicles with various accumulated mileages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:188-198. [PMID: 30640087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter in the atmospheric environment. Notwithstanding its significance, there are noteworthy challenges in quantitative assessment of its contribution to the concentrations of airborne. This study reports on the characterization and quantification of PM2.5 emissions and PAHs concentration in PM2.5 from the exhausts of on-road diesel vehicles with various accumulated mileages in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Urban areas could be a subject matter not just in connection to deprived air quality, but similarly to pollution of other significant environmental media by air contaminants. To that end, our study intends to estimate the PM2.5 emissions from diesel vehicles using diesel fuels and to analyze the PM2.5 emissions and PAHs concentration in PM2.5. In this study, particulate matters (PM2.5) were characterized and quantified from a place impacted by diesel vehicles fueled with diesel in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The tested diesel vehicles with various accumulated mileages overs the model year comprising of the vehicles registered from 1984 to 2012 from different manufacturers (or brands) ranging from 8733 to 965,026 km (average 445,433 km) accumulative mileages. Exhaust constituents include CO, NOx, PM2.5 and particle phase PAHs. The concentrations of twenty-one (21) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in the samples by their relationship with atmospheric PM2.5. However, in relations to cumulative mileages, lower cumulative mileage (mileage <20,000 km) has the lowest CO and NOx emission factors. The mileage ranged from 20,001 to 30,000 km had an increased CO and NOx emission factors, respectively. Interestingly, with the increased high number of mileages ranged from 30,001 to 50,000 km, CO and NOx emission factor was observed to be declining, respectively. This could be attributed to the technological changes on new diesel vehicle models. But nonetheless, the trend of CO emission factor was found to be higher with an increasing of cumulative mileages as compared to the mileage that reached lower than 30,000 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ching Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Kassian T T Amesho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Chou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Yang Y, Ruan Z, Wang X, Yang Y, Mason TG, Lin H, Tian L. Short-term and long-term exposures to fine particulate matter constituents and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:874-882. [PMID: 30731313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (Particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is associated with multiple health outcomes, with varying effects across seasons and locations. It remains largely unknown that which components of PM2.5 are most harmful to human health. METHODS We systematically searched all the relevent studies published before August 1, 2018, on the associations of fine particulate matter constituents with mortality and morbidity, using Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE. Studies were included if they explored the associations between short term or long term exposure of fine particulate matter constituents and natural, cardiovascular or respiratory health endpoints. The criteria for the risk of bias was adapted from OHAT and New Castle Ottawa. We applied a random-effects model to derive the risk estimates for each constituent. We performed main analyses restricted to studies which adjusted the PM2.5 mass in their models. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between several PM2.5 constituents and different health endpoints. Among them, black carbon and organic carbon were most robustly and consistently associated with all natural, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Other potential toxic constituents including nitrate, sulfate, Zinc, silicon, iron, nickel, vanadium, and potassium were associated with adverse cardiovascular health, while nitrate, sulfate and vanadium were relevant for adverse respiratory health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that black carbon and organic carbon are important detrimental components of PM2.5, while other constituents are probably hazardous to human health. However, more studies are needed to further confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tonya G Mason
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Li C, Burnett RT. Regional Estimates of Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter Using a Combined Geoscience-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites, Models, and Monitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2595-2611. [PMID: 30698001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An accurate fine-resolution surface of the chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) would offer valuable information for epidemiological studies and health impact assessments. We develop geoscience-derived estimates of PM2.5 composition from a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and satellite observations of aerosol optical depth, and statistically fuse these estimates with ground-based observations using a geographically weighted regression over North America to produce a spatially complete representation of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic matter, mineral dust, and sea-salt over 2000-2016. Significant long-term agreement is found with cross-validation sites over North America (R2 = 0.57-0.96), with the strongest agreement for sulfate (R2 = 0.96), nitrate (R2 = 0.90), and ammonium (R2 = 0.86). We find that North American decreases in population-weighted fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations since 2000 have been most heavily influenced by regional changes in sulfate and organic matter. Regionally, the relative importance of several chemical components are found to change with PM2.5 concentration, such as higher PM2.5 concentrations having a larger proportion of nitrate and a smaller proportion of sulfate. This data set offers information for research into the health effects of PM2.5 chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
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Morris-Schaffer K, Merrill A, Jew K, Wong C, Conrad K, Harvey K, Marvin E, Sobolewski M, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Cory-Slechta DA. Effects of neonatal inhalation exposure to ultrafine carbon particles on pathology and behavioral outcomes in C57BL/6J mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 30777081 PMCID: PMC6379948 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological studies indicate early-life exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Previous studies investigating neonatal exposure to ambient fine and ultrafine particles have shown sex specific inflammation-linked pathological changes and protracted learning deficits. A potential contributor to the adverse phenotypes from developmental exposure to particulate matter observed in previous studies may be elemental carbon, a well-known contributor to pollution particulate. The present study is an evaluation of pathological and protracted behavioral alterations in adulthood following subacute neonatal exposure to ultrafine elemental carbon. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to ultrafine elemental carbon at 50 μg/m3 from postnatal days 4–7 and 10–13 for 4 h/day. Behavioral outcomes measured were locomotor activity, novel object recognition (short-term memory), elevated plus maze (anxiety-like behavior), fixed interval (FI) schedule of food reward (learning, timing) and differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule of food reward (impulsivity, inability to inhibit responding). Neuropathology was assessed by measures of inflammation (glial fibrillary-acidic protein), myelin basic protein expression in the corpus callosum, and lateral ventricle area. Results Twenty-four hours following the final exposure day, no significant differences in anogenital distance, body weight or central nervous system pathological markers were observed in offspring of either sex. Nor were significant changes observed in novel object recognition, elevated plus maze performance, FI, or DRL schedule-controlled behavior in either females or males. Conclusion The limited effect of neonatal exposure to ultrafine elemental carbon suggests this component of air pollution is not a substantial contributor to the behavioral alterations and neuropathology previously observed in response to ambient pollution particulate exposures. Rather, other more reactive constituent species, organic and/or inorganic, gas-phase components, or combinations of constituents may be involved. Defining these neurotoxic components is critical to the formulation of better animal models, more focused mechanistic assessments, and potential regulatory policies for air pollution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0293-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Morris-Schaffer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Alyssa Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katrina Jew
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Candace Wong
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Katherine Harvey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Elena Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Box EHSC, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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60
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Qi Z, Song Y, Ding Q, Liao X, Li R, Liu G, Tsang S, Cai Z. Water soluble and insoluble components of PM 2.5 and their functional cardiotoxicities on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:378-387. [PMID: 30396134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of epidemiological surveys show that PM2.5 is an important promoter for the cardiovascular dysfunction induced by atmospheric pollution. PM2.5 is a complex mixture of solid and liquid airborne particles and its components determine the health risk of PM2.5to a great extent. However, the individual cardiotoxicities of different PM2.5 fractions are still unclear, especially in the cellular level. Here we used the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) to evaluate the cardiac toxicity of PM2.5 exposure. The cytotoxicities of Total-PM2.5, water soluble components of PM2.5 (WS-PM2.5) and water insoluble components of PM2.5 (WIS-PM2.5), which include the cell viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, were examined with NRCMs in vitro. The results indicated that Total-PM2.5 or WIS-PM2.5 exposure significantly decreased the cell viability, induced the cell membrane damage and increased the ROS level in NRCMs at concentrations above 50 µg/mL. However, WS-PM2.5 exposure could induce the cytotoxicity on NRCMs until the concentration of WS-PM2.5 was raised to a higher concentration (75 µg/mL). Furthermore, the DNA damage was detected in NRCMs after 48 h of exposure with Total-PM2.5, WS-PM2.5 or WIS-PM2.5 (75 µg/mL) and the adverse effects on mitochondrial function and action potentials of NRCMs were detected only both in the Total-PM2.5 and WIS-PM2.5 treatment group. In summary, our project not only estimates the risk of PM2.5 on cardiac cells but also reveal that Total-PM2.5 and WIS-PM2.5 exposure were predominantly associated with the functional cardiotoxicities in NRCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianqian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - SukYing Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Isley CF, Nelson PF, Taylor MP, Williams AA, Jacobsen GE. Radiocarbon determination of fossil and contemporary carbon contribution to aerosol in the Pacific Islands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:183-192. [PMID: 29936161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Combustion emissions are of growing concern across all Pacific Island Countries, which account for >10,000 km2 of the earth's surface area; as for many other small island states globally. Apportioning emissions inputs for Suva, the largest Pacific Island city, will aid in development of emission reduction strategies. Total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine particulate (PM2.5) samples were collected for Suva City, a residential area (Kinoya, TSP) and a mainly ocean-influenced site (Suva Point, TSP) from 2014 to 2015. Percentages of contemporary and fossil carbon were determined by radiocarbon analysis (accelerator mass spectrometry); for non‑carbonate carbon (NCC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Source contributions to particulate matter were identified and the accuracy of previous emissions inventory and source apportionment studies was evaluated. Suva Point NCC concentrations (2.7 ± 0.4 μg/m3) were four times lower than for City (13 ± 2 μg/m3 in TSP) and Kinoya (13 ± 1 μg/m3 in TSP); demonstrating the contribution of land-based emissions activities in city and residential areas. In Suva City, total NCC in air was 81% (79%-83%) fossil carbon, from vehicles, shipping, power generation and industry; whilst in the residential area, 48% (46%-50%) of total NCC was contemporary carbon; reflecting the higher incidence of biomass and waste burning and of cooking activities. Secondary organic fossil carbon sources contributed >36% of NCC mass at the city and >29% at Kinoya; with biogenic carbon being Kinoya's most significant source (approx. 30% of NCC mass). These results support the previous source apportionment studies for the city area; yet show that, in line with emissions inventory studies, biomass combustion contributes more PM2.5 mass in residential areas. Hence air quality management strategies need to target open burning activities as well as fossil fuel combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Isley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - P F Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - M P Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - A A Williams
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - G E Jacobsen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
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Yang X, Feng L, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Liang S, Zhao T, Sun B, Duan J, Sun Z. Integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome variation of identified cardiac disease-specific genes in human cardiomyocytes after PM 2.5 exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:915-926. [PMID: 30286548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure is strongly linked to cardiac disease. Subtle epigenetic or transcriptional alterations induced by PM2.5 might contribute to pathogenesis and disease susceptibility of cardiac disease. It is still a major challenge to identify biological targets in human genetics. Human cardiomyocytes AC16 was chosen as cell model. Epigenetic effect of PM2.5 in AC16 was analyzed using Illumina HumanMethylation 450 K BeadChip. Meanwhile the transcriptomic profiling was performed by Affymetrix® microarray. PM2.5 induced genome wide variation of DNA methylation pattern, including differentially methylated CpGs in promoter region. Then gene ontology analysis demonstrated differentially methylated genes were significantly clustered in pathways in regulation of apoptotic process, cell death and metabolic pathways, or associated with ion binding and shuttling. Correlation of the methylome and transcriptome revealed a clear bias toward transcriptional suppression by hypermethylation or activation by hypomethylation. Identified 386 genes which exhibited both differential methylation and expression were functionally associated with pathways including cardiovascular system development, regulation of blood vessel size, vasculature development, p53 pathway, AC-modulating/inhibiting GPCRs pathway and cellular response to metal ion/inorganic substance. Disease ontology demonstrated their prominent role in cardiac diseases and identified 14 cardiac-specific genes (ANK2, AQP1 et al.). PPI network analysis revealed 6 novel genes (POLR2I, LEP, BRIX1, ADCY6, INSL3, RARS). Those genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. Thus, in AC16, PM2.5 alters the methylome and transcriptome of genes might be relevant for PM2.5-/heart-associated diseases. Result gives additional insight in PM2.5 relative cardiac diseases/associated genes and the potential mechanisms that contribute to PM2.5 related cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Baiyang Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Meng X, Hand JL, Schichtel BA, Liu Y. Space-time trends of PM 2.5 constituents in the conterminous United States estimated by a machine learning approach, 2005-2015. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1137-1147. [PMID: 30413295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a complex mixture of chemical constituents emitted from various emission sources or through secondary reactions/processes; however, PM2.5 is regulated mostly based on its total mass concentration. Studies to identify the impacts on climate change, visibility degradation and public health of different PM2.5 constituents are hindered by limited ground measurements of PM2.5 constituents. In this study, national models were developed based on random forest algorithm, one of machine learning methods that is of high predictive capacity and able to provide interpretable results, to predict concentrations of PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) across the conterminous United States from 2005 to 2015 at the daily level. The random forest models achieved high out-of-bag (OOB) R2 values at the daily level, and the mean OOB R2 values were 0.86, 0.82, 0.71 and 0.75 for sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC, respectively, over 2005-2015. The long-term temporal trends of PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, OC and EC predictions agreed well with their corresponding ground measurements. The annual mean of predicted PM2.5 sulfate and EC levels across the conterminous United States decreased substantially from 2005 to 2015; while concentrations of predicted PM2.5 nitrate and OC decreased and fluctuated during the study period. The annual prediction maps captured the characterized spatial patterns of the PM2.5 constituents. The distributions of annual mean concentrations of sulfate and nitrate were generally regional in the extent that sulfate decreased from east to west smoothly with enhancement in California and nitrate had higher concentration in Midwest, Metro New York area, and California. OC and EC had regional high concentrations in the Southeast and Northwest as well as localized high levels around urban centers. The spatial patterns of PM2.5 constituents were consistent with the distributions of their emission sources and secondary processes and transportation. Hence, the national models developed in this study could provide supplementary evaluations of spatio-temporal distributions of PM2.5 constituents with full time-space coverages in the conterminous United States, which could be beneficial to assess the impacts of PM2.5 constituents on radiation budgets and visibility degradation, and support exposure assessment for regional to national health studies at county or city levels to understand the acute and chronic toxicity and health impacts of PM2.5 constituents, and consequently provide scientific evidence for making targeted and effective regulations of PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny L Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Shi Z, Wu J, Yang X, Feng L, Ren L, Duan J, Sun Z. Metabolic impact induced by total, water soluble and insoluble components of PM 2.5 acute exposure in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:337-346. [PMID: 29803883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been listed as an important environmental risk factor for human health. However, the systemic biological effects on metabolic responses induced by PM2.5 and its components were poorly understood. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different components of PM2.5 at molecular level via metabolomics approach. In the present study, we adopted a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to evaluate metabolic profiles in mice after acute exposure to Total-PM2.5, water soluble components of PM2.5 (WS-PM2.5) and water insoluble components of PM2.5 (WIS-PM2.5). First, we characterized the morphological features and chemical composition of PM2.5. Then, the metabolites changes of serum and urine in mice were systematically analyzed using 800 MHz 1H NMR techniques in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. Total-PM2.5 exposure affected metabolites mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, energy metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. WS-PM2.5 exposure influenced lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. WIS-PM2.5 exposure mainly perturbed amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. The results suggested that acute exposure to the Total-PM2.5, WS-PM2.5 and WIS-PM2.5 in mice exhibited marked systemic metabolic changes. In addition, the insoluble fraction of PM2.5 contributed greatly to the toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Lihua Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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65
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Hamra GB, Buckley JP. Environmental exposure mixtures: questions and methods to address them. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2018; 5:160-165. [PMID: 30643709 PMCID: PMC6329601 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-018-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW This review provides a summary of statistical approaches that researchers can use to study environmental exposure mixtures. Two primary considerations are the form of the research question and the statistical tools best suited to address that question. Because the choice of statistical tools is not rigid, we make recommendations about when each tool may be most useful. RECENT FINDINGS When dimensionality is relatively low, some statistical tools yield easily interpretable estimates of effect (e.g., risk ratio, odds ratio) or intervention impacts. When dimensionality increases, it is often necessary to compromise this interpretablity in favor of identifying interesting statistical signals from noise; this requires applying statistical tools that are oriented more heavily towards dimension reduction via shrinkage and/or variable selection. SUMMARY The study of complex exposure mixtures has prompted development of novel statistical methods. We suggest that further validation work would aid practicing researchers in choosing among existing and emerging statistical tools for studying exposure mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan B Hamra
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
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66
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Isley CF, Nelson PF, Taylor MP, Stelcer E, Atanacio AJ, Cohen DD, Mani FS, Maata M. Reducing mortality risk by targeting specific air pollution sources: Suva, Fiji. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:450-461. [PMID: 28863376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health implications of air pollution vary dependent upon pollutant sources. This work determines the value, in terms of reduced mortality, of reducing ambient particulate matter (PM2.5: effective aerodynamic diameter 2.5μm or less) concentration due to different emission sources. Suva, a Pacific Island city with substantial input from combustion sources, is used as a case-study. Elemental concentration was determined, by ion beam analysis, for PM2.5 samples from Suva, spanning one year. Sources of PM2.5 have been quantified by positive matrix factorisation. A review of recent literature has been carried out to delineate the mortality risk associated with these sources. Risk factors have then been applied for Suva, to calculate the possible mortality reduction that may be achieved through reduction in pollutant levels. Higher risk ratios for black carbon and sulphur resulted in mortality predictions for PM2.5 from fossil fuel combustion, road vehicle emissions and waste burning that surpass predictions for these sources based on health risk of PM2.5 mass alone. Predicted mortality for Suva from fossil fuel smoke exceeds the national toll from road accidents in Fiji. The greatest benefit for Suva, in terms of reduced mortality, is likely to be accomplished by reducing emissions from fossil fuel combustion (diesel), vehicles and waste burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Isley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - P F Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - M P Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - E Stelcer
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - A J Atanacio
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - D D Cohen
- Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - F S Mani
- Faculty of Science Technology and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji.
| | - M Maata
- Faculty of Science Technology and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji.
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Mukherjee A, Agrawal M. A Global Perspective of Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Its Health Effects. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 244:5-51. [PMID: 28361472 DOI: 10.1007/398_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is implicated in a variety of human health issues throughout the globe. Regulation of fine PM in the atmosphere requires information on the dimension of the problem with respect to variations in concentrations and sources. To understand the current status of fine particles in the atmosphere and their potential harmful health effects in different regions of the world this review article was prepared based on peer-reviewed scientific papers, scientific reports, and database from government organizations published after the year 2000 to evaluate the global scenario of the PM2.5 (particles <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), its exceedance of national and international standards, sources, mechanism of toxicity, and harmful health effects of PM2.5 and its components. PM2.5 levels and exceedances of national and international standards were several times higher in Asian countries, while levels in Europe and USA were mostly well below the respective standards. Vehicular traffic has a significant influence on PM2.5 levels in urban areas; followed by combustion activities (biomass, industrial, and waste burning) and road dust. In urban atmosphere, fine particles are mostly associated with different health effects with old aged people, pregnant women, and more so children being the most susceptible ones. Fine PM chemical constituents severely effect health due to their carcinogenic or mutagenic nature. Most of the research indicated an exceedance of fine PM level of the standards with a diverse array of health effects based on PM2.5 chemical constituents. Emission reduction policies with epidemiological studies are needed to understand the benefits of sustainable control measures for fine PM mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arideep Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Lim YH, Bae HJ, Yi SM, Park E, Lee BE, Hong YC. Vascular and cardiac autonomic function and PM 2.5 constituents among the elderly: A longitudinal study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:847-854. [PMID: 28711846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epidemiologic studies have shown an association between the total mass of particulate matter <2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and cardiovascular disease, few studies have examined PM2.5 constituents associated with vascular and cardiac autonomic dysfunction. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we investigated the relationship between PM2.5 constituents and blood pressure (BP), and markers of the autonomic nervous system. In 466 elderly subjects residing in communities in Seoul, Korea, we examined 16 constituents, seven sources, and total mass concentrations of PM2.5. We measured the BP, heart rate (HR), and indices of heart rate variability (HRV), such as the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (rMSSD), and two frequency-domain variables (low frequency [LF] and high frequency [HF]). We used linear mixed effects models to assess the association of PM2.5 constituents and sources with cardiovascular markers. RESULTS BP, HR, and rMSSD were associated with concentration of total mass of PM2.5. For each increase of the interquartile range in PM2.5 constituents, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR increased by 2.1-3.3mmHg, 1.2-2.3mmHg, and 1.2-1.9bpm, respectively, while the rMSSD, LF, and HF decreased by 8.1-9.3%, 16.6%, and 20.4%, respectively. Particularly, elemental carbon, sulfate, ammonium, lead, and strontium in the PM2.5 constituents and emissions from oil combustion and incineration were associated with increased BP, HR, and decreased HRV. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association between specific PM2.5 constituents and vascular and cardiac autonomic functions. These findings may provide supportive evidence for developing a pollution reduction plan to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Bae
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - EunHa Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Vedal S, Han B, Xu J, Szpiro A, Bai Z. Design of an Air Pollution Monitoring Campaign in Beijing for Application to Cohort Health Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121580. [PMID: 29244738 PMCID: PMC5750998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
No cohort studies in China on the health effects of long-term air pollution exposure have employed exposure estimates at the fine spatial scales desirable for cohort studies with individual-level health outcome data. Here we assess an array of modern air pollution exposure estimation approaches for assigning within-city exposure estimates in Beijing for individual pollutants and pollutant sources to individual members of a cohort. Issues considered in selecting specific monitoring data or new monitoring campaigns include: needed spatial resolution, exposure measurement error and its impact on health effect estimates, spatial alignment and compatibility with the cohort, and feasibility and expense. Sources of existing data largely include administrative monitoring data, predictions from air dispersion or chemical transport models and remote sensing (specifically satellite) data. New air monitoring campaigns include additional fixed site monitoring, snapshot monitoring, passive badge or micro-sensor saturation monitoring and mobile monitoring, as well as combinations of these. Each of these has relative advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that a campaign in Beijing that at least includes a mobile monitoring component, when coupled with currently available spatio-temporal modeling methods, should be strongly considered. Such a campaign is economical and capable of providing the desired fine-scale spatial resolution for pollutants and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100112, China.
| | - Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100112, China.
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Adam Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100112, China.
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Son JY, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Bell ML. Pregnancy and Lifetime Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Infant Mortality in Massachusetts, 2001-2007. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:1268-1276. [PMID: 29121205 PMCID: PMC5860580 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have found associations between particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and adult mortality. Comparatively few studies evaluated particles and infant mortality, although infants and children are particularly vulnerable to pollution. Moreover, existing studies mostly focused on short-term exposure to larger particles. We investigated PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and lifetime and postneonatal infant mortality. The study included 465,682 births with 385 deaths in Massachusetts (2001-2007). Exposures were estimated from PM2.5-prediction models based on satellite imagery. We applied extended Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-dependent covariates to total, respiratory, and sudden infant death syndrome mortality. Exposure was calculated from birth to death (or end of eligibility for outcome, at age 1 year) and pregnancy (gestation and each trimester). Models adjusted for sex, birth weight, gestational length, season of birth, temperature, relative humidity, and maternal characteristics. Hazard ratios for total, respiratory, and sudden infant death syndrome mortality per-interquartile-range increase (1.3 μg/m3) in lifetime PM2.5 exposure were 2.66 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.11, 3.36), 3.14 (95% CI: 2.39, 4.13), and 2.50 (95% CI: 1.56, 4.00), respectively. We did not observe a statistically significant relationship between gestational exposure and mortality. Our findings provide supportive evidence that lifetime exposure to PM2.5 increases risk of infant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Son
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, Connecticut
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- California Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, Connecticut
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DuPre NC, Hart JE, Bertrand KA, Kraft P, Laden F, Tamimi RM. Residential particulate matter and distance to roadways in relation to mammographic density: results from the Nurses' Health Studies. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:124. [PMID: 29169389 PMCID: PMC5701365 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mammographic density is a strong, well-established breast cancer risk factor. Three studies conducted in various smaller geographic settings reported inconsistent findings between air pollution and mammographic density. We assessed whether particulate matter (PM) exposures (PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10) and distance to roadways were associated with mammographic density among women residing across the United States. METHODS The Nurses' Health Studies are prospective cohorts for whom a subset has screening mammograms from the 1990s (interquartile range 1990-1999). PM was estimated using spatio-temporal models linked to residential addresses. Among 3258 women (average age at mammogram 52.7 years), we performed multivariable linear regression to assess associations between square-root-transformed mammographic density and PM within 1 and 3 years before the mammogram. For linear regression estimates of PM in relation to untransformed mammographic density outcomes, bootstrapped robust standard errors are used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were stratified by menopausal status and region of residence. RESULTS Recent PM and distance to roadways were not associated with mammographic density in premenopausal women (PM2.5 within 3 years before mammogram β = 0.05, 95% CI -0.16, 0.27; PM2.5-10 β = 0, 95%, CI -0.15, 0.16; PM10 β = 0.02, 95% CI -0.10, 0.13) and postmenopausal women (PM2.5 within 3 years before mammogram β = -0.05, 95% CI -0.27, 0.17; PM2.5-10 β = -0.01, 95% CI -0.16, 0.14; PM10 β = -0.02, 95% CI -0.13, 0.09). Largely null associations were observed within regions. Suggestive associations were observed among postmenopausal women in the Northeast (n = 745), where a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 within 3 years before the mammogram was associated with 3.4 percentage points higher percent mammographic density (95% CI -0.5, 7.3). CONCLUSIONS These findings do not support that recent PM or roadway exposures influence mammographic density. Although PM was largely not associated with mammographic density, we cannot rule out the role of PM during earlier exposure time windows and possible associations among northeastern postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. DuPre
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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73
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Cao Q, Liang Y, Niu X. China's Air Quality and Respiratory Disease Mortality Based on the Spatial Panel Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091081. [PMID: 28927016 PMCID: PMC5615618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Air pollution has become an important factor restricting China's economic development and has subsequently brought a series of social problems, including the impact of air pollution on the health of residents, which is a topical issue in China. Methods: Taking into account this spatial imbalance, the paper is based on the spatial panel data model PM2.5. Respiratory disease mortality in 31 Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2008 is taken as the main variable to study the spatial effect and impact of air quality and respiratory disease mortality on a large scale. Results: It was found that there is a spatial correlation between the mortality of respiratory diseases in Chinese provinces. The spatial correlation can be explained by the spatial effect of PM2.5 pollutions in the control of other variables. Conclusions: Compared with the traditional non-spatial model, the spatial model is better for describing the spatial relationship between variables, ensuring the conclusions are scientific and can measure the spatial effect between variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Cao
- Business School, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueting Niu
- Department of Sociology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China.
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74
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Marzouni MB, Moradi M, Zarasvandi A, Akbaripoor S, Hassanvand MS, Neisi A, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Sheikhi R, Kermani M, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, Gholami M, Mozhdehi SP, Esmaeili M, Barari K. Health benefits of PM 10 reduction in Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1389-1401. [PMID: 28382377 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contains a complex mixture of poisonous compounds including particulate matter (PM) which has wide spectrum of adverse health effects. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential health impacts or benefits due to any changes in annual PM10 level in four major megacities of Iran. The required data of PM10 for AirQ software was collected from air quality monitoring stations in four megacities of Iran. The preprocessing was carried out using macro coding in excel environment. The relationship between different presumptive scenarios and health impacts was determined. We also assessed the health benefits of reducing PM10 to WHO Air Quality Guidelines (WHO-AQGs) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) levels with regard to the rate of mortality and morbidity in studied cities. We found that the 10 μg/m3 increase in annual PM10 concentration is responsible for seven (95% CI 6-8) cases increase in total number of deaths per 2 × 105 person. We also found that 10.7, 7.2, 5.7, and 5.3% of total death is attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. We found that by attaining the WHO's proposed value for PM10, the potential health benefits of 89, 84, 79, and 78% were obtained in Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. The results also indicated that 27, 10, 3, and 1% of health impacts were attributed to dust storm days for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherian Marzouni
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Moradi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zarasvandi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Geo-Medicine Engineering, School of Geology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shayan Akbaripoor
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Sheikhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Moeen Gholami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saeed Pourkarim Mozhdehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Esmaeili
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kian Barari
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Y, Hu H, Shi Y, Yang X, Cao L, Wu J, Asweto CO, Feng L, Duan J, Sun Z. 1H NMR-based metabolomics study on repeat dose toxicity of fine particulate matter in rats after intratracheal instillation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 589:212-221. [PMID: 28262365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic metabolic effects and toxicity mechanisms of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remain uncertain. In order to investigate the mechanisms in PM2.5 toxicity, we explored the endogenous metabolic changes and possible influenced metabolic pathways in rats after intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 by using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. Liver and kidney histopathology examinations were also performed. Chemical characterization demonstrated that PM2.5 was a complex mixture of elements. Histopathology showed cellular edema in liver and glomerulus atrophy of the PM2.5 treated rats. We systematically analyzed the metabolites changes of serum and urine in rats using 1H NMR techniques in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. Significantly reduced levels of lactate, alanine, dimethylglycine, creatine, glycine and histidine in serum, together with increased levels of citrate, arginine, hippurate, allantoin and decreased levels of allthreonine, lactate, alanine, acetate, succinate, trimethylamine, formate in urine were observed of PM2.5 treated rats. The mainly affected metabolic pathways by PM2.5 were glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), nitrogen metabolism and methane metabolism. Our study provided important information on assessing the toxicity of PM2.5 and demonstrated that metabolomics approach can be employed as a tool to understand the toxicity mechanism of complicated environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Hejing Hu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Lige Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Collins Otieno Asweto
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069. PR China.
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76
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George KV, Patil DD, Anil MNV, Kamal N, Alappat BJ, Kumar P. Evaluation of coarse and fine particles in diverse Indian environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3363-3374. [PMID: 27866359 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The estimates of airborne fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations are possible through rigorous empirical correlations based on the monitored PM10 data. However, such correlations change depending on the nature of sources in diverse ambient environments and, therefore, have to be environment specific. Studies presenting such correlations are limited but needed, especially for those areas, where PM2.5 is not routinely monitored. Moreover, there are a number of studies focusing on urban environments but very limited for coal mines and coastal areas. The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze the concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 and develop empirical correlations between them. Data from 26 different sites spread over three distinct environments, which are a relatively clean coastal area, two coal mining areas, and a highly urbanized area in Delhi were used for the study. Distributions of PM in the 0.43-10-μm size range were measured using eight-stage cascade impactors. Regression analysis was used to estimate the percentage of PM2.5 in PM10 across distinct environments for source identification. Relatively low percentage of PM2.5 concentrations (21, 28, and 32%) in PM10 were found in clean coastal and two mining areas, respectively. Percentage of PM2.5 concentrations in PM10 in the highly urbanized area of Delhi was 51%, indicating a presence of a much higher percentage of fine particles due to vehicular combustion in Delhi. The findings of this work are important in estimating concentrations of much harmful fine particles from coarse particles across distinct environments. The results are also useful in source identification of particulates as differences in the percentage of PM2.5 concentrations in PM10 can be attributed to characteristics of sources in the diverse ambient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V George
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - Dinakar D Patil
- Environmental Manager, Aditya Birla Group, Jafarabad, Gujarat, 365540, India
| | - Mulukutla N V Anil
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Neel Kamal
- Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Babu J Alappat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, U.K
- Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guildford, U.K
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77
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Wang G, Gu S, Chen J, Wu X, Yu J. Assessment of health and economic effects by PM2.5 pollution in Beijing: a combined exposure-response and computable general equilibrium analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:3131-3138. [PMID: 27143216 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1178332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the health and economic impacts of PM2.5 pollution is of great importance for urban air pollution prevention and control. In this study, we evaluate the damage of PM2.5 pollution using Beijing as an example. First, we use exposure-response functions to estimate the adverse health effects due to PM2.5 pollution. Then, the corresponding labour loss and excess medical expenditure are computed as two conducting variables. Finally, different from the conventional valuation methods, this paper introduces the two conducting variables into the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the impacts on sectors and the whole economic system caused by PM2.5 pollution. The results show that, substantial health effects of the residents in Beijing from PM2.5 pollution occurred in 2013, including 20,043 premature deaths and about one million other related medical cases. Correspondingly, using the 2010 social accounting data, Beijing gross domestic product loss due to the health impact of PM2.5 pollution is estimated as 1286.97 (95% CI: 488.58-1936.33) million RMB. This demonstrates that PM2.5 pollution not only has adverse health effects, but also brings huge economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhi Wang
- a Institute of Climate Change & Public Policy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
- b School of Computer and Software , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - SaiJu Gu
- c School of Mathematics and Statistics , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jibo Chen
- c School of Mathematics and Statistics , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Wu
- d School of Economics and Management , Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- e Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
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78
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Wu S, Yang D, Pan L, Shan J, Li H, Wei H, Wang B, Huang J, Baccarelli AA, Shima M, Deng F, Guo X. Chemical constituents and sources of ambient particulate air pollution and biomarkers of endothelial function in a panel of healthy adults in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:141-149. [PMID: 27101449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with endothelial dysfunction as reflected by short-term alterations in circulating biomarkers, but the chemical constituents and pollution sources behind the association has been unclear. METHODS We investigated the associations between various ambient air pollutants including gases and 31 chemical constituents and seven sources of fine particles (PM2.5) and biomarkers of endothelial function, including endothelin-1 (ET-1), E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), based on 462 repeated measurements in a panel of 40 college students who were followed for three study periods before and after relocating from a suburban area to an urban area in Beijing, China in 2010-2011. Air pollution data were obtained from central air-monitoring stations. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the changes in biomarkers associated with exposures. RESULTS Total PM2.5 mass showed few appreciable associations with examined biomarkers. However, several PM2.5 constituents and related sources showed significant associations with examined biomarkers. PM2.5 from dust/soil and several crustal and transition metals, including strontium, iron, titanium, cobalt and magnesium, were significantly associated with increases in ET-1 at 1-day average; manganese and potassium were significantly associated with increases in ICAM-1 at 2-day average; and PM2.5 from industry and metal cadmium were significantly associated with decreases in VCAM-1 at 1-day average. In addition, carbon monoxide was significantly associated with increasing ICAM-1 at 1-day and 2-day averages, whereas nitric oxide was significantly associated with decreasing ICAM-1 at 1-day and 3-day averages. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that certain PM2.5 metal constituents were more closely associated with circulating biomarkers of endothelial function than PM2.5, and therefore highlight the research necessity to examine pollution chemical constituents in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Shan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive & Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
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79
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Krall JR, Chang HH, Sarnat SE, Peng RD, Waller LA. Current Methods and Challenges for Epidemiological Studies of the Associations Between Chemical Constituents of Particulate Matter and Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:388-98. [PMID: 26386975 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have been critical for estimating associations between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Because total PM mass is a temporally and spatially varying mixture of constituents with different physical and chemical properties, recent epidemiological studies have focused on PM constituents. Most studies have estimated associations between PM constituents and health using the same statistical methods as in studies of PM mass. However, these approaches may not be sufficient to address challenges specific to studies of PM constituents, namely assigning exposure, disentangling health effects, and handling measurement error. We reviewed large, population-based epidemiological studies of PM constituents and health and describe the statistical methods typically applied to address these challenges. Development of statistical methods that simultaneously address multiple challenges, for example, both disentangling health effects and handling measurement error, could improve estimation of associations between PM constituents and adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Roger D Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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80
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Crouse DL, Philip S, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Jessiman B, Peters PA, Weichenthal S, Brook JR, Hubbell B, Burnett RT. A New Method to Jointly Estimate the Mortality Risk of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and its Components. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18916. [PMID: 26732864 PMCID: PMC4702114 DOI: 10.1038/srep18916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality have considered only total concentration of PM2.5 or individual components of PM2.5, and not the combined effects of concentration and particulate composition. We sought to develop a method to estimate the risk of death from long-term exposure to PM2.5 and the distribution of its components, namely: sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, organic mass, black carbon, and mineral dust. We decomposed PM2.5 exposure into the sum of total concentration and the proportion of each component. We estimated the risk of death due to exposure using a cohort of ~2.4 million Canadians who were followed for vital status over 16 years. Modelling the concentration of PM2.5 with the distribution of the proportions of components together was a superior predictor for mortality than either total PM2.5 concentration alone, or all component concentrations modelled together. Our new approach has the advantage of characterizing the toxicity of the atmosphere in its entirety. This is required to fully understand the health benefits associated with strategies to improve air quality that may result in complex changes not only in PM2.5 concentration, but also in the distribution of particle components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L. Crouse
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Barry Jessiman
- Air Quality Assessment Section, Safe Environments Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A. Peters
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Air Health Science Division, Safe Environments Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R. Brook
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Hubbell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Richard T. Burnett
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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81
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Wu S, Wang B, Yang D, Wei H, Li H, Pan L, Huang J, Wang X, Qin Y, Zheng C, Shima M, Deng F, Guo X. Ambient particulate air pollution and circulating antioxidant enzymes: A repeated-measure study in healthy adults in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:16-24. [PMID: 26074023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The association of systemic antioxidant activity with ambient air pollution has been unclear. A panel of 40 healthy college students underwent repeated blood collection for 12 occasions under three exposure scenarios before and after relocating from a suburban area to an urban area in Beijing, China in 2010-2011. We measured various air pollutants including fine particles (PM2.5) and determined circulating levels of antioxidant enzymes extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in the laboratory. An interquartile range increase of 63.4 μg/m(3) at 3-d PM2.5 moving average was associated with a 6.3% (95% CI: 0.6, 12.4) increase in EC-SOD and a 5.5% (95% CI: 1.3, 9.8) increase in GPX1. Several PM2.5 chemical constituents, including negative ions (nitrate and chloride) and metals (e.g., iron and strontium), were consistently associated with increases in EC-SOD and GPX1. Our results support activation of circulating antioxidant enzymes following exposure to particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive & Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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82
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Heinzerling A, Hsu J, Yip F. Respiratory Health Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Children: A Literature Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2016; 227:32. [PMID: 26783373 PMCID: PMC4714792 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-015-2726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
By convention, airborne particles ≤0.1 μm (100 nm) are defined as ultrafine particles (UFPs). UFPs can comprise a large number of particles in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). Despite the documented respiratory health effects of PM2.5 and concerns that UFPs might be more toxic than larger particular matter, the effects of UFPs on the respiratory system are not well-described. Even less is known about the respiratory health effects of UFPs among particularly vulnerable populations including children. We reviewed studies examining respiratory health effects of UFPs in children and identified 12 relevant articles. Most (8/12) studies measured UFP exposure using central ambient monitors, and we found substantial heterogeneity in UFP definitions and study designs. No long-term studies were identified. In single pollutant models, UFPs were associated with incident wheezing, current asthma, lower spirometric values, and asthma-related emergency department visits among children. Also, higher exhaled nitric oxide levels were positively correlated with UFP dose among children with asthma or allergy to house dust mites in 1 study. Multivariate models accounting for potential co-pollutant confounding yielded no statistically significant results. Although evidence for a relationship between UFPs and children's respiratory is accumulating, the literature remains inconclusive. Interpretation of existing data is constrained by study heterogeneity, limited accounting for UFP spatial variation, and lack of significant findings from multi-pollutant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Heinzerling
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, Moffitt Room 987, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joy Hsu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-60, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Fuyuen Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-60, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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83
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Bai Y, Lu B, Sun Q. Pre-exposure to fine particulate matters may induce endotoxin tolerance in a mouse model. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 1:1004. [PMID: 26900605 PMCID: PMC4757438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low or moderate doses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) renders the host tolerance to a subsequent lethal dose of LPS, which is termed as endotoxin tolerance. It is characterized as the decrease in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the increase in production of anti-inflammatory mediators in response to a second LPS challenge. The alteration of cytokine profile protects LPS-primed hosts against a normally lethal dose of subsequent LPS challenge. Nevertheless, whether other environmental factors also trigger endotoxin tolerance remains unclear. Both epidemiologic and experimental studies have provided a link between particulate matter and human health. Here, we speculated on the effect of fine particles priming on endotoxin tolerance in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Bai
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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