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Bioactivity of Polyphenols: Preventive and Adjuvant Strategies toward Reducing Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Promises, Perspectives, and Pitfalls. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9346470. [PMID: 27478535 PMCID: PMC4958438 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9346470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by autoimmune and inflammation-related complications of the large intestine (ulcerative colitis) and additional parts of the digestive tract (Crohn's disease). Complications include pain, diarrhoea, chronic inflammation, and cancer. IBD prevalence has increased during the past decades, especially in Westernized countries, being as high as 1%. As prognosis is poor and medication often ineffective or causing side effects, additional preventive/adjuvant strategies are sought. A possible approach is via diets rich in protective constituents. Polyphenols, the most abundant phytochemicals, have been associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic properties. Locally reducing oxidative stress, they can further act on cellular targets, altering gene expression related to inflammation, including NF-κB, Nrf-2, Jak/STAT, and MAPKs, suppressing downstream cytokine formation (e.g., IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and boosting the bodies' own antioxidant status (HO-1, SOD, and GPx). Moreover, they may promote, as prebiotics, healthy microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia), short-chain fatty acid formation, and reduced gut permeability/improved tight junction stability. However, potential adverse effects such as acting as prooxidants, or perturbations of efflux transporters and phase I/II metabolizing enzymes, with increased uptake of undesired xenobiotics, should also be considered. In this review, we summarize current knowledge around preventive and arbitrary actions of polyphenols targeting IBD.
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Sabally K, Sleno L, Jauffrit JA, Iskandar MM, Kubow S. Inhibitory effects of apple peel polyphenol extract on the formation of heterocyclic amines in pan fried beef patties. Meat Sci 2016; 117:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abdolghaffari AH, Sodagari HR, Esfahani SA, Rezaei N. A mechanistic review on plant-derived natural compounds as dietary supplements for prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:745-58. [PMID: 26799847 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2016.1145546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent idiopathic inflammatory condition, characterized by disruption of the gut mucosal barrier. This mechanistic review aims to highlight the significance of plant-derived natural compounds as dietary supplements, which can be used in addition to restricted conventional options for the prevention of IBD and induction of remission. Various clinical trials confirmed the effectiveness and tolerability of natural supplements in patients with IBD. Mounting evidence suggests that these natural compounds perform their protective and therapeutic effect on IBD through numerous molecular mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative stress, modulation of intracellular signaling transduction pathways, as well as improving gut microbiota. In conclusion, natural products can be considered as dietary supplements with therapeutic potential for IBD, provided that their safety and efficacy is confirmed in future well-designed clinical trials with adequate sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- a Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,b Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | | | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- d Medicinal Plants Research Center , Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,e International Campus ICTUMS , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sodagari
- f Young Researchers and Elite Club, Karaj Branch , Islamic Azad University , Karaj , Iran
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- g Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- h Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,i Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,j Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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Hu G, Li X, Zhang S, Wang X. Association of rat thoracic aorta dilatation by astragaloside IV with the generation of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and nitric oxide, and the blockade of Ca 2+ channels. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:27-34. [PMID: 27347401 PMCID: PMC4907089 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the roles of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) and nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the vasodilatation response to astragaloside IV and the effects of astragaloside IV on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels in rat thoracic aortic rings precontracted with potassium chloride (KCl; 60 mM) or phenylephrine (PHE; 1 µM). The results showed that astragaloside IV (1×10−4-3×10−1 g/l) concentration-dependently relaxed the contraction induced by KCl (10–90 mM) or PHE (1×10−9-3×10−5 µM) and inhibited concentration-contraction curves for the two vasoconstrictors in the aortic rings. Preincubation with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 µM) significantly attenuated astragaloside IV-induced relaxation in the endothelium-intact and -denuded arterial rings precontracted with PHE. Astragaloside IV, following preincubation with L-NAME (100 µM) plus indomethacin (10 µM), exerted vasodilatation, which was depressed by tetraethtylamine (1 mM) and propargylglycine (100 µM), but not by carbenoxolone (10 µM), catalase (500 U/ml) or proadifen hydrochloride (10 µM). The action mode of astragaloside IV was evident in comparison to nifedipine. Inhibition of PHE-induced contraction by astragaloside IV (100 mg/l) was more potent compared to inhibition of KCl-induced contraction, while inhibition of KCl-induced contraction by nifedipine (100 mg/l) was more potent compared to inhibition of PHE-induced contraction by nifedipine (100 mg/l). In addition, the combination of astragaloside IV and nifedipine exhibited synergistic and additive inhibitory effects on contraction evoked by KCl, which was similar to PHE. In conclusion, astragaloside IV, as a Ca2+ antagonist, relaxes the vessels through the blockade of superior receptor-operated Ca2+ and inferior voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, which modulate NO from vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, and EDHFs including K+ and hydrogen sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Hu
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Xixiong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
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Manzano M, Giron MD, Vilchez JD, Sevillano N, El-Azem N, Rueda R, Salto R, Lopez-Pedrosa JM. Apple polyphenol extract improves insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo in animal models of insulin resistance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27141227 PMCID: PMC4852413 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple polyphenols could represent a novel nutritional approach in the management and control of blood glucose, especially in type 2 diabetics. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of an apple polyphenol extract (APE) in an insulin-resistant rat model and to determine the molecular basis of insulin sensitivity action in skeletal muscle cells. METHODS Acute effect of APE on the postprandial hyperglycemic response was assayed in 15 week old obese Zucker rats (OZR), by using a meal tolerance test (MTT). The ability of APE to improve whole peripheral insulin sensitivity was also assayed in a chronic study by using the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, rat L6 myotubes were used. Glucose uptake was measured by using 2-[3H]-Deoxy-Glucose (2-DG) and specific inhibitors, as well as phosphorylation status of key kinases, were used to determine the implicated signaling pathway. RESULTS In vivo study showed that nutritional intervention with APE induced an increase of insulin sensitivity with an increase of glucose infusion rate (GIR) of 45 %. Additionally, in vitro results showed a synergistic effect between APE and insulin as well as increased glucose uptake through GLUT4 translocation in muscle cells. This translocation was mediated by phosphatydil inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS As a whole, this study describes the mechanisms involved in the insulin sensitizing effect of APE, which could be considered a promising ingredient for inclusion in nutritional products focused on the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Manzano
- Strategic R&D, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Camino de Purchil, 68, Granada, Spain
| | - María D Giron
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José D Vilchez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Sevillano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nuri El-Azem
- Strategic R&D, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Camino de Purchil, 68, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Strategic R&D, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Camino de Purchil, 68, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Salto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose M Lopez-Pedrosa
- Strategic R&D, Abbott Nutrition Research & Development, Camino de Purchil, 68, Granada, Spain
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Manconi M, Manca ML, Marongiu F, Caddeo C, Castangia I, Petretto GL, Pintore G, Sarais G, D'hallewin G, Zaru M, Bacchetta G, Fadda AM. Chemical characterization of Citrus limon var. pompia and incorporation in phospholipid vesicles for skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:449-57. [PMID: 27084291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The components of pompia, a hybrid Citrus species cultivated only in Sardinia (Italy), were extracted using an environmentally-friendly method and food-grade solvents. Taking into account that only few data are available on pompia composition, the phytochemical fingerprint of its rind extract was obtained by accurate component separation and identification, combining HPLC and mass spectrometry. Different flavones such as naringin (23.77μg/mg), neoeriocitrin (46.53μg/mg) and neohesperidin (44.57μg/mg) were identified. Additionally, the antioxidant activity and phenolic content were confirmed by DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. The whole extract was incorporated in innovative phospholipid vesicles, namely glycerosomes, hyalurosomes and glycerol containing hyalurosomes, which were prepared using a high ratio of extract/phospholipid (1/3.5w/w). The in vitro biocompatibility of the nanoincorporated extract and its ability to potentiate the aptitude of the extract to counteract oxidative stress in skin cells were evaluated. The vesicles, especially glycerol containing hyalurosomes, were able to prevent oxidative damage and death of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, promoting their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manconi
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Manca
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Francesca Marongiu
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Caddeo
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ines Castangia
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Pintore
- Dept. of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sarais
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Guy D'hallewin
- Institute of Science of Food Production UOS Sassari-CNR, Traversa la Crucca, 3 Loc. Baldinca, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Zaru
- Icnoderm srl, Sardegna Ricerche Ed.5, Pula (Cagliari), 09010, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Kleme ML, Sané AT, Garofalo C, Levy E. Targeted CFTR gene disruption with zinc-finger nucleases in human intestinal epithelial cells induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:84-94. [PMID: 26923293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic pathology caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. OBJECTIVES As the intestine harbors the greatest number of CFTR transcripts after birth and since CFTR plays a role in glutathione transport, we hypothesized that CFTR deletion might produce oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in CF intestinal epithelial cell. METHODS CFTR gene was abrogated in Caco-2/15 enterocytes through the zinc-finger nuclease system. Their oxidative and inflammatory characteristics were appreciated under basal conditions and after the treatment with the pro-oxidant iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) complex and pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Intestinal epithelial cells with CFTR knockout spontaneously exhibited an increased lipid peroxidation level, reflected by malondialdehyde overproduction and reduced antioxidant defense characterized by low enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. CFTR silencing also resulted in elevated protein expression of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Moreover, exaggerated OxS and inflammation processes occurred in CFTR(-/-) cells in response to the addition of Fe/Asc and LPS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal Caco-2/15 cells with CFTR deletion, display innate oxidative and inflammatory features while being more sensitive to pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory stimuli. These two pathophysiological processes could be implicated in CF-related intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Kleme
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Théophile Sané
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Gao Y, Zeng Z, Li T, Xu S, Wang X, Chen Z, Lin C. Polydatin Inhibits Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells of a Rat Model of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Anesth Analg 2016; 121:1251-60. [PMID: 26484460 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial injury is a major cause of sepsis-induced organ failure. Polydatin (PD), a natural polyphenol, demonstrates protective mitochondrial effects in neurons and arteriolar smooth muscle cells during severe shock. In this study, we investigated the effects of PD on renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) mitochondria in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. METHODS Rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to mimic sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Rats were randomly divided into sham, CLP + normal saline, CLP + vehicle, and CLP + PD groups. Normal saline, vehicle, and 30 mg/kg PD were administered at 6, 12, and 18 hours after CLP or sham surgery via the tail vein. Mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and function in RTECs were then assessed. Serum cytokines, renal function, survival, and histologic changes in the kidney were also evaluated. RESULTS CLP increased lipid peroxide content, lysosomal instability, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and caused mitochondrial swelling. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was decreased and ATP levels reduced after CLP. PD inhibited all the above effects. It also inhibited the inflammatory response, improved renal function, attenuated histologic indicators of kidney damage, and prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS PD protects RTECs against mitochondrial dysfunction and prolongs survival in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. These effects may partially result from reductions in interleukin-6 and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youguang Gao
- From the *Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China; †Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China; ‡Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China; §Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, China; ∥Institute of Translation Medicine, University of South China, Hunan Province, China; and ¶Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liuzhou, Liu Zhou, Guangxi Province, P.R. China
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Zheng LP, Zou T, Ma YJ, Wang JW, Zhang YQ. Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protecting Activity of Exopolysaccharides from the Endophytic Bacterium Bacillus cereus SZ1. Molecules 2016; 21:E174. [PMID: 26861269 PMCID: PMC6273749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic bacterium was isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. The phylogenetic and physiological characterization indicated that the isolate, strain SZ-1, was Bacillus cereus. The endophyte could produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) at 46 mg/L. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the EPS reached more than 50% at 3-5 mg/mL. The EPS was also effective in scavenging superoxide radical in a concentration dependent fashion with an EC50 value of 2.6 mg/mL. The corresponding EC50 for scavenging hydroxyl radical was 3.1 mg/mL. Moreover, phenanthroline-copper complex-mediated chemiluminescent emission of DNA damage was both inhibited and delayed by EPS. The EPS at 0.7-1.7 mg/mL also protected supercoiled DNA strands in plasmid pBR322 against scission induced by Fenton-mediated hydroxyl radical. The preincubation of PC12 cells with the EPS prior to H₂O₂ exposure increased the cell survival and glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activities, and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a pronounced protective effect against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity. Our study indicated that the EPS could be useful for preventing oxidative DNA damage and cellular oxidation in pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Tin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yu Qing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Grootaert C, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E, Van Camp J. Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients 2015; 7:9229-55. [PMID: 26569293 PMCID: PMC4663590 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, Ghent 653 B-9000, Belgium.
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Jahan S, Rehman S, Ullah H, Munawar A, Ain QU, Iqbal T. Ameliorative effect of quercetin against arsenic-induced sperm DNA damage and daily sperm production in adult male rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:290-6. [PMID: 26524343 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the protective effect of quercetin was evaluated against arsenic induced reproductive ailments in male rats. For this purpose, male rats (n = 5/group) weighing 180-250 g were used. First group served as control, second group received arsenic (50 ppm) in drinking water. Third group was treated with quercetin (50 mg/kg) alone, while fourth group received arsenic + quercetin. All treatments were carried out for 49 days. After treatment, animals were killed by decapitation; testis and epididymis were dissected out. Right epididymis was minced immediately for comet assay, while left epididymis was processed for histology. Similarly, right testis was homogenized for estimation of daily sperm production (DSP) and detection of metal concentration. The results of our research revealed that arsenic treatment did not cause any significant change in body weight and testicular volume. Quercetin treatment significantly prevented tissue deposition of arsenic within the testis. Arsenic treatment caused a significant reduction in DSP, however, in the arsenic + quercetin-treated group and quercetin alone-treated group, DSP was significantly high as compared to the arsenic-treated group. Histological study of epididymis showed empty lumen in arsenic-treated group while in arsenic + quercetin-treated group and quercetin alone-treated group, lumen were filled with sperm and were comparable to control. Sperm DNA damage, induced by arsenic, was significantly reversed toward control levels by supplementation of quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin not only prevents deposition of arsenic in tissues, but can also protect the sperm DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Jahan
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Saima Rehman
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Hizb Ullah
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Asma Munawar
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Tariq Iqbal
- a Reproductive Physiology Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
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Mosele JI, Macià A, Motilva MJ. Metabolic and Microbial Modulation of the Large Intestine Ecosystem by Non-Absorbed Diet Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2015; 20:17429-68. [PMID: 26393570 PMCID: PMC6331829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a diverse group of phytochemicals whose intake is associated with a wide spectrum of health benefits. As consequence of their low bioavailability, most of them reach the large intestine where, mediated by the action of local microbiota, a series of related microbial metabolites are accumulated. In the present review, gut microbial transformations of non-absorbed phenolic compounds are summarized. Several studies have reached a general consensus that unbalanced diets are associated with undesirable changes in gut metabolism that could be detrimental to intestinal health. In terms of explaining the possible effects of non-absorbed phenolic compounds, we have also gathered information regarded their influence on the local metabolism. For this purpose, a number of issues are discussed. Firstly, we consider the possible implications of phenolic compounds in the metabolism of colonic products, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), sterols (cholesterol and bile acids), and microbial products of non-absorbed proteins. Due to their being recognized as affective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, the ability of phenolic compounds to counteract or suppress pro-oxidant and/or pro-inflammatory responses, triggered by bowel diseases, is also presented. The modulation of gut microbiota through dietetic maneuvers including phenolic compounds is also commented on. Although the available data seems to assume positive effects in terms of gut health protection, it is still insufficient for solid conclusions to be extracted, basically due to the lack of human trials to confirm the results obtained by the in vitro and animal studies. We consider that more emphasis should be focused on the study of phenolic compounds, particularly in their microbial metabolites, and their power to influence different aspects of gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana I Mosele
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
| | - Maria-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198-Lleida, Spain.
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64
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Veilleux A, Mayeur S, Bérubé JC, Beaulieu JF, Tremblay E, Hould FS, Bossé Y, Richard D, Levy E. Altered intestinal functions and increased local inflammation in insulin-resistant obese subjects: a gene-expression profile analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:119. [PMID: 26376914 PMCID: PMC4574092 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alterations relevant to postprandial dyslipidemia were previously identified in the intestine of obese insulin-resistant subjects. The aim of the study was to identify the genes deregulated by systemic insulin resistance in the intestine of severely obese subjects. METHODS Transcripts from duodenal samples of insulin-sensitive (HOMA-IR < 3, n = 9) and insulin-resistant (HOMA-IR > 7, n = 9) obese subjects were assayed by microarray (Illumina HumanHT-12). RESULTS A total of 195 annotated genes were identified as differentially expressed between these two groups (Fold change > 1.2). Of these genes, 36 were found to be directly involved in known intestinal functions, including digestion, extracellular matrix, endocrine system, immunity and cholesterol metabolism. Interestingly, all differentially expressed genes (n = 8) implicated in inflammation and oxidative stress were found to be upregulated in the intestine of insulin-resistant compared to insulin-sensitive subjects. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that several signaling pathways involved in immunity and inflammation were significantly enriched in differently expressed genes and were predicted to be activated in the intestine of insulin-resistant subjects. Using stringent criteria (Fold change > 1.5; FDR < 0.05), three genes were found to be significantly and differently expressed in the intestine of insulin-resistant compared to insulin-sensitive subjects: the transcripts of the insulinotropic glucose-dependant peptide (GIP) and of the β-microseminoprotein (MSMB) were significantly reduced, but that of the humanin like-1 (MTRNR2L1) was significantly increased. CONCLUSION These results underline that systemic insulin resistance is associated with remodeling of key intestinal functions. Moreover, these data indicate that small intestine metabolic dysfunction is accompanied with a local amplification of low-grade inflammatory process implicating several pathways. Genes identified in this study are potentially triggered throughout the development of intestinal metabolic abnormalities, which could contribute to dyslipidemia, a component of metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Veilleux
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal and Research center of CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Mayeur
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal and Research center of CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Jean-Christophe Bérubé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Departement of Anatomy and cellular biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada. .,Canada Research Chair in Intestinal Physiopathology, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Eric Tremblay
- Departement of Anatomy and cellular biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada.
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada. .,Departement of surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada.
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc, Canada.
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc, Canada. .,Chaire de Recherche Merck Frosst/IRSC Research Chair on Obesity, Québec, Qc, Canada.
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal and Research center of CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Qc, Canada. .,JA. deSève Research Chair in nutrition, Montréal, Qc, Canada.
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65
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Anhê FF, Roy D, Pilon G, Dudonné S, Matamoros S, Varin TV, Garofalo C, Moine Q, Desjardins Y, Levy E, Marette A. A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice. Gut 2015; 64:872-83. [PMID: 25080446 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) demonstrates the failure of conventional treatments to curb these diseases. The gut microbiota has been put forward as a key player in the pathophysiology of diet-induced T2D. Importantly, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) is associated with a number of beneficial health effects. We aimed to investigate the metabolic impact of a cranberry extract (CE) on high fat/high sucrose (HFHS)-fed mice and to determine whether its consequent antidiabetic effects are related to modulations in the gut microbiota. DESIGN C57BL/6J mice were fed either a chow or a HFHS diet. HFHS-fed mice were gavaged daily either with vehicle (water) or CE (200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. The composition of the gut microbiota was assessed by analysing 16S rRNA gene sequences with 454 pyrosequencing. RESULTS CE treatment was found to reduce HFHS-induced weight gain and visceral obesity. CE treatment also decreased liver weight and triglyceride accumulation in association with blunted hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. CE administration improved insulin sensitivity, as revealed by improved insulin tolerance, lower homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and decreased glucose-induced hyperinsulinaemia during an oral glucose tolerance test. CE treatment was found to lower intestinal triglyceride content and to alleviate intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, CE treatment markedly increased the proportion of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia in our metagenomic samples. CONCLUSIONS CE exerts beneficial metabolic effects through improving HFHS diet-induced features of the metabolic syndrome, which is associated with a proportional increase in Akkermansia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Anhê
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pilon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Matamoros
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Quentin Moine
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Quebec, Canada Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Wruss J, Lanzerstorfer P, Huemer S, Himmelsbach M, Mangge H, Höglinger O, Weghuber D, Weghuber J. Differences in pharmacokinetics of apple polyphenols after standardized oral consumption of unprocessed apple juice. Nutr J 2015; 14:32. [PMID: 25890155 PMCID: PMC4396834 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyphenols are chemical compounds of the secondary plant metabolism. High concentrations can be found in various fruits including apples, berries and grapes. Polyphenols are associated with numerous health beneficial effects including a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The human body cannot synthesize or store polyphenols and relies on continuous replenishment by daily diet. Unfortunately, knowledge on absorption, metabolization and excretion is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic fate of apple polyphenols in young healthy adults. Methods Volunteers consumed 500 mL of an unfiltered apple juice. Blood and urine samples were collected within a time period of ten hours and analyzed for their total phenolic content, concentration of selected individual polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Results Large differences in apple polyphenol pharmacokinetics between single subjects were observed. Those could be divided into subgroups according to fast or slow rates of polyphenol metabolism. Some subjects showed no detectable metabolism within the study time frame at all. An increase in the total phenolic content over time did not correlate with an observed, highly elevated antioxidant capacity (AOC) in the blood plasma after apple juice consumption. The determined increase of the AOC was rather a result of a high fructose content of the apple juice. No differences in renal excretion were detected between female and male subjects. However, relative concentrations were slightly higher in male subjects. Conclusions Apple derived polyphenols can be readily detected in human blood and urine after juice consumption. The existence of sub-populations with different pharmacokinetics suggests significant variations in the individual metabolism rates of polyphenolic substances with implications on bioavailability and potential health effects within the body. Trial registration O2413 (Ethics Commissions of Upper Austria) and 415-EP/73/233-2013 Salzburg (Ethics Commissions of Salzburg). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0018-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wruss
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, A-4600, Wels, Austria.
| | - Peter Lanzerstorfer
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, A-4600, Wels, Austria.
| | - Stefan Huemer
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, A-4600, Wels, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linz, Austria.
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed-Graz, University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Otmar Höglinger
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, A-4600, Wels, Austria.
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julian Weghuber
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstrasse 23, A-4600, Wels, Austria.
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Massias A, Boisard S, Baccaunaud M, Leal Calderon F, Subra-Paternault P. Recovery of phenolics from apple peels using CO2+ethanol extraction: Kinetics and antioxidant activity of extracts. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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68
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Kalinowska M, Bielawska A, Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz H, Priebe W, Lewandowski W. Apples: content of phenolic compounds vs. variety, part of apple and cultivation model, extraction of phenolic compounds, biological properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:169-188. [PMID: 25282014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Apples are among the most popular fruits in the world. They are rich in phenolic compounds, pectin, sugar, macro- and microelements. Applying different extraction techniques it is possible to isolate a particular group of compounds or individual chemicals and then test their biological properties. Many reports point to the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and many other beneficial effects of apple components that may have potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This paper summarizes and compiles information about apple phenolic compounds, their biological properties with particular emphasis on health-related aspects. The data are reviewed with regard to different apple varieties, part of apple, cultivation model and methods of extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kalinowska
- Division of Chemistry, Bialystok University of Technology, 29 Zamenhofa Str., 15-435 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 2B Mickiewicza Str., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Division of Chemistry, Bialystok University of Technology, 29 Zamenhofa Str., 15-435 Bialystok, Poland
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69
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Lee WC, Jao HY, Hsu JD, Lee YR, Wu MJ, Kao YL, Lee HJ. Apple polyphenols reduce inflammation response of the kidneys in unilateral ureteral obstruction rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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70
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Jensen GS, Attridge VL, Benson KF, Beaman JL, Carter SG, Ager D. Consumption of dried apple peel powder increases joint function and range of motion. J Med Food 2014; 17:1204-13. [PMID: 25271471 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal for this study was to evaluate the effects of consumption of dried apple peel powder (DAPP) on joint function and range of motion (ROM). Additional in vitro and clinical testing was performed to suggest specific mechanisms of action. An open-label clinical pilot study involved 12 healthy people with moderate loss of joint ROM and associated chronic pain. The subjects consumed 4.25 g DAPP daily for 12 weeks, with evaluations at baseline, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. ROM was evaluated at each visit using dual digital inclinometry. Pain scores were collected using Visual Analogue Scales. Blood draws enabled testing of serum antioxidant protective capacity using the cellular antioxidant protection (CAP-e) bioassay. Additional in vitro testing involved testing of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase inhibition, cellular antioxidant protection by the CAP-e bioassay, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells by flow cytometry. Twelve weeks of consumption of DAPP was associated with improved ROM. DAPP provided antioxidants that were available to enter into and protect cells from oxidative damage in vitro, and consumption of DAPP for 12 weeks was associated with a statistically significant improvement in serum antioxidant protective status. DAPP inhibited both COX-2 and lipoxygenase enzymes, and pretreatment of inflammatory PMN cells with DAPP before inflammatory stimulus resulted in reduced ROS formation. This suggests multifaceted anti-inflammatory properties of DAPP. Consumption of DAPP was associated with improved joint function and improved serum antioxidant protection status. The observed pain reduction may be associated with the improved antioxidant status and linked to the apple polyphenols' anti-inflammatory effects.
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71
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García-Lafuente A, Moro C, Manchón N, Gonzalo-Ruiz A, Villares A, Guillamón E, Rostagno M, Mateo-Vivaracho L. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic rich extracts from white and red common beans. Food Chem 2014; 161:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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72
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Fiesel A, Gessner DK, Most E, Eder K. Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich plant products from grape or hop on pro-inflammatory gene expression in the intestine, nutrient digestibility and faecal microbiota of weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:196. [PMID: 25323005 PMCID: PMC4158062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feeding polyphenol-rich plant products has been shown to increase the gain:feed ratio in growing pigs. The reason for this finding has not yet been elucidated. In order to find the reasons for an increase of the gain:feed ratio, this study investigated the effect of two polyphenol-rich dietary supplements, grape seed and grape marc meal extract (GSGME) or spent hops (SH), on gut morphology, apparent digestibility of nutrients, microbial composition in faeces and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the intestine of pigs. Results Pigs fed GSGME or SH showed an improved gain:feed ratio in comparison to the control group (P < 0.10 for GSGME, P < 0.05 for SH). Villus height:crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum as well as apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were unchanged in the groups receiving GSGME or SH in comparison to the control group. However, the groups receiving GSGME or SH revealed an increased faecal pH value, lower levels of volatile fatty acids and lower counts of Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium Cluster XIVa in the faecal microbiota (P < 0.05). Moreover, both treatment groups had a lower expression of various pro-inflammatory genes in duodenum, ileum and colon than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The present study suggests that dietary plant products rich in polyphenols are able to improve the gain:feed ratio in growing pigs. It is assumed that an alteration in the microbial composition and anti-inflammatory effects of the polyphenol-rich plant products in the intestine might contribute to this effect.
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73
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Ribeiro FAP, de Moura CFG, Gollucke APB, Ferreira MS, Catharino RR, Aguiar O, Spadari RC, Barbisan LF, Ribeiro DA. Chemopreventive activity of apple extract following medium-term oral carcinogenesis assay induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:815-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nazıroğlu M, Güler M, Özgül C, Saydam G, Küçükayaz M, Sözbir E. Apple cider vinegar modulates serum lipid profile, erythrocyte, kidney, and liver membrane oxidative stress in ovariectomized mice fed high cholesterol. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:667-73. [PMID: 24894721 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potentially beneficial effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, liver and kidney membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant levels in ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed high cholesterol. Four groups of ten female mice were treated as follows: Group I received no treatment and was used as control. Group II was OVX mice. Group III received ACV intragastrically (0.6% of feed), and group IV was OVX and was treated with ACV as described for group III. The treatment was continued for 28 days, during which the mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet. The lipid peroxidation levels in erythrocyte, liver and kidney, triglycerides, total, and VLDL cholesterol levels in serum were higher in the OVX group than in groups III and IV. The levels of vitamin E in liver, the kidney and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and erythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH) were decreased in group II. The GSH-Px, vitamin C, E, and β-carotene, and the erythrocyte GSH and GSH-Px values were higher in kidney of groups III and IV, but in liver the vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations were decreased. In conclusion, ACV induced a protective effect against erythrocyte, kidney, and liver oxidative injury, and lowered the serum lipid levels in mice fed high cholesterol, suggesting that it possesses oxidative stress scavenging effects, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes and vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey,
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Loncaric A, Dugalic K, Mihaljevic I, Jakobek L, Pilizota V. Effects of sugar addition on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of frozen and freeze-dried apple purée. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1674-1682. [PMID: 24471409 DOI: 10.1021/jf405003u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of simple sugar addition including (glucose, G; fructose, F; sucrose, S; and trehalose, T) on the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) of apple purée processed by freezing and freeze-drying and stored for 6 months. The apple polyphenol profile was mostly preserved in the freeze-dried samples with sugar addition during 6 months of storage, whereas the polyphenol profile in frozen samples consists only of quercetin glycosides, of which rutin had the largest share. After 6 months, the highest level of polyphenols was detected in frozen 'Idared' and 'Fuji' apple purée with addition of T 5% (12.2 and 16.7 mg/100 g FW, respectively), whereas in freeze-dried apple purée the highest TPC was in 'Idared' and 'Fuji' with addition of T 1% (16.3 and 13.6 mg/100 g FW, respectively). Results indicate that sugar addition before processing could have potential for enhancing product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Loncaric
- Department of Food Technologies, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek , Osijek 31000, Croatia
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Espley RV, Butts CA, Laing WA, Martell S, Smith H, McGhie TK, Zhang J, Paturi G, Hedderley D, Bovy A, Schouten HJ, Putterill J, Allan AC, Hellens RP. Dietary flavonoids from modified apple reduce inflammation markers and modulate gut microbiota in mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:146-54. [PMID: 24353343 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.182659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples are rich in polyphenols, which provide antioxidant properties, mediation of cellular processes such as inflammation, and modulation of gut microbiota. In this study we compared genetically engineered apples with increased flavonoids [myeloblastis transcription factor 10 (MYB10)] with nontransformed apples from the same genotype, "Royal Gala" (RG), and a control diet with no apple. Compared with the RG diet, the MYB10 diet contained elevated concentrations of the flavonoid subclasses anthocyanins, flavanol monomers (epicatechin) and oligomers (procyanidin B2), and flavonols (quercetin glycosides), but other plant secondary metabolites were largely unaltered. We used these apples to investigate the effects of dietary flavonoids on inflammation and gut microbiota in 2 mouse feeding trials. In trial 1, male mice were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with 20% MYB10 apple flesh and peel (MYB-FP) or RG apple flesh and peel (RG-FP) for 7 d. In trial 2, male mice were fed MYB-FP or RG-FP diets or diets supplemented with 20% MYB10 apple flesh or RG apple flesh for 7 or 21 d. In trial 1, the transcription levels of inflammation-linked genes in mice showed decreases of >2-fold for interleukin-2 receptor (Il2rb), chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2), chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), and chemokine receptor 10 (Ccr10) at 7 d for the MYB-FP diet compared with the RG-FP diet (P < 0.05). In trial 2, the inflammation marker prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the plasma of mice fed the MYB-FP diet at 21 d was reduced by 10-fold (P < 0.01) compared with the RG-FP diet. In colonic microbiota, the number of total bacteria for mice fed the MYB-FP diet was 6% higher than for mice fed the control diet at 21 d (P = 0.01). In summary, high-flavonoid apple was associated with decreases in some inflammation markers and changes in gut microbiota when fed to healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
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Ferretti G, Turco I, Bacchetti T. Apple as a Source of Dietary Phytonutrients: Bioavailability and Evidence of Protective Effects against Human Cardiovascular Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.513134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vineetha VP, Girija S, Soumya RS, Raghu KG. Polyphenol-rich apple (Malus domestica L.) peel extract attenuates arsenic trioxide induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cells via its antioxidant activity. Food Funct 2014; 5:502-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60470e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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A new ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analytical strategy for fast analysis and improved characterization of phenolic compounds in apple products. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1316:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yara S, Lavoie JC, Beaulieu JF, Delvin E, Amre D, Marcil V, Seidman E, Levy E. Iron-ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation causes epigenetic changes in the antioxidant defense in intestinal epithelial cells: impact on inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63456. [PMID: 23717425 PMCID: PMC3661745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gastrointestinal tract is frequently exposed to noxious stimuli that may cause oxidative stress, inflammation and injury. Intraluminal pro-oxidants from ingested nutrients especially iron salts and ascorbic acid frequently consumed together, can lead to catalytic formation of oxygen-derived free radicals that ultimately overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defense and lead to cell damage. Hypothesis Since the mechanisms remain sketchy, efforts have been exerted to evaluate the role of epigenetics in modulating components of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants in the intestine. To this end, Caco-2/15 cells were exposed to the iron-ascorbate oxygen radical-generating system. Results Fe/Asc induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation as reflected by the elevated formation of malondialdehyde along with the alteration of antioxidant defense as evidenced by raised superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and diminished glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and genes. Consequently, there was an up-regulation of inflammatory processes illustrated by the activation of NF-κB transcription factor, the higher production of interleukin-6 and cycloxygenase-2 as well as the decrease of IκB. Assessment of promoter’s methylation revealed decreased levels for SOD2 and increased degree for GPx2. On the other hand, pre-incubation of Caco-2/15 cells with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine, a demethylating agent, or Trolox antioxidant normalized the activities of SOD2 and GPx, reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented inflammation. Conclusion Redox and inflammatory modifications in response to Fe/Asc -mediated lipid peroxidation may implicate epigenetic methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yara
- Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Devendra Amre
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valerie Marcil
- Research Institute, McGill University, Campus MGH, C10.148.6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ernest Seidman
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute, McGill University, Campus MGH, C10.148.6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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