51
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Fisher MF, Rao SS. Three‐dimensional culture models to study drug resistance in breast cancer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2262-2278. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline F. Fisher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama
| | - Shreyas S. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama
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52
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Larsson P, Engqvist H, Biermann J, Werner Rönnerman E, Forssell-Aronsson E, Kovács A, Karlsson P, Helou K, Parris TZ. Optimization of cell viability assays to improve replicability and reproducibility of cancer drug sensitivity screens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5798. [PMID: 32242081 PMCID: PMC7118156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer drug development has been riddled with high attrition rates, in part, due to poor reproducibility of preclinical models for drug discovery. Poor experimental design and lack of scientific transparency may cause experimental biases that in turn affect data quality, robustness and reproducibility. Here, we pinpoint sources of experimental variability in conventional 2D cell-based cancer drug screens to determine the effect of confounders on cell viability for MCF7 and HCC38 breast cancer cell lines treated with platinum agents (cisplatin and carboplatin) and a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib). Variance component analysis demonstrated that variations in cell viability were primarily associated with the choice of pharmaceutical drug and cell line, and less likely to be due to the type of growth medium or assay incubation time. Furthermore, careful consideration should be given to different methods of storing diluted pharmaceutical drugs and use of DMSO controls due to the potential risk of evaporation and the subsequent effect on dose-response curves. Optimization of experimental parameters not only improved data quality substantially but also resulted in reproducible results for bortezomib- and cisplatin-treated HCC38, MCF7, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-436 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that replicability (the same analyst re-performs the same experiment multiple times) and reproducibility (different analysts perform the same experiment using different experimental conditions) for cell-based drug screens can be improved by identifying potential confounders and subsequent optimization of experimental parameters for each cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Larsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Engqvist
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jana Biermann
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Werner Rönnerman
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anikó Kovács
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Toshima Z Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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53
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Peterson NC, Mahalingaiah PK, Fullerton A, Di Piazza M. Application of microphysiological systems in biopharmaceutical research and development. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:697-708. [PMID: 31967156 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, several tissue microphysiological systems (MPS) have been developed and characterized for retention of morphologic characteristics and specific gene/protein expression profiles from their natural in vivo state. Once developed, their utility is typically further tested by comparing responses to known toxic small-molecule pharmaceuticals in efforts to develop strategies for further toxicity testing of compounds under development. More recently, application of this technology in biopharmaceutical (large molecules) development is beginning to be more appreciated. In this review, we describe some of the advances made for tissue-specific MPS and outline the advantages and challenges of applying and further developing MPS technology in preclinical biopharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Peterson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | - Matteo Di Piazza
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
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54
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Kochanek SJ, Close DA, Camarco DP, Johnston PA. Maximizing the Value of Cancer Drug Screening in Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cultures: A Case Study in Five Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:329-349. [PMID: 31983262 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219896999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With approval rates <5% and the probability of success in oncology clinical trials of 3.4%, more physiologically relevant in vitro three-dimensional models are being deployed during lead generation to select better drug candidates for solid tumors. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) resemble avascular tumor nodules, micrometastases, or the intervascular regions of large solid tumors with respect to morphology, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts, and volume growth kinetics. MCTSs develop gradients of nutrient and oxygen concentration resulting in diverse microenvironments with differential proliferation and drug distribution zones. We produced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) MCTSs in 384-well U-bottom ultra-low-attachment microtiter plates and used metabolic viability and imaging methods to measure morphologies, growth phenotypes and the effects of 19 anticancer drugs. We showed that cell viability measurements underestimated the impact of drug exposure in HNSCC MCTS cultures, but that incorporating morphology and dead-cell staining analyses increased the number of drugs judged to have substantially impacted MCTS cultures. A cumulative multiparameter drug impact score enabled us to stratify MCTS drug responses into high-, intermediate-, and low-impact tiers, and maximized the value of these more physiologically relevant tumor cultures. It is conceivable that the viable cells present in MCTS cultures after drug exposure arise from drug-resistant populations that could represent a source of drug failure and recurrence. Long-term monitoring of treated MCTS cultures could provide a strategy to determine whether these drug-resistant populations represent circumstances where tumor growth is delayed and may ultimately give rise to regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton J Kochanek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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55
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Effects of microtubule-inhibiting small molecule and antibody-drug conjugate treatment on differentially-sized A431 squamous carcinoma spheroids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:907. [PMID: 31969631 PMCID: PMC6976639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids have been increasingly used by researchers to produce more physiologically relevant experimental environments. However, tracking of spheroid growth and treatment-induced volume reduction has not been readily adopted. Here, squamous carcinoma cells were seeded at different starting cell numbers with growth and reduction kinetics monitored using live cell imaging. Following the initial growth phase, spheroids were treated with auristatin as small molecule (MMAE) or as antibody-drug conjugate containing non-cleavable auristatin drug payload (033-F). Compared to cells in monolayers, 033-F had notably weaker potency against spheroids despite potency levels of MMAE being similar against monolayers and spheroids. Accumulation of released payload from 033-F was reduced in higher volume spheroids, likely contributing to the potency differences. Despite lowered potency towards spheroids with 033-F, spheroid volume was still readily reduced by 033-F in a dose-dependent fashion, with >85% volume reductions at the highest concentrations for all spheroid sizes. Additionally, the core of the larger spheroids showed more resiliency towards microtubule inhibition. Overall, this work highlights how various in-vivo 'features' such as tumor penetration, cell interactions, and increased resistance to therapeutics can be integrated into a spheroid model and tracked over time by automated imaging technology.
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56
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Mishriki S, Aithal S, Gupta T, Sahu RP, Geng F, Puri IK. Fibroblasts Accelerate Formation and Improve Reproducibility of 3D Cellular Structures Printed with Magnetic Assistance. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:3970530. [PMID: 32776011 PMCID: PMC7395227 DOI: 10.34133/2020/3970530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts (mouse, NIH/3T3) are combined with MDA-MB-231 cells to accelerate the formation and improve the reproducibility of 3D cellular structures printed with magnetic assistance. Fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 cells are cocultured to produce 12.5 : 87.5, 25 : 75, and 50 : 50 total population mixtures. These mixtures are suspended in a cell medium containing a paramagnetic salt, Gd-DTPA, which increases the magnetic susceptibility of the medium with respect to the cells. A 3D monotypic MDA-MB-231 cellular structure is printed within 24 hours with magnetic assistance, whereas it takes 48 hours to form a similar structure through gravitational settling alone. The maximum projected areas and circularities, and cellular ATP levels of the printed structures are measured for 336 hours. Increasing the relative amounts of the fibroblasts mixed with the MDA-MB-231 cells decreases the time taken to form the structures and improves their reproducibility. Structures produced through gravitational settling have larger maximum projected areas and cellular ATP, but are deemed less reproducible. The distribution of individual cell lines in the cocultured 3D cellular structures shows that printing with magnetic assistance yields 3D cellular structures that resemble in vivo tumors more closely than those formed through gravitational settling. The results validate our hypothesis that (1) fibroblasts act as a "glue" that supports the formation of 3D cellular structures, and (2) the structures are produced more rapidly and with greater reproducibility with magnetically assisted printing than through gravitational settling alone. Printing of 3D cellular structures with magnetic assistance has applications relevant to drug discovery, lab-on-chip devices, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mishriki
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Srivatsa Aithal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamaghna Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rakesh P. Sahu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Geng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Walter Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ishwar K. Puri
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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57
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The Comparative Cytotoxic Effects of Apis mellifera Crude Venom on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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58
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Toxic and Genomic Influences of Inhaled Nanomaterials as a Basis for Predicting Adverse Outcome. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 15:S91-S97. [PMID: 29676641 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201706-478mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An immense variety of different types of engineered nanomaterials are currently being developed and increasingly applied to consumer products. Importantly, engineered nanomaterials may pose unexplored adverse health effects because of their small size. Particularly in occupational settings, the dustiness of certain engineered nanomaterials involves risk of inhalation and influences on lung function. These facts call for quick and cost-effective safety testing practices, such as that obtained through multiparametric high-throughput screening using cultured human lung cells. The predictive value of such in vitro-based testing depends partly on the effectiveness of coverage of the mechanisms underlying toxicity effects. The concept of adverse outcome pathways covers the array of causative effects starting from a molecular initiating event via cellular-, organ-, individual-, and population-level effects. Screening for adverse outcome pathway-related effects that drive the eventual toxic outcome provides a good basis for developing predictive testing methods and data-driven integrated testing strategies for hazard and risk assessment. Temporal and inherited genomic changes are likely to drive many adverse responses to engineered nanomaterials, such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes, of which one specific form has recently been evaluated as possibly carcinogenic. Here, we briefly describe current state-of-the-art strategies for analyzing and understanding genomic influences of engineered nanomaterial exposure, including the selected focus on lung disease, and strategies for using mechanistic knowledge to predict and prevent adverse outcome.
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59
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Microarray Embedding/Sectioning for Parallel Analysis of 3D Cell Spheroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16287. [PMID: 31705048 PMCID: PMC6841729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52007-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell spheroid models can be used to predict the effect of drugs and therapeutics and to model tissue development and regeneration. The utility of these models is enhanced by high throughput 3D spheroid culture technologies allowing researchers to efficiently culture numerous spheroids under varied experimental conditions. Detailed analysis of high throughput spheroid culture is much less efficient and generally limited to narrow outputs, such as metabolic viability. We describe a microarray approach that makes traditional histological embedding/sectioning/staining feasible for large 3D cell spheroid sample sets. Detailed methodology to apply this technology is provided. Analysis of the technique validates the potential for efficient histological analysis of up to 96 spheroids in parallel. By integrating high throughput 3D spheroid culture technologies with advanced immunohistochemical techniques, this approach will allow researchers to efficiently probe expression of multiple biomarkers with spatial localization within 3D structures. Quantitative comparison of staining will have improved inter- and intra-experimental reproducibility as multiple samples are collectively processed, stained, and imaged on a single slide.
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60
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Cutrona MB, Simpson JC. A High-Throughput Automated Confocal Microscopy Platform for Quantitative Phenotyping of Nanoparticle Uptake and Transport in Spheroids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902033. [PMID: 31334922 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a high demand for advanced, image-based, automated high-content screening (HCS) approaches to facilitate phenotypic screening in 3D cell culture models. A major challenge lies in retaining the resolution of fine cellular detail but at the same time imaging multicellular structures at a large scale. In this study, a confocal microscopy-based HCS platform in optical multiwell plates that enables the quantitative morphological profiling of populations of nonuniform spheroids obtained from HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells is described. This platform is then utilized to demonstrate a quantitative dissection of the penetration of synthetic nanoparticles (NP) in multicellular 3D spheroids at multiple levels of scale. A pilot RNA interference-based screening validates this methodology and identifies a subset of RAB GTPases that regulate NP trafficking in these spheroids. This technology is suitable for high-content phenotyping in 3D cell-based screening, providing a framework for nanomedicine drug development as applied to translational oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell B Cutrona
- School of Biology and Environmental Science & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C Simpson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science & Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
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61
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Brooks EA, Galarza S, Gencoglu MF, Cornelison RC, Munson JM, Peyton SR. Applicability of drug response metrics for cancer studies using biomaterials. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180226. [PMID: 31431182 PMCID: PMC6627013 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineers have built models of the tumour microenvironment (TME) in which to study cell-cell interactions, mechanisms of cancer growth and metastasis, and to test new therapies. These models allow researchers to culture cells in conditions that include features of the in vivo TME implicated in regulating cancer progression, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, integrin binding to the ECM, immune and stromal cells, growth factor and cytokine depots, and a three-dimensional geometry more representative of the in vivo TME than tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). These biomaterials could be particularly useful for drug screening applications to make better predictions of efficacy, offering better translation to preclinical models and clinical trials. However, it can be challenging to compare drug response reports across different biomaterial platforms in the current literature. This is, in part, a result of inconsistent reporting and improper use of drug response metrics, and vast differences in cell growth rates across a large variety of biomaterial designs. This study attempts to clarify the definitions of drug response measurements used in the field, and presents examples in which these measurements can and cannot be applied. We suggest as best practice to measure the growth rate of cells in the absence of drug, and follow our 'decision tree' when reporting drug response metrics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Sualyneth Galarza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Maria F. Gencoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - R. Chase Cornelison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 325 Stanger Street, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA
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62
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Murali VS, Chang BJ, Fiolka R, Danuser G, Cobanoglu MC, Welf ES. An image-based assay to quantify changes in proliferation and viability upon drug treatment in 3D microenvironments. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:502. [PMID: 31138163 PMCID: PMC6537405 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every biological experiment requires a choice of throughput balanced against physiological relevance. Most primary drug screens neglect critical parameters such as microenvironmental conditions, cell-cell heterogeneity, and specific readouts of cell fate for the sake of throughput. METHODS Here we describe a methodology to quantify proliferation and viability of single cells in 3D culture conditions by leveraging automated microscopy and image analysis to facilitate reliable and high-throughput measurements. We detail experimental conditions that can be adjusted to increase either throughput or robustness of the assay, and we provide a stand alone image analysis program for users who wish to implement this 3D drug screening assay in high throughput. RESULTS We demonstrate this approach by evaluating a combination of RAF and MEK inhibitors on melanoma cells, showing that cells cultured in 3D collagen-based matrices are more sensitive than cells grown in 2D culture, and that cell proliferation is much more sensitive than cell viability. We also find that cells grown in 3D cultured spheroids exhibit equivalent sensitivity to single cells grown in 3D collagen, suggesting that for the case of melanoma, a 3D single cell model may be equally effective for drug identification as 3D spheroids models. The single cell resolution of this approach enables stratification of heterogeneous populations of cells into differentially responsive subtypes upon drug treatment, which we demonstrate by determining the effect of RAK/MEK inhibition on melanoma cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. Furthermore, we show that spheroids grown from single cells exhibit dramatic heterogeneity to drug response, suggesting that heritable drug resistance can arise stochastically in single cells but be retained by subsequent generations. CONCLUSION In summary, image-based analysis renders cell fate detection robust, sensitive, and high-throughput, enabling cell fate evaluation of single cells in more complex microenvironmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth S. Murali
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Murat Can Cobanoglu
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Erik S. Welf
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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63
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Bregenzer ME, Horst EN, Mehta P, Novak CM, Raghavan S, Snyder CS, Mehta G. Integrated cancer tissue engineering models for precision medicine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216564. [PMID: 31075118 PMCID: PMC6510431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not merely cancerous cells that undergo mindless proliferation. Rather, they are highly organized and interconnected organ systems. Tumor cells reside in complex microenvironments in which they are subjected to a variety of physical and chemical stimuli that influence cell behavior and ultimately the progression and maintenance of the tumor. As cancer bioengineers, it is our responsibility to create physiologic models that enable accurate understanding of the multi-dimensional structure, organization, and complex relationships in diverse tumor microenvironments. Such models can greatly expedite clinical discovery and translation by closely replicating the physiological conditions while maintaining high tunability and control of extrinsic factors. In this review, we discuss the current models that target key aspects of the tumor microenvironment and their role in cancer progression. In order to address sources of experimental variation and model limitations, we also make recommendations for methods to improve overall physiologic reproducibility, experimental repeatability, and rigor within the field. Improvements can be made through an enhanced emphasis on mathematical modeling, standardized in vitro model characterization, transparent reporting of methodologies, and designing experiments with physiological metrics. Taken together these considerations will enhance the relevance of in vitro tumor models, biological understanding, and accelerate treatment exploration ultimately leading to improved clinical outcomes. Moreover, the development of robust, user-friendly models that integrate important stimuli will allow for the in-depth study of tumors as they undergo progression from non-transformed primary cells to metastatic disease and facilitate translation to a wide variety of biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Bregenzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric N. Horst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Caymen M. Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Rogel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Davis BNJ, Santoso JW, Walker MJ, Oliver CE, Cunningham MM, Boehm CA, Dawes D, Lasater SL, Huffman K, Kraus WE, Truskey GA. Modeling the Effect of TNF-α upon Drug-Induced Toxicity in Human, Tissue-Engineered Myobundles. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1596-1610. [PMID: 30963383 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of significant muscle diseases, such as cachexia, sarcopenia, systemic chronic inflammation, along with inflammatory myopathies share TNF-α-dominated inflammation in their pathogenesis. In addition, inflammatory episodes may increase susceptibility to drug toxicity. To assess the effect of TNF-α-induced inflammation on drug responses, we engineered 3D, human skeletal myobundles, chronically exposed them to TNF-α during maturation, and measured the combined response of TNF-α and the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin on muscle function. First, the myobundle inflammatory environment was characterized by assessing the effects of TNF-α on 2D human skeletal muscle cultures and 3D human myobundles. High doses of TNF-α inhibited maturation in human 2D cultures and maturation and function in 3D myobundles. Then, a tetanus force dose-response curve was constructed to characterize doxorubicin's effects on function alone. The combination of TNF-α and 10 nM doxorubicin exhibited a synergistic effect on both twitch and tetanus force production. Overall, the results demonstrated that inflammation of a 3D, human skeletal muscle inflammatory system alters the response to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N J Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Santoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Michaela J Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Catherine E Oliver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Michael M Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christian A Boehm
- Department of Textile Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Danielle Dawes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Samantha L Lasater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Kim Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA. .,, 1395 FCIEMS, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708-0281, USA.
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SERPINB2 Is a Novel Indicator of Cancer Stem Cell Tumorigenicity in Multiple Cancer Types. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040499. [PMID: 30965654 PMCID: PMC6520756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the major characteristics of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and a mechanism of tumor recurrence. Therefore, selectively targeting CSCs may be an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome cancer recurrence. In the present study, we found that exposure to tumorigenic compounds significantly increased the growth potential and stem-cell-like properties of various CSCs. Early-response genes involved in tumorigenesis can be used as specific markers to predict potential tumorigenicity. Importantly, for the first time we identified, a labile tumorigenic response gene—SERPINB2—and showed that tumorigenic compound exposure more profoundly affected its expression in CSCs than in non-stem cancer cells, although both cells exhibit basal expression of SERPINB2 in multiple cancer types. Our data also revealed a strong relationship between the significantly enhanced expression of SERPINB2 and metastatic progression in multiple cancer types. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the functions of SERPINB2 in the tumorigenicity of various CSCs and these findings will facilitate the development of promising tumorigenicity test platforms.
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Evaluation of Cyclosaplin Efficacy Using a Silk Based 3D Tumor Model. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040123. [PMID: 30925799 PMCID: PMC6523308 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-cancer peptides requires a rapid screening process which can be accelerated by using appropriate in vitro tumor models. Breast carcinoma tissue is a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, which contains a hypoxic center surrounded by dense proliferative tissue. Biochemical clues provided by such a 3D cell mass cannot be recapitulated in conventional 2D culture systems. In this experiment, we evaluate the efficacy of the sandalwood peptide, cyclosaplin, on an established in vitro 3D silk breast cancer model using the invasive MDA-MB-231 cell line. The anti-proliferative effect of the peptide on the 3D silk tumor model is monitored by alamarBlue assay, with conventional 2D culture as control. The proliferation rate, glucose consumed, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity of human breast cancer cells are higher in 3D constructs compared to 2D. A higher concentration of drug is required to achieve 50% cell death in 3D culture than in 2D culture. The cyclosaplin treated MDA-MB-231 cells showed a significant decrease in MMP-9 activity in 3D constructs. Microscopic analysis revealed the formation of cell clusters evenly distributed in the scaffolds. The drug treated cells were less in number, smaller and showed unusual morphology. Overall, these findings indicate the role of cyclosaplin as a promising anti-cancer therapeutic.
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67
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy based 3D spheroid culture for drug discovery studies. Talanta 2019; 191:390-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kochanek SJ, Close DA, Johnston PA. High Content Screening Characterization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cultures Generated in 384-Well Ultra-Low Attachment Plates to Screen for Better Cancer Drug Leads. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 17:17-36. [PMID: 30592624 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) cultures represent more physiologically relevant in vitro cell tumor models that recapitulate the microenvironments and cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions which occur in solid tumors. We characterized the morphologies, viability, and growth behaviors of MCTSs produced by 11 different head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines seeded into and cultured in ultra-low attachment microtiter plates (ULA-plates) over extended periods of time. HNSCC MCTS cultures developed microenvironments, which resulted in differences in proliferation rates, metabolic activity, and mitochondrial functional activity between cells located in the outer layers of the MCTS and cells in the interior. HNSCC MCTS cultures exhibited drug penetration and distribution gradients and some developed necrotic cores. Perhaps the most profound effect of culturing HNSCC cell lines in MCTS cultures was their dramatically altered and varied growth phenotypes. Instead of the exponential growth that are characteristic of two-dimensional HNSCC growth inhibition assays, some MCTS cultures displayed linear growth rates, categorized as rapid, moderate, or slow, dormant MCTSs remained viable but did not grow, and some MCTSs exhibited death phenotypes that were either progressive and slow or rapid. The ability of MCTS cultures to develop microenvironments and to display a variety of different growth phenotypes provides in vitro models that are more closely aligned with solid tumors in vivo. We anticipate that the implementation MCTS models to screen for new cancer drugs for solid tumors like HNSCC will produce leads that will translate better in in vivo animal models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton J Kochanek
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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69
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Izawa Y, Kashii-Magaribuchi K, Yoshida K, Nosaka M, Tsuji N, Yamamoto A, Kuroyanagi K, Tono K, Tanihata M, Imanishi M, Onishi M, Sakiyama M, Inoue S, Takahashi R. Stem-like Human Breast Cancer Cells Initiate Vasculogenic Mimicry on Matrigel. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:173-183. [PMID: 30647492 PMCID: PMC6328367 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), referring to vasculogenic structures lined by tumor cells, can be distinguished from angiogenesis, and is responsible for the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of tumors. HCC1937/p53 cells were derived from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and used to investigate the roles of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the formation of VM. HCC1937/p53 cells formed mesh-like structures on matrigel culture in which expression of VM-related genes, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 was confirmed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In immunofluorescence microscopy, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1A3+ cells with properties of CSCs or progenitors and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3)+ cells with more differentiated characteristics were localized in the bridging region and aggregated region of VM structures, respectively. In fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, ALDH+ cells, considered to be a subpopulation of CSCs sorted by the aldefluor assay, exhibited marked VM formation on matrigel in 24 hr, whereas ALDH− cells did not form VM, indicating possible roles of CSCs in VM formation. The stem-like cancer cells resistant to p53-induced apoptosis, which expressed a high rate of ALDH1A3 and Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box binding protein-2 (Sox-2), completed VM formation much faster than the control. These findings may provide clues to elucidate the significance of VM formed by treatment-resistant CSCs in the metastatic potential and poor prognosis associated with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Izawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | | | - Kana Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Mayu Nosaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Nanami Tsuji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Kana Kuroyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Kanoko Tono
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Misato Tanihata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Moe Imanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Momoka Onishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Mayu Sakiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Sana Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
| | - Rei Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts
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70
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Satpathy A, Datta P, Wu Y, Ayan B, Bayram E, Ozbolat IT. Developments with 3D bioprinting for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:1115-1129. [PMID: 30384781 PMCID: PMC6494715 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1542427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Although there have been significant contributions from the pharmaceutical industry to clinical practice, several diseases remain unconquered, with the discovery of new drugs remaining a paramount objective. The actual process of drug discovery involves many steps including pre-clinical and clinical testing, which are highly time- and resource-consuming, driving researchers to improve the process efficiency. The shift of modelling technology from two-dimensions (2D) to three-dimensions (3D) is one of such advancements. 3D Models allow for close mimicry of cellular interactions and tissue microenvironments thereby improving the accuracy of results. The advent of bioprinting for fabrication of tissues has shown potential to improve 3D culture models. Areas covered: The present review provides a comprehensive update on a wide range of bioprinted tissue models and appraise them for their potential use in drug discovery research. Expert opinion: Efficiency, reproducibility, and standardization are some impediments of the bioprinted models. Vascularization of the constructs has to be addressed in the near future. While much progress has already been made with several seminal works, the next milestone will be the commercialization of these models after due regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Satpathy
- a Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur , Howrah , India
| | - Pallab Datta
- a Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur , Howrah , India
| | - Yang Wu
- b Engineering Science and Mechanics Department , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
- c The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University , USA
| | - Bugra Ayan
- b Engineering Science and Mechanics Department , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
- c The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University , USA
| | - Ertugrul Bayram
- d Medical Oncology Department , Agri State Hospital , Agri , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- b Engineering Science and Mechanics Department , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
- c The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University , USA
- e Biomedical Engineering Department , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
- f Materials Research Institute, Penn State University , USA
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71
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Close DA, Wang AX, Kochanek SJ, Shun T, Eiseman JL, Johnston PA. Implementation of the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Line Panel to Screen 2260 Cancer Drug Combinations to Generate >3 Million Data Points Used to Populate a Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations (ALMANAC) Database. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:242-263. [PMID: 30500310 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal and clinical studies demonstrate that cancer drug combinations (DCs) are more effective than single agents. However, it is difficult to predict which DCs will be more efficacious than individual drugs. Systematic DC high-throughput screening (HTS) of 100 approved drugs in the National Cancer Institute's panel of 60 cancer cell lines (NCI-60) produced data to help select DCs for further consideration. We miniaturized growth inhibition assays into 384-well format, increased the fetal bovine serum amount to 10%, lengthened compound exposure to 72 h, and used a homogeneous detection reagent. We determined the growth inhibition 50% values of individual drugs across 60 cell lines, selected drug concentrations for 4 × 4 DC matrices (DCMs), created DCM master and replica daughter plate sets, implemented the HTS, quality control reviewed the data, and analyzed the results. A total of 2620 DCMs were screened in 60 cancer cell lines to generate 3.04 million data points for the NCI ALMANAC (A Large Matrix of Anti-Neoplastic Agent Combinations) database. We confirmed in vitro a synergistic drug interaction flagged in the DC HTS between the vinca-alkaloid microtubule assembly inhibitor vinorelbine (Navelbine) tartrate and the epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) in the SK-MEL-5 melanoma cell line. Seventy-five percent of the DCs examined in the screen are not currently in the clinical trials database. Selected synergistic drug interactions flagged in the DC HTS described herein were subsequently confirmed by the NCI in vitro, evaluated mechanistically, and were shown to have greater than single-agent efficacy in mouse xenograft human cancer models. Enrollment is open for two clinical trials for DCs that were identified in the DC HTS. The NCI ALMANAC database therefore constitutes a valuable resource for selecting promising DCs for confirmation, mechanistic studies, and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allen Xinwei Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stanton J Kochanek
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tongying Shun
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie L Eiseman
- 3 Cancer Therapeutics Program, The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kim YE, Jeon HJ, Kim D, Lee SY, Kim KY, Hong J, Maeng PJ, Kim KR, Kang D. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of 2D and 3D Cultured Colorectal Cancer Cells: Profiling of Tankyrase Inhibitor XAV939-Induced Proteome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13255. [PMID: 30185973 PMCID: PMC6125324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently there has been a growing interest in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems for drug discovery and development. These 3D culture systems better represent the in vivo cellular environment compared to two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, thereby providing more physiologically reliable information on drug screening and testing. Here we present the quantitative profiling of a drug-induced proteome in 2D- and 3D-cultured colorectal cancer SW480 cells using 2D nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D-nLC-MS/MS) integrated with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). We identified a total of 4854 shared proteins between 2D- and 3D-cultured SW480 cells and 136/247 differentially expressed proteins (up/down-regulated in 3D compared to 2D). These up/down-regulated proteins were mainly involved in energy metabolism, cell growth, and cell-cell interactions. We also investigated the XAV939 (tankyrase inhibitor)-induced proteome to reveal factors involved in the 3D culture-selective growth inhibitory effect of XAV939 on SW480 cells. We identified novel XAV939-induced proteins, including gelsolin (a possible tumor suppressor) and lactate dehydrogenase A (a key enzyme of glycolysis), which were differentially expressed between 2D- and 3D-cultured SW480 cells. These results provide a promising informative protein dataset to determine the effect of XAV939 on the expression levels of proteins involved in SW480 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Jeon
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Dahee Kim
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Pil Jae Maeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Kwang-Rok Kim
- Therapeutic & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Korea.
| | - Dukjin Kang
- Center for Bioanalysis, Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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73
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Super-resolution for asymmetric resolution of FIB-SEM 3D imaging using AI with deep learning. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5877. [PMID: 29651011 PMCID: PMC5897388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy equipped with a focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) is a promising three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique for nano- and meso-scale morphologies. In FIB-SEM, the specimen surface is stripped by an ion beam and imaged by an SEM installed orthogonally to the FIB. The lateral resolution is governed by the SEM, while the depth resolution, i.e., the FIB milling direction, is determined by the thickness of the stripped thin layer. In most cases, the lateral resolution is superior to the depth resolution; hence, asymmetric resolution is generated in the 3D image. Here, we propose a new approach based on an image-processing or deep-learning-based method for super-resolution of 3D images with such asymmetric resolution, so as to restore the depth resolution to achieve symmetric resolution. The deep-learning-based method learns from high-resolution sub-images obtained via SEM and recovers low-resolution sub-images parallel to the FIB milling direction. The 3D morphologies of polymeric nano-composites are used as test images, which are subjected to the deep-learning-based method as well as conventional methods. We find that the former yields superior restoration, particularly as the asymmetric resolution is increased. Our super-resolution approach for images having asymmetric resolution enables observation time reduction.
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74
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Yu KKH, Taylor JT, Pathmanaban ON, Youshani AS, Beyit D, Dutko-Gwozdz J, Benson R, Griffiths G, Peers I, Cueppens P, Telfer BA, Williams KJ, McBain C, Kamaly-Asl ID, Bigger BW. High content screening of patient-derived cell lines highlights the potential of non-standard chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of glioblastoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193694. [PMID: 29499065 PMCID: PMC5834163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain malignancy in adults, yet survival outcomes remain poor. First line treatment is well established, however disease invariably recurs and improving prognosis is challenging. With the aim of personalizing therapy at recurrence, we have established a high content screening (HCS) platform to analyze the sensitivity profile of seven patient-derived cancer stem cell lines to 83 FDA-approved chemotherapy drugs, with and without irradiation. METHODS Seven cancer stem cell lines were derived from patients with GBM and, along with the established cell line U87-MG, each patient-derived line was cultured in tandem in serum-free conditions as adherent monolayers and three-dimensional neurospheres. Chemotherapeutics were screened at multiple concentrations and cells double-stained to observe their effect on both cell death and proliferation. Sensitivity was classified using high-throughput algorithmic image analysis. RESULTS Cell line specific drug responses were observed across the seven patient-derived cell lines. Few agents were seen to have radio-sensitizing effects, yet some drug classes showed a marked difference in efficacy between monolayers and neurospheres. In vivo validation of six drugs suggested that cell death readout in a three-dimensional culture scenario is a more physiologically relevant screening model and could be used effectively to assess the chemosensitivity of patient-derived GBM lines. CONCLUSION The study puts forward a number of non-standard chemotherapeutics that could be useful in the treatment of recurrent GBM, namely mitoxantrone, bortezomib and actinomycin D, whilst demonstrating the potential of HCS to be used for personalized treatment based on the chemosensitivity profile of patient tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Kwok-Hei Yu
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica T. Taylor
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Omar N. Pathmanaban
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Saam Youshani
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Beyit
- Imagen Therapeutics, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ian Peers
- Inferstats Consulting, Alderley Park, Biohub, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cueppens
- Inferstats Consulting, Alderley Park, Biohub, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A. Telfer
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kaye J. Williams
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine McBain
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS FT, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Kamaly-Asl
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Network (CBTRN), Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W. Bigger
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Stem Cell and Neurotherapies Laboratory, Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Koban R, Neumann M, Daugs A, Bloch O, Nitsche A, Langhammer S, Ellerbrok H. A novel three-dimensional cell culture method enhances antiviral drug screening in primary human cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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76
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Soon CF, Tee KS, Wong SC, Nayan N, Sargunan Sundra, Ahmad MK, Sefat F, Sultana N, Youseffi M. Comparison of biophysical properties characterized for microtissues cultured using microencapsulation and liquid crystal based 3D cell culture techniques. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:13-29. [PMID: 29189979 PMCID: PMC5809678 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing three dimensional (3D) cells is an emerging research in tissue engineering. Biophysical properties of the 3D cells regulate the cells growth, drug diffusion dynamics and gene expressions. Scaffold based or scaffoldless techniques for 3D cell cultures are rarely being compared in terms of the physical features of the microtissues produced. The biophysical properties of the microtissues cultured using scaffold based microencapsulation by flicking and scaffoldless liquid crystal (LC) based techniques were characterized. Flicking technique produced high yield and highly reproducible microtissues of keratinocyte cell lines in alginate microcapsules at approximately 350 ± 12 pieces per culture. However, microtissues grown on the LC substrates yielded at lower quantity of 58 ± 21 pieces per culture. The sizes of the microtissues produced using alginate microcapsules and LC substrates were 250 ± 25 μm and 141 ± 70 μm, respectively. In both techniques, cells remodeled into microtissues via different growth phases and showed good integrity of cells in field-emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM). Microencapsulation packed the cells in alginate scaffolds of polysaccharides with limited spaces for motility. Whereas, LC substrates allowed the cells to migrate and self-stacking into multilayered structures as revealed by the nuclei stainings. The cells cultured using both techniques were found viable based on the live and dead cell stainings. Stained histological sections showed that both techniques produced cell models that closely replicate the intrinsic physiological conditions. Alginate microcapsulation and LC based techniques produced microtissues containing similar bio-macromolecules but they did not alter the main absorption bands of microtissues as revealed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cell growth, structural organization, morphology and surface structures for 3D microtissues cultured using both techniques appeared to be different and might be suitable for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fhong Soon
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Kian Sek Tee
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Chuan Wong
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nafarizal Nayan
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sargunan Sundra
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Ahmad
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Medical and Healthcare Technology Department, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Naznin Sultana
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mansour Youseffi
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Medical and Healthcare Technology Department, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Alginate-Based Three-Dimensional In Vitro Tumor Models: A Better Alternative to Current Two-Dimensional Cell Culture Models. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6910-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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78
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Close DA, Camarco DP, Shan F, Kochanek SJ, Johnston PA. The Generation of Three-Dimensional Head and Neck Cancer Models for Drug Discovery in 384-Well Ultra-Low Attachment Microplates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1683:355-369. [PMID: 29082502 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7357-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The poor success rate of cancer drug discovery has prompted efforts to develop more physiologically relevant cellular models for early preclinical cancer lead discovery assays. For solid tumors, this would dictate the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) tumor models that more accurately recapitulate human solid tumor architecture and biology. A number of anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent in vitro 3D cancer models have been developed together with homogeneous assay methods and high content imaging approaches to assess tumor spheroid morphology, growth, and viability. However, several significant technical challenges have restricted the implementation of some 3D models in HTS. We describe a method that uses 384-well U-bottomed ultra-low attachment (ULA) microplates to produce head and neck tumor spheroids for cancer drug discovery assays. The production of multicellular head and neck cancer spheroids in 384-well ULA-plates occurs in situ, does not impose an inordinate tissue culture burden for HTS, is readily compatible with automation and homogeneous assay detection methods, and produces high-quality uniform-sized spheroids that can be utilized in cancer drug cytotoxicity assays within days rather than weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Room 586 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Feng Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Stanton J Kochanek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Room 586 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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79
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Application of Synthetic Polymeric Scaffolds in Breast Cancer 3D Tissue Cultures and Animal Tumor Models. Int J Biomater 2017; 2017:8074890. [PMID: 29599800 PMCID: PMC5828246 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8074890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds from synthetic polymers is a challenge to most laboratories conducting biomedical research. Here, we present a handy and cost-effective method to fabricate polymeric hydrogel and porous scaffolds using poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) or polycaprolactone (PCL). Breast cancer cells grown on 3D polymeric scaffolds exhibited distinct survival, morphology, and proliferation compared to those on 2D polymeric surfaces. Mammary epithelial cells cultured on PLGA- or PCL-coated slides expressed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their receptors. Estrogen receptor- (ER-) positive T47D breast cancer cells are less sensitive to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) treatment when cultured on the 3D porous scaffolds than in 2D cultures. Finally, cancer cell-laden polymeric scaffolds support consistent tumor formation in animals and biomarker expression as seen in human native tumors. Our data suggest that the porous synthetic polymer scaffolds satisfy the basic requirements for 3D tissue cultures both in vitro and in vivo. The scaffolding technology has appealing potentials to be applied in anticancer drug screening for a better control of the progression of human cancers.
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80
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Shan F, Close DA, Camarco DP, Johnston PA. High-Content Screening Comparison of Cancer Drug Accumulation and Distribution in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Culture Models of Head and Neck Cancer. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 16:27-50. [PMID: 29215913 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High cancer drug development attrition rates have provoked considerable debate about whether the two-dimensional tumor growth inhibition high-throughput screening assays used in pre-clinical lead discovery adequately reflect solid tumor complexity. We used automated high-content screening image acquisition and analysis methods to compare fluorescent drug uptake, accumulation, and distribution in Cal33 and FaDu head and neck cancer (HNC) monolayer and multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) models. Ellipticine, idarubicin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin were studied because of their fluorescent properties and broad anti-tumor activities. HNC MCTSs were generated in 384-well ultra-low attachment plates where compound exposure, image acquisition, and analysis could be performed in situ. Fluorescent drug accumulation in Cal33 monolayer and MCTS cultures was linear with respect to concentration, and appeared to achieve steady-state levels within 10-15 min of drug exposure, which were maintained through 30-45 min. Drug accumulation in monolayers was independent of cell number and/or density, and every cell achieved uniform drug concentrations. In MCTSs, however, drug accumulation increased as the number of cells and sizes of the MCTSs became bigger. Drugs exhibited restricted penetration and distribution gradients, accumulating preferentially in cells in the outer layers of MCTSs relative to those in the inner cores. Cal33 monolayers were 6-, 20-, 10-, and 16-fold more sensitive than MCTSs to growth inhibition by ellipticine, idarubicin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin, respectively. In Cal33 MCTSs exposed to ellipticine or doxorubicin for 24 h, MCTSs were smaller and although they still exhibited drug penetration and distribution gradients, the fluorescent intensity difference between outer and inner cells was reduced. After a 24 h exposure, both drugs had penetrated throughout FaDu MCTSs, consistent with drug-induced death of peripheral cell layers enhancing drug penetration. The increased resistance of MCTS cultures and their ability to recapitulate drug penetration and distribution gradients argues strongly for the deployment of these more physiological models in cancer lead discovery. MCTSs have the potential to enhance the correlation between in vitro potencies and in vivo efficacy, and ultimately may lead to improved cancer drug approval rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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81
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Peela N, Barrientos ES, Truong D, Mouneimne G, Nikkhah M. Effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on breast cancer cells within a tumor–stroma microfluidic model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:988-999. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Peela
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - E. S. Barrientos
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - D. Truong
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - G. Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - M. Nikkhah
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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82
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Widder M, Lemke K, Kekeç B, Förster T, Grodrian A, Gastrock G. A modified 384-well-device for versatile use in 3D cancer cell (co-)cultivation and screening for investigations of tumor biology in vitro. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:132-139. [PMID: 29610566 PMCID: PMC5873453 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer exhibits a worst prognosis owed to an aggressive tumor progression i.a. driven by chemoresistance or tumor‐stroma‐interactions. The identification of candidate genes, which promote this progression, can lead to new therapeutic targets and might improve patient's outcome. The identification of these candidates in a plethora of genes requires suitable screening protocols. The aim of the present study was to establish a universally usable device which ensures versatile cultivation, screening and handling protocols of cancer cells with the 3D spheroid model, an approved model to study tumor biology. By surface modification and alternative handling of a commercial 384‐well plate, a modified device enabling (i) 3D cultivation either by liquid overlay or by a modified hanging drop method for (ii) screening of substances as well as for tumor‐stroma‐interactions (iii) either with manual or automated handling was established. The here presented preliminary results of cell line dependent dose‐response‐relations and a stromal‐induced spheroid‐formation of the pancreatic cancer cells demonstrate the proof‐of‐principle of the versatile functionality of this device. By adapting the protocols to automation, a higher reproducibility and the ability for high‐throughput analyses were ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Widder
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
| | - Karen Lemke
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
| | - Bünyamin Kekeç
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
| | - Tobias Förster
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
| | - Andreas Grodrian
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
| | - Gunter Gastrock
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques e.V. Rosenhof Heilbad Heiligenstadt Germany
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83
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Angeloni V, Contessi N, De Marco C, Bertoldi S, Tanzi MC, Daidone MG, Farè S. Polyurethane foam scaffold as in vitro model for breast cancer bone metastasis. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:306-316. [PMID: 28927931 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) represents the most incident cancer case in women (29%), with high mortality rate. Bone metastasis occurs in 20-50% cases and, despite advances in BC research, the interactions between tumor cells and the metastatic microenvironment are still poorly understood. In vitro 3D models gained great interest in cancer research, thanks to the reproducibility, the 3D spatial cues and associated low costs, compared to in vivo and 2D in vitro models. In this study, we investigated the suitability of a poly-ether-urethane (PU) foam as 3D in vitro model to study the interactions between BC tumor-initiating cells and the bone microenvironment. PU foam open porosity (>70%) appeared suitable to mimic trabecular bone structure. The PU foam showed good mechanical properties under cyclic compression (E=69-109kPa), even if lower than human trabecular bone. The scaffold supported osteoblast SAOS-2 cell line proliferation, with no cytotoxic effects. Human adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) were cultured and differentiated into osteoblast lineage on the PU foam, as shown by alizarin red staining and RT-PCR, thus offering a bone biomimetic microenvironment to the further co-culture with BC derived tumor-initiating cells (MCFS). Tumor aggregates were observed after three weeks of co-culture by e-cadherin staining and SEM; modification in CaP distribution was identified by SEM-EDX and associated to the presence of tumor cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated the suitability of the PU foam to reproduce a bone biomimetic microenvironment, useful for the co-culture of human osteoblasts/BC tumor-initiating cells and to investigate their interaction. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 3D in vitro models represent an outstanding alternative in the study of tumor metastases development, compared to traditional 2D in vitro cultures, which oversimplify the 3D tissue microenvironment, and in vivo studies, affected by low reproducibility and ethical issues. Several scaffold-based 3D in vitro models have been proposed to recapitulate the development of metastases in different body sites but, still, the crucial challenge is to correctly mimic the tissue to be modelled in terms of physical, mechanical and biological properties. Here, we prove the suitability of a porous polyurethane foam, synthesized using an appropriate formulaton, in mimicking the bone tissue microenvironment and in reproducing the metastatic colonization derived from human breast cancer, particularly evidencing the devastating effects on the bone extracellular matrix caused by metastatic spreading.
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84
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Zhu ZW, Chen L, Liu JX, Huang JW, Wu G, Zheng YF, Yao KT. A novel three-dimensional tumorsphere culture system for the efficient and low-cost enrichment of cancer stem cells with natural polymers. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:85-92. [PMID: 29387183 PMCID: PMC5769308 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to serve a key role in tumor progression, recurrence and metastasis. Tumorsphere culture is the most important method for enriching CSCs and is widely used in basic research and drug screening. However, the traditional suspension cell culture system has several disadvantages, including low efficiency, high cost and difficult procedure, making it difficult to produce tumorspheres on a large scale. In the present study, two biomaterials, methylcellulose (MC) and gellan gum (GG), were used to construct a novel culture system based on the traditional system. Subsequently, the characteristics of the novel three-dimensional (3D) culture system were evaluated, the design scheme was optimized, and the morphological and biological features of the tumorspheres cultured in this 3D system were compared with the traditional system. The results revealed that the tumorspheres cultured in the novel 3D system presented a higher seeding density and improved morphology, while maintaining stem-like properties. This evidence suggests that a simple, efficient and low-cost culture system that produces tumorspheres on a large scale was successfully constructed, which can be widely used in various aspects of stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wei Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xian Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Wen Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Fang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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85
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Methods to Evaluate Cell Growth, Viability, and Response to Treatment in a Tissue Engineered Breast Cancer Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14167. [PMID: 29074857 PMCID: PMC5658356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro, engineered surrogates in the field of cancer research is of interest for studies involving mechanisms of growth and metastasis, and response to therapeutic intervention. While biomimetic surrogates better model human disease, their complex composition and dimensionality make them challenging to evaluate in a real-time manner. This feature has hindered the broad implementation of these models, particularly in drug discovery. Herein, several methods and approaches for the real-time, non-invasive analysis of cell growth and response to treatment in tissue-engineered, three-dimensional models of breast cancer are presented. The tissue-engineered surrogates used to demonstrate these methods consist of breast cancer epithelial cells and fibroblasts within a three dimensional volume of extracellular matrix and are continuously perfused with nutrients via a bioreactor system. Growth of the surrogates over time was measured using optical in vivo (IVIS) imaging. Morphologic changes in specific cell populations were evaluated by multi-photon confocal microscopy. Response of the surrogates to treatment with paclitaxel was measured by optical imaging and by analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 in the perfused medium. Each method described can be repeatedly performed during culture, allowing for real-time, longitudinal analysis of cell populations within engineered tumor models.
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86
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Huang G, Li F, Zhao X, Ma Y, Li Y, Lin M, Jin G, Lu TJ, Genin GM, Xu F. Functional and Biomimetic Materials for Engineering of the Three-Dimensional Cell Microenvironment. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12764-12850. [PMID: 28991456 PMCID: PMC6494624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the cell microenvironment serves not only as a structural foundation for cells but also as a source of three-dimensional (3D) biochemical and biophysical cues that trigger and regulate cell behaviors. Increasing evidence suggests that the 3D character of the microenvironment is required for development of many critical cell responses observed in vivo, fueling a surge in the development of functional and biomimetic materials for engineering the 3D cell microenvironment. Progress in the design of such materials has improved control of cell behaviors in 3D and advanced the fields of tissue regeneration, in vitro tissue models, large-scale cell differentiation, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. However, the field is still in its infancy, and discoveries about the nature of cell-microenvironment interactions continue to overturn much early progress in the field. Key challenges continue to be dissecting the roles of chemistry, structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology in the cell microenvironment, and understanding and harnessing the roles of periodicity and drift in these factors. This review encapsulates where recent advances appear to leave the ever-shifting state of the art, and it highlights areas in which substantial potential and uncertainty remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guorui Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials
and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering &
Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130, MO,
USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for
Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis 63130,
MO, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center
(BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s
Republic of China
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87
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Amaral RLF, Miranda M, Marcato PD, Swiech K. Comparative Analysis of 3D Bladder Tumor Spheroids Obtained by Forced Floating and Hanging Drop Methods for Drug Screening. Front Physiol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28878686 PMCID: PMC5572239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cell-based assays using three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures may reflect the antitumor activity of compounds more accurately, since these models reproduce the tumor microenvironment better. Methods: Here, we report a comparative analysis of cell behavior in the two most widely employed methods for 3D spheroid culture, forced floating (Ultra-low Attachment, ULA, plates), and hanging drop (HD) methods, using the RT4 human bladder cancer cell line as a model. The morphology parameters and growth/metabolism of the spheroids generated were first characterized, using four different cell-seeding concentrations (0.5, 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 × 104 cells/mL), and then, subjected to drug resistance evaluation. Results: Both methods generated spheroids with a smooth surface and round shape in a spheroidization time of about 48 h, regardless of the cell-seeding concentration used. Reduced cell growth and metabolism was observed in 3D cultures compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures. The optimal range of spheroid diameter (300–500 μm) was obtained using cultures initiated with 0.5 and 1.25 × 104 cells/mL for the ULA method and 2.5 and 3.75 × 104 cells/mL for the HD method. RT4 cells cultured under 3D conditions also exhibited a higher resistance to doxorubicin (IC50 of 1.00 and 0.83 μg/mL for the ULA and HD methods, respectively) compared to 2D cultures (IC50 ranging from 0.39 to 0.43). Conclusions: Comparing the results, we concluded that the forced floating method using ULA plates was considered more suitable and straightforward to generate RT4 spheroids for drug screening/cytotoxicity assays. The results presented here also contribute to the improvement in the standardization of the 3D cultures required for widespread application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson L F Amaral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariza Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscyla D Marcato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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88
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Advanced biomaterials and microengineering technologies to recapitulate the stepwise process of cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2017; 133:176-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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89
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Diekjürgen D, Grainger DW. Polysaccharide matrices used in 3D in vitro cell culture systems. Biomaterials 2017; 141:96-115. [PMID: 28672214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides comprise a diverse class of polymeric materials with a history of proven biocompatibility and continual use as biomaterials. Recent focus on new matrices appropriate for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture offers new opportunities to apply polysaccharides as extracellular matrix mimics. However, chemical and structural bases for specific cell-polysaccharide interactions essential for their utility as 3-D cell matrices are not well defined. This review describes how these naturally sourced biomaterials satisfy several key properties for current 3D cell culture needs and can also be synthetically modified or blended with additional components to tailor their cell engagement properties. Beyond their benign interactions with many cell types in cultures, their economical and high quality sourcing, optical clarity for ex situ analytical interrogation and in situ gelation represent important properties of these polymers for 3D cell culture applications. Continued diversification of their versatile glycan chemistry, new bio-synthetic sourcing strategies and elucidation of new cell-specific properties are attractive to expand the polysaccharide polymer utility for cell culture needs. Many 3D cell culture priorities are addressed with the portfolio of polysaccharide materials available and under development. This review provides a critical analysis of their properties, capabilities and challenges in 3D cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Diekjürgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA.
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90
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Abstract
New cancer drug approval rates are ≤5% despite significant investments in cancer research, drug discovery and development. One strategy to improve the rate of success of new cancer drugs transitioning into the clinic would be to more closely align the cellular models used in the early lead discovery with pre-clinical animal models and patient tumors. For solid tumors, this would mandate the development and implementation of three dimensional (3D) in vitro tumor models that more accurately recapitulate human solid tumor architecture and biology. Recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have provided new techniques for 3D spheroid generation and a variety of in vitro 3D cancer models are being explored for cancer drug discovery. Although homogeneous assay methods and high content imaging approaches to assess tumor spheroid morphology, growth and viability have been developed, the implementation of 3D models in HTS remains challenging due to reasons that we discuss in this review. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to achieve acceptable HTS assay performance metrics occurs in 3D tumor models that produce spheroids with highly variable morphologies and/or sizes. We highlight two methods that produce uniform size-controlled 3D multicellular tumor spheroids that are compatible with cancer drug research and HTS; tumor spheroids formed in ultra-low attachment microplates, or in polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate hydrogel microwell arrays.
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Zheng Z, Liu T, Zheng J, Hu J. Clarifying the molecular mechanism associated with carfilzomib resistance in human multiple myeloma using microarray gene expression profile and genetic interaction network. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1327-1334. [PMID: 28280367 PMCID: PMC5338971 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s130742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carfilzomib is a Food and Drug Administration-approved selective proteasome inhibitor for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, recent studies indicate that MM cells still develop resistance to carfilzomib, and the molecular mechanisms associated with carfilzomib resistance have not been studied in detail. In this study, to better understand its potential resistant effect and its underlying mechanisms in MM, microarray gene expression profile associated with carfilzomib-resistant KMS-11 and its parental cell line was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Raw fluorescent signals were normalized and differently expressed genes were identified using Significance Analysis of Microarrays method. Genetic interaction network was expanded using String, a biomolecular interaction network JAVA platform. Meanwhile, molecular function, biological process and signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Totally, 27 upregulated and 36 downregulated genes were identified and a genetic interaction network associated with the resistant effect was expanded basing on String, which consisted of 100 nodes and 249 edges. In addition, signaling pathway enrichment analysis indicated that cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, autophagy, ErbB signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer and fatty acid metabolism pathways were aberrant in carfilzomib-resistant KMS-11 cells. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that carfilzomib potentially conferred drug resistance to KMS-11 cells by cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, autophagy, ErbB signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer and fatty acid metabolism pathways, which may provide some potential molecular therapeutic targets for drug combination therapy against carfilzomib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianda Hu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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92
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Watson PMD, Kavanagh E, Allenby G, Vassey M. Bioengineered 3D Glial Cell Culture Systems and Applications for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:583-601. [PMID: 28346104 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key features in a range of chronic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as acute conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury, for which there remains significant unmet clinical need. It is now well recognized that current cell culture methodologies are limited in their ability to recapitulate the cellular environment that is present in vivo, and there is a growing body of evidence to show that three-dimensional (3D) culture systems represent a more physiologically accurate model than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Given the complexity of the environment from which cells originate, and their various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, it is important to develop models that can be controlled and reproducible for drug discovery. 3D cell models have now been developed for almost all CNS cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte cells. This review will highlight a number of current and emerging techniques for the culture of astrocytes and microglia, glial cell types with a critical role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We describe recent advances in glial cell culture using electrospun polymers and hydrogel macromolecules, and highlight how these novel culture environments influence astrocyte and microglial phenotypes in vitro, as compared to traditional 2D systems. These models will be explored to illuminate current trends in the techniques used to create 3D environments for application in research and drug discovery focused on astrocytes and microglial cells.
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93
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Bouchemi M, Roubeix C, Kessal K, Riancho L, Raveu AL, Soualmia H, Baudouin C, Brignole-Baudouin F. Effect of benzalkonium chloride on trabecular meshwork cells in a new in vitro 3D trabecular meshwork model for glaucoma. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:21-29. [PMID: 28214551 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate a new culture model of primary human trabecular meshwork cells (p-hTMCs) using Matrigel®, in order to mimic in vitro 3D-TM organization, and to investigate the proinflammatory effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) in 3D p-hTMC cultures. METHODS p-hTMCs, seeded onto Matrigel®-coated inserts were stimulated with BAK (10-4%), dexamethasone (DEX) (10-6M) or transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) (5ng/ml) for 48h and observed with confocal microscopy. The BAK effect at 10-4% or 5.10-3% on the gene expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) was investigated using qRT-PCR in 2D and 3D p-hTMC cultures. RESULTS p-hTMCs seeded in Matrigel® were able to organize themselves in a 3D-spatial conformation in the different conditions tested with cross-linked actin network (CLAN) formation in presence of DEX or TGF-β2 and intercellular space contraction with TGF-β2. IL-6 and IL-8 gene expressions increased in presence of BAK in 2D and in 3D p-hTMC cultures. BAK 10-4% only showed a tendency to stimulate MMP-9 expression in p-hTMCs after 24h-recovery. CONCLUSIONS We investigated this new 3D-TM in vitro model in Matrigel® matrix for pathophysiological and toxicological purposes. It appears as a new promising tool for a better understanding of TM behavior in physiological and stress conditions, as well as toxicological evaluations of antiglaucoma eyedrops and preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Bouchemi
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Karima Kessal
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Luisa Riancho
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Anne-Laure Raveu
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Hayet Soualmia
- Research Laboratory LR99ES11, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia; El Manar University, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS, CIC 503, Paris F-75012, France; Hop Ambroise Pare, AP HP, Dept Ophthalmology, F-92100 Boulogne, France; Univ Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS, CIC 503, Paris F-75012, France; Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75006, France; Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 17 F-75006, France
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94
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Tan LH, Sykes PH, Alkaisi MM, Evans JJ. Cell-like features imprinted in the physical nano- and micro-topography of the environment modify the responses to anti-cancer drugs of endometrial cancer cells. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015017. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa5c9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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95
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Ravi M, Mohan DK, Sahu B. Protein Expression Differences of 2-Dimensional and Progressive 3-Dimensional Cell Cultures of Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer Cell Line H460. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1648-1652. [PMID: 27859572 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell-lung-cancer (NSCLC) constitutes about 75-80% of lung cancers. The challenge to tackle cancers is in early diagnosis and arriving at safer therapeutic options. In vitro studies using cancer cell lines continue to contribute significantly in understanding cancers. Cell culture methods have evolved and the recent developments in 3 dimensional (3D) cell cultures are inducing greater resemblance of the in vitro cultured cells with in vivo conditions. In this study, we established 3D aggregates of H460 cell line on agarose hydrogels and studied the protein expression differences among cells grown as monolayers (2D) and the progressively developing 3D aggregates from days 2 to 10. Analysis included matching of those proteins expressed by the developing aggregates and the available literature on progressing tumors in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1648-1652, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Divya K Mohan
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
| | - Bellona Sahu
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600116, India
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96
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Di W, Czarny RS, Fletcher NA, Krebs MD, Clark HA. Comparative Study of Poly (ε-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) -Based Nanofiber Scaffolds for pH-Sensing. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2433-44. [PMID: 27380188 PMCID: PMC5007178 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to develop biodegradable and biocompatible polymer-based nanofibers that continuously monitor pH within microenvironments of cultured cells in real-time. In the future, these fibers will provide a scaffold for tissue growth while simultaneously monitoring the extracellular environment. METHODS Sensors to monitor pH were created by directly electrospinning the sensor components within a polymeric matrix. Specifically, the entire fiber structure is composed of the optical equivalent of an electrode, a pH-sensitive fluorophore, an ionic additive, a plasticizer, and a polymer to impart mechanical stability. The resulting poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based sensors were characterized by morphology, dynamic range, reversibility and stability. Since PCL-based nanofibers delivered the most desirable analytical response, this matrix was used for cellular studies. RESULTS Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds (NFSs) were created directly out of optode material. The resulting NFS sensors respond to pH changes with a dynamic range centered at 7.8 ± 0.1 and 9.6 ± 0.2, for PCL and PLGA respectively. NFSs exhibited multiple cycles of reversibility with a lifetime of at least 15 days with preservation of response characteristics. By comparing the two NFSs, we found PCL-NFSs are more suitable for pH sensing due to their dynamic range and superior reversibility. CONCLUSION The proposed sensing platform successfully exhibits a response to pH and compatibility with cultured cells. NSFs will be a useful tool for creating 3D cellular scaffolds that can monitor the cellular environment with applications in fields such as drug discovery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Ryan S Czarny
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - Nathan A Fletcher
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - Melissa D Krebs
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - Heather A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
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97
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Mabry KM, Schroeder ME, Payne SZ, Anseth KS. Three-Dimensional High-Throughput Cell Encapsulation Platform to Study Changes in Cell-Matrix Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21914-21922. [PMID: 27050338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In their native extracellular microenvironment, cells respond to a complex array of biochemical and mechanical cues that can vary in both time and space. High-throughput methods that allow characterization of cell-laden matrices are valuable tools to screen through many combinations of variables, ultimately helping to evolve and test hypotheses related to cell-ECM signaling. Here, we developed a platform for high-throughput encapsulation of cells in peptide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Hydrogels were synthesized using a thiol-ene, photoclick reaction, which allowed the cell matrix environment to be modified in real time. Matrix signals were dynamically altered by in situ tethering of RGDS (0-1.5 mM), a fibronectin-derived adhesive peptide that induced more elongation than RLD or IKVAV, and/or by increasing the matrix modulus (1 to 6 kPa). This method was demonstrated with aortic valvular interstitial cells (VICs), a population of cells responsible for the pathological fibrosis and matrix remodeling that leads to aortic stenosis. VIC response to cell-matrix interactions was characterized by quantifying cell morphology and the fraction of cells exhibiting α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) stress fibers, a hallmark of the myofibroblast phenotype. VICs elongated in response to RGDS addition, with a dramatic change in morphology within 24 h. Myofibroblast activation was also dependent on RGDS addition, with VICs exhibiting high activation (16-24%) in 1 kPa gels with RGDS. Response to RGDS was path-dependent, with the amount of time exposed to the adhesive ligand important in determining VIC morphology and activation. Although VIC aspect ratios were dependent on the amount of time spent in a stiff vs soft gel, low levels of VIC activation (≤4%) were observed in any gels cultured in higher modulus (6 kPa vs 1 kPa) microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Mabry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Samuel Z Payne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ‡Department of Materials Science, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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98
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Martinez NJ, Rai G, Yasgar A, Lea WA, Sun H, Wang Y, Luci DK, Yang SM, Nishihara K, Takeda S, Sagor M, Earnshaw I, Okada T, Mori K, Wilson K, Riggins GJ, Xia M, Grimaldi M, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A. A High-Throughput Screen Identifies 2,9-Diazaspiro[5.5]Undecanes as Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response with Cytotoxic Activity in 3D Glioma Cell Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161486. [PMID: 27570969 PMCID: PMC5003374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in Ca2+ signaling and protein folding. ER Ca2+ depletion and accumulation of unfolded proteins activate the molecular chaperone GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) which in turn triggers the ER stress response (ERSR) pathway aimed to restore ER homeostasis. Failure to adapt to stress, however, results in apoptosis. We and others have shown that malignant cells are more susceptible to ERSR-induced apoptosis than their normal counterparts, implicating the ERSR as a potential target for cancer therapeutics. Predicated on these findings, we developed an assay that uses a GRP78 biosensor to identify small molecule activators of ERSR in glioma cells. We performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) against a collection of ~425,000 compounds and a comprehensive panel of orthogonal secondary assays was formulated for stringent compound validation. We identified novel activators of ERSR, including a compound with a 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane core, which depletes intracellular Ca2+ stores and induces apoptosis-mediated cell death in several cancer cell lines, including patient-derived and 3D cultures of glioma cells. This study demonstrates that our screening platform enables the identification and profiling of ERSR inducers with cytotoxic activity and advocates for characterization of these compound in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J. Martinez
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Adam Yasgar
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Wendy A. Lea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Diane K. Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Shyh-Ming Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Kana Nishihara
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Mohiuddin Sagor
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Irina Earnshaw
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
| | - Kelli Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States of America
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Grimaldi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States of America
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
| | - David J. Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (DJM)
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (DJM)
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Edmondson R, Adcock AF, Yang L. Influence of Matrices on 3D-Cultured Prostate Cancer Cells' Drug Response and Expression of Drug-Action Associated Proteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158116. [PMID: 27352049 PMCID: PMC4924873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of matrix on the behaviors of 3D-cultured cells of two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and DU145. Two biologically-derived matrices, Matrigel and Cultrex BME, and one synthetic matrix, the Alvetex scaffold, were used to culture the cells. The cell proliferation rate, cellular response to anti-cancer drugs, and expression levels of proteins associated with drug sensitivity/resistance were examined and compared amongst the 3D-cultured cells on the three matrices and 2D-cultured cells. The cellular responses upon treatment with two common anti-cancer drugs, Docetaxel and Rapamycin, were examined. The expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and β-III tubulin in DU145 cells and p53 in LNCaP cells were examined. The results showed that the proliferation rates of cells cultured on the three matrices varied, especially between the synthetic matrix and the biologically-derived matrices. The drug responses and the expressions of drug sensitivity-associated proteins differed between cells on various matrices as well. Among the 3D cultures on the three matrices, increased expression of β-III tubulin in DU145 cells was correlated with increased resistance to Docetaxel, and decreased expression of EGFR in DU145 cells was correlated with increased sensitivity to Rapamycin. Increased expression of a p53 dimer in 3D-cultured LNCaP cells was correlated with increased resistance to Docetaxel. Collectively, the results showed that the matrix of 3D cell culture models strongly influences cellular behaviors, which highlights the imperative need to achieve standardization of 3D cell culture technology in order to be used in drug screening and cell biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheena Edmondson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, United States of America
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, United States of America
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, United States of America
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Ahonen I, Härmä V, Schukov HP, Nees M, Nevalainen J. Morphological Clustering of Cell Cultures Based on Size, Shape, and Texture Features. Stat Biopharm Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2016.1146162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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