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Smolker HR, Friedman NP, Hewitt JK, Banich MT. Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Unity and Diversity Model of Executive Function in Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:283. [PMID: 30083098 PMCID: PMC6064948 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neuroanatomical correlates of individual differences in executive function (EF) is integral to a complete characterization of the neural systems supporting cognition. While studies have investigated EF-neuroanatomy relationships in adults, these studies often include samples with wide variation in age, which may mask relationships between neuroanatomy and EF specific to certain neurodevelopmental time points, and such studies often use unreliable single task measures of EF. Here we address both issues. First, we focused on a specific age at which the majority of neurodevelopmental changes are complete but at which age-related atrophy is not likely (N = 251; mean age of 28.71 years, SD = 0.57). Second, we assessed EF through multiple tasks, deriving three factors scores guided by the unity/diversity model of EF, which posits a common EF factor that influences all EF tasks, as well as an updating-specific and shifting-specific factor. We found that better common EF was associated with greater volume and surface area of regions in right middle frontal gyrus/frontal pole, right inferior temporal gyrus, as well as fractional anisotropy in portions of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (rSLF) and the left anterior thalamic radiation. Better updating-specific ability was associated with greater cortical thickness of a cluster in left cuneus/precuneus, and reduced cortical thickness in regions of right superior frontal gyrus and right middle/superior temporal gyrus, but no aspects of white matter diffusion. In contrast, better shifting-specific ability was not associated with gray matter characteristics, but rather was associated with increased mean diffusivity and reduced radial diffusivity throughout much of the brain and reduced axial diffusivity in distinct clusters of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, the corpus callosum, and the right optic radiation. These results demonstrate that associations between individual differences in EF ability and regional neuroanatomical properties occur not only within classic brain networks thought to support EF, but also in a variety of other regions and white matter tracts. These relationships appear to differ from observations made in emerging adults (Smolker et al., 2015), which might indicate that the brain systems associated with EF continue to experience behaviorally relevant maturational process beyond the early 20s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Smolker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Marie T Banich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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52
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Neuroethics and Philosophy in Responsible Research and Innovation: The Case of the Human Brain Project. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-018-9372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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53
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Miskovich TA, Anderson NE, Harenski CL, Harenski KA, Baskin-Sommers AR, Larson CL, Newman JP, Hanson JL, Stout DM, Koenigs M, Shollenbarger SG, Lisdahl KM, Decety J, Kosson DS, Kiehl KA. Abnormal cortical gyrification in criminal psychopathy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:876-882. [PMID: 29946511 PMCID: PMC6008502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by interpersonal and emotional abnormalities (e.g., lack of empathy and guilt) and antisocial behavior. Psychopathy has been associated with a number of structural brain abnormalities, most notably in orbital frontal and anterior/medial temporal regions, that may underlie psychopathic individuals' problematic behaviors. Past research evaluating cortical structure in psychopathy has considered thickness and volume, but to date no study has investigated differences in cortical gyrification, a measure of cortical complexity thought to reflect early neurodevelopmental cortical connectivity. Methods We measured the local gyrification index (LGI) in a sample of 716 adult male inmates and performed a whole brain analysis assessing the relationship between LGI and total and factor scores on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). Results PCL-R scores were negatively associated with LGI measures within the right hemisphere in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) and adjacent regions of the superior frontal gyrus as well as lateral superior parietal cortex. Additionally, PCL-R Factor 1 scores (interpersonal/affective traits) predicted less LGI within the right MCC and adjacent dorsomedial frontal cortex and greater LGI in bilateral occipital cortex. Scores on PCL-R Factor 2, indicating impulsivity and antisocial behaviors, did not predict LGI in any regions. Conclusions These findings suggest that psychopathy, particularly the interpersonal and affective traits, are associated with specific structural abnormalities that form during neurodevelopment and these abnormalities may underlie aberrant brain functioning in regions important in emotional processing and cognitive control. We examined cortical gyrification associations with psychopathy in a sample of 716 incarcerated individuals. Psychopathy was negatively associated with gyrification in the midcingulate cortex and superior parietal cortex. Factor 1 scores negatively predicted gyrification in the midcingulate cortex, but positively in bilateral occipital cortex. These results may represent a vulnerability for psychopathy, which may help elucidate the etiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Miskovich
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Anderson
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carla L Harenski
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Keith A Harenski
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Joseph P Newman
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Jessica L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Daniel M Stout
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | | | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David S Kosson
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The nonprofit Mind Research Network (MRN) & Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute (LBERI), Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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54
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Caverzasi E, Mandelli ML, Hoeft F, Watson C, Meyer M, Allen IE, Papinutto N, Wang C, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Marco EJ, Mukherjee P, Miller ZA, Miller BL, Hendren R, Shapiro KA, Gorno-Tempini ML. Abnormal age-related cortical folding and neurite morphology in children with developmental dyslexia. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 18:814-821. [PMID: 29876267 PMCID: PMC5988019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of a relationship between regional variability in cerebral gyrification and neurodevelopment. Recent work in morphometric MRI has shown that the local gyrification index (lGI), a measure of regional brain folding, may be altered in certain neurodevelopmental disorders. Other studies report that the lGI generally decreases with age in adolescence and young adulthood; however, little is known about how these age-dependent differences in brain maturation occur in atypical neurodevelopment and mechanisms underlying gyrification, such as synaptic pruning. Organization and optimization of dendrites and axons connections across the brain might be driving gyrification and folding processes. In this study, we first assessed lGI differences in the left hemisphere in a cohort of 39 children with developmental dyslexia (DD) between the ages of 7 and 15 years in comparison to 56 typically developing controls (TDC). To better understand the microstructural basis of these changes, we next explored the relationship between lGI differences and cortical thickness and neurite morphology by applying neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). We identified significant differences in lGI between children with DD and TDC in left lateral temporal and middle frontal regions. Further, DD failed to show the expected age-related decreases in lGI in the same regions. Age-related differences in lGI in DD were not explained by differences in cortical thickness, but did correlate with NODDI neurite density and orientation dispersion index. Our findings suggest that gyrification changes in DD are related to abnormal neurite morphology, and are possibly an expression of differences in synaptic pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Caverzasi
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences PhD, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Mandelli
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christa Watson
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marita Meyer
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel E Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nico Papinutto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Russel Square House, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Hendren
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin A Shapiro
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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55
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Müller-Oehring EM, Kwon D, Nagel BJ, Sullivan EV, Chu W, Rohlfing T, Prouty D, Nichols BN, Poline JB, Tapert SF, Brown SA, Cummins K, Brumback T, Colrain IM, Baker FC, De Bellis MD, Voyvodic JT, Clark DB, Pfefferbaum A, Pohl KM. Influences of Age, Sex, and Moderate Alcohol Drinking on the Intrinsic Functional Architecture of Adolescent Brains. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:1049-1063. [PMID: 28168274 PMCID: PMC6059181 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from adolescent to adult cognition and emotional control requires neurodevelopmental maturation likely involving intrinsic functional networks (IFNs). Normal neurodevelopment may be vulnerable to disruption from environmental insult such as alcohol consumption commonly initiated during adolescence. To test potential disruption to IFN maturation, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in 581 no-to-low alcohol-consuming and 117 moderate-to-high-drinking youth. Functional seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis assessed age, sex, and moderate alcohol drinking on default-mode, executive-control, salience, reward, and emotion networks and tested cognitive and motor coordination correlates of network connectivity. Among no-to-low alcohol-consuming adolescents, executive-control frontolimbicstriatal connectivity was stronger in older than younger adolescents, particularly boys, and predicted better ability in balance, memory, and impulse control. Connectivity patterns in moderate-to-high-drinking youth were tested mainly in late adolescence when drinking was initiated. Implicated was the emotion network with attenuated connectivity to default-mode network regions. Our cross-sectional rs-fMRI findings from this large cohort of adolescents show sexual dimorphism in connectivity and suggest neurodevelopmental rewiring toward stronger and spatially more distributed executive-control networking in older than younger adolescents. Functional network rewiring in moderate-to-high-drinking adolescents may impede maturation of affective and self-reflection systems and obscure maturation of complex social and emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dongjin Kwon
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiwei Chu
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Torsten Rohlfing
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Devin Prouty
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - B Nolan Nichols
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Poline
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin Cummins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty Brumback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ian M Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael D De Bellis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James T Voyvodic
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Duncan B Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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56
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Krongold M, Cooper C, Bray S. Modular Development of Cortical Gray Matter Across Childhood and Adolescence. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1125-1136. [PMID: 26656727 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain maturation across childhood and adolescence is characterized by cortical thickness (CT) and volume contraction, and early expansion of surface area (SA). These processes occur asynchronously across the cortical surface, with functional, topographic, and network-based organizing principles proposed to account for developmental patterns. Characterizing regions undergoing synchronized development can help determine whether "maturational networks" overlap with well-described functional networks, and whether they are targeted by neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we modeled changes with age in CT, SA, and volume from 335 typically developing subjects in the NIH MRI study of normal brain development, with 262 followed longitudinally for a total of 724 scans. Vertices showing similar maturation between 5 and 22 years were grouped together using data-driven clustering. Patterns of CT development distinguished sensory and motor regions from association regions, and were vastly different from SA patterns, which separated anterior from posterior regions. Developmental modules showed little similarity to networks derived from resting-state functional connectivity. Our findings present a novel perspective on maturational changes across the cortex, showing that several proposed organizing principles of cortical development co-exist, albeit in different structural parameters, and enable visualization of developmental trends occurring in parallel at remote cortical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Krongold
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program
| | - Cassandra Cooper
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8
| | - Signe Bray
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.,Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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57
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Chung YS, Hyatt CJ, Stevens MC. Adolescent maturation of the relationship between cortical gyrification and cognitive ability. Neuroimage 2017; 158:319-331. [PMID: 28676299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are changes to the degree of cortical folding from gestation through adolescence into young adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that degree of cortical folding is linked to individual differences in general cognitive ability in healthy adults. However, it is not yet known whether age-related cortical folding changes are related to maturation of specific cognitive abilities in adolescence. To address this, we examined the relationship between frontoparietal cortical folding as measured by a Freesurfer-derived local gyrification index (lGI) and performance on subtests from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and scores from Conner's Continuous Performance Test-II in 241 healthy adolescents (ages 12-25 years). We hypothesized that age-related lGI changes in the frontoparietal cortex would contribute to cognitive development. A secondary goal was to explore if any gyrification-cognition relationships were either test-specific or sex-specific. Consistent with previous studies, our results showed a reduction of frontoparietal local gyrification with age. Also, as predicted, all cognitive test scores (i.e., Vocabulary, Matrix Reasoning, the CPT-II Commission, Omission, Variabiltiy, d') showed age × cognitive ability interaction effects in frontoparietal and temporoparietal brain regions. Mediation analyses confirmed a causal role of age-related cortical folding changes only for CPT-II Commission errors. Taken together, the results support the functional significance of cortical folding, as well as provide the first evidence that cortical folding maturational changes play a role in cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Chung
- Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Christopher J Hyatt
- Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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58
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Hirjak D, Huber M, Kirchler E, Kubera KM, Karner M, Sambataro F, Freudenmann RW, Wolf RC. Cortical features of distinct developmental trajectories in patients with delusional infestation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:72-79. [PMID: 28257853 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is strong neuroimaging evidence that cortical alterations are a core feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, it still remains unclear to what extent such abnormalities occur in monothematic delusional disorders. In individuals with delusional infestation (DI), the delusional belief to be infested with pathogens, previous structural MRI studies have shown prefrontal, temporal, parietal, insular, thalamic and striatal gray matter volume changes. Differential contributions of cortical features of evolutionary and genetic origin (such as cortical thickness, area and folding) which may distinctly contribute to DI pathophysiology are unclear at present. METHODS In this study, 18 patients with DI and 20 healthy controls (HC) underwent MRI scanning at 1.0T. Using surface-based analyses we calculated cortical thickness, surface area and local gyrification index (LGI). Whole-brain differences between patients and controls were investigated. RESULTS Surface analyses revealed frontoparietal patterns exhibiting altered cortical thickness, surface area and LGI in DI patients compared to controls. Higher cortical thickness was found in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex (p<0.05, cluster-wise probability [CWP] corrected). Smaller surface area in patients was found in the left inferior temporal gyrus, the precuneus, the pars orbitalis of the right frontal gyrus, and the lingual gyrus (p<0.05, CWP corr.). Lower LGI was found in the left postcentral, bilateral precentral, right middle temporal, inferior parietal, and superior parietal gyri (p<0.01, CWP corr.). CONCLUSION This study lends further support to the hypothesis that cortical features of distinct evolutionary and genetic origin differently contribute to the pathogenesis of delusional disorders. Regions in which atrophy was observed are part of neural circuits associated with perception, visuospatial control and self-awareness. The data are in line with the notion of a content-specific neural signature of DI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Markus Huber
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Erwin Kirchler
- Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital Bruneck, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Martin Karner
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital Bruneck, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, Udine University, Italy
| | | | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies hypothesized that neurodevelopmental risk factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cortical folding has been shown to be a reliable indicator for normal and altered neurodevelopment, but in OCD it has barely been investigated up to now. The present study investigates whether alterations in gyrification are detectable in OCD and, if so, how these are associated with clinical characteristics. METHOD We compared the local Gyrification Index (lGI) between 75 OCD patients and 75 matched healthy subjects across the whole brain. In addition, for those regions exhibiting an altered lGI in patients we explored a potential relationship to symptom severity, age of onset, and influence of medication. RESULTS OCD patients had a significantly decreased lGI in right parietal, precentral but also insula, temporal, pars triangularis and rostral middle frontal regions compared to healthy subjects. A positive association with age of onset was found but no association with symptom severity. There was no effect of co-morbidity or medication. CONCLUSIONS The reduced gyrification found in OCD confirms previous findings in other psychiatric disorders and suggests that alterations may already occur during early stages of brain development. Our findings support the idea that altered cortical folding might represent a trait characteristic of the disorder although longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the trajectory of this morphological measure in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Rus
- Department of Neuroradiology,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München,Munich,Germany
| | - T J Reess
- Department of Neuroradiology,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München,Munich,Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Jena University Hospital,Jena,Germany
| | - M Zaudig
- Windach Institute and Hospital of Neurobehavioural Research and Therapy (WINTR),Windach,Germany
| | - C Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München,Munich,Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Neuroradiology,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München,Munich,Germany
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Development of the Cerebral Cortex across Adolescence: A Multisample Study of Inter-Related Longitudinal Changes in Cortical Volume, Surface Area, and Thickness. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3402-3412. [PMID: 28242797 PMCID: PMC5373125 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3302-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Before we can assess and interpret how developmental changes in human brain structure relate to cognition, affect, and motivation, and how these processes are perturbed in clinical or at-risk populations, we must first precisely understand typical brain development and how changes in different structural components relate to each other. We conducted a multisample magnetic resonance imaging study to investigate the development of cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, as well as their inter-relationships, from late childhood to early adulthood (7-29 years) using four separate longitudinal samples including 388 participants and 854 total scans. These independent datasets were processed and quality-controlled using the same methods, but analyzed separately to study the replicability of the results across sample and image-acquisition characteristics. The results consistently showed widespread and regionally variable nonlinear decreases in cortical volume and thickness and comparably smaller steady decreases in surface area. Further, the dominant contributor to cortical volume reductions during adolescence was thinning. Finally, complex regional and topological patterns of associations between changes in surface area and thickness were observed. Positive relationships were seen in sulcal regions in prefrontal and temporal cortices, while negative relationships were seen mainly in gyral regions in more posterior cortices. Collectively, these results help resolve previous inconsistencies regarding the structural development of the cerebral cortex from childhood to adulthood, and provide novel insight into how changes in the different dimensions of the cortex in this period of life are inter-related.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Different measures of brain anatomy develop differently across adolescence. Their precise trajectories and how they relate to each other throughout development are important to know if we are to fully understand both typical development and disorders involving aberrant brain development. However, our understanding of such trajectories and relationships is still incomplete. To provide accurate characterizations of how different measures of cortical structure develop, we performed an MRI investigation across four independent datasets. The most profound anatomical change in the cortex during adolescence was thinning, with the largest decreases observed in the parietal lobe. There were complex regional patterns of associations between changes in surface area and thickness, with positive relationships seen in sulcal regions in prefrontal and temporal cortices, and negative relationships seen mainly in gyral regions in more posterior cortices.
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Abstract
The folding of the cortex in mammalian brains across species has recently been shown to follow a universal scaling law that can be derived from a simple physics model. However, it was yet to be determined whether this law also applies to the morphological diversity of different individuals in a single species, in particular with respect to factors, such as age, sex, and disease. To this end, we derived and investigated the cortical morphology from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of over 1,000 healthy human subjects from three independent public databases. Our results show that all three MRI datasets follow the scaling law obtained from the comparative neuroanatomical data, which strengthens the case for the existence of a common mechanism for cortical folding. Additionally, for comparable age groups, both male and female brains scale in exactly the same way, despite systematic differences in size and folding. Furthermore, age introduces a systematic shift in the offset of the scaling law. In the model, this shift can be interpreted as changes in the mechanical forces acting on the cortex. We also applied this analysis to a dataset derived from comparable cohorts of Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy subjects of similar age. We show a systematically lower offset and a possible change in the exponent for Alzheimer's disease subjects compared with the control cohort. Finally, we discuss implications of the changes in offset and exponent in the data and relate it to existing literature. We, thus, provide a possible mechanistic link between previously independent observations.
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Cortical folding patterns are associated with impulsivity in healthy young adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1592-1603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Altered Markers of Brain Development in Crohn's Disease with Extraintestinal Manifestations - A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163202. [PMID: 27655165 PMCID: PMC5031401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Alterations of brain morphology in Crohn's disease have been reported, but data is scarce and heterogenous and the possible impact of disease predisposition on brain development is unknown. Assuming a systemic course of the disease, brain involvement seems more probable in presence of extraintestinal manifestations, but this question has not yet been addressed. The present study examined the relationship between Crohn's disease and brain structure and focused on the connection with extraintestinal manifestations and markers of brain development. METHODS In a pilot study, brains of 15 patients with Crohn's disease (of which 9 had a history of extraintestinal manifestations, i.e. arthritis, erythema nodosum and primary sclerosing cholangitis) were compared to matched healthy controls using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Patients and controls were tested for depression, fatigue and global cognitive function. Cortical thickness, surface area and folding were determined via cortical surface modeling. RESULTS The overall group comparison (i.e. all patients vs. controls) yielded no significant results. In the patient subgroup with extraintestinal manifestations, changes in cortical area and folding, but not thickness, were identified: Patients showed elevated cortical surface area in the left middle frontal lobe (p<0.05) and hypergyrification in the left lingual gyrus (p<0.001) compared to healthy controls. Hypogyrification of the right insular cortex (p<0.05) and hypergyrification of the right anterior cingulate cortex (p<0.001) were detected in the subgroup comparison of patients with against without extraintestinal manifestations. P-values are corrected for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Our findings lend further support to the hypothesis that Crohn's disease is associated with aberrant brain structure and preliminary support for the hypothesis that these changes are associated with a systemic course of the disease as indicated by extraintestinal manifestations. Changes in cortical surface area and folding suggest a possible involvement of Crohn's disease or its predisposition during brain development.
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Effects of Long-term Diving Training on Cortical Gyrification. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28243. [PMID: 27320849 PMCID: PMC4913303 DOI: 10.1038/srep28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During human brain development, cortical gyrification, which is believed to facilitate compact wiring of neural circuits, has been shown to follow an inverted U-shaped curve, coinciding with the two-stage neurodevelopmental process of initial synaptic overproduction with subsequent pruning. This trajectory allows postnatal experiences to refine the wiring, which may manifest as endophenotypic changes in cortical gyrification. Diving experts, typical elite athletes who commence intensive motor training at a very young age in their early childhood, serve ideal models for examining the gyrification changes related to long-term intensive diving training. Using local gyrification index (LGI), we compared the cortical gyrification between 12 diving experts and 12 controls. Compared with controls, diving experts showed widespread LGI reductions in regions relevant to diving performance. Negative correlations between LGIs and years of diving training were also observed in diving experts. Further exploratory network efficiency analysis of structural cortical networks, inferred from interregional correlation of LGIs, revealed comparable global and local efficiency in diving experts relative to controls. These findings suggest that gyrification reductions in diving experts may be the result of long-term diving training which could refine the neural circuitry (via synaptic pruning) and might be the anatomical substrate underlying their extraordinary diving performance.
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Vandekar SN, Shinohara RT, Raznahan A, Hopson RD, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD. Subject-level measurement of local cortical coupling. Neuroimage 2016; 133:88-97. [PMID: 26956908 PMCID: PMC4889557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cortex is highly folded to allow for a massive expansion of surface area. Notably, the thickness of the cortex strongly depends on cortical topology, with gyral cortex sometimes twice as thick as sulcal cortex. We recently demonstrated that global differences in thickness between gyral and sulcal cortex continue to evolve throughout adolescence. However, human cortical development is spatially heterogeneous, and global comparisons lack power to detect localized differences in development or psychopathology. Here we extend previous work by proposing a new measure - local cortical coupling - that is sensitive to differences in the localized topological relationship between cortical thickness and sulcal depth. After estimation, subject-level coupling maps can be analyzed using standard neuroimaging analysis tools. Capitalizing on a large cross-sectional sample (n=932) of youth imaged as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we demonstrate that local coupling is spatially heterogeneous and exhibits nonlinear development-related trajectories. Moreover, we uncover sex differences in coupling that indicate divergent patterns of cortical topology. Developmental changes and sex differences in coupling support its potential as a neuroimaging phenotype for investigating neuropsychiatric disorders that are increasingly conceptualized as disorders of brain development. R code to estimate subject-level coupling maps from any two cortical surfaces generated by FreeSurfer is made publicly available along with this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Vandekar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan D Hopson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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The sexually dimorphic impact of maltreatment on cortical thickness, surface area and gyrification. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1069-83. [PMID: 26922372 PMCID: PMC5003912 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature has detailed how maltreatment experience impacts brain structure in children and adolescents. However, there is a dearth of studies on the influence of maltreatment on surface based indices, and to date no study has investigated how sex influences the impact of maltreatment on cortical thickness, surface area and local gyrification. We investigated sex differences in these measures of cortical structure in a large community sample of children aged 10–14 years (n = 122) comprising 62 children with verified maltreatment experience and 60 matched non-maltreated controls. The maltreated group relative to the controls presented with a pattern of decreased cortical thickness within a region of right anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus; decreased surface area within the right inferior parietal cortex; and increased local gyrification within left superior parietal cortex. This atypical pattern of cortical structure was similar across males and females. An interaction between maltreatment exposure and sex was found only in local gyrification, within two clusters: the right tempo-parietal junction and the left precentral gyrus. These findings suggest that maltreatment impacts cortical structure in brain areas associated with emotional regulation and theory of mind, with few differences between the sexes.
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Miskovich TA, Pedersen WS, Belleau EL, Shollenbarger S, Lisdahl KM, Larson CL. Cortical Gyrification Patterns Associated with Trait Anxiety. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149434. [PMID: 26872350 PMCID: PMC4752488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispositional anxiety is a stable personality trait that is a key risk factor for internalizing disorders, and understanding the neural correlates of trait anxiety may help us better understand the development of these disorders. Abnormal cortical folding is thought to reflect differences in cortical connectivity occurring during brain development. Therefore, assessing gyrification may advance understanding of cortical development and organization associated with trait anxiety. Previous literature has revealed structural abnormalities in trait anxiety and related disorders, but no study to our knowledge has examined gyrification in trait anxiety. We utilized a relatively novel measure, the local gyrification index (LGI), to explore differences in gyrification as a function of trait anxiety. We obtained structural MRI scans using a 3T magnetic resonance scanner on 113 young adults. Results indicated a negative correlation between trait anxiety and LGI in the left superior parietal cortex, specifically the precuneus, reflecting less cortical complexity among those high on trait anxiety. Our findings suggest that aberrations in cortical gyrification in a key region of the default mode network is a correlate of trait anxiety and may reflect disrupted local parietal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A. Miskovich
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Walker S. Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Belleau
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Skyler Shollenbarger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Christine L. Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chiarello C, Vazquez D, Felton A, McDowell A. Structural asymmetry of the human cerebral cortex: Regional and between-subject variability of surface area, cortical thickness, and local gyrification. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:365-379. [PMID: 26792368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural asymmetry varies across individuals, brain regions, and metrics of cortical organization. The current study investigated regional differences in asymmetry of cortical surface area, thickness, and local gyrification, and the extent of between-subject variability in these metrics, in a sample of healthy young adults (N=200). Between-subject variability in cortical structure may provide a means to assess the extent of biological flexibility or constraint of brain regions, and we explored the potential influence of this variability on the phenotypic expression of structural asymmetry. The findings demonstrate that structural asymmetries are nearly ubiquitous across the cortex, with differing regional organization for the three cortical metrics. This implies that there are multiple, only partially overlapping, maps of structural asymmetry. The results further indicate that the degree of asymmetry of a brain region can be predicted by the extent of the region's between-subject variability. These findings provide evidence that reduced biological constraint promotes the expression of strong structural asymmetry.
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Cooray G, Garrido M, Brismar T, Hyllienmark L. The maturation of mismatch negativity networks in normal adolescence. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:520-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hirjak D, Wolf RC, Paternoga I, Kubera KM, Thomann AK, Stieltjes B, Maier-Hein KH, Thomann PA. Neuroanatomical Markers of Neurological Soft Signs in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia and Asperger-Syndrome. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:382-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cury C, Toro R, Cohen F, Fischer C, Mhaya A, Samper-González J, Hasboun D, Mangin JF, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Buechel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lemaitre H, Martinot JL, Nees F, Paillère Martinot ML, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Frouin V, Schumann G, Glaunès JA, Colliot O. Incomplete Hippocampal Inversion: A Comprehensive MRI Study of Over 2000 Subjects. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:160. [PMID: 26733822 PMCID: PMC4686650 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incomplete-hippocampal-inversion (IHI), also known as malrotation, is an atypical anatomical pattern of the hippocampus, which has been reported in healthy subjects in different studies. However, extensive characterization of IHI in a large sample has not yet been performed. Furthermore, it is unclear whether IHI are restricted to the medial-temporal lobe or are associated with more extensive anatomical changes. Here, we studied the characteristics of IHI in a community-based sample of 2008 subjects of the IMAGEN database and their association with extra-hippocampal anatomical variations. The presence of IHI was assessed on T1-weighted anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using visual criteria. We assessed the association of IHI with other anatomical changes throughout the brain using automatic morphometry of cortical sulci. We found that IHI were much more frequent in the left hippocampus (left: 17%, right: 6%, χ(2)-test, p < 10(-28)). Compared to subjects without IHI, subjects with IHI displayed morphological changes in several sulci located mainly in the limbic lobe. Our results demonstrate that IHI are a common left-sided phenomenon in normal subjects and that they are associated with morphological changes outside the medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cury
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement des ImagesParis, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Genes, Synapses and Cognition, URA 2182, Institut PasteurParis, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut PasteurParis, France
| | - Fanny Cohen
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France
| | - Clara Fischer
- Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement des ImagesParis, France; Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives; Direction des Sciences du VivantGif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amel Mhaya
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France
| | - Jorge Samper-González
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France
| | - Dominique Hasboun
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France; Departments of Neuroradiology and Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-SalpétrièreParis, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement des ImagesParis, France; Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives; Direction des Sciences du VivantGif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Buechel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK; Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1000, Neuroimagerie en Psychiatrie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1000, Neuroimagerie en Psychiatrie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1000, Neuroimagerie en Psychiatrie, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris DescartesParis, France; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Dimitri P Orfanos
- Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives; Direction des Sciences du Vivant Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, BaycrestToronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, Canada; Center for Developing Brain, Child Mind InstituteNew York, NY, USA
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinGermany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives; Direction des Sciences du Vivant Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Joan A Glaunès
- MAP5, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1127Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreParis, France; Inria, Aramis Team, Centre de Recherche Paris-RocquencourtParis, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement des ImagesParis, France; Departments of Neuroradiology and Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-SalpétrièreParis, France
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Shollenbarger SG, Price J, Wieser J, Lisdahl K. Impact of cannabis use on prefrontal and parietal cortex gyrification and surface area in adolescents and emerging adults. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:46-53. [PMID: 26233614 PMCID: PMC5289075 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regions undergoing maturation with CB1 receptors may be at increased risk for cannabis-induced alterations. Here, we examine the relationships between cannabis use and prefrontal (PFC) and inferior parietal gyrification and surface area (SA) in youth. METHODS Participants included 33 cannabis users and 35 controls (ages 18-25). Exclusions included co-morbid psychiatric/neurologic disorders and heavy other drug use. Multiple regressions and Pearson r correlations examined the effects of cannabis use on gyrification, SA and cognition. RESULTS Cannabis use was associated with decreased gyrification in: ventral-medial PFC (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]); medial PFC (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]); and frontal poles (RH: [FDR corrected p=.02], LH: [FDR corrected p=.02]). No differences were observed in bilateral hemispheres, PFC, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, or inferior parietal ROIs. Cannabis use was associated with marginally decreased SA in left: medial PFC [FDR corrected p=.09], and ventral lateral PFC: [FDR corrected p=.09]. In cannabis users, increased gyrification was associated with improved working-memory performance in right medial (p=.003), ventral-medial (p=.03), and frontal pole ROIs (p=.007). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use was associated with reduced gyrification in PFC regions implicated in self-referential thought and social cognition. Results suggest that these gyrification characteristics may have cognitive implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler G Shollenbarger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Jenessa Price
- McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
| | - Jon Wieser
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Krista Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Garland Hall Rm 224, 2441 East Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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Filbey FM, McQueeny T, DeWitt SJ, Mishra V. Preliminary findings demonstrating latent effects of early adolescent marijuana use onset on cortical architecture. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:16-22. [PMID: 26507433 PMCID: PMC4691364 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early onset MJ use was associated with different patterns of cortical architecture. Early vs. late onset divergence was in brain regions underlying higher-order cognition. Findings were above and beyond effects of alcohol and current age.
Background As the most commonly used illicit substance during early adolescence, long-term or latent effects of early adolescent marijuana use across adolescent developmental processes remain to be determined. Methods We examined cortical thickness, gray/white matter border contrast (GWR) and local gyrification index (LGI) in 42 marijuana (MJ) users. Voxelwise regressions assessed early-onset (age <16) vs. late-onset (≥16 years-old) differences and relationships to continued use while controlling for current age and alcohol use. Results Although groups did not differ by onset status, groups diverged in their correlations between cannabis use and cortical architecture. Among early-onset users, continued years of MJ use and current MJ consumption were associated with thicker cortex, increased GWR and decreased LGI. Late-onset users exhibited the opposite pattern. This divergence was observed in all three morphological measures in the anterior dorsolateral frontal cortex (p < .05, FWE-corrected). Conclusions Divergent patterns between current MJ use and elements of cortical architecture were associated with early MJ use onset. Considering brain development in early adolescence, findings are consistent with disruptions in pruning. However, divergence with continued use for many years thereafter suggests altered trajectories of brain maturation during late adolescence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, United States.
| | - Tim McQueeny
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, United States
| | - Samuel J DeWitt
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, United States
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74
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Hirjak D, Kubera KM, Wolf RC, Thomann AK, Hell SK, Seidl U, Thomann PA. Local brain gyrification as a marker of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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75
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Favaro A, Tenconi E, Degortes D, Manara R, Santonastaso P. Gyrification brain abnormalities as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:5113-22. [PMID: 26374960 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gyrification brain abnormalities are considered a marker of early deviations from normal developmental trajectories and a putative predictor of poor outcome in psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to explore cortical folding morphology in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). A MRI brain study was conducted on 38 patients with AN, 20 fully recovered patients, and 38 healthy women. Local gyrification was measured with procedures implemented in FreeSurfer. Vertex-wise comparisons were carried out to compare: (1) AN patients and healthy women; (2) patients with a full remission at a 3-year longitudinal follow-up assessment and patients who did not recover. AN patients exhibited significantly lower gyrification when compared with healthy controls. Patients with a poor 3-year outcome had significantly lower baseline gyrification when compared to both healthy women and patients with full recovery at follow-up, even after controlling for the effects of duration of illness and gray matter volume. No significant correlation has been found between gyrification, body mass index, amount of weight loss, onset age, and duration of illness. Brain gyrification significantly predicted outcome at follow-up even after controlling for the effects of duration of illness and other clinical prognostic factors. Although the role of starvation in determining our findings cannot be excluded, our study showed that brain gyrification might be a predictor of outcome in AN. Further studies are needed to understand if brain gyrification abnormalities are indices of early neurodevelopmental alterations, the consequence of starvation, or the interaction between both factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.,Centro Neuroscienze Cognitive, University of Padova, Italy.,Neuroradiology Unit, IRCSS San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.,Centro Neuroscienze Cognitive, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Renzo Manara
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Italy.,Neuroradiology Unit, IRCSS San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Paolo Santonastaso
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.,Centro Neuroscienze Cognitive, University of Padova, Italy
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76
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Infante MA, Moore EM, Bischoff-Grethe A, Migliorini R, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Atypical cortical gyrification in adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Brain Res 2015; 1624:446-454. [PMID: 26275919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can adversely affect brain development, although little is known about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on gyrification. Gyrification reflects cortical folding complexity and is a process by which the surface of the brain creates sulci and gyri. Prior studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with reduced gyrification in childhood, but no studies have examined adolescents. Subjects (12-16 years) comprised two age-equivalent groups: 30 adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and 19 non-exposed controls (CON). A T1-weighted image was obtained for all participants. Local gyrification index (LGI) was estimated using FreeSurfer. General linear models were used to determine between group differences in LGI controlling for age and sex. Age-by-group interactions were also investigated while controlling for sex. The AE group displayed reduced LGI relative to CON in the bilateral superior parietal region, right postcentral region, and left precentral and lateral occipital regions (ps<.001). Significant age-by-group interactions were observed in the right precentral and lateral occipital regions, and in the left pars opercularis and inferior parietal regions (ps<.01). The AE group showed age-related reductions in gyrification in all regions whereas the CON group showed increased gyrification with age in the lateral occipital region only. While cross-sectional, the age-related reduction in gyrification observed in the AE group suggests alterations in cortical development throughout adolescence and provides further insight into the pathophysiology and brain maturation of adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Infante
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA.
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | | | - Robyn Migliorini
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
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77
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Krick CM, Neuhaus A, Klewin C, Wörner T, Kreis S, Reith W. [fMRI and DTI in delayed development of number processing]. Radiologe 2015; 55:788-94. [PMID: 26245986 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-015-2854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal correlate of the current cultural performance arose from developmental processes that can be observed by functional and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. The velocity of these maturation processes occurs differently between adolescents, causing implications for both school career and academic performance. Regarding spatial-numerical cognition the myelinization of the superior longitudinal bundle appears to be crucial because this fiber connection intermediates between the linguistic nature of number words and conception of their spatial-numerical magnitude. The neuroscientific observation of anatomical brain maturation and its influence on school-relevant number processing may be helpful for educational purposes as well as for school psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Krick
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland.
| | - A Neuhaus
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
| | - C Klewin
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
| | - T Wörner
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
| | - S Kreis
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
| | - W Reith
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland
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Reduced Gyrification Is Related to Reduced Interhemispheric Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26210336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been associated with atypical cortical gray and subcortical white matter development. Neurodevelopmental theories postulate that a relation between cortical maturation and structural brain connectivity may exist. We therefore investigated the development of gyrification and white matter connectivity and their relationship in individuals with ASD and their typically developing peers. METHOD T1- and diffusion-weighted images were acquired from a representative sample of 30 children and adolescents with ASD (aged 8-18 years), and 29 typically developing children matched for age, sex, hand preference, and socioeconomic status. The FreeSurfer suite was used to calculate cortical volume, surface area, and gyrification index. Measures of structural connectivity were estimated using probabilistic tractography and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). RESULTS Left prefrontal and parietal cortex showed a relative, age-dependent decrease in gyrification index in children and adolescents with ASD compared to typically developing controls. This result was replicated in an age-and IQ-matched sample provided by the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) initiative. Furthermore, tractography and TBSS showed a complementary pattern in which left prefrontal gyrification was negatively related to radial diffusivity in the forceps minor in participants with ASD. CONCLUSION The present study builds on earlier findings of abnormal gyrification and structural connectivity in the prefrontal cortex in ASD. It provides a more comprehensive neurodevelopmental characterization of ASD, involving interdependent changes in microstructural white and cortical gray matter. The findings of related abnormal patterns of gyrification and white matter connectivity support the notion of the intertwined development of 2 major morphometric domains in ASD.
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Isbell E, Fukuda K, Neville HJ, Vogel EK. Visual working memory continues to develop through adolescence. Front Psychol 2015; 6:696. [PMID: 26074849 PMCID: PMC4443298 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) refers to the amount of visual information that can be maintained in mind at once, readily accessible for ongoing tasks. In healthy young adults, the capacity limit of VWM corresponds to about three simple objects. While some researchers argued that VWM capacity becomes adult-like in early years of life, others claimed that the capacity of VWM continues to develop beyond middle childhood. Here we assessed whether VWM capacity reaches adult levels in adolescence. Using an adaptation of the visual change detection task, we measured VWM capacity estimates in 13-year-olds, 16-year-olds, and young adults. We tested whether the capacity estimates observed in early or later years of adolescence were comparable to the estimates obtained from adults. Our results demonstrated that the capacity of VWM continues to develop throughout adolescence, not reaching adult levels even in 16-year-olds. These findings suggest that VWM capacity displays a prolonged development, similar to the protracted trajectories observed in various other aspects of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Isbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Keisuke Fukuda
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Helen J Neville
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, USA
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Abstract
Over 90 years ago, anatomists noted the cortex is thinner in sulci than gyri, suggesting that development may occur on a fine scale driven by local topology. However, studies of brain development in youth have focused on describing how cortical thickness varies over large-scale functional and anatomic regions. How the relationship between thickness and local sulcal topology arises in development is still not well understood. Here, we investigated the spatial relationships between cortical thickness, folding, and underlying white matter organization to elucidate the influence of local topology on human brain development. Our approach included using both T1-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a cross-sectional sample of 932 youths ages 8-21 studied as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Principal components analysis revealed separable development-related processes of regionally specific nonlinear cortical thickening (from ages 8-14) and widespread linear cortical thinning that have dissociable relationships with cortical topology. Whereas cortical thinning was most prominent in the depths of the sulci, early cortical thickening was present on the gyri. Furthermore, decline in mean diffusivity calculated from DTI in underlying white matter was correlated with cortical thinning, suggesting that cortical thinning is spatially associated with white matter development. Spatial permutation tests were used to assess the significance of these relationships. Together, these data demonstrate that cortical remodeling during youth occurs on a local topological scale and is associated with changes in white matter beneath the cortical surface.
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Hirjak D, Wolf RC, Kubera KM, Stieltjes B, Thomann PA. Multiparametric mapping of neurological soft signs in healthy adults. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kelly KR, DeSimone KD, Gallie BL, Steeves JKE. Increased cortical surface area and gyrification following long-term survival from early monocular enucleation. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 7:297-305. [PMID: 25610793 PMCID: PMC4300017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Retinoblastoma is typically diagnosed before 5 years of age and is often treated by enucleation (surgical removal) of the cancerous eye. Here, we sought to characterize morphological changes of the cortex following long-term survival from early monocular enucleation. Methods Nine adults with early right-eye enucleation (≤48 months of age) due to retinoblastoma were compared to 18 binocularly intact controls. Surface area, cortical thickness, and gyrification estimates were obtained from T1 weighted images and group differences were examined. Results Early monocular enucleation was associated with increased surface area and/or gyrification in visual (i.e., V1, inferior temporal), auditory (i.e., supramarginal), and multisensory (i.e., superior temporal, inferior parietal, superior parietal) cortices compared with controls. Visual cortex increases were restricted to the right hemisphere contralateral to the remaining eye, consistent with previous subcortical data showing asymmetrical lateral geniculate nucleus volume following early monocular enucleation. Conclusions Altered morphological development of visual, auditory, and multisensory regions occurs subsequent to long-time survival from early eye loss. Cortical morphology in early monocular enucleation was assessed. Enucleation resulted in increased surface area and gyrification of the cortex. Visual cortex increases were exhibited contralateral to the remaining eye. Non-visual cortex increases in surface area and gyrification were also found. Altered cortical development occurs following early monocular enucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista R Kelly
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin D DeSimone
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda L Gallie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer K E Steeves
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada ; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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