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Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Di Pierdomenico J, García-Ayuso D, Gallego-Ortega A, Miralles de Imperial-Ollero JA, Jiménez-López M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Wheeler LA, Vidal-Sanz M. Topical Brimonidine or Intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF Protect Cones Against Phototoxicity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:36. [PMID: 31890348 PMCID: PMC6919195 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a focal photoreceptor degeneration model by blue light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) and investigate the protective effects of topical brimonidine (BMD) or intravitreal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Methods In anesthetized, dark-adapted, adult female Swiss mice, the left eye was dilated and exposed to blue light (10 seconds, 200 lux). After LIP, full-field electroretinograms (ERG) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were obtained longitudinally, and reactive-Iba-1+monocytic cells, TUNEL+ cells and S-opsin+ cone outer segments were examined up to 7 days. Left eyes were treated topically with BMD (1%) or vehicle, before or right after LIP, or intravitreally with BDNF (2.5 μg), CNTF (0.2 μg), bFGF (0.5 μg), or corresponding vehicle right after LIP. At 7 days, S-opsin+ cone outer segments were counted within predetermined fixed-size areas (PFA) centered on the lesion in both flattened retinas. Results SD-OCT showed a circular region in the superior-temporal left retina with progressive thinning (207.9 ± 5.6 μm to 160.7 ± 6.8 μm [7 days], n = 8), increasing TUNEL+ cells (peak at 3 days), decreasing S-opsin+ cone outer segments, and strong microglia activation. ERGs were normal by 3 days. Total S-opsin+ cones in the PFA for LIP-treated and fellow-retinas were 2330 ± 262 and 5601 ± 583 (n = 8), respectively. All neuroprotectants (n = 7–11), including topical BMD pre- or post-LIP, or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, and bFGF, showed significantly greater S-opsin+ cone survival than their corresponding vehicle-treated groups. Conclusions LIP is a reliable, quantifiable focal photoreceptor degeneration model. Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect against LIP-induced cone-photoreceptor loss. Translational Relevance Topical BMD or intravitreal BDNF, CNTF, or bFGF protect cones against phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Present Address: Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Miralles de Imperial-Ollero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Larry A Wheeler
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Sheng W, Jin M, Pan G, Weng S, Sik A, Han L, Liu K. Cellular localization of melatonin receptor Mel1b in pigeon retina. Neuropeptides 2019; 78:101974. [PMID: 31645269 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an important neuromodulator involved in circadian rhythms, modulates a series of physiological processes via activating its specific receptors, namely Mel1a (MT1), Mel1b (MT2) and Mel1c receptors. In this work, the localization of Mel1b receptor was studied in pigeon retina using double immunohistochemistry staining and confocal scanning microscopy. Our results showed that Mel1b receptor widely existed in the outer segment of photoreceptors and in the somata of dopaminergic amacrine cells, cholinergic amacrine cells, glycinergic AII amacrine cells, conventional ganglion cells and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, while horizontal cells, bipolar cells and Müller glial cells seemed to lack immunoreactivity of Mel1b receptor. That multiple types of retinal cells expressing Mel1b receptor suggests melatonin may directly modulate the activities of retina via activating Mel1b receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Sheng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ge Pan
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Shijun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Attila Sik
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
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Narayan DS, Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Casson RJ. Investigations Into Bioenergetic Neuroprotection of Cone Photoreceptors: Relevance to Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1234. [PMID: 31803010 PMCID: PMC6872495 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may result from intracellular energy depletion. We tested the hypothesis that cones die when depleted of energy by examining the effect of two bioenergetic, nutraceutical agents on cone survival. The study had three specific aims: firstly, we, studied the neuroprotective efficacies of glucose and creatine in an in vitro model of RP. Next, we utilized a well-characterized mouse model of RP to examine whether surviving cones, devoid of their inner segments, continue to express genes vital for glucose, and creatine utilization. Finally, we analyzed the neuroprotective properties of glucose and creatine on cone photoreceptors in a mouse model of RP. Two different bioenergy-based therapies were tested in rd1 mice: repeated local delivery of glucose and systemic creatine. Optomotor responses were tested and cone density was quantified on retinal wholemounts. The results showed that glucose supplementation increased survival of cones in culture subjected to mitochondrial stress or oxidative insult. Despite losing their inner segments, surviving cones in the rd1 retina continued to express the various glycolytic enzymes. Following a single subconjunctival injection, the mean vitreous glucose concentration was significantly elevated at 1 and 8 h, but not at 16 h after injection; however, daily subconjunctival injection of glucose neither enhanced spatial visual performance nor slowed cone cell degeneration in rd1 mice relative to isotonic saline. Creatine dose-dependently increased survival of cones in culture subjected to mitochondrial dysfunction, but not to oxidative stress. Despite the loss of their mitochondrial-rich inner segments, cone somas and axonal terminals in the rd1 retina were strongly positive for both the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of creatine kinase at each time point examined. Creatine-fed rd1 mice displayed enhanced optomotor responses compared to mice fed normal chow. Moreover, cone density was significantly greater in creatine-treated mice compared to controls. The overall results of this study provide tentative support for the hypothesis that creatine supplementation may delay secondary degeneration of cones in individuals with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Narayan
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Simmons AB, Camerino MJ, Clemons MR, Sukeena JM, Bloomsburg S, Borghuis BG, Fuerst PG. Increased density and age-related sharing of synapses at the cone to OFF bipolar cell synapse in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1140-1156. [PMID: 31721194 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits in the adult nervous system are characterized by stable, cell type-specific patterns of synaptic connectivity. In many parts of the nervous system these patterns are established during development through initial over-innervation by multiple pre- or postsynaptic targets, followed by a process of refinement that takes place during development and is in many instances activity dependent. Here we report on an identified synapse in the mouse retina, the cone photoreceptor➔type 4 bipolar cell (BC4) synapse, and show that its development is distinctly different from the common motif of over-innervation followed by refinement. Indeed, the majority of cones are contacted by single BC4 throughout development, but are contacted by multiple BC4s through ongoing dendritic elaboration between 1 and 6 months of age-well into maturity. We demonstrate that cell density drives contact patterns downstream of single cones in Bax null mice and may serve to maintain constancy in both the dendritic and axonal projective field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | | | - Mellisa R Clemons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Joshua M Sukeena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Samuel Bloomsburg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville
| | - Peter G Fuerst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.,WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, Idaho
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Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Voltage-clamp recordings of light responses from wild-type and mutant mouse cone photoreceptors. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:1287-1299. [PMID: 31562185 PMCID: PMC6829558 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the first extensive study of voltage-clamp current responses of cone photoreceptors in unlabeled, dark-adapted mouse retina using only the position and appearance of cone somata as a guide. Identification was confirmed from morphology after dye filling. Photocurrents recorded from wild-type mouse cones were biphasic with a fast cone component and a slower rod component. The rod component could be eliminated with dim background light and was not present in mouse lines lacking the rod transducin-α subunit (Gnat1-/- ) or connexin 36 (Cx36-/- ). Cones from Gnat1-/- or Cx36-/- mice had resting membrane potentials between -45 and -55 mV, peak photocurrents of 20-25 picoamps (pA) at a membrane potential Vm = -50 mV, sensitivities 60-70 times smaller than rods, and a total membrane capacitance two to four times greater than rods. The rate of activation (amplification constant) was largely independent of the brightness of the flash and was 1-2 s-2, less than half that of rods. The role of Ca2+-dependent transduction modulation was investigated by recording from cones in mice lacking rod transducin (Gnat1), recoverin, and/or the guanylyl-cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs). In confirmation of previous results, responses of Gnat1-/- ;Gcaps-/- cones and triple-mutant Gnat1-/- ;Gcaps-/- ;Rv-/- cones recovered more slowly both to light flashes and steps and were more sensitive than cones expressing the GCAPs. Cones from all four mouse lines showed significant recovery and escaped saturation even in bright background light. This recovery occurred too rapidly to be caused by pigment bleaching or metaII decay and appears to reflect some modulation of response inactivation in addition to those produced by recoverin and the GCAPs. Our experiments now make possible a more detailed understanding of the cellular physiology of mammalian cone photoreceptors and the role of conductances in the inner and outer segment in producing cone light responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norianne T Ingram
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gordon L Fain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Wu XS, Wang YC, Liu TT, Wang L, Sun XH, Wang LQ, Weng SJ, Zhong YM. Morphological alterations of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells after ablation of mouse photoreceptors with selective photocoagulation. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107812. [PMID: 31550445 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated changes in the morphology of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), M1 subtype, and pupillary light reflex following local and selective ablation of photoreceptors in mice. Laser photocoagulation was used to selectively destroy four patches of photoreceptors per eye at around 4 papillary diameters from the optic disc and at the 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions between the retinal vessels in the adult mouse retina, leaving cells in the inner retina intact. Morphological parameters of individual M1 cells specifically labeled by the antibody against melanopsin (PA1-780), including dendritic field size, total dendritic length, and dendritic branch number, were examined 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after photocoagulation with Neurolucida software. A considerable reduction in these parameters in M1 cells in the "lesioned areas" was found at all the four time points after photocoagulation, as compared with those in the "unlesioned areas". Although M1 cells in the lesioned areas showed significant changes as early as 1 week after laser treatment and the changes gradually increased, reaching a peak value at 2 weeks, morphological restoration was clearly seen in these cells over time. However, no difference in the morphological parameters of M1 cells was observed between the unlesioned areas of laser-treated mice and the corresponding areas of age-matched normal mice without laser lesions. Fluorescence intensity of the somata of melanopsin-positive M1 cells located inside the lesioned areas was significantly decreased at all the four time points after photocoagulation, whereas no changes in pupillary light reflex were detected at different light irradiations, indicating that photocoagulation-induced local photoreceptor loss and alterations of ipRGCs may be insufficient to cause abnormalities in non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions. The results suggest that intact photoreceptors could be crucial for maintaining the expression levels of melanopsin and normal morphology of M1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sha Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xing-Huai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Li-Qin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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Vinberg F, Palczewska G, Zhang J, Komar K, Wojtkowski M, Kefalov VJ, Palczewski K. Sensitivity of Mammalian Cone Photoreceptors to Infrared Light. Neuroscience 2019; 416:100-108. [PMID: 31400484 PMCID: PMC6815255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon vision arises from the perception of pulsed infrared (IR) laser light as color corresponding to approximately half of the laser wavelength. The physical process responsible for two-photon vision in rods has been delineated and verified experimentally only recently. Here, we sought to determine whether IR light can also be perceived by mammalian cone photoreceptors via a similar activation mechanism. To investigate selectively mammalian cone signaling in mice, we used animals with disabled rod signal transduction. We found that, contrary to the expected progressive sensitivity decrease based on the one-photon cone visual pigment spectral template, the sensitivity of mouse cone photoreceptors decreases only up to 800 nm and then increases at 900 nm and 1000 nm. Similarly, in experiments with the parafoveal region of macaque retinas, we found that the spectral sensitivity of primate cones diverged above the predicted one-photon spectral sensitivity template beyond 800 nm. In both cases, efficient detection of IR light was dependent on minimizing the dispersion of the ultrashort light pulses, indicating a non-linear two-photon activation process. Together, our studies demonstrate that mammalian cones can be activated by near IR light by a nonlinear two-photon excitation. Our results pave the way for the creation of a two-photon IR-based ophthalmoscope for the simultaneous imaging and functional testing of human retinas as a novel tool for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of visual disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Vinberg
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Grazyna Palczewska
- Polgenix, Inc., Department of Medical Devices, 5171 California Ave., Suite 150, Irvine, CA, USA 92617
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 92697
| | - Katarzyna Komar
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland; Baltic Institute of Technology, Al. Zwyciestwa 96/98, 81-451, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Baltic Institute of Technology, Al. Zwyciestwa 96/98, 81-451, Gdynia, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka Str. 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir J Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 92697.
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Narayan DS, Ao J, Wood JPM, Casson RJ, Chidlow G. Spatio-temporal characterization of S- and M/L-cone degeneration in the Rd1 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:46. [PMID: 31481030 PMCID: PMC6720080 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Pde6brd1 (Rd1) mouse is widely used as a murine model for human retinitis pigmentosa. Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of cone degeneration is important for evaluating potential treatments. In the present study we performed a systematic characterization of the spatio-temporal patterns of S- and M/L-opsin+ cone outer segment and cell body degeneration in Rd1 mice, described the distribution and proportion of dual cones in Rd1 retinas, and examined the kinetics of microglial activation during the period of cone degeneration. Results Outer segments of S- and M/L-cones degenerated far more rapidly than their somas. Loss of both S- and M/L-opsin+ outer segments was fundamentally complete by P21 in the central retina, and 90% complete by P45 in the peripheral retina. In comparison, degeneration of S- and M/L-opsin+ cell bodies proceeded at a slower rate. There was a marked hemispheric asymmetry in the rate of S-opsin+ and M/L-opsin+ cell body degeneration. M/L-opsin+ cones were more resilient to degeneration in the superior retina, whilst S-opsin+ cones were relatively preserved in the inferior retina. In addition, cone outer segment and cell body degeneration occurred far more rapidly in the central than the peripheral retina. At P14, the superior retina comprised a minority of genuine S-cones with a much greater complement of genuine M/L-opsin cones and dual cones, whilst the other three retinal quadrants had broadly similar numbers of genuine S-cones, genuine M/L-cones and dual cones. At P60, approximately 50% of surviving cones in the superior, nasal and temporal quadrants were dual cones. In contrast, the inferior peripheral retina at P60 contained almost exclusively genuine S-cones with a tiny minority of dual cones. Microglial number and activity were stimulated during rod breakdown, remained relatively high during cone outer segment degeneration and loss of cone somas in the central retina, and decreased thereafter in the period coincident with slow degeneration of cone cell bodies in the peripheral retina. Conclusion The results of the present study provide valuable insights into cone degeneration in the Rd1 mouse, substantiating and extending conclusions drawn from earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Narayan
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jack Ao
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 7 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Jüttner J, Szabo A, Gross-Scherf B, Morikawa RK, Rompani SB, Hantz P, Szikra T, Esposti F, Cowan CS, Bharioke A, Patino-Alvarez CP, Keles Ö, Kusnyerik A, Azoulay T, Hartl D, Krebs AR, Schübeler D, Hajdu RI, Lukats A, Nemeth J, Nagy ZZ, Wu KC, Wu RH, Xiang L, Fang XL, Jin ZB, Goldblum D, Hasler PW, Scholl HPN, Krol J, Roska B. Targeting neuronal and glial cell types with synthetic promoter AAVs in mice, non-human primates and humans. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1345-1356. [PMID: 31285614 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeting genes to specific neuronal or glial cell types is valuable for both understanding and repairing brain circuits. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are frequently used for gene delivery, but targeting expression to specific cell types is an unsolved problem. We created a library of 230 AAVs, each with a different synthetic promoter designed using four independent strategies. We show that a number of these AAVs specifically target expression to neuronal and glial cell types in the mouse and non-human primate retina in vivo and in the human retina in vitro. We demonstrate applications for recording and stimulation, as well as the intersectional and combinatorial labeling of cell types. These resources and approaches allow economic, fast and efficient cell-type targeting in a variety of species, both for fundamental science and for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Jüttner
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnold Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitte Gross-Scherf
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rei K Morikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Santiago B Rompani
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Peter Hantz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Szikra
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Esposti
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Research Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arjun Bharioke
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia P Patino-Alvarez
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Özkan Keles
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akos Kusnyerik
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dominik Hartl
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud R Krebs
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schübeler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rozina I Hajdu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Akos Lukats
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Nemeth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Z Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kun-Chao Wu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rong-Han Wu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Long Fang
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National International Joint Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, Wenzhou, China
| | - David Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal W Hasler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacek Krol
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Botond Roska
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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60
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Berkowitz BA, Podolsky RH, Farrell B, Lee H, Trepanier C, Berri AM, Dernay K, Graffice E, Shafie-Khorassani F, Kern TS, Roberts R. D-cis-Diltiazem Can Produce Oxidative Stress in Healthy Depolarized Rods In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2999-3010. [PMID: 30025125 PMCID: PMC5995482 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose New perspectives are needed to understand decades of contradictory reports on the neuroprotective effects of the Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel blocker d-cis-diltiazem in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) models. Here, we address, in vivo, the following two knowledge gaps regarding d-cis-diltiazem's actions in the murine outer retina: (1) do normal mouse rods contain d-cis-diltiazem-insensitive Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels? (2) Can d-cis-diltiazem modify the normal rod redox environment? Methods First, transretinal Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels were noninvasively mapped with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following agonist Bay K 8644 in C57BL/6 (B6) and in Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel BAY K 8644-insensitive mutant B6 mice. Second, d-cis-diltiazem-treated oxidative stress-vulnerable (B6) or -resistant [129S6 (S6)] mice were examined in vivo (QUEnch-assiSTed [QUEST] MRI) and in whole retina ex vivo (lucigenin). Retinal thickness was measured using MRI. Results The following results were observed: (1) manganese uptake patterns in BAY K 8644-treated controls and mutant mice identified in vivo Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels in inner and outer retina; and (2) d-cis-diltiazem induced rod oxidative stress in dark-adapted B6 mice but not in light-adapted B6 mice or dark-adapted S6 mice (QUEST MRI). Oxidative stress in vivo was limited to inferior outer retina in dark-adapted B6 mice approximately 1-hour post d-cis-diltiazem. By approximately 4 hours post, only superior outer retina oxidative stress was observed and whole retinal superoxide production was supernormal. All groups had unremarkable retinal thicknesses. Conclusions D-cis-diltiazem's unexpectedly complex spatiotemporal outer retinal oxidative stress pattern in vivo was dependent on genetic background and rod membrane depolarization, but not apparently dependent on Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels, providing a potential rationale for contradictory results in different RP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Benjamin Farrell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Hojun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Christopher Trepanier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ali M Berri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Kristin Dernay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Emma Graffice
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Fatema Shafie-Khorassani
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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61
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Tsai ELS, Ortin-Martinez A, Gurdita A, Comanita L, Yan N, Smiley S, Delplace V, Shoichet MS, Nickerson PEB, Wallace VA. Modeling of Photoreceptor Donor-Host Interaction Following Transplantation Reveals a Role for Crx, Müller Glia, and Rho/ROCK Signaling in Neurite Outgrowth. Stem Cells 2019; 37:529-541. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En L. S. Tsai
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Akshay Gurdita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lacrimioara Comanita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Yan
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila Smiley
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vianney Delplace
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Philip E. B. Nickerson
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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62
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Sadier A, Davies KT, Yohe LR, Yun K, Donat P, Hedrick BP, Dumont ER, Dávalos LM, Rossiter SJ, Sears KE. Multifactorial processes underlie parallel opsin loss in neotropical bats. eLife 2018; 7:37412. [PMID: 30560780 PMCID: PMC6333445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of previously adaptive traits is typically linked to relaxation in selection, yet the molecular steps leading to such repeated losses are rarely known. Molecular studies of loss have tended to focus on gene sequences alone, but overlooking other aspects of protein expression might underestimate phenotypic diversity. Insights based almost solely on opsin gene evolution, for instance, have made mammalian color vision a textbook example of phenotypic loss. We address this gap by investigating retention and loss of opsin genes, transcripts, and proteins across ecologically diverse noctilionoid bats. We find multiple, independent losses of short-wave-sensitive opsins. Mismatches between putatively functional DNA sequences, mRNA transcripts, and proteins implicate transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes in the ongoing loss of S-opsins in some noctilionoid bats. Our results provide a snapshot of evolution in progress during phenotypic trait loss, and suggest vertebrate visual phenotypes cannot always be predicted from genotypes alone. Bats are famous for using their hearing to explore their environments, yet fewer people are aware that these flying mammals have both good night and daylight vision. Some bats can even see in color thanks to two light-sensitive proteins at the back of their eyes: S-opsin which detects blue and ultraviolet light and L-opsin which detects green and red light. Many species of bat, however, are missing one of these proteins and cannot distinguish any colors; in other words, they are completely color-blind. Some bat species found in Central and South America have independently lost their ability to see blue-ultraviolet light and have thus also lost their color vision. These bats have diverse diets – ranging from insects to fruits and even blood – and being able to distinguish color may offer an advantage in many of their activities, including hunting or foraging. The vision genes in these bats, therefore, give scientists an opportunity to explore how a seemingly important trait can be lost at the molecular level. Sadier, Davies et al. now report that S-opsin has been lost more than a dozen times during the evolutionary history of these Central and South American bats. The analysis used samples from 55 species, including animals caught from the wild and specimens from museums. As with other proteins, the instructions encoded in the gene sequence for S opsin need to be copied into a molecule of RNA before they can be translated into protein. As expected, S-opsin was lost several times because of changes in the gene sequence that disrupted the formation of the protein. However, at several points in these bats’ evolutionary history, additional changes have taken place that affected the production of the RNA or the protein, without an obvious change to the gene itself. This finding suggests that other studies that rely purely on DNA to understand evolution may underestimate how often traits may be lost. By capturing ‘evolution in action’, these results also provide a more complete picture of the molecular targets of evolution in a diverse set of bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kalina Tj Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, New York, United States.,Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Kun Yun
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, United States
| | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
| | - Brandon P Hedrick
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Dumont
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, New York, United States.,Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York, United States
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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63
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Pang JJ, Yang Z, Jacoby RA, Wu SM. Cone synapses in mammalian retinal rod bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1896-1909. [PMID: 29667170 PMCID: PMC6031453 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Some mammalian rod bipolar cells (RBCs) can receive excitatory chemical synaptic inputs from both rods and cones (DBCR2 ), but anatomical evidence for mammalian cone-RBC contacts has been sparse. We examined anatomical cone-RBC contacts using neurobiotin (NB) to visualize individual mouse cones and standard immuno-markers to identify RBCs, cone pedicles and synapses in mouse and baboon retinas. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) stained the basal membrane of all cone pedicles, and mouse cones were positive for red/green (R/G)-opsin, whereas baboon cones were positive for calbindin D-28k. All synapses in the outer plexiform layer were labeled for synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) and PSD (postsynaptic density)-95, and those that coincided with PNA resided closest to bipolar cell somas. Cone-RBC synaptic contacts were identified by: (a) RBC dendrites deeply invaginating into the center of cone pedicles (invaginating synapses), (b) RBC dendritic spines intruding into the surface of cone pedicles (superficial synapses), and (c) PKCα immunoreactivity coinciding with synaptic marker SV2, PSD-95, mGluR6, G protein beta 5 or PNA at cone pedicles. One RBC could form 0-1 invaginating and 1-3 superficial contacts with cones. 20.7% and 38.9% of mouse RBCs contacted cones in the peripheral and central retina (p < .05, n = 14 samples), respectively, while 34.4% (peripheral) and 48.5% (central) of cones contacted RBCs (p > .05). In baboon retinas (n = 4 samples), cone-RBC contacts involved 12.2% of RBCs (n = 416 cells) and 22.5% of cones (n = 225 cells). This suggests that rod and cone signals in the ON pathway are integrated in some RBCs before reaching AII amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jie Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Roy A Jacoby
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
| | - Samuel M Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030
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64
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Sondereker KB, Stabio ME, Jamil JR, Tarchick MJ, Renna JM. Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30124662 PMCID: PMC6126625 DOI: 10.3791/57861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately and reliably identifying spatial orientation of the isolated mouse retina is important for many studies in visual neuroscience, including the analysis of density and size gradients of retinal cell types, the direction tuning of direction-selective ganglion cells, and the examination of topographic degeneration patterns in some retinal diseases. However, there are many different ocular dissection methods reported in the literature that are used to identify and label retinal orientation in the mouse retina. While the method of orientation used in such studies is often overlooked, not reporting how retinal orientation is determined can cause discrepancies in the literature and confusion when attempting to compare data between studies. Superficial ocular landmarks such as corneal burns are commonly used but have recently been shown to be less reliable than deeper landmarks such as the rectus muscles, the choroid fissure, or the s-opsin gradient. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide for the use of deep ocular landmarks to accurately dissect and document the spatial orientation of an isolated mouse retina. We have also compared the effectiveness of two s-opsin antibodies and included a protocol for s-opsin immunohistochemistry. Because orientation of the retina according to the s-opsin gradient requires retinal reconstruction with Retistruct software and rotation with custom code, we have presented the important steps required to use both of these programs. Overall, the goal of this protocol is to deliver a reliable and repeatable set of methods for accurate retinal orientation that is adaptable to most experimental protocols. An overarching goal of this work is to standardize retinal orientation methods for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver
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65
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Stabio ME, Sondereker KB, Haghgou SD, Day BL, Chidsey B, Sabbah S, Renna JM. A novel map of the mouse eye for orienting retinal topography in anatomical space. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1749-1759. [PMID: 29633277 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Functionally distinct retinal ganglion cells have density and size gradients across the mouse retina, and some degenerative eye diseases follow topographic-specific gradients of cell death. Hence, the anatomical orientation of the retina with respect to the orbit and head is important for understanding the functional anatomy of the retina in both health and disease. However, different research groups use different anatomical landmarks to determine retinal orientation (dorsal, ventral, temporal, nasal poles). Variations in the accuracy and reliability in marking these landmarks during dissection may lead to discrepancies in the identification and reporting of retinal topography. The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of the canthus, rectus muscle, and choroid fissure landmarks in reporting retinal orientation. The retinal relieving cut angle made from each landmark during dissection was calculated based on its relationship to the opsin transition zone (OTZ), determined via a custom MATLAB script that aligns retinas from immunostained s-opsin. The choroid fissure and rectus muscle landmarks were the most accurate and reliable, while burn marks using the canthus as a reference were the least. These values were used to build an anatomical map that plots various ocular landmarks in relationship to one another, to the horizontal semicircular canals, to lambda-bregma, and to the earth's horizon. Surprisingly, during normal locomotion, the mouse's opsin gradient and the horizontal semicircular canals make equivalent 6° angles aligning the OTZ near the earth's horizon, a feature which may enhance the mouse's ability to visually navigate through its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Sean D Haghgou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brittany L Day
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | - Berrien Chidsey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shai Sabbah
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
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66
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Electrophysiological determination of phosphodiesterase-6 inhibitor inhibition constants in intact mouse retina. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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67
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Removal of the blue component of light significantly decreases retinal damage after high intensity exposure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194218. [PMID: 29543853 PMCID: PMC5854379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light causes damage to the retina (phototoxicity) and decreases photoreceptor responses to light. The most harmful component of visible light is the blue wavelength (400–500 nm). Different filters have been tested, but so far all of them allow passing a lot of this wavelength (70%). The aim of this work has been to prove that a filter that removes 94% of the blue component may protect the function and morphology of the retina significantly. Three experimental groups were designed. The first group was unexposed to light, the second one was exposed and the third one was exposed and protected by a blue-blocking filter. Light damage was induced in young albino mice (p30) by exposing them to white light of high intensity (5,000 lux) continuously for 7 days. Short wavelength light filters were used for light protection. The blue component was removed (94%) from the light source by our filter. Electroretinographical recordings were performed before and after light damage. Changes in retinal structure were studied using immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL labeling. Also, cells in the outer nuclear layer were counted and compared among the three different groups. Functional visual responses were significantly more conserved in protected animals (with the blue-blocking filter) than in unprotected animals. Also, retinal structure was better kept and photoreceptor survival was greater in protected animals, these differences were significant in central areas of the retina. Still, functional and morphological responses were significantly lower in protected than in unexposed groups. In conclusion, this blue-blocking filter decreases significantly photoreceptor damage after exposure to high intensity light. Actually, our eyes are exposed for a very long time to high levels of blue light (screens, artificial light LED, neons…). The potential damage caused by blue light can be palliated.
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68
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Denman DJ, Luviano JA, Ollerenshaw DR, Cross S, Williams D, Buice MA, Olsen SR, Reid RC. Mouse color and wavelength-specific luminance contrast sensitivity are non-uniform across visual space. eLife 2018; 7:e31209. [PMID: 29319502 PMCID: PMC5762155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian visual behaviors, as well as responses in the neural systems underlying these behaviors, are driven by luminance and color contrast. With constantly improving tools for measuring activity in cell-type-specific populations in the mouse during visual behavior, it is important to define the extent of luminance and color information that is behaviorally accessible to the mouse. A non-uniform distribution of cone opsins in the mouse retina potentially complicates both luminance and color sensitivity; opposing gradients of short (UV-shifted) and middle (blue/green) cone opsins suggest that color discrimination and wavelength-specific luminance contrast sensitivity may differ with retinotopic location. Here we ask how well mice can discriminate color and wavelength-specific luminance changes across visuotopic space. We found that mice were able to discriminate color and were able to do so more broadly across visuotopic space than expected from the cone-opsin distribution. We also found wavelength-band-specific differences in luminance sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sissy Cross
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
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69
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Ueda K, Onishi A, Ito SI, Nakamura M, Takahashi M. Generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids expressing rhodopsin and S- and M-cone opsins from mouse stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2595-2601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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70
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Maddalena A, Tornabene P, Tiberi P, Minopoli R, Manfredi A, Mutarelli M, Rossi S, Simonelli F, Naggert JK, Cacchiarelli D, Auricchio A. Triple Vectors Expand AAV Transfer Capacity in the Retina. Mol Ther 2017; 26:524-541. [PMID: 29292161 PMCID: PMC5835116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal gene transfer with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors holds great promise for the treatment of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs). One limit of AAV is its transfer capacity of about 5 kb, which can be expanded to about 9 kb, using dual AAV vectors. This strategy would still not suffice for treatment of IRDs such as Usher syndrome type 1D or Alström syndrome type I (ALMS) due to mutations in CDH23 or ALMS1, respectively. To overcome this limitation, we generated triple AAV vectors, with a maximal transfer capacity of about 14 kb. Transcriptomic analysis following triple AAV transduction showed the expected full-length products along a number of aberrant transcripts. However, only the full-length transcripts are efficiently translated in vivo. We additionally showed that approximately 4% of mouse photoreceptors are transduced by triple AAV vectors and showed correct localization of recombinant ALMS1. The low-photoreceptor transduction levels might justify the modest and transient improvement we observe in the retina of a mouse model of ALMS. However, the levels of transduction mediated by triple AAV vectors in pig retina reached 40% of those observed with single vectors, and this bodes well for further improving the efficiency of triple AAV vectors in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maddalena
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tornabene
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Renato Minopoli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy; Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, TIGEM, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | | | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80121, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples 80121, Italy
| | | | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy; Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, TIGEM, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Advanced Biomedicine, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Musser JM, Arendt D. Loss and gain of cone types in vertebrate ciliary photoreceptor evolution. Dev Biol 2017; 431:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tang PH, Pierson MJ, Heuss ND, Gregerson DS. A subpopulation of activated retinal macrophages selectively migrated to regions of cone photoreceptor stress, but had limited effect on cone death in a mouse model for type 2 Leber congenital amaurosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:70-81. [PMID: 28889993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of antigen presentation in retina using mice that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a transgenic CD11c promoter found that retinal GFPhi cells possessed antigen presentation function. Subsequent studies found that these high GFPhi cells preferentially localized to sites of retinal injury, consistent with their APC function. Interest in the roles of macrophages in degenerative CNS diseases led us to study the GFPhi cells in a retinal model of neurodegeneration. We asked if apoptotic cone photoreceptor cell death in Rpe65-/- knockout mice induced the GFPhi cells, explored their relationship to resident microglia (MG), and tested their role in cone survival. METHODS Rpe65-/- mice were bred to CD11cGFP mice on the B6/J background. CD11cGFPRpe65-/- mice were also backcrossed to CX3CR1YFP-creERROSADTA mice so that CX3CR1+ mononuclear cells could be depleted by Tamoxifen. Retinas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, fluorescence fundoscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Elevated numbers of GFPhi cells were concentrated in photoreceptor cell layers of CD11cGFPRpe65-/- mice coinciding with the peak of cone death at 2 to 4weeks of age, and persisted for at least 14months. After the initial wave of cone loss, a slow progressive loss of cones was found that continued to retain GFPhi cells in the outer retina. Sustained, four-week Tamoxifen depletions of the GFPhi cells and MG in Rpe65-/- mice from day 13 to day 41, and from day 390 to day 420 promoted a small increase in cone survival. We found no evidence that the GFPhi cells were recruited from the circulation; all data pointed to a MG origin. MG and GFPhi cells were well segregated in the dystrophic retina; GFPhi cells were foremost in the photoreceptor cell layer, while MG were concentrated in the inner retina. CONCLUSIONS The expression of GFP on a subset of retinal mononuclear cells in CD11cGFP mice identified a distinct population of cells performing functions previously attributed to MG. Although GFPhi cells dominated the macrophage response to cone death in the photoreceptor cell layer, their ablation led to only an incremental increase in cone survival. The ability to identify, ablate, and isolate these cells will facilitate analysis of this activated, antigen-presenting subset of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark J Pierson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Neal D Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dale S Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) was reported in 2002, many features specific to this cell type have been described. However, scare information is available on the retinographic components directly reflecting ipRGC activity. In this study, we identified the electroretinogram (microERG) that reflects the photoresponses by ipRGCs in ex vivo preparations of the mouse retina, in which classical photoreceptors (cones and rods) were ablated mechanically and photochemically. MicroERG consisted of three components: a large transient ON response, a small and lazy hump 19s after the onset of the light, and a large transient OFF response. A complete microERG recording required at least 30s of light exposure. MicroERG showed the highest spectral photosensitivity at 478nm. This wavelength corresponds to the peak wavelength in the ipRGCs' photosensitive curve. The psychophysical test using a blue light-emitting diode (LED) light (470nm) revealed that the absolute threshold illuminance for microERG was greater than 12.26 log photons/s/cm2 in both ON and OFF responses, whereas microERG was not adapted for dark. The amplitude of microERG increased linearly with irradiance. The sensitivity of temporal frequency was high in microERG (at least 100Hz), as suggested by the study on melatonin suppression by flickering light in human subjects (Zelter et al., 2014). Melatonin secretion was suppressed by light via ipRGCs and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These properties of the photoresponse indicate that microERG may reflect the functions of ipRGC as a luminance detector in the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Takao
- Department of Human and Information Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Yumi Fukuda
- Department of Living Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Living Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan.
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Zhang Y, Deng WT, Du W, Zhu P, Li J, Xu F, Sun J, Gerstner CD, Baehr W, Boye SL, Zhao C, Hauswirth WW, Pang JJ. Gene-based Therapy in a Mouse Model of Blue Cone Monochromacy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6690. [PMID: 28751656 PMCID: PMC5532293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cones are responsible for daylight, central, high acuity and color vision. Three proteins found in human cones, i.e. long-wavelength (L)-, middle-wavelength (M)-, and short-wavelength sensitive (S)-opsins, are responsible for red, green and blue color recognition, respectively. Human blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is characterized by functional loss of both L- and M-cone opsins due to mutations in the OPN1LW/OPN1MW gene cluster on the X chromosome. BCM patients, who rely on their vision from only S-cones and rods, suffer severely reduced visual acuity and impaired color vision. Recent studies show that there is sufficient cone structure remaining in the central fovea of BCM patients to consider AAV-mediated gene augmentation therapy. In contrast, mouse retina has only two opsins, S-opsin and M-opsin, but no L-opsin. We generated an M-opsin knockout mouse (Opn1mw -/-) expressing only S-opsin as a model for human BCM. We show that recombinant M-opsin delivered by AAV5 vectors rescues M-cone function in Opn1mw -/- mice. We also show that AAV delivered M-opsin localizes in the dorsal cone outer segments, and co-localizes with S-opsin in the ventral retina. Our study demonstrates that cones without M-opsin remain viable and respond to gene augmentation therapy, thereby providing proof-of-concept for cone function restoration in BCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Tao Deng
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Ophthalmology Department of Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University People's Eye Center and Eye Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fan Xu
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingfen Sun
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanxi Dayi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Cecilia D Gerstner
- Opthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Opthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Ji-Jing Pang
- Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Njemanze PC, Kranz M, Amend M, Hauser J, Wehrl H, Brust P. Gender differences in cerebral metabolism for color processing in mice: A PET/MRI Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179919. [PMID: 28723938 PMCID: PMC5516971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Color processing is a central component of mammalian vision. Gender-related differences of color processing revealed by non-invasive functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound suggested right hemisphere pattern for blue/yellow chromatic opponency by men, and a left hemisphere pattern by women. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study measured the accumulation of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) in mouse brain using small animal positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) with statistical parametric mapping (SPM) during light stimulation with blue and yellow filters compared to darkness condition. RESULTS PET revealed a reverse pattern relative to dark condition compared to previous human studies: Male mice presented with left visual cortex dominance for blue through the right eye, while female mice presented with right visual cortex dominance for blue through the left eye. We applied statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to examine gender differences in activated architectonic areas within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and related cortical and sub-cortical areas that lead to the striatum, medial thalamus and other brain areas. The metabolic connectivity of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex evoked by blue stimulation spread through a wide range of brain structures implicated in viscerosensory and visceromotor systems in the left intra-hemispheric regions in male, but in the right-to-left inter-hemispheric regions in female mice. Color functional ocular dominance plasticity was noted in the right eye in male mice but in the left eye in female mice. CONCLUSIONS This study of color processing in an animal model could be applied in the study of the role of gender differences in brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Njemanze
- Chidicon Medical Center, Neurocybernetic Flow Laboratory, International Institutes of Advanced Research Training, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Amend
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, Department of Mechanical Engineering Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Wehrl
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang J, O’Sullivan ML, Mukherjee D, Puñal VM, Farsiu S, Kay JN. Anatomy and spatial organization of Müller glia in mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1759-1777. [PMID: 27997986 PMCID: PMC5542564 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia, the most abundant glia of vertebrate retina, have an elaborate morphology characterized by a vertical stalk that spans the retina and branches in each retinal layer. Müller glia play diverse, critical roles in retinal homeostasis, which are presumably enabled by their complex anatomy. However, much remains unknown, particularly in mouse, about the anatomical arrangement of Müller cells and their arbors, and how these features arise in development. Here we use membrane-targeted fluorescent proteins to reveal the fine structure of mouse Müller arbors. We find sublayer-specific arbor specializations within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) that occur consistently at defined laminar locations. We then characterize Müller glia spatial patterning, revealing how individual cells collaborate to form a pan-retinal network. Müller cells, unlike neurons, are spread across the retina with homogenous density, and their arbor sizes change little with eccentricity. Using Brainbow methods to label neighboring cells in different colors, we find that Müller glia tile retinal space with minimal overlap. The shape of their arbors is irregular but nonrandom, suggesting that local interactions between neighboring cells determine their territories. Finally, we identify a developmental window at postnatal Days 6 to 9 when Müller arbors first colonize the synaptic layers beginning in stereotyped inner plexiform layer sublaminae. Together, our study defines the anatomical arrangement of mouse Müller glia and their network in the radial and tangential planes of the retina, in development and adulthood. The local precision of Müller glia organization suggests that their morphology is sculpted by specific cell to cell interactions with neurons and each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University School of Medicine,
Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
| | - Dibyendu Mukherjee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Puñal
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
USA
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77
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Vidal-Sanz M, Galindo-Romero C, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Ortin-Martinez A, Rovere G, Salinas-Navarro M, Lucas-Ruiz F, Sanchez-Migallon MC, Sobrado-Calvo P, Aviles-Trigueros M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Agudo-Barriuso M. Shared and Differential Retinal Responses against Optic Nerve Injury and Ocular Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:235. [PMID: 28491019 PMCID: PMC5405145 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, affects primarily retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not fully understood, but it is currently believed that damage to RGC axons at the optic nerve head plays a major role. Rodent models to study glaucoma include those that mimic either ocular hypertension or optic nerve injury. Here we review the anatomical loss of the general population of RGCs (that express Brn3a; Brn3a+RGCs) and of the intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (that express melanopsin; m+RGCs) after chronic (LP-OHT) or acute (A-OHT) ocular hypertension and after complete intraorbital optic nerve transection (ONT) or crush (ONC). Our studies show that all of these insults trigger RGC death. Compared to Brn3a+RGCs, m+RGCs are more resilient to ONT, ONC, and A-OHT but not to LP-OHT. There are differences in the course of RGC loss both between these RGC types and among injuries. An important difference between the damage caused by ocular hypertension or optic nerve injury appears in the outer retina. Both axotomy and LP-OHT induce selective loss of RGCs but LP-OHT also induces a protracted loss of cone photoreceptors. This review outlines our current understanding of the anatomical changes occurring in rodent models of glaucoma and discusses the advantages of each one and their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Rovere
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Maria C Sanchez-Migallon
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Aviles-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la ArrixacaMurcia, Spain
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The Degeneration and Apoptosis Patterns of Cone Photoreceptors in rd11 Mice. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:9721362. [PMID: 28168050 PMCID: PMC5266847 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9721362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal degeneration 11 (rd11) mouse is a new animal model with rapid photoreceptor degeneration. The long-term efficacy of gene therapy has a direct relationship with the onset of photoreceptor degeneration or apoptosis, whereas the degeneration or apoptosis patterns of photoreceptors are still unclear in rd11 mice. The distribution patterns of cone function-related L- and S-opsin were examined by immunofluorescence staining, and the apoptosis was performed by TUNEL assay in rd11 mice. The expression pattern of L-opsin or S-opsin in rd11 retina at postnatal day (P) 14 was similar to the pattern observed in wildtype retina. With increasing age, the expression of L-opsin and S-opsin, especially S-opsin, decreased significantly in rd11 mice. The degeneration of L-opsin began around the optic nerve and expanded to the periphery of the retina, from the ventral/nasal to dorsal/temporal retina, whereas the expression of S-opsin gradually decreased from the dorsal/temporal to ventral/nasal retina. Apoptotic signal appeared at P14 and was strongest at P28 of rd11 mice. The key genes associated with apoptosis confirmed those changes. These indicated that the degeneration and apoptosis of cone photoreceptors began at P14 of rd11 mice, which was a key point for gene therapy.
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Barabino A, Plamondon V, Abdouh M, Chatoo W, Flamier A, Hanna R, Zhou S, Motoyama N, Hébert M, Lavoie J, Bernier G. Loss of Bmi1 causes anomalies in retinal development and degeneration of cone photoreceptors. Development 2016; 143:1571-84. [PMID: 26965367 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinal development occurs through the sequential but overlapping generation of six types of neuronal cells and one glial cell type. Of these, rod and cone photoreceptors represent the functional unit of light detection and phototransduction and are frequently affected in retinal degenerative diseases. During mouse development, the Polycomb group protein Bmi1 is expressed in immature retinal progenitors and differentiated retinal neurons, including cones. We show here that Bmi1 is required to prevent post natal degeneration of cone photoreceptors and bipolar neurons and that inactivation of Chk2 or p53 could improve but not overcome cone degeneration in Bmi1(-/-) mice. The retinal phenotype of Bmi1(-/-) mice was also characterized by loss of heterochromatin, activation of tandem repeats, oxidative stress and Rip3-associated necroptosis. In the human retina, BMI1 was preferentially expressed in cones at heterochromatic foci. BMI1 inactivation in human embryonic stem cells was compatible with retinal induction but impaired cone terminal differentiation. Despite this developmental arrest, BMI1-deficient cones recapitulated several anomalies observed in Bmi1(-/-) photoreceptors, such as loss of heterochromatin, activation of tandem repeats and induction of p53, revealing partly conserved biological functions between mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barabino
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Vicky Plamondon
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Wassim Chatoo
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Anthony Flamier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Roy Hanna
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Noboru Motoyama
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3 Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
| | - Marc Hébert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Joëlle Lavoie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Gilbert Bernier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. l'Assomption, Montréal, Canada H1T 2M4 Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H3T 1J4 Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada H3T 1J4
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Seasonal and post-trauma remodeling in cone-dominant ground squirrel retina. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:90-105. [PMID: 26808487 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With a photoreceptor mosaic containing ∼85% cones, the ground squirrel is one of the richest known mammalian sources of these important retinal cells. It also has a visual ecology much like the human's. While the ground squirrel retina is understandably prominent in the cone biochemistry, physiology, and circuitry literature, far less is known about the remodeling potential of its retinal pigment epithelium, neurons, macroglia, or microglia. This review aims to summarize the data from ground squirrel retina to this point in time, and to relate them to data from other brain areas where appropriate. We begin with a survey of the ground squirrel visual system, making comparisons with traditional rodent models and with human. Because this animal's status as a hibernator often goes unnoticed in the vision literature, we then present a brief primer on hibernation biology. Next we review what is known about ground squirrel retinal remodeling concurrent with deep torpor and with rapid recovery upon re-warming. Notable here is rapidly-reversible, temperature-dependent structural plasticity of cone ribbon synapses, as well as pre- and post-synaptic plasticity throughout diverse brain regions. It is not yet clear if retinal cell types other than cones engage in torpor-associated synaptic remodeling. We end with the small but intriguing literature on the ground squirrel retina's remodeling responses to insult by retinal detachment. Notable for widespread loss of (cone) photoreceptors, there is surprisingly little remodeling of the RPE or Müller cells. Microglial activation appears minimal, and remodeling of surviving second- and third-order neurons seems absent, but both require further study. In contrast, traumatic brain injury in the ground squirrel elicits typical macroglial and microglial responses. Overall, the data to date strongly suggest a heretofore unrecognized, natural checkpoint between retinal deafferentiation and RPE and Müller cell remodeling events. As we continue to discover them, the unique ways by which ground squirrel retina responds to hibernation or injury may be adaptable to therapeutic use.
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81
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Feigenspan A, Babai N. Functional properties of spontaneous excitatory currents and encoding of light/dark transitions in horizontal cells of the mouse retina. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2615-32. [PMID: 26173960 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As all visual information is represented in the spatio-temporal dynamics of transmitter release from photoreceptors and the combined postsynaptic responses of second-order neurons, appropriate synaptic transfer functions are fundamental for a meaningful perception of the visual world. The functional contribution of horizontal cells to gain control and organization of bipolar and ganglion cell receptive fields can only be evaluated with an in-depth understanding of signal processing in horizontal cells. Therefore, a horizontal slice preparation of the mouse retina was established to record from horizontal cell bodies with their dendritic fields intact and receiving functional synaptic input from cone photoreceptors. Horizontal cell bodies showed spontaneous excitatory currents (spEPSCs) of monophasic and more complex multi-peak waveforms. spEPSCs were induced by quantal release of glutamate from presynaptic cones with a unitary amplitude of 3 pA. Non-stationary noise analysis revealed that spEPSCs with a monoexponential decay were mediated by 7-8 glutamate receptors with a single-channel amplitude of 1.55 pA. Responses to photopic full-field illumination were characterized by reduction of a tonic inward current or hyperpolarization, inhibition of spEPSCs, followed by a fast and transient inward current at light offset. The response to periodic dark/light transitions of different frequencies was dependent on the adaptational status of the cell with a limiting frequency of 10 Hz. Both on and off components of the light response were mediated by AMPA and kainate receptors. Detailed analysis of horizontal cell synaptic physiology is a prerequisite for understanding signal coding and processing at the photoreceptor ribbon synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Feigenspan
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058, Erlangen, German
| | - Norbert Babai
- Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058, Erlangen, German
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Vidal-Sanz M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Salinas-Navarro M, Alarcón-Martínez L, García-Ayuso D, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Retinal neurodegeneration in experimental glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:1-35. [PMID: 26497783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In rats and mice, limbar tissues of the left eye were laser-photocoagulated (LP) and ocular hypertension (OHT) effects were investigated 1 week to 6 months later. To investigate the innermost layers, retinas were examined in wholemounts using tracing from the superior colliculi to identify retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with intact retrograde axonal transport, melanopsin immunodetection to identify intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (m(+)RGC), Brn3a immunodetection to identify most RGCs but not m(+)RGCs, RECA1 immunodetection to examine the inner retinal vessels, and DAPI staining to detect all nuclei in the GC layer. The outer retinal layers (ORLs) were examined in cross sections analyzed morphometrically or in wholemounts to study S- and L-cones. Innervation of the superior colliculi was examined 10 days to 14 weeks after LP with orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit B. By 2 weeks, OHT resulted in pie-shaped sectors devoid of FG(+)RGCs or Brn3a(+)RGCs but with large numbers of DAPI(+)nuclei. Brn3a(+)RGCs were significantly greater than FG(+)RGCs, indicating the survival of large numbers of RGCs with their axonal transport impaired. The inner retinal vasculature showed no abnormalities that could account for the sectorial loss of RGCs. m(+)RGCs decreased to approximately 50-51% in a diffuse loss across the retina. Cross sections showed focal areas of degeneration in the ORLs. RGC loss at 1m diminished to 20-25% and did not progress further with time, whereas the S- and L-cone populations diminished progressively up to 6m. The retinotectal projection was reduced by 10 days and did not progress further. LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m(+)RGCs, severe damage to the ORL, and loss of retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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83
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Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Alarcón-Martínez L, Ortín-Martínez A, Bernal-Garro JM, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Effects of ocular hypertension in the visual system of pigmented mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121134. [PMID: 25811653 PMCID: PMC4374934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of ocular hypertension (OHT) on the visual system of C57BL/6 pigmented mice, the limbal and episcleral veins of the left eye were laser photocoagulated (LP). LP increased the intraocular pressure during the first five days (d), reaching basal values at 7d. To investigate the effect of OHT on the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) retrograde axonal transport, hydroxistilbamidine methanesulfonate (OHSt) was applied to both superior colliculi (SCi) and the retinas were dissected 2 or 4 weeks after LP. To determine RGC survival, these same retinas were immunoreacted against Brn3a (general RGC population) and melanopsin (intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, m+RGCs). To study whether OHT affected non-RGC neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), RGCs were immunodetected with Brn3a and all GCL nuclei counterstained with DAPI in a group of animals examined 4 weeks post-LP. Innervation of the SCi was examined at 10 days, 8 or 14 weeks after LP with the orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit-B. OHT resulted in diffuse and sectorial loss of OHSt+RGCs (50% at 2 weeks and 62% at 4 weeks) and in a comparable loss of Brn3a+RGCs at the same time intervals. m+RGCs decreased to 59% at 2 weeks and to 46% at 4 weeks, such loss was diffuse, did not parallel the sectorial loss of the general RGC population and was more severe in the superior-temporal retina. In the GCL, cell loss is selective for RGCs and does not affect other non-RGC neurons. The retinotectal innervation appeared significantly reduced at 10 days (55.7%) and did not progress further up to 14 weeks (46.6%). Thus, LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m+RGCs, as well as in the loss of CTB-labelled retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María P. Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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84
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Venkatesh A, Ma S, Le YZ, Hall MN, Rüegg MA, Punzo C. Activated mTORC1 promotes long-term cone survival in retinitis pigmentosa mice. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1446-58. [PMID: 25798619 DOI: 10.1172/jci79766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited photoreceptor degenerative disorder that results in blindness. The disease is often caused by mutations in genes that are specific to rod photoreceptors; however, blindness results from the secondary loss of cones by a still unknown mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is required to slow the progression of cone death during disease and that constitutive activation of mTORC1 in cones is sufficient to maintain cone function and promote long-term cone survival. Activation of mTORC1 in cones enhanced glucose uptake, retention, and utilization, leading to increased levels of the key metabolite NADPH. Moreover, cone death was delayed in the absence of the NADPH-sensitive cell death protease caspase 2, supporting the contribution of reduced NADPH in promoting cone death. Constitutive activation of mTORC1 preserved cones in 2 mouse models of RP, suggesting that the secondary loss of cones is caused mainly by metabolic deficits and is independent of a specific rod-associated mutation. Together, the results of this study address a longstanding question in the field and suggest that activating mTORC1 in cones has therapeutic potential to prolong vision in RP.
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85
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Retino-retinal projection in juvenile and young adult rats and mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:47-52. [PMID: 25797477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Identification of retino-retinal projecting RGCs (ret-ret RGCs) has been accomplished by tracing RGCs in one retina after intravitreal injection of different tracers in the other eye. In mammals, rabbit and rat, ret-ret RGCs are scarce and more abundant in newborn than in adult animals. To our knowledge, ret-ret RGCs have not been studied in mice. Here we purpose to revisit the presence of ret-ret RGCs in juvenile and young adult rats and mice by using retrograde tracers applied to the contralateral optic nerve instead of intravitreally. In P20 (juvenile) and P60 (young adult) animals, the left optic nerve was intraorbitally transected and Fluorogold (rats) or its analogue OHSt (mice) were applied onto its distal stump. P20 animals were sacrificed 3 (mice) or 5 (rats) days later and adult animals at 5 (mice) or 7 (rats) days. Right retinas were dissected as flat-mounts and double immunodetected for Brn3a and melanopsin. Ret-ret RGCs were those with tracer accumulation in their somas. Out of them some expressed Brn3a and/or melanopsin, while other were negative for both markers. In young adult rats, we found 2 ret-ret RGCs displaced to the inner nuclear layer. In both species, ret-ret RGCs are quite scarce and found predominantly in the nasal retina. In juvenile animals there are significantly more ret-ret RGCs (9 ± 3, rats, 13 ± 3 mice) than in young adult ones (5 ± 6 rats, 7 ± 3 mice). Finally, juvenile and young adult mice have more ret-ret RGCs than rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Nadal-Nicolás
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Valiente-Soriano
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Salinas-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Jiménez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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86
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Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Kipnis J. The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury. Neuron 2015; 85:703-9. [PMID: 25661185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a prominent feature of CNS injury that heavily influences neuronal survival, yet the signals that initiate and control it remain poorly understood. Here we identify the nuclear alarmin, interleukin (IL)-33, as an important regulator of the innate immune response after CNS injury. IL-33 is expressed widely throughout the healthy brain and is concentrated in white mater due to predominant expression in post-mitotic oligodendrocytes. IL-33 is released immediately after CNS injury from damaged oligodendrocytes, acting on local astrocytes and microglia to induce chemokines critical for monocyte recruitment. Mice lacking IL-33 have impaired recovery after CNS injury, which is associated with reduced myeloid cell infiltrates and decreased induction of M2 genes at the injury site. These results demonstrate a novel molecular mediator contributing to immune cell recruitment to the injured CNS and may lead to new therapeutic insights in CNS injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin P Gadani
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - James T Walsh
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 China
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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87
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Ortín-Martínez A, Salinas-Navarro M, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, García-Ayuso D, Bernal-Garro JM, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Laser-induced ocular hypertension in adult rats does not affect non-RGC neurons in the ganglion cell layer but results in protracted severe loss of cone-photoreceptors. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:17-33. [PMID: 25576772 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the long-term effects of laser-photocoagulation (LP)-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in the innermost and outermost (outer-nuclear and outer segment)-retinal layers (ORL). OHT was induced in the left eye of adult rats. To investigate the ganglion cell layer (GCL) wholemounts were examined at 1, 3 or 6 months using Brn3a-immunodetection to identify retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and DAPI-staining to detect all nuclei in this layer. To study the effects of LP on the ORL up to 6 months, retinas were: i) fresh extracted to quantify the levels of rod-, S- and L-opsin; ii) cut in cross-sections for morphometric analysis, or; iii) prepared as wholemounts to quantify and study retinal distributions of entire populations of RGCs (retrogradely labeled with fluorogold, FG), S- and L-cones (immunolabeled). OHT resulted in wedge-like sectors with their apex on the optic disc devoid of Brn3a(+)RGCs but with large numbers of DAPI(+)nuclei. The levels of all opsins diminished by 2 weeks and further decreased to 20% of basal-levels by 3 months. Cross-sections revealed focal areas of ORL degeneration. RGC survival at 15 days represented approximately 28% and did not change with time, whereas the S- and L-cone populations diminished to 65% and 80%, or to 20 and 35% at 1 or 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, LP induces in the GCL selective RGCs loss that does not progress after 1 month, and S- and L-cone loss that progresses for up to 6 months. Thus, OHT results in severe damage to both the innermost and the ORL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Manuel Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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88
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Ortín-Martínez A, Valiente-Soriano FJ, García-Ayuso D, Alarcón-Martínez L, Jiménez-López M, Bernal-Garro JM, Nieto-López L, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Villegas-Pérez MP, Wheeler LA, Vidal-Sanz M. A novel in vivo model of focal light emitting diode-induced cone-photoreceptor phototoxicity: neuroprotection afforded by brimonidine, BDNF, PEDF or bFGF. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113798. [PMID: 25464513 PMCID: PMC4252057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED)-induced phototoxicity (LIP) on cone-photoreceptors and their protection with brimonidine (BMD), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In anesthetized, dark adapted, adult albino rats a blue (400 nm) LED was placed perpendicular to the cornea (10 sec, 200 lux) and the effects were investigated using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and/or analysing the retina in oriented cross-sections or wholemounts immune-labelled for L- and S-opsin and counterstained with the nuclear stain DAPI. The effects of topical BMD (1%) or, intravitreally injected BDNF (5 µg), PEDF (2 µg), CNTF (0.4 µg) or bFGF (1 µg) after LIP were examined on wholemounts at 7 days. SD-OCT showed damage in a circular region of the superotemporal retina, whose diameter varied from 1,842.4±84.5 µm (at 24 hours) to 1,407.7±52.8 µm (at 7 days). This region had a progressive thickness diminution from 183.4±5 µm (at 12 h) to 114.6±6 µm (at 7 d). Oriented cross-sections showed within the light-damaged region of the retina massive loss of rods and cone-photoreceptors. Wholemounts documented a circular region containing lower numbers of L- and S-cones. Within a circular area (1 mm or 1.3 mm radius, respectively) in the left and in its corresponding region of the contralateral-fellow-retina, total L- or S-cones were 7,118±842 or 661±125 for the LED exposed retinas (n = 7) and 14,040±1,860 or 2,255±193 for the fellow retinas (n = 7), respectively. BMD, BDNF, PEDF and bFGF but not CNTF showed significant neuroprotective effects on L- or S-cones. We conclude that LIP results in rod and cone-photoreceptor loss, and is a reliable, quantifiable model to study cone-photoreceptor degeneration. Intravitreal BDNF, PEDF or bFGF, or topical BMD afford significant cone neuroprotection in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Leticia Nieto-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Manuel Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Larry A. Wheeler
- Zeteo Drug Discovery LLC, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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89
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A role for the outer retina in development of the intrinsic pupillary light reflex in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 286:60-78. [PMID: 25433236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mice do not require the brain in order to maintain constricted pupils. However, little is known about this intrinsic pupillary light reflex (iPLR) beyond a requirement for melanopsin in the iris and an intact retinal ciliary marginal zone (CMZ). Here, we study the mouse iPLR in vitro and examine a potential role for outer retina (rods and cones) in this response. In wild-type mice the iPLR was absent at postnatal day 17 (P17), developing progressively from P21-P49. However, the iPLR only achieved ∼ 30% of the wild-type constriction in adult mice with severe outer retinal degeneration (rd and rdcl). Paradoxically, the iPLR increased significantly in retinal degenerate mice >1.5 years of age. This was accompanied by an increase in baseline pupil tone in the dark to levels indistinguishable from those in adult wild types. This rejuvenated iPLR response was slowed by atropine application, suggesting the involvement of cholinergic neurotransmission. We could find no evidence of an increase in melanopsin expression by quantitative PCR in the iris and ciliary body of aged retinal degenerates and a detailed anatomical analysis revealed a significant decline in melanopsin-positive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in rdcl mice >1.5 years. Adult mice lacking rod function (Gnat1(-/-)) also had a weak iPLR, while mice lacking functional cones (Cpfl5) maintained a robust response. We also identify an important role for pigmentation in the development of the mouse iPLR, with only a weak and transient response present in albino animals. Our results show that the iPLR in mice develops unexpectedly late and are consistent with a role for rods and pigmentation in the development of this response in mice. The enhancement of the iPLR in aged degenerate mice was extremely surprising but may have relevance to behavioral observations in mice and patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
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90
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Valiente-Soriano FJ, García-Ayuso D, Ortín-Martínez A, Jiménez-López M, Galindo-Romero C, Villegas-Pérez MP, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vugler AA, Vidal-Sanz M. Distribution of melanopsin positive neurons in pigmented and albino mice: evidence for melanopsin interneurons in the mouse retina. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:131. [PMID: 25477787 PMCID: PMC4238377 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we have studied the population of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in adult pigmented and albino mice. Our data show that although pigmented (C57Bl/6) and albino (Swiss) mice have a similar total number of ipRGCs, their distribution is slightly different: while in pigmented mice ipRGCs are more abundant in the temporal retina, in albinos the ipRGCs are more abundant in superior retina. In both strains, ipRGCs are located in the retinal periphery, in the areas of lower Brn3a+RGC density. Both strains also contain displaced ipRGCs (d-ipRGCs) in the inner nuclear layer (INL) that account for 14% of total ipRGCs in pigmented mice and 5% in albinos. Tracing from both superior colliculli shows that 98% (pigmented) and 97% (albino) of the total ipRGCs, become retrogradely labeled, while double immunodetection of melanopsin and Brn3a confirms that few ipRGCs express this transcription factor in mice. Rather surprisingly, application of a retrograde tracer to the optic nerve (ON) labels all ipRGCs, except for a sub-population of the d-ipRGCs (14% in pigmented and 28% in albino, respectively) and melanopsin positive cells residing in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) of the retina. In the CMZ, between 20% (pigmented) and 24% (albino) of the melanopsin positive cells are unlabeled by the tracer and we suggest that this may be because they fail to send an axon into the ON. As such, this study provides the first evidence for a population of melanopsin interneurons in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
| | - Anthony A Vugler
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology London, UK
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA) Murcia, Spain
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91
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Sobrado-Calvo P, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Displaced retinal ganglion cells in albino and pigmented rats. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:99. [PMID: 25339868 PMCID: PMC4186482 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied in parallel the population of displaced retinal ganglion cells (dRGCs) and normally placed (orthotopic RGCs, oRGCs) in albino and pigmented rats. Using retrograde tracing from the optic nerve, from both superior colliculi (SC) or from the ipsilateral SC in conjunction with Brn3 and melanopsin immunodetection, we report for the first time their total number and topography as well as the number and distribution of those dRGCs and oRGCs that project ipsi- or contralaterally and/or that express any of the three Brn3 isoforms or melanopsin. The total number of RGCs (oRGCs+dRGCs) is 84,706 ± 1249 in albino and 90,440 ± 2236 in pigmented, out of which 2383 and 2428 are melanopsin positive (m-RGCs), respectively. Regarding dRGCs: i/ albino rats have a significantly lower number of dRGCs than pigmented animals (0.5% of the total number of RGCs vs. 2.5%, respectively), ii/ dRGCs project massively to the contralateral SC, iii/ the percentage of ipsilaterality is higher for dRGCs than for oRGCs, iv/ a higher proportion of ipsilateral dRGCs is observed in albino than pigmented animals, v/ dRGC topography is very specific, they predominate in the equatorial temporal retina, being densest where the oRGCs are densest, vi/ Brn3a detects all dRGCs except half of the ipsilateral ones and those that express melanopsin, vii/ the proportion of dRGCs that express Brn3b or Brn3c is slightly lower than in the oRGC population, viii/ a higher percentage of dRGCs (13% albino, 9% pigmented) than oRGCs (2.6%) express melanopsin, ix/ few m-RGCs (displaced and orthotopic) project to the ipsilateral SC, x/ the topography of m-dRGCs does not resemble the general distribution of dRGCs, xi/ The soma size in m-oRGCs ranges from 10 to 21 μm and in m-dRGCs from 8 to 15 μm, xii/ oRGCs and dRGCs have the same susceptibility to axonal injury and ocular hypertension. Although the role of mammalian dRGCs remains to be determined, our data suggest that they are not misplaced by an ontogenic mistake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain ; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain ; Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain ; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain
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