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López-Guerra VM, López-Núñez C, Vaca-Gallegos SL, Torres-Carrión PV. Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a Screening Tool for Depression Among Ecuadorian College Students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:813894. [PMID: 35572338 PMCID: PMC9105228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is the most well-known self-report measure to screen for depressive symptomatology, although discerning which is the factor structure that represents the best fit remains a challenge. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the PHQ-9 in a large sample of Ecuadorian college students. Methods A total of 5,394 students (M = 22.03 years; SD = 3.05; 54.8% female) from three Ecuadorian universities were surveyed using a computerized questionnaire within a 4-week assessment period. The PHQ-9 was tested for factorial structure, reliability, and correlations with other mental health-related measures. Results The hierarchical model that included a general factor and three nested factors had a better fit, and such a hierarchical structure remained invariant across sex and age. Total omega value (ω) was 0.90 for the total scale and hierarchical omega values (ωh) were 0.68 for the general factor, as well as 0.34, 0.38, and 0.44 for the respective nested factors (somatic, cognitive/affective, concentration/motor). Moreover, PHQ-9 scores were significantly higher among women, although effect sizes of comparison of those sex differences were very small. Finally, the PHQ-9 scores correlated with multiple mental health indicators (psychological inflexibility, loneliness, stress, and satisfaction with life). Discussion The Spanish version of the PHQ-9 showed good psychometric properties among Ecuadorian college students. The hierarchical structure showed the best fit for the data, including not only a dominant general factor, but also the somatic, cognitive/affective and concentration/motor subcomponents. In conclusion, the PHQ-9 tool seems to represent an easy-to-implement screening questionnaire to design preventive programs for those Ecuadorian college students at risk of developing depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla López-Núñez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, School of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Huarcaya-Victoria J, Villarreal-Rao B, Luna M, Rojas-Mendoza W, Alarcon-Ruiz CA, Villarreal-Zegarra D, Vilela-Estrada AL, Ramírez S. Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes in Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095346. [PMID: 35564741 PMCID: PMC9103531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: We investigated some of the factors associated with depression, perceived stress, and anxiety in clinical and nonclinical healthcare workers of two hospitals. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used. The sample included clinical (physicians, nurses, and others) and nonclinical (security and cleaning staff) healthcare workers of two tertiary hospitals in Peru. Participants completed an online self-survey. In the qualitative analysis, data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: We analyzed data from 613 participants, of which 8.6%, 9.0%, and 78.2% had moderate-to-severe anxiety, depression, and perceived stress, respectively. Having a previous mental health problem, being concerned about losing one’s job, having at least two COVID-19 symptoms in the preceding two weeks, and being afraid of infecting family members increased the prevalence of experiencing moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety. The qualitative analysis allowed us to identify five recurring factors that caused a negative impact on workers’ lives during the pandemic: emotional distress linked to hospital experiences of suffering and death, modification of routines, fear of COVID-19, exacerbation of mental disorders, and physical problems associated with emotional distress. Conclusions: Clinical and nonclinical healthcare workers in Peru have experienced depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research and interventions are necessary to improve psychological support for hospital workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima 15033, Peru; (B.V.-R.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beltran Villarreal-Rao
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima 15033, Peru; (B.V.-R.); (M.L.)
| | - Matilde Luna
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima 15033, Peru; (B.V.-R.); (M.L.)
| | - Wendoline Rojas-Mendoza
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima 15072, Peru;
| | | | - David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima 15046, Peru; (D.V.-Z.); (A.L.V.-E.)
| | - Ana L. Vilela-Estrada
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima 15046, Peru; (D.V.-Z.); (A.L.V.-E.)
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Huarcaya-Victoria J, Podestá A, Rojas W. Factors Associated with Distress Among Medical Staff During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-10. [PMID: 35342378 PMCID: PMC8939394 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic affects the mental health of medical staff. Our objective was to evaluate the factors that are associated with the distress of physicians in two general hospitals in Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional correlational survey study was carried out. Physicians completed The Impact of Event Scale-Revised-22 (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). A total of 310 physicians completed the survey, 36.5% of whom reported distress symptoms. Higher levels of distress were reached by women, by those with a prior psychiatric diagnosis, by those who considered that the hospital does not provide adequate personal protective equipment, and by those who perceived stigma from family members. Multiple regression analysis showed that there is a correlation between distress symptoms and anxiety symptoms, (B = 0.509), depressive symptoms (B = 0.305), the total hours/week worked in the Emergency Department (B=-0.142), and the stigma perception (B = 0.096). Early intervention programs must be developed to support medical staff members exposed to severe distress situations such as the current viral pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Servicio de Psiquiatría de Adultos, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Av. Grau 800, Cercado de Lima, Perú
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Uniersidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Perú
| | - Angela Podestá
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Servicio de Psiquiatría de Adultos, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Av. Grau 800, Cercado de Lima, Perú
| | - Wendoline Rojas
- Departamento de Salud Mental, Servicio de Emergencia Psiquiátrica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú
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Figueroa-Quiñones J, Cjuno J, Machay-Pak D, Ipanaqué-Zapata M. Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms Among Peruvian University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:781561. [PMID: 35282184 PMCID: PMC8904923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the factors associated with quality of life and depressive symptoms in Peruvian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Multicentre study in 1,634 students recruited by convenience sampling. The quality of life (QoL) was assessed with the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions at three levels (EQ-5D-3L) and depressive symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). To assess factors associated with QoL and depressive symptoms, linear regressions and fitted regressions were used, with robust coefficients of variance information (β). Results A 345 (21.1%) reported problems in performing daily activities, 544 (33.3%) reported pain and discomfort, 772 (47.2%) were moderately/very anxious or depressed. Furthermore, 207 (12.7%) had moderate-severe and severe depressive symptoms. Men reported better QoL than women (β: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.4; p = 0.004) and fewer depressive symptoms (β: −0.7; 95% CI: −1.3, −0.2; p = 0.011). Ayacucho’s residents had more depressive symptoms than Ancash’s residents (β: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.5; p = 0.022) and Piura’s residents had fewer depressive symptoms than Ancash’s residents (β: −1.195% CI: −1.8, −0.3, p = 0.005). Students who left home during quarantine reported more depressive symptoms (β: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.2, 1.2, p = 0.006). Conclusion Problems performing daily activities, pain and discomfort, as well as mild to severe depressive symptoms were found in more than three-quarters of the sample. Authorities could consider depression care to improve quality of life in regions where high rates of infection occurred during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Figueroa-Quiñones
- Instituto de Investigación, Capacitación y Desarrollo Psicosocial y Educativo: PSYCOPERU, Lima, Peru
| | - Julio Cjuno
- Escuela Profesional de Psicología, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru.,Red Latinoamericana de Salud Mental en Pueblos Originarios, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel Machay-Pak
- Instituto de Investigación, Capacitación y Desarrollo Psicosocial y Educativo: PSYCOPERU, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Ipanaqué-Zapata
- Instituto de Investigación, Capacitación y Desarrollo Psicosocial y Educativo: PSYCOPERU, Lima, Peru
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Crisol-Deza D, Poma-Ramírez D, Pacherres-López A, Noriega-Baella C, Villanueva-Zúñiga L, Salvador-Carrillo J, Huarcaya-Victoria J. Factors associated with suicidal ideation among medical students during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru: A multicenter study. DEATH STUDIES 2022; 47:183-191. [PMID: 35201957 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2022.2042752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to describe the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation in a sample of 1238 medical students from different medical schools in Peru based on question 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Our results revealed that 17.9% of the participants had suicidal ideation. Furthermore, using logistic regression, we found that not practicing any religion, the presence of clinically significant depression, and the presence of clinically significant anxiety were statistically related to the presence of suicidal ideation. Our results indicate that suicidal ideation was highly prevalent in the sample of medical students studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Crisol-Deza
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú
- Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria, REDECS, Lima, Perú
| | - Diana Poma-Ramírez
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista (SOCIEM - UPSJB), Lima, Perú
| | - Andrés Pacherres-López
- Centro de Investigación en Educación Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - José Salvador-Carrillo
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Filial Chincha, Perú
| | - Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Servicio de Psiquiatría de Adultos, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Seguro Social de Salud EsSalud, Lima, Perú
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Hernández-Vásquez A, Vargas-Fernández R, Rojas-Roque C, Gamboa-Unsihuay JE. Association between altitude and depression in Peru: An 8-year pooled analysis of population-based surveys. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:536-544. [PMID: 34942223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high altitude regions, people experience biological, inflammatory and brain structure changes that increase the risk of depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the association between altitude and depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population, adjusting by demographic, socioeconomic and exposure to health risk factors. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analytical study of data collected annually by the Demographic and Family Health Survey during the period 2013-2020. The presence of depressive symptoms during the last 14 days prior to the survey were measured using scores obtained from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A generalized linear model (GLM) of gamma family and log link function was used to report the crude and adjusted β coefficients. A quantile regression model was performed as a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Data from a total of 215,409 participants were included. After adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and health risk exposures, the GLM showed that an increase in every 100 m of altitude of residence was positively and significantly associated with the depressive symptoms score (β=0•01 [95% confidence interval: 0•01-0•01]). LIMITATIONS The length of residence in high altitude areas of the population included cannot be established, requiring future research to determine if the results of the present study are similar in native people or permanent residents of high altitude regions. CONCLUSIONS Altitude was positively associated with depressive symptom scores. Our results will allow the development of mental health interventions based on factors that increase the likelihood of depressive symptoms in high-altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hernández-Vásquez
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
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Asociación entre alteraciones en el sueño y problemas de salud mental en los estudiantes de Medicina durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. EDUCACIO´N ME´DICA 2022; 23:100744. [PMCID: PMC9271489 DOI: 10.1016/j.edumed.2022.100744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Medical students are a population vulnerable to poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation; these problems were accentuated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective was to evaluate the association between sleep disturbances and the presence of depression and anxiety in medical students during the pandemic. Materials and methods Cross-sectional, analytical study in medical students of a private university in Peru. Data were collected from May 22 to June 14, 2020, after 3 months of mandatory social isolation. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; ≥ 10), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7; ≥ 10) scale and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; ≥ 8) were used to assess depression, anxiety and insomnia, respectively. Poisson regressions with robust variance were used to calculate prevalence ratios. Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety and insomnia was 28.5%, 29.5% and 60.1% respectively. It was found that those who had short sleep (RPa: 1.40, CI: 1.05-1.87, p: 0.024), who slept after 2:00 hours (RPa: 2.24, CI: 1.31-3.83, p: 0.003) and who presented insomnia (RPa: 7.12, CI: 3.70-13.73, p: < 0.001) had a higher prevalence of anxiety. Likewise, those who slept after 2:00 hours (RPa: 2.13, CI: 1.24-3.64, p: 0.006) and those who presented insomnia (RP: 8.82, CI: 4.17-18.68, p: < 0.001) had a higher prevalence of depression. Conclusions Short sleep, bedtime and insomnia are factors associated with the prevalence of depression and anxiety.
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Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Emergency Period: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Professional Football. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:21-27. [PMID: 32941374 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of our study was to establish the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional football (ie, soccer; hereinafter "football") players during the COVID-19 emergency period, drawing comparisons with players assessed before exposure to the COVID-19 emergency period. DESIGN Observational comparative cross-sectional study by means of electronic questionnaire. SETTING Professional football. PARTICIPANTS A total of 468 female (mean age: 22.8 years) and 1134 male (mean age: 26.0 years) players participated. The non-COVID-19 comparison group consisted of 132 female (mean age: 23.1 years) and 175 male (mean age: 24.8 years) professional footballers. INTERVENTION N/A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anxiety symptoms were measured with the validated Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 and depressive symptoms with the validated Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Both instruments have been widely used in both clinical and research settings among different populations, showing excellent psychometric properties. RESULTS During the COVID-19 emergency period, the 2-week prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and depression was 18.2% and 21.6%, respectively, among female professional footballers and 15.5% and 12.9%, respectively, among male players. The 2-week prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional footballers was significantly higher during the COVID-19 emergency period than before the global pandemic (P < 0.01). Differences were most pronounced for those worried about the playing future. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 emergency period is associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression in professional footballers, especially among those worried about their future as players.
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Fernández‐Arana A, Olórtegui‐Yzú A, Vega‐Dienstmaier JM, Cuesta MJ. Depression and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress in health professionals in the context of COVID-19: Do adverse childhood experiences have a modulating effect? Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2452. [PMID: 34910383 PMCID: PMC8785635 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have a great impact on mental health outcomes of adults. However, little is known whether ACE may act as modulators of the mental health of health professionals caring for patients with COVID-19. METHODS Data were collected through an online cross-sectional survey administered to health professionals in Lima (Peru) between May and July 2020. The survey included standardized self-assessment instruments for anxiety, depression, acute stress (AS) and history of ACE. RESULTS A total of 542 health professionals completed the survey. Caring for patients with COVID-19 was significantly associated with depression and anxiety and when caring for patients with COVID-19 was combined with a history of early sexual abuse, its effect on the risk of anxiety increased (OR = 7.71, p = .010). Mental health problems were associated with female gender in almost all the analyses and with the majority of ACEs. CONCLUSIONS Health workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic presented a high risk of mental health disorders. Antecedents of sexual abuse acted as a potentiating factor of anxiety in professionals providing COVID-19 care. These findings suggest that the burden of ACE modulates mental health problems in health professionals during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriel Olórtegui‐Yzú
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosFacultad de Medina de San FernandoLimaPeru
- Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular ‐ INCOR ‐ EsSaludLimaPeru
| | | | - Manuel J. Cuesta
- Department of PsychiatryComplejo Hospitalario de NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA)Mental health areaPamplonaSpain
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Wanjala SW, Ssewanyana D, Mwangala PN, Nasambu C, Chongwo E, Luchters S, Newton CRJC, Abubakar A. Validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of an adapted short version of the HIV stigma scale among perinatally HIV infected adolescents at the Kenyan coast. Glob Health Res Policy 2021; 6:49. [PMID: 34893093 PMCID: PMC8662883 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-021-00229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of instruments that have been developed and validated for use with children living with HIV under the age of 17 years in the Kenyan context. We examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a short version of the Berger HIV stigma scale administered to perinatally HIV-infected adolescents in a rural setting on the Kenyan coast. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 201 perinatally HIV-infected adolescents aged 12-17 years between November 2017 and October 2018. A short version of the Berger HIV stigma scale (HSS-40) containing twelve items (HSS-12) covering the four dimensions of stigma was evaluated. The psychometric assessment included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and multi-group CFA. Additionally, scale reliability was evaluated as internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS Evaluation of the reliability and construct validity of the HSS-12 indicated insufficient reliability on three of the four subscales. Consequently, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify problematic items and determine ways to enhance the scale's reliability. Based on the EFA results, two items were dropped. The Swahili version of this new 10-item HIV stigma scale (HSS-10) demonstrated excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach alpha of 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-0.89). Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that a unidimensional model best fitted the data. The HSS-10 presented a good fit (overall Comparative Fit Index = 0.976, Tucker Lewis Index = 0.969, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.040, Standardised Root Mean Residual = 0.045). Additionally, multi-group CFA indicated measurement invariance across gender and age groups at the strict invariance level as ΔCFI was ≤ 0.01. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the HSS-10 has good psychometric properties and is appropriate for evaluating HIV stigma among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents on the Kenyan coast. Further, study results support the unidimensional model and measurement invariance across gender and age groups of the HSS-10 measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley W. Wanjala
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Social Sciences, Pwani University, Box 195, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Derrick Ssewanyana
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick N. Mwangala
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carophine Nasambu
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Esther Chongwo
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Population Health, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles R. J. C. Newton
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Neuroassessment Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Huarcaya-Victoria J, Barreto J, Aire L, Podestá A, Caqui M, Guija-Igreda R, Castillo C, Alarcon-Ruiz CA. Mental Health in COVID-2019 Survivors from a General Hospital in Peru: Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Inflammatory Variable Associations. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1264-1285. [PMID: 34602915 PMCID: PMC8478369 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a significant public health problem worldwide, as well as mental health problems. This study aimed to evaluate the mental health of COVID-19 survivors, considering their sociodemographic, clinical, and immune variables. A cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on 318 COVID-19 survivors from one hospital in Peru. Through telephone interviews, evaluation of the presence of depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, anxiety symptoms through the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, somatic symptoms through Patient Health Questionnaire-15, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms through Impact of Event Scale-Revised was carried out. Poisson regression analyses were performed with their adjusted variances to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) with their 95% confidence interval. All regression models were adjusted (PRa) for follow-up time. A significant proportion of patients have depressive (30.9%), anxious (31.1%), somatic (35.2%), and PTSD (29.5%) symptoms. The variables associated with a higher frequency of clinically relevant mental symptoms were female sex, self-perception of greater COVID-19 severity, presence of persistent COVID-19 symptoms, loss of a family member due to COVID-19, and prior psychiatric diagnosis or treatment. In addition, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in patients with clinically relevant symptoms of depression. COVID-19 survivors showed a high prevalence of negative mental symptoms. Our findings help to identify patients who are vulnerable and require psychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
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Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud
, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Jessica Barreto
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
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Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando
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Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
, Lima, Peru
| | - Lucia Aire
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Podestá
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Mónica Caqui
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa Guija-Igreda
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Castillo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, EsSalud, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Av. Grau 800, Lima, Peru
| | - Christoper A. Alarcon-Ruiz
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Grupo de Investigacion Neurociencia, Efectividad Clínica y Salud Publica
,
Universidad Científica del Sur
, Lima, Peru
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Pedraz-Petrozzi B, Krüger-Malpartida H, Arevalo-Flores M, Salmavides-Cuba F, Anculle-Arauco V, Dancuart-Mendoza M. Emotional Impact on Health Personnel, Medical Students, and General Population Samples During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lima, Peru. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRÍA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 50:189-198. [PMID: 34544584 PMCID: PMC8448287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study is to compare the emotional effects of COVID-19 among three different groups, namely: health personnel, medical students, and a sample of the general population. Methods 375 participants were recruited for this study, of which 125 were medical students (preclinical studies, 59; clinical studies, 66), 125 were health personnel (COVID-19 frontline personnel, 59; personnel not related with COVID-19, 66), and 125 belonged to the general population. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI scales were used to assess the emotional impact. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to measure differences between groups, considering potential confounding factors. Results Regarding CPDI values, all other groups showed reduced values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. However, the general population, preclinical and clinical medical students showed increased PHQ-9 values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. Finally, confounding factors, gender and age correlated negatively with higher CPDI and PHQ-9 scores. Conclusions Being frontline personnel is associated with increased COVID-19-related stress. Depression is associated, however, with other groups not directly involved with the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Female gender and younger age correlated with COVID-19-related depression and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.
| | - Hever Krüger-Malpartida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Arevalo-Flores
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Frine Salmavides-Cuba
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor Anculle-Arauco
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
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63
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Copez-Lonzoy A, Vilela-Estrada AL, Huarcaya-Victoria J. Depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19 in the general population and health-care workers: prevalence, relationship, and explicative model in Peru. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:455. [PMID: 34530803 PMCID: PMC8445782 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study has two aims. First, determine the fit of the fear model to COVID-19, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in the general population and health-care workers. Second, determine which model best explains the relationship between depression and the triad of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in both groups. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted using self-reported questionnaires for anxiety, fear of COVID-19, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Information was collected from adults living in Lima, the capital and the most populous city in Peru. The explanatory models were evaluated using a structural equation model. RESULTS A total of 830 participants were included, including general population (n = 640) and health-care workers (n = 190). A high overall prevalence of depressive symptoms (16%), anxiety (11.7%), and post-traumatic stress (14.9%) were identified. A higher prevalence of depressive, anxious, or stress symptoms was identified in the general population (28.6%) compared to health-care workers (17.9%). The triad model of fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and stress presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices for both groups. A model was identified that manages to explain depressive symptoms in more than 70% of the general population and health-care workers, based on the variables of the triad (CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.06). In the general population post-traumatic stress mediated the relationship between anxiety and depression (β = 0.12; 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.18) which was significant, but the indirect effect of post-traumatic stress was not significant in health care workers (β = 0.03; 95%CI = - 0.11 to 0.19). LIMITATIONS The prevalence estimates relied on self-reported information. Other variables of interest, such as intolerance to uncertainty or income level, could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our study proposes and tests one model that explains more than 70% of depressive symptoms. This explanatory model can be used in health contexts and populations to determine how emotional factors can affect depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
| | - Anthony Copez-Lonzoy
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru.
- Unidad de Investigación en Bibliometría, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
- Asociación Peruana de Profesionales de las Adicciones, Lima, Peru.
| | - Ana L Vilela-Estrada
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
- Departamento Académico de Psiquiatría, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Measurement invariance testing of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) across people with and without diabetes mellitus from the NHANES, EMHS and UK Biobank datasets. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:311-318. [PMID: 34139403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression is higher among those with diabetes than in the general population. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is commonly used to assess depression in people with diabetes, but measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across groups of people with and without diabetes has not yet been investigated. METHODS Data from three independent cohorts from the USA (n=1,886 with diabetes, n=4,153 without diabetes), Quebec, Canada (n= 800 with diabetes, n= 2,411 without diabetes), and the UK (n=4,981 with diabetes, n=145,570 without diabetes), were used to examine measurement invariance between adults with and without diabetes. A series of multiple group confirmatory factor analyses were performed, with increasingly stringent model constraints applied to assess configural, equal thresholds, and equal thresholds and loadings invariance, respectively. One-factor and two-factor (somatic and cognitive-affective items) models were examined. RESULTS Results demonstrated that the most stringent models, testing equal loadings and thresholds, had satisfactory model fit in the three cohorts for one-factor models (RMSEA = .063 or below and CFI = .978 or above) and two-factor models (RMSEA = .042 or below and CFI = .989 or above). LIMITATIONS Data were from Western countries only and we could not distinguish between type of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Results provide support for measurement invariance between groups of people with and without diabetes, using either a one-factor or a two-factor model. While the two-factor solution has a slightly better fit, the one-factor solution is more parsimonious. Depending on research or clinical needs, both factor structures can be used.
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Huarcaya-Victoria J, Elera-Fitzcarrald C, Crisol-Deza D, Villanueva-Zúñiga L, Pacherres A, Torres A, Huertas G, Calderón D, Noriega-Baella C, Astonitas E, Salvador-Carrillo J. Factors associated with mental health in Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicentre quantitative study. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00108-6. [PMID: 34275600 PMCID: PMC9186139 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mental health status and associated factors of Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Descriptive, multicentre, correlational study that used the "Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)", the "Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)" and the "Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)" questionnaires to evaluate mental health problems. RESULTS A total of 1,238 students from 8 Peruvian medical schools participated in the study. Of these, 68.5% were women, and the mean age was 21.4 years. Depressive symptoms were found in 74% of the participants, anxiety symptoms in 57% and distress symptoms in 65%. The variables associated with the development of symptoms of moderate-severe depression, anxiety and distress were: not having family economic stability, being in the first years of medical training, being female, and fearing that their medical training would be delayed and impaired. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of medical students surveyed during the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health problems were common. The factors associated with mental health reported in this study could be useful in identifying vulnerable medical students who require timely psychosocial support and/or psychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Diego Crisol-Deza
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú; Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria, REDECS, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Andrés Pacherres
- Centro de Investigación en Educación Médica, Faculta de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Allison Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Grace Huertas
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú
| | | | | | - Erik Astonitas
- Facultad de Medicina San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - José Salvador-Carrillo
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Filial Chincha, Perú; Instituto de Investigación de Interculturalidad, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Perú
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Pedraz-Petrozzi B, Krüger-Malpartida H, Arevalo-Flores M, Salmavides-Cuba F, Anculle-Arauco V, Dancuart-Mendoza M. Emotional Impact on Health Personnel, Medical Students, and General Population Samples During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lima, Peru. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2021; 50:189-198. [PMID: 38620960 PMCID: PMC8179116 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study is to compare the emotional effects of COVID-19 among three different groups, namely: health personnel, medical students, and a sample of the general population. Methods 375 participants were recruited for this study, of which 125 were medical students (preclinical studies, 59; clinical studies, 66), 125 were health personnel (COVID-19 frontline personnel, 59; personnel not related with COVID-19, 66), and 125 belonged to the general population. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CPDI scales were used to assess the emotional impact. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to measure differences between groups, considering potential confounding factors. Results Regarding CPDI values, all other groups showed reduced values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. However, the general population, preclinical and clinical medical students showed increased PHQ-9 values compared to COVID-19 frontline personnel. Finally, confounding factors, gender and age correlated negatively with higher CPDI and PHQ-9 scores. Conclusions Being frontline personnel is associated with increased COVID-19-related stress. Depression is associated, however, with other groups not directly involved with the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Female gender and younger age correlated with COVID-19-related depression and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi
- Cognitive Neurosciences, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Hever Krüger-Malpartida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Arevalo-Flores
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Frine Salmavides-Cuba
- Faculty of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - Victor Anculle-Arauco
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Cayetano Heredia Hospital, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru
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Boluarte-Carbajal A, Navarro-Flores A, Villarreal-Zegarra D. Explanatory Model of Perceived Stress in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Peru During the COVID-19 Context. Front Psychol 2021; 12:673945. [PMID: 34248770 PMCID: PMC8264254 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic had negatively impact mental health worldwide. High prevalence of stress had been previously reported in populations during this context. Many theoretical frameworks had been proposed for explaining the stress process, we aim to proposed and explanatory model for the genesis of perceived stress in Peruvian general population. Method We conducted an online survey in Peruvian general population assessing sociodemographic variables and evaluating mental health conditions by using The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and a numerical rating scale (NRS) for fear of COVID-19. Correlation analysis was conducted for the variables of interest. Two regression models were constructed to explore related factor to the dimensions of perceived stress. Finally, a structural regression model was performed with the independent variables. Results Data of 210 individuals was analyzed. Ages ranged from 15 to 74 years and 39% were women. Additionally, 65.2% of the participants had at least one mental health conditions (depression, anxiety, or stress symptoms). Perceived self-efficacy and positive affect (PA) were correlated, as perceived helplessness with anxious symptoms and negative affect (NA). Regression analysis showed that sex, anxiety symptoms, and NA explained perceived helplessness while positive and NA explained self-efficacy. The structural regression model analysis identified that fear of COVID-19 (composed of fear of infecting others and fear of contagion), predicted mental health conditions (i.e., depressive or anxiety symptoms); also, mental health conditions were predicted by PA and NA. Perceived helplessness and Perceived self-efficacy were interrelated and represented the perceived stress variable. Conclusion We proposed an explanatory model of perceived stress based on two correlated dimensions (self-efficacy and helplessness) in the Peruvian general population during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with two out of three individuals surveyed having at least one mental health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Navarro-Flores
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru
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Mechili EA, Saliaj A, Kamberi F, Girvalaki C, Peto E, Patelarou AE, Bucaj J, Patelarou E. Is the mental health of young students and their family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2021; 28:317-325. [PMID: 32657469 PMCID: PMC7405232 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Mental health is deteriorated during the quarantine period. Mental health status is affected by the quarantine even after the end of it and for an extended period. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Depression levels among nursing/midwifery students during the quarantine period are high. Depression levels among students' family members during the quarantine period are high. Those who are not satisfied with COVID-19 prevention measures and those who believe that COVID-19 and quarantine can cause problems on health, have elevated levels of depression. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Provision of mental health services during the quarantine period should be a priority for the healthcare system. Offering mental health first aid training and support can improve the mental health status of students and their family members. ABSTRACT: Introduction The use of quarantine method has a significant impact on mental health status. Aim This study aimed to assess the levels of depression among bachelor and master university students (nurses/midwives) and their family members' during the quarantine period of COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in Vlora University, Albania. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used. Institutional e-mails of all active students were used for their recruitment. Results In total, 863 students and 249 family members participated in the study. The mean PHQ-9 score was 6.220 (SD = 5.803) and 6.280 (SD = 5.857) for students and family members, respectively. Being unsatisfied with COVID-19 prevention measures, beliefs that COVID-19 infection and quarantine process can cause problems on their health status were the key factors for students to be screened positive for mental problems in multiple regression analysis. For parents, the last two factors were found to contribute significantly. Discussion Our findings indicate that quarantine measures have a significant impact on the levels of depression among both university students and their family members. Broader population studies are necessary to safeguard these results. Implications for Practice Provision of mental health services during the quarantine period is of paramount significance. Mental health first aid training and support could benefit both students and their parents significantly. Additionally, follow-up services after the end of quarantine are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkeleint A Mechili
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
| | - Aurela Saliaj
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
| | - Fatjona Kamberi
- Faculty of Public Health Research Centre, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
| | - Charis Girvalaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ela Peto
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
| | | | - Jorgjia Bucaj
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
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Harry ML, Coley RY, Waring SC, Simon GE. Evaluating the Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance of the PHQ-9 between American Indian/Alaska Native Adults and Diverse Racial and Ethnic Groups. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 4:100121. [PMID: 34142103 PMCID: PMC8208497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-reported depression screening instrument for measurement-based care (MBC), may have cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI) with a regional group of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic White adults. However, to ensure health equity, research was needed on the cross-cultural MI of the PHQ-9 between other groups of AI/AN peoples and diverse populations. METHODS We assessed the MI of the one-factor PHQ-9 model and five previously identified two-factor models between non-Hispanic AI/AN adults (ages 18-64) from healthcare systems A (n=1,759) and B (n=2,701) using secondary data and robust maximum likelihood estimation. We then tested either fully or partially invariant models for MI between either combined or separate AI/AN groups, respectively, and Hispanic (n=7,974), White (n=7,974), Asian (n=6,988), Black (n=6,213), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (n=1,370) adults from healthcare system B. All had mental health or substance use disorder diagnoses and were seen in behavioral health or primary care from 1/1/2009-9/30/2017. RESULTS The one-factor PHQ-9 model was partially invariant, with two-factor models partially, or in one case fully, invariant between AI/AN groups. The one-factor model and three two-factor models were partially invariant between all seven groups, while a two-factor model was fully invariant and another partially invariant between a combined AI/AN group and other racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Achieving health equity in MBC requires ensuring the cross-cultural validity of measurement tools. Before comparing mean scores, PHQ-9 models should be assessed for individual racial and ethnic group fit for adults with mental health or substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Harry
- Essentia Health, Essentia Institute of Rural Health, 502 East Second Street, Duluth, MN 55805
| | - R. Yates Coley
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101-1466
| | - Stephen C. Waring
- Essentia Health, Essentia Institute of Rural Health, 502 East Second Street, Duluth, MN 55805
| | - Gregory E. Simon
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101-1466
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Antiporta DA, Cutipé YL, Mendoza M, Celentano DD, Stuart EA, Bruni A. Depressive symptoms among Peruvian adult residents amidst a National Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:111. [PMID: 33602157 PMCID: PMC7890781 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population health and well-being in Latin America, the current epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been severely affected during the past semester. Despite the growing evidence about the link between the pandemic, its control measures, and mental health worldwide, there is still no regional evidence of the potential mental health impact. We describe the prevalence and distribution of depressive symptoms across demographic and socioeconomic risk factors in the Peruvian population amidst a national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted during the community transmission phase and national lockdown in Peru (May 4th-16th, 2020). We recorded 64,493 responses from adult Peruvian residents through an opt-in online questionnaire. All analyses were weighted using raking based on proportions of sociodemographic variables from the last Peruvian census in 2017. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was calculated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score of 10 or more. We identified associated demographic and socioeconomic factors by prior mental health diagnosis. Sensitivity analysis considered an alternative cut-off point for depressive symptoms of PHQ-9 ≥ 14. RESULTS A total of 57,446 participants were included in the analytical sample. A third of the participants (n = 23,526, unweighted) showed depressive symptoms in the 2 weeks prior to the study. Participants who reported a previous mental health diagnosis doubled the sample prevalence of depressive symptoms (59, 95%CI 56.7, 61.4%) of those without a prior diagnosis. Psychosocial and functioning reactions were largely more prevalent among females and young adults. A dose-response relationship was found between household income and depressive symptoms across previous mental health diagnosis strata, being as low as 32% less in the wealthiest than the most impoverished group (PR: 0.68, 95%CI 0.58,0.79). Other critical factors associated with a higher burden of depressive symptoms were lower education level, single, unemployed, and chronic comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS An increased burden of depressive symptoms and psychosocial reactions has emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru compared to previous years. The mental health burden disproportionately affects women, the younger population, and those with low income and education. As the country eases the social distancing measures, it is crucial to use local evidence to adjust public health policies and mental health services to the renewed population needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Antiporta
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yuri L. Cutipé
- grid.419858.90000 0004 0371 3700Mental Health Direction, Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Mendoza
- grid.419858.90000 0004 0371 3700Mental Health Direction, Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - David D. Celentano
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stuart
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Lima, Peru
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Cassiani-Miranda CA, Tirado-Otálvaro AF, Campo-Arias A. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the general Colombian population. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:595-602. [PMID: 33464177 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1874572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to adapt and explore the psychometric performance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in the general Colombian population. The original FCV-19S is a 7-item scale that underwent an adaptation (Item 1 and 5 were deleted). From an online sample of 1,687 adults (59% female), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed for versions of the scale with 6 and 5 items. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were calculated. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5-item scale (Fear of COVID-5) presented better indicators. In conclusion, the Fear of COVID-5 has acceptable performance in the Colombian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adalberto Campo-Arias
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Casanova MP, Nelson MC, Pickering MA, Appleby KM, Grindley EJ, Larkins LW, Baker RT. Measuring psychological pain: psychometric analysis of the Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale. MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021; 3:7. [PMCID: PMC8127506 DOI: 10.1186/s42409-021-00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Suicide is a public health concern, with an estimated 1 million individuals dying each year worldwide. Individual psychological pain is believed to be a contributing motivating factor. Therefore, establishing a psychometrically sound tool to adequately measure psychological pain is important. The Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (OMMP) has been proposed; however, previous psychometric analysis on the OMMP has not yielded a consistent scale structure, and the internal consistency of the subscales has not met recommended values. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the OMMP in a diverse sample. Methods A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the 9-factor, 44-item OMMP was conducted on the full sample (n = 1151). Because model fit indices were not met, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on a random subset of the data (n = 576) to identify a more parsimonious structure. The EFA structure was then tested in a covariance model in the remaining subset of participants (n = 575). Multigroup invariance testing was subsequently performed to examine psychometric properties of the refined scale. Results The CFA of the original 9-factor, 44-item OMMP did not meet recommended model fit recommendations. The EFA analysis results revealed a 3-factor, 9-item scale (i.e., OMMP-9). The covariance model of the OMMP-9 indicated further refinement was necessary. Multigroup invariance testing conducted on the final 3-factor, 8-item scale (i.e., OMMP-8) across mental health diagnoses, sex, injury status, age, activity level, and athlete classification met all criteria for invariance. Conclusions The 9-factor, 44-item OMMP does not meet recommended measurement criteria and should not be recommended for use in research and clinical practice in its current form. The refined OMMP-8 may be a more viable option to use; however, more research should be completed prior to adoption. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42409-021-00025-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline P. Casanova
- Medical Education, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | - Megan C. Nelson
- Medical Education, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
| | | | - Karen M. Appleby
- Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA
| | | | | | - Russell T. Baker
- Medical Education, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844 USA
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Kamberi F, Jaho J, Mechili EA, Sinaj E, Skendo H. Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad - Implications for mental care. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2020; 34:507-512. [PMID: 33280673 PMCID: PMC7402241 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease caused by the novel coronavirus Covid-19 is a current worldwide outbreak. The use of quarantine and isolation proved effective in containing the spread of infection. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the mental health of Albanian people residing in the country and abroad during the quarantine period for the Covid-19 pandemic. DESIGN This study was carried out from 25th March - 20th April 2020 through a web survey shared on social networks. The goal was to reach at least the minimum sample size for cross-sectional studies. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess mental health. Chi-square (χ2) and Fisher -Exact test were used to assess the statistical significance among variables. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS 715 participants were included in the final analyses (78.41% females and 21.53% males). Most were residents in Albania (80.41%) and the others resided mainly in Italy (6.89%), Greece (3.51%), Germany (2.43%), Kosovo (1.62%) and the UK (1.69%). Statistical association was found between gender, country of residency and measures taken. Summary score of PHQ-9 items was 6.4662. The total score of depression classification shows that 31.82% and 12.90% of participants have respectively mild and moderate depression. Female participants showed the highest score for some items of PHQ-9, p≤0.05. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that health care professionals should recognize and address mental health problems associated with Covid-19 especially in vulnerable groups. Acting in a timely and proper manner is essential in preventing these problems from becoming chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatjona Kamberi
- Faculty of Public Health, Research Center of Public Health, University of Vlore "Ismail Qemali", 9400, Vlore, Albania.
| | - Jerina Jaho
- Faculty of Public Health, Research Center of Public Health, University of Vlore "Ismail Qemali", 9400, Vlore, Albania
| | - Enkeleint Aggelos Mechili
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health Care, University of Vlore "Ismail Qemali", 9400, Vlore, Albania
| | - Enkeleda Sinaj
- University of Medicine Tirana, Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, 1001 Tirana, Albania
| | - Hera Skendo
- University of Bonn, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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74
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Hernández-Vásquez A, Vargas-Fernández R, Bendezu-Quispe G, Grendas LN. Depression in the Peruvian population and its associated factors: analysis of a national health survey. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:291-297. [PMID: 32421615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the factors associated with the presence of depression or depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population have not been described. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population and its associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional analytical study of secondary data from 2018 Demographic and Family Health Survey was conducted. The survey database includes 31,996 participants over 18 years of age. The dependent variable of the analysis was the presence of depression during the 14 days before the survey measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Factors associated with the presence of depression were estimated with a proportional odds logistic regression model. RESULTS The overall prevalence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms was 6.4% (moderate and severe symptomatology in 3.9% [95% CI: 3.6-4.3] and 2.5% [95% CI: 2.2-2.7], respectively). Being a woman, belonging to the age groups of 45 to 64 years or 65 or older, living in the Andean region, and having high blood pressure or diabetes mellitus or some disability increased the probability of having clinically relevant depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The use of the PHQ-9 tool to assess depressive symptomatology limits the evaluation to a period of two weeks before the survey, requiring further study for diagnosis confirmation. CONCLUSION Six out of 100 Peruvians presented moderate to severe clinically relevant depressive symptoms in 2018. Strategies for depression should contemplate population subgroups , such as women and patients with chronic diseases and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Hernández-Vásquez
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Peru; Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud. Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Guido Bendezu-Quispe
- Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud. Lima, Peru.
| | - Leandro Nicolás Grendas
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital General de Agudos "T. Álvarez". Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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75
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Cabrera-Alva M, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bernabe-Ortiz A. Trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: a population-based study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036777. [PMID: 32690526 PMCID: PMC7371215 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the trends in the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms using nationally representative surveys in Peru from 2014 to 2018. DESIGN A secondary analysis was conducted using five nationally representative surveys carried out consecutively in the years between 2014 and 2018. SETTING The study was conducted in Peru. PARTICIPANTS Individuals, men and women, aged ≥15 years who participated in the selected surveys. Sampling was probabilistic using a two-stage approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Two versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that focused on the presence of depressive symptoms were administered (one in the last 2 weeks and other in the last year). Scores ≥15 were used as the cut-off point in both versions of the PHQ-9 to define the presence of depressive symptoms. Also, the treatment rate was based on the proportion of individuals who had experienced depressive symptoms in the last year and who had self-reported having received specific treatment for these symptoms. The age-standardised prevalence was estimated. RESULTS A total of 161 061 participants were included. There was no evidence of a change in age-standardised prevalence rates of depressive symptoms at the 2 weeks prior to the point of data collection (2.6% in 2014 to 2.3% in 2018), or in the last year (6.3% in 2014 to 6.2% in 2018). Furthermore, no change was found in the proportion of depressive cases treated in the last year (14.6% in 2014 to 14.4% in 2018). Rural areas and individuals with low-level of wealth had lower proportion of depressive cases treated. CONCLUSIONS No changes in trends of rates of depressive symptoms or in the proportion of depressive cases treated were observed. This suggests the need to reduce the treatment gap considering social determinants associated with inequality in access to adequate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Miraflores, Peru
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Echevarría-Castro N, Matayoshi-Pérez A, Alvarado GF. Association between Maternal Depressive Symptoms with Overweight/Obesity among Children Aged 0-5 Years According to the 2016 Demographic and Family Health Survey. Child Obes 2020; 16:307-315. [PMID: 32429683 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Overweight and obesity among children under the age of 5 have become a public health problem. The worldwide prevalence is 4.9% and 6.0%, whereas in Peru it is 7.4% and 1.9%, respectively. The causes of these problems are multifactorial and must be studied to prevent the multiple consequences on children's health. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the 2016 Demographic and Family Health Survey (DHS). The sample size was 7935 children and their mothers. The dependent variable was childhood overweight/obesity, measured according to the Z-score of the BMI >2 standard deviation (SD), while the main independent variable consisted of the maternal depressive symptoms (DS) (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score >10 points). The software STATA/MP 14.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity among children aged 0-5 years was 4.5% and the prevalence of moderate and severe maternal DS was 7.1%. No maternal depressive symptoms were found to be associated with the outcome [adjusted PR = 1.36 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-3.09 p = 0.47]. An association was found between socioeconomic status (SES) Q3 (adjusted PR = 3.86 95% CI = 1.9-7.6 p < 0.0001), Q4 (adjusted PR = 5.53 95% CI = 2.76-11.1 p < 0.0001), Q5 (adjusted PR = 6.9 95% CI = 3.24-14.7 p = < 0.0001), maternal BMI (adjusted PR = 1.06 95% CI = 1.03-1.08 p < 0.0001), and cesarean delivery (adjusted PR = 1.42 95% CI = 1.01-1.99 p = 0.042). Conclusions: No association was found between maternal depressive symptoms and overweight/obesity among children aged 0-5 years. The upper SES quintiles, maternal BMI, and cesarean delivery were associated with the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Echevarría-Castro
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.,Scientific Society of Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Andrea Matayoshi-Pérez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.,Scientific Society of Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Germán F Alvarado
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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Huarcaya-Victoria J, Villarreal-Zegarra D, Podestà A, Luna-Cuadros MA. Psychometric Properties of a Spanish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in General Population of Lima, Peru. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:249-262. [PMID: 32837434 PMCID: PMC7307940 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 has increased the anxiety and fear experienced by many. The main objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish-translated version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) using a sample of population in Peru. This is a cross-sectional instrumental study. Data were collected by a convenience sampling method, resulting in a total of 832 participants, and the collection took place over 1 week, April 17–23, 2020. The original version of the FCV-19S was translated from English into Spanish. The results support a bifactor model consisting of one general factor and two specific factors—one of emotional fear reactions and another of somatic expressions of fear of COVID-19 (CFI = 0.988, RMSEA = 0.075). Invariance between healthcare workers and age groups was reached (ΔCFI < 0.01), but the invariance between men and women was not met (ΔCFI = 0.02). Convergent validity was found with depressive, anxious, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The general factor of the fear of COVID-19 and two specific factors had an optimal level of internal consistency (ω > 0.89 and α > 0.83). The study found the Spanish-translated version of the FCV-19S has good psychometric properties and presents evidence of validity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Peru
| | - David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru.,CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Católica los Ángeles de Chimbote, Chimbote, Peru
| | - Angela Podestà
- Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud. Departamento de Psiquiatría, Unidad de Psiquiatría de Enlace, Lima, Peru
| | - María Alejandra Luna-Cuadros
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA
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Villarreal-Zegarra D, Bernabe-Ortiz A. Association between arterial hypertension and depressive symptoms: Results from population-based surveys in Peru. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2020; 12:e12385. [PMID: 32119760 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 350 million people have depression. The presence of arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for mental health. However, several studies on the association between arterial hypertension and depressive symptoms present controversial evidence. We aimed at identifying whether there is an association between arterial hypertension and depressive symptoms, taking into account the time since hypertension diagnosis. METHODS A secondary analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey in Peru (2014-2016) was conducted. The outcome was depressive symptoms, while hypertension and time since hypertension diagnosis were the exposure of interest. Poisson regression models were created, reporting prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS Data from 87 253 participants were analyzed. A total of 2633 (3.0%; 95% CI: 2.8%-3.2%) individuals had depressive symptoms, whereas hypertension was present in 15 681 (19.6%; 95% CI: 19.1%-20.1%) subjects. In the multivariable model, people with less than a year since diagnosis were more than twice as likely to have depressive symptoms (PR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.65-2.63) compared to the group of people without hypertension. This probability decreased for individuals with 1 to 4 years since diagnosis (PR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.13-1.80), and for people with ≥5 years since diagnosis (PR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.01-1.64). CONCLUSIONS There is an association between hypertension and depressive symptoms, but this varies depending on time since diagnosis. Thus, individuals with <1 year since diagnosis had the highest probability of having depressive symptoms; after that, that probability decreased as the time since diagnosis increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villarreal-Zegarra
- Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica, Lima, Peru.,CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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