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Abstract
Protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB) is subject of debate in the TB research community, as this is key to fully understand TB pathogenesis and to develop new promising tools for TB diagnosis and prognosis as well as a more efficient TB vaccine. IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are key in TB control, but may not be sufficient to provide protection. Additional subsets have been identified that contribute to protection such as multifunctional and cytolytic T-cell subsets, including classical and nonclassical T cells as well as novel innate immune cell subsets resulting from trained immunity. However, to define protective immune responses against TB, the complexity of balancing TB immunity also has to be considered. In this review, insights into effector cell immunity and how this is modulated by regulatory cells, associated comorbidities and the host microbiome, is discussed. We systematically map how different suppressive immune cell subsets may affect effector cell responses at the local site of infection. We also dissect how common comorbidities such as HIV, helminths and diabetes may bias protective TB immunity towards pathogenic and regulatory responses. Finally, also the composition and diversity of the microbiome in the lung and gut could affect host TB immunity. Understanding these various aspects of the immunological balance in the human host is fundamental to prevent TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Brighenti
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, The Netherlands
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52
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Jouand N, Bressollette-Bodin C, Gérard N, Giral M, Guérif P, Rodallec A, Oger R, Parrot T, Allard M, Cesbron-Gautier A, Gervois N, Charreau B. HCMV triggers frequent and persistent UL40-specific unconventional HLA-E-restricted CD8 T-cell responses with potential autologous and allogeneic peptide recognition. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007041. [PMID: 29709038 PMCID: PMC5945056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) includes a set of persistent cytotoxic NK and CD8 T cells devoted to eliminate infected cells and to prevent reactivation. CD8 T cells against HCMV antigens (pp65, IE1) presented by HLA class-I molecules are well characterized and they associate with efficient virus control. HLA-E-restricted CD8 T cells targeting HCMV UL40 signal peptides (HLA-EUL40) have recently emerged as a non-conventional T-cell response also observed in some hosts. The occurrence, specificity and features of HLA-EUL40 CD8 T-cell responses remain mostly unknown. Here, we detected and quantified these responses in blood samples from healthy blood donors (n = 25) and kidney transplant recipients (n = 121) and we investigated the biological determinants involved in their occurrence. Longitudinal and phenotype ex vivo analyses were performed in comparison to HLA-A*02/pp65-specific CD8 T cells. Using a set of 11 HLA-E/UL40 peptide tetramers we demonstrated the presence of HLA-EUL40 CD8 αβT cells in up to 32% of seropositive HCMV+ hosts that may represent up to 38% of total circulating CD8 T-cells at a time point suggesting a strong expansion post-infection. Host's HLA-A*02 allele, HLA-E *01:01/*01:03 genotype and sequence of the UL40 peptide from the infecting strain are major factors affecting the incidence of HLA-EUL40 CD8 T cells. These cells are effector memory CD8 (CD45RAhighROlow, CCR7-, CD27-, CD28-) characterized by a low level of PD-1 expression. HLA-EUL40 responses appear early post-infection and display a broad, unbiased, Vβ repertoire. Although induced in HCMV strain-dependent, UL4015-23-specific manner, HLA-EUL40 CD8 T cells are reactive toward a broader set of nonapeptides varying in 1-3 residues including most HLA-I signal peptides. Thus, HCMV induces strong and life-long lasting HLA-EUL40 CD8 T cells with potential allogeneic or/and autologous reactivity that take place selectively in at least a third of infections according to virus strain and host HLA concordance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jouand
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, UMR1232, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- LabEx Immunology-Graft-Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Gérard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierrick Guérif
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Romain Oger
- CRCINA, UMR1232, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- CRCINA, UMR1232, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Allard
- CRCINA, UMR1232, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Cesbron-Gautier
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS), Région des Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- CRCINA, UMR1232, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- LabEx Immunology-Graft-Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- LabEx Immunology-Graft-Oncology (IGO), Nantes, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire European Center for Science in Transplantation and Immunology, Nantes, France
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53
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Myllymäki H, Niskanen M, Luukinen H, Parikka M, Rämet M. Identification of protective postexposure mycobacterial vaccine antigens using an immunosuppression-based reactivation model in the zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/3/dmm033175. [PMID: 29590635 PMCID: PMC5897733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one third of the human population carries a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, with a 5-10% lifetime risk of reactivation to active tuberculosis and further spreading the disease. The mechanisms leading to the reactivation of a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are insufficiently understood. Here, we used a natural fish pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum, to model the reactivation of a mycobacterial infection in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). A low-dose intraperitoneal injection (∼40 colony-forming units) led to a latent infection, with mycobacteria found in well-organized granulomas surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous tissue. A latent infection could be reactivated by oral dexamethasone treatment, which led to disruption of the granuloma structures and dissemination of bacteria. This was associated with the depletion of lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells. Using this model, we verified that ethambutol is effective against an active disease but not a latent infection. In addition, we screened 15 mycobacterial antigens as postexposure DNA vaccines, of which RpfB and MMAR_4207 reduced bacterial burdens upon reactivation, as did the Ag85-ESAT-6 combination. In conclusion, the adult zebrafish-M. marinum infection model provides a feasible tool for examining the mechanisms of reactivation in mycobacterial infections, and for screening vaccine and drug candidates.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mirja Niskanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Hanna Luukinen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere FI-33521, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90220, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, and, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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54
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Prezzemolo T, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KLMC, Caccamo N, Dieli F, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. Detailed characterization of human Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific HLA-E restricted CD8 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:293-305. [PMID: 29124751 PMCID: PMC6266868 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HLA-E presented antigens are interesting targets for vaccination given HLA-Es' essentially monomorphic nature. We have shown previously that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptides are presented by HLA-E to CD8+ effector T cells, but the precise phenotype and functional capacity of these cells remains poorly characterized. We have developed and utilized in this study a new protocol combining HLA-E tetramer with intracellular staining for cytokines, transcription factors and cytotoxic molecules to characterize these cells in depth. We confirm in this study the significantly increased ex vivo frequency of Mtb-peptide/HLA-E-TM+ CD8+ T cells in the circulation of patients with active tuberculosis (TB). HLA-E restricted CD8+ T cells from TB patients produced more IL-13 than cells from controls or subjects with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Compared to total CD8+ T cells, HLA-E restricted cells produced more IFNγ, IL-4, IL-10, and granulysin but less granzyme-A. Moreover, compared to "classical" Mtb specific HLA-A2 restricted CD8+ T cells, HLA-E restricted CD8+ T cells produced less TNFα and perforin, but more IL-4. In conclusion, HLA-E restricted- Mtb specific cells can produce Th2 cytokines directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Prezzemolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostics and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostics and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostics and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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55
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Wu HL, Wiseman RW, Hughes CM, Webb GM, Abdulhaqq SA, Bimber BN, Hammond KB, Reed JS, Gao L, Burwitz BJ, Greene JM, Ferrer F, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Park BS, Brackenridge S, Maness NJ, McMichael AJ, Picker LJ, O'Connor DH, Hansen SG, Sacha JB. The Role of MHC-E in T Cell Immunity Is Conserved among Humans, Rhesus Macaques, and Cynomolgus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:49-60. [PMID: 29150562 PMCID: PMC5736429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC-E is a highly conserved nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule that predominantly binds and presents MHC class Ia leader sequence-derived peptides for NK cell regulation. However, MHC-E also binds pathogen-derived peptide Ags for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Given this role in adaptive immunity and its highly monomorphic nature in the human population, HLA-E is an attractive target for novel vaccine and immunotherapeutic modalities. Development of HLA-E-targeted therapies will require a physiologically relevant animal model that recapitulates HLA-E-restricted T cell biology. In this study, we investigated MHC-E immunobiology in two common nonhuman primate species, Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM). Compared to humans and MCM, RM expressed a greater number of MHC-E alleles at both the population and individual level. Despite this difference, human, RM, and MCM MHC-E molecules were expressed at similar levels across immune cell subsets, equivalently upregulated by viral pathogens, and bound and presented identical peptides to CD8+ T cells. Indeed, SIV-specific, Mamu-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RM recognized antigenic peptides presented by all MHC-E molecules tested, including cross-species recognition of human and MCM SIV-infected CD4+ T cells. Thus, MHC-E is functionally conserved among humans, RM, and MCM, and both RM and MCM represent physiologically relevant animal models of HLA-E-restricted T cell immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shaheed A Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Fidel Ferrer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung S Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118; and
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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56
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McMurtrey C, Harriff MJ, Swarbrick GM, Duncan A, Cansler M, Null M, Bardet W, Jackson KW, Lewinsohn DA, Hildebrand W, Lewinsohn DM. T cell recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides presented by HLA-E derived from infected human cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188288. [PMID: 29176828 PMCID: PMC5703486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-E is a non-conventional MHC Class I molecule that has been recently demonstrated to present pathogen-derived ligands, resulting in the TCR-dependent activation of αβ CD8+ T cells. The goal of this study was to characterize the ligandome displayed by HLA-E following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) using an in-depth mass spectrometry approach. Here we identified 28 Mtb ligands derived from 13 different source proteins, including the Esx family of proteins. When tested for activity with CD8+ T cells isolated from sixteen donors, nine of the ligands elicited an IFN-γ response from at least one donor, with fourteen of 16 donors responding to the Rv0634A19-29 peptide. Further evaluation of this immunodominant peptide response confirmed HLA-E restriction and the presence of Rv0634A19-29-reactive CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of human donors. The identification of an Mtb HLA-E ligand that is commonly recognized may provide a target for a non-traditional vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis McMurtrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Melanie J. Harriff
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn M. Swarbrick
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Amanda Duncan
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Meghan Cansler
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Megan Null
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - William Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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57
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Kaufmann SHE, Dockrell HM, Drager N, Ho MM, McShane H, Neyrolles O, Ottenhoff THM, Patel B, Roordink D, Spertini F, Stenger S, Thole J, Verreck FAW, Williams A. TBVAC2020: Advancing Tuberculosis Vaccines from Discovery to Clinical Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1203. [PMID: 29046674 PMCID: PMC5632681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TBVAC2020 is a research project supported by the Horizon 2020 program of the European Commission (EC). It aims at the discovery and development of novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines from preclinical research projects to early clinical assessment. The project builds on previous collaborations from 1998 onwards funded through the EC framework programs FP5, FP6, and FP7. It has succeeded in attracting new partners from outstanding laboratories from all over the world, now totaling 40 institutions. Next to the development of novel vaccines, TB biomarker development is also considered an important asset to facilitate rational vaccine selection and development. In addition, TBVAC2020 offers portfolio management that provides selection criteria for entry, gating, and priority settings of novel vaccines at an early developmental stage. The TBVAC2020 consortium coordinated by TBVI facilitates collaboration and early data sharing between partners with the common aim of working toward the development of an effective TB vaccine. Close links with funders and other consortia with shared interests further contribute to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Drager
- Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Mei Mei Ho
- Bacteriology Division, MHRA-NIBSC, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Brij Patel
- RegExcel Consulting Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jelle Thole
- Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, Netherlands
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58
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Durantel D, Kusters I, Louis J, Manel N, Ottenhoff THM, Picot V, Saaadatian-Elahi M. Mechanisms behind TB, HBV, and HIV chronic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:142-150. [PMID: 28919545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion is critical for pathogens to maintain their presence within hosts, giving rise to chronic infections. Here, we examine the immune evasion strategies employed by three pathogens with high medical burden, namely, tuberculosis, HIV and HBV. Establishment of chronic infection by these pathogens is a multi-step process that involves an interplay between restriction factor, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Engagement of these host defences is intimately linked with specific steps within the pathogen replication cycles. Critical host factors are increasingly recognized to regulate immune evasion and susceptibility to disease. Fuelled by innovative technology development, the understanding of these mechanisms provides critical knowledge for rational design of vaccines and therapeutic immune strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, CNRS, University of Lyon, UMR_5286, LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Inca Kusters
- Sanofi Pasteur, 2 Avenue du Pont Pasteur, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jacques Louis
- Fondation Mérieux, 17 rue Bourgelat, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institute Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Group Immunology and Immunogenetics of Bacterial Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Bldg. 1, Rm # C-05-43 Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mitra Saaadatian-Elahi
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
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59
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Blanco FC, Soria MA, Klepp LI, Bigi F. ERAP1 and PDE8A Are Downregulated in Cattle Protected against Bovine Tuberculosis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:237-245. [PMID: 28903115 DOI: 10.1159/000479183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis that is responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. In spite of its relevance, the limited knowledge about the host immune responses that provide effective protection against the disease has long hampered the development of an effective vaccine. The identification of host proteins with an expression that correlates with protection against bTB would contribute to the understanding of the cattle defence mechanisms against M. bovis infection. In this study, we found that ERAP1 and PDE8A were downregulated in vaccinated cattle that were protected from experimental M. bovis challenge. Remarkably, both genes encode proteins that have been negatively associated with immune protection against bTB.
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60
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Cheekatla SS, Tripathi D, Venkatasubramanian S, Paidipally P, Welch E, Tvinnereim AR, Nurieva R, Vankayalapati R. IL-21 Receptor Signaling Is Essential for Optimal CD4 + T Cell Function and Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2815-2822. [PMID: 28855309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the role of IL-21R signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, using IL-21R knockout (KO) mice. A total of 50% of M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected IL-21R KO mice died in 6 mo compared with no deaths in infected wild type (WT) mice. M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice had enhanced bacterial burden and reduced infiltration of Ag-specific T cells in lungs compared with M. tuberculosis-infected WT mice. Ag-specific T cells from the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice had increased expression of T cell inhibitory receptors, reduced expression of chemokine receptors, proliferated less, and produced less IFN- γ, compared with Ag-specific T cells from the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected WT mice. T cells from M. tuberculosis-infected IL-21R KO mice were unable to induce optimal macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis. This may be due to a decrease in the Ag-specific T cell population. We also found that IL-21R signaling is associated with reduced expression of a transcriptional factor Eomesodermin and enhanced functional capacity of Ag-specific T cells of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. The sum of our findings suggests that IL-21R signaling is essential for the optimal control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Swamy Cheekatla
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Sambasivan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Elwyn Welch
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Amy R Tvinnereim
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708; and
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increasing evidence suggests that purging the latent HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals will require both the induction of viral replication from its latent state and the elimination of these reactivated HIV-infected cells ('Shock and Kill' strategy). Boosting potent HIV-specific CD8 T cells is a promising way to achieve an HIV cure. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provided the rationale for developing immune interventions to increase the numbers, function and location of HIV-specific CD8 T cells to purge HIV reservoirs. Multiple approaches are being evaluated including very early suppression of HIV replication in acute infection, adoptive cell transfer, therapeutic vaccination or use of immunomodulatory molecules. New assays to measure the killing and antiviral function of induced HIV-specific CD8 T cells have been developed to assess the efficacy of these new approaches. The strategies combining HIV reactivation and immunobased therapies to boost HIV-specific CD8 T cells can be tested in in-vivo and in-silico models to accelerate the design of new clinical trials. SUMMARY New immunobased strategies are explored to boost HIV-specific CD8 T cells able to purge the HIV-infected cells with the ultimate goal of achieving spontaneous control of viral replication without antiretroviral treatment.
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Myllymäki H, Niskanen M, Oksanen KE, Sherwood E, Ahava M, Parikka M, Rämet M. Identification of novel antigen candidates for a tuberculosis vaccine in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181942. [PMID: 28742838 PMCID: PMC5526617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge and the development of a better vaccine takes center stage in fighting the disease. For this purpose, animal models that are capable of replicating the course of the disease and are suitable for the early-stage screening of vaccine candidates are needed. A Mycobacterium marinum infection in adult zebrafish resembles human TB. Here, we present a pre-clinical screen for a DNA-based tuberculosis vaccine in the adult zebrafish using an M. marinum infection model. We tested 15 antigens representing different types of mycobacterial proteins, including the Resuscitation Promoting factors (Rpf), PE/PPE protein family members, other membrane proteins and metabolic enzymes. The antigens were expressed as GFP fusion proteins, facilitating the validation of their expression in vivo. The efficiency of the antigens was tested against a low-dose intraperitoneal M. marinum infection (≈ 40 colony forming units), which mimics a primary M. tuberculosis infection. While none of the antigens was able to completely prevent a mycobacterial infection, four of them, namely RpfE, PE5_1, PE31 and cdh, led to significantly reduced bacterial burdens at four weeks post infection. Immunization with RpfE also improved the survival of the fish against a high-dose intraperitoneal injection with M. marinum (≈ 10.000 colony forming units), resembling the disseminated form of the disease. This study shows that the M. marinum infection model in adult zebrafish is suitable for the pre-clinical screening of tuberculosis vaccines and presents RpfE as a potential antigen candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirja Niskanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaisa Ester Oksanen
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eleanor Sherwood
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahava
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, and Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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63
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Kelly A, Trowsdale J. Introduction: MHC/KIR and governance of specificity. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:481-488. [PMID: 28695288 PMCID: PMC5537316 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The MHC controls specificity, to ensure that appropriate immune responses are mounted to invading pathogens whilst maintaining tolerance to the host. It encodes molecules that act as sentinels, providing a snapshot of the health of the interior and exterior of the cell for immune surveillance. To maintain the ability to respond appropriately to any disease requires a delicate balance of expression and function, and many subtleties of the system have been described at the gene, individual and population level. The main players are the highly polymorphic classical MHC class I and class II molecules, as well as some non-classical loci of both types. Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) peptide transporters, proteasome components and Tapasin, encoded within the MHC, are also involved in selection of peptide for presentation. The plethora of mechanisms microorganisms use to subvert immune recognition, through blocking these antigen processing and presentation pathways, attests to the importance of HLA in resistance to infection. There is continued interest in MHC genetics in its own right, as well as in relation to KIR, to transplantation, infection, autoimmunity and reproduction. Also of topical interest, cancer immunotherapy through checkpoint inhibition depends on highly specific recognition of cancer peptide antigen and continued expression of HLA molecules. Here, we briefly introduce some background to the MHC/KIR axis in man. This special issue of immunogenetics expands on these topics, in humans and other model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kelly
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB21QP, UK
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB21QP, UK.
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Busch M, Herzmann C, Kallert S, Zimmermann A, Höfer C, Mayer D, Zenk SF, Muche R, Lange C, Bloom BR, Modlin RL, Stenger S. Lipoarabinomannan-Responsive Polycytotoxic T Cells Are Associated with Protection in Human Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:345-55. [PMID: 26882070 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1746oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of host-targeted, prophylactic, and therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms that determine the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES To identify T-cell-dependent mechanisms that are protective in tuberculosis. METHODS Multicolor flow cytometry, cell sorting and growth inhibition assays were employed to compare the frequency, phenotype and function of T lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage or the peripheral blood. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At two independent study sites, bronchoalveolar lavage cells from donors with latent tuberculosis infection limited the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis more efficiently than those in patients who developed disease. Unconventional, glycolipid-responsive T cells contributed to reduced mycobacterial growth because antibodies to CD1b inhibited this effect by 55%. Lipoarabinomannan was the most potent mycobacterial lipid antigen (activation of 1.3% T lymphocytes) and activated CD1b-restricted T cells that limited bacterial growth. A subset of IFN-γ-producing lipoarabinomannan-responsive T cells coexpressed the cytotoxic molecules perforin, granulysin, and granzyme B, which we termed polycytotoxic T cells. Taking advantage of two well-defined cohorts of subjects latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or patients who developed active disease after infection, we found a correlation between the frequency of polycytotoxic T cells and the ability to control infection (latent tuberculosis infection, 62%; posttuberculosis patients, 26%). CONCLUSIONS Our data define an unconventional CD8(+) T-cell subset (polycytotoxic T cells) that is based on antigen recognition and function. The results link clinical and mechanistic evidence that glycolipid-responsive, polycytotoxic T cells contribute to protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Busch
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Herzmann
- 2 Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallert
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Höfer
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Mayer
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian F Zenk
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rainer Muche
- 3 Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- 2 Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Barry R Bloom
- 4 Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Robert L Modlin
- 5 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steffen Stenger
- 1 Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Harriff MJ, Wolfe LM, Swarbrick G, Null M, Cansler ME, Canfield ET, Vogt T, Toren KG, Li W, Jackson M, Lewinsohn DA, Dobos KM, Lewinsohn DM. HLA-E Presents Glycopeptides from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein MPT32 to Human CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4622. [PMID: 28676677 PMCID: PMC5496856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, remains a global health concern. Both classically and non-classically restricted cytotoxic CD8+ T cells are important to the control of Mtb infection. We and others have demonstrated that the non-classical MHC I molecule HLA-E can present pathogen-derived peptides to CD8+ T cells. In this manuscript, we identified the antigen recognized by an HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell clone isolated from an Mtb latently infected individual as a peptide from the Mtb protein, MPT32. Recognition by the CD8+ T cell clone required N-terminal O-linked mannosylation of MPT32 by a mannosyltransferase encoded by the Rv1002c gene. This is the first description of a post-translationally modified Mtb-derived protein antigen presented in the context of an HLA-E specific CD8+ T cell immune response. The identification of an immune response that targets a unique mycobacterial modification is novel and may have practical impact in the development of vaccines and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Harriff
- Veterans Administration Portland Health Care System, Research & Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Lisa M Wolfe
- Colorado State University, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Swarbrick
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Megan Null
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Meghan E Cansler
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Canfield
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Todd Vogt
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katelynne Gardner Toren
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Colorado State University, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Colorado State University, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pediatrics, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Colorado State University, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Veterans Administration Portland Health Care System, Research & Development, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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66
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Reply to Vicetti Miguel et al., "Setting Sights on Chlamydia Immunity's Central Paradigm: Can We Hit a Moving Target?". Infect Immun 2017. [PMID: 28634196 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00223-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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67
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Bian Y, Shang S, Siddiqui S, Zhao J, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Cantor H, Wang CR. MHC Ib molecule Qa-1 presents Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptide antigens to CD8+ T cells and contributes to protection against infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006384. [PMID: 28475642 PMCID: PMC5435364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of nonclassical MHC Ib molecules recognizing distinct microbial antigens have been implicated in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). HLA-E has been identified to present numerous Mtb peptides to CD8+ T cells, with multiple HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and regulatory T cell lines isolated from patients with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). In other disease models, HLA-E and its mouse homolog Qa-1 can act as antigen presenting molecules as well as regulators of the immune response. However, it is unclear what precise role(s) HLA-E/Qa-1 play in the immune response to Mtb. In this study, we found that murine Qa-1 can bind and present Mtb peptide antigens to CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, mice lacking Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) were more susceptible to high-dose Mtb infection compared to wild-type controls, with higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. The increased susceptibility of Qa-1-/- mice was associated with dysregulated T cells that were more activated and produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. T cells from Qa-1-/- mice also had increased expression of inhibitory and apoptosis-associated cell surface markers such as CD94/NKG2A, KLRG1, PD-1, Fas-L, and CTLA-4. As such, they were more prone to cell death and had decreased capacity in promoting the killing of Mtb in infected macrophages. Lastly, comparing the immune responses of Qa-1 mutant knock-in mice deficient in either Qa-1-restricted CD8+ Tregs (Qa-1 D227K) or the inhibitory Qa-1-CD94/NKG2A interaction (Qa-1 R72A) with Qa-1-/- and wild-type controls indicated that both of these Qa-1-mediated mechanisms were involved in suppression of the immune response in Mtb infection. Our findings reveal that Qa-1 participates in the immune response to Mtb infection by presenting peptide antigens as well as regulating immune responses, resulting in more effective anti-Mtb immunity. The disease tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the microbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and remains a major public health concern. More research is needed to understand the diverse immune responses against Mtb to develop better vaccines. Mouse Qa-1 and its human counterpart HLA-E are nonclassical MHC I molecules that can activate or inhibit immune responses in a variety of diseases. However, their role during the immune response to Mtb remains unknown. We found that Qa-1 can present Mtb peptides to activate CD8+ T effector cells during aerosol Mtb infection. Further, Mtb-infected mice that lacked Qa-1 (Qa-1-/-) had higher numbers of bacteria and died more often than infected mice that expressed Qa-1 (Qa-1+/+). The lack of Qa-1 results in over-activation of the immune response upon infection, which is less efficient in controlling Mtb. Using mice expressing different mutant forms of Qa-1, we showed that Qa-1 can regulate immune responses against Mtb through the interaction with inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors as well as the activation of regulatory CD8+ T cells. We believe our study sheds light on the diverse mechanisms at play in generating protective immune responses against Mtb and will inform future mouse and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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68
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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69
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Alvarez N, Serpa D, Kadir R, Tirado Y, Borrero R, Fernández S, Cabrera R, Valdes Y, Zayas C, Acevedo R, Izquierdo L, Sarmiento ME, Norazmi MN, Pérez JL, Acosta A. Specific and cross-reactive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in mice immunized with proteoliposomes from Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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70
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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71
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Coppola M, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KLMC, Commandeur S, Dolganov G, Kramnik I, Schoolnik GK, Comas I, Lund O, Prins C, van den Eeden SJF, Korsvold GE, Oftung F, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. New Genome-Wide Algorithm Identifies Novel In-Vivo Expressed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antigens Inducing Human T-Cell Responses with Classical and Unconventional Cytokine Profiles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37793. [PMID: 27892960 PMCID: PMC5125271 DOI: 10.1038/srep37793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are needed to develop better tools to control TB, including identification of novel antigens for vaccination. Such Mtb antigens must be expressed during Mtb infection in the major target organ, the lung, and must be capable of eliciting human immune responses. Using genome-wide transcriptomics of Mtb infected lungs we developed data sets and methods to identify IVE-TB (in-vivo expressed Mtb) antigens expressed in the lung. Quantitative expression analysis of 2,068 Mtb genes from the predicted first operons identified the most upregulated IVE-TB genes during in-vivo pulmonary infection. By further analysing high-level conservation among whole-genome sequenced Mtb-complex strains (n = 219) and algorithms predicting HLA-class-Ia and II presented epitopes, we selected the most promising IVE-TB candidate antigens. Several of these were recognized by T-cells from in-vitro Mtb-PPD and ESAT6/CFP10-positive donors by proliferation and multi-cytokine production. This was validated in an independent cohort of latently Mtb-infected individuals. Significant T-cell responses were observed in the absence of IFN-γ-production. Collectively, the results underscore the power of our novel antigen discovery approach in identifying Mtb antigens, including those that induce unconventional T-cell responses, which may provide important novel tools for TB vaccination and biomarker profiling. Our generic approach is applicable to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Coppola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Dolganov
- Department Microbiology Immunology, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Department Immunology Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Gary K Schoolnik
- Department Microbiology Immunology, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Inaki Comas
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Lund
- Dept. Systems Biology, Technical Univ., Denmark
| | - Corine Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J F van den Eeden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gro E Korsvold
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Altman JD, Davis MM. MHC‐Peptide Tetramers to Visualize Antigen‐Specific T Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 115:17.3.1-17.3.44. [DOI: 10.1002/cpim.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Stanford University School of Medicine and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute Palo Alto California
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Maness NJ. The Importance of Understanding MHC-I Diversity in Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Infectious Diseases. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:157-160. [PMID: 27729588 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316672072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research, including the 1996 Nobel Prize in Medicine, confirm the evolutionary and immunological importance of CD8 T lymphocytes (TCD8+) that target peptides bound by the highly variable major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins. However, their perceived importance has varied dramatically over the past decade. Regardless, there remains myriad reasons to consider the diversity of MHC-I alleles and the TCD8+ that target them as enormously important in infectious disease research. Thus, understanding these molecules in the best animal models of human disease could be a necessity for optimizing the translational potential of these models. Knowledge of macaque MHC has substantially improved their utility for modeling HIV and could aid in modeling other viruses as well, both in the context of distribution of alleles across treatment groups in vaccine trials and in deciphering mechanisms of immune control of pathogens for which specific MHC alleles demonstrate differential impacts on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maness
- 1 Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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74
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Joosten SA, Sullivan LC, Ottenhoff THM. Characteristics of HLA-E Restricted T-Cell Responses and Their Role in Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2695396. [PMID: 27699181 PMCID: PMC5028793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2695396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HLA-E can, in addition to self-antigens, also present pathogen-derived sequences, which elicit specific T-cell responses. T-cells recognize their antigen presented by HLA-E highly specifically and have unique functional and phenotypical properties. Pathogen specific HLA-E restricted CD8+ T-cells are an interesting new player in the field of immunology. Future work should address their exact roles and relative contributions in the immune response against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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75
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Tirado Y, Puig A, Alvarez N, Borrero R, Aguilar A, Camacho F, Reyes F, Fernandez S, Perez JL, Acevedo R, Mata Espinoza D, Payan JAB, Garcia MDLA, Kadir R, Sarmiento ME, Hernandez-Pando R, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Mycobacterium smegmatis proteoliposome induce protection in a murine progressive pulmonary tuberculosis model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:44-48. [PMID: 27865396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity. The TB vaccine, BCG, is not fully protective against the adult form of the disease and is unable to prevent its transmission although it is still useful against severe childhood TB. Hence, the search for new vaccines is of great interest. In a previous study, we have shown that proteoliposomes obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis (PLMs) induced cross reactive humoral and cellular response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens. With the objective to evaluate the protective capability of PLMs, a murine model of progressive pulmonary TB was used. Animals immunized with PLMs with and without alum (PLMs/PLMsAL respectively) showed protection compared to non-immunized animals. Mice immunized with PLMsAL induced similar protection as that of BCG. Animals immunized with BCG, PLMs and PLMsAL showed a significant decrease in tissue damage (percentage of pneumonic area/lung) compared to non-immunized animals, with a more prominent effect in BCG vaccinated mice. The protective effect of the administration of PLMs in mice supports its future evaluation as experimental vaccine candidate against Mtb.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Alum Compounds
- Animals
- BCG Vaccine
- Bacterial Load
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycobacterium smegmatis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Proteolipids/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dulce Mata Espinoza
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Barrios Payan
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Ramlah Kadir
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - María E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mohd-Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; INFORMM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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76
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Kaufmann SHE, Fortune S, Pepponi I, Ruhwald M, Schrager LK, Ottenhoff THM. TB biomarkers, TB correlates and human challenge models: New tools for improving assessment of new TB vaccines. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99 Suppl 1:S8-S11. [PMID: 27402312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 4th Global Forum on TB Vaccines, convened in Shanghai, China, from 21 - 24 April 2015, brought together a wide and diverse community involved in tuberculosis vaccine research and development to discuss the current status of, and future directions for this critical effort. This paper summarizes the sessions on Biomarkers and Correlates, and Human Challenge Models. Summaries of all sessions from the 4th Global Forum are compiled in a special supplement of Tuberculosis. [August 2016, Vol 99, Supp S1, S1-S30].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Fortune
- Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilaria Pepponi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, UK; Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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77
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Parida SK, Poiret T, Zhenjiang L, Meng Q, Heyckendorf J, Lange C, Ambati AS, Rao MV, Valentini D, Ferrara G, Rangelova E, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. T-Cell Therapy: Options for Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S217-24. [PMID: 26409284 PMCID: PMC4583575 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is challenging tuberculosis control worldwide. In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis disease, host-directed therapies may offer therapeutic options, particularly for patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis where prognosis is often limited. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells mediate antigen-specific adaptive cellular immune responses. Their use in precision immunotherapy in clinical conditions, especially in treating cancer as well as for prevention of life-threatening viral infections in allogeneic transplant recipients, demonstrated safety and clinical efficacy. We review key achievements in T-cell therapy, including the use of recombinant immune recognition molecules (eg, T-cell receptors and CD19 chimeric antigen receptors), and discuss its potential in the clinical management of patients with drug-resistant and refractory tuberculosis failing conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreemanta K Parida
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Thomas Poiret
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Liu Zhenjiang
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Germany Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Aditya S Ambati
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Martin V Rao
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Davide Valentini
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Elena Rangelova
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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78
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Anderson CK, Brossay L. The role of MHC class Ib-restricted T cells during infection. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:677-91. [PMID: 27368413 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Even though major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and many Ib molecules have similarities in structure, MHC class Ib molecules tend to have more specialized functions, which include the presentation of non-peptidic antigens to non-classical T cells. Likewise, non-classical T cells also have unique characteristics, including an innate-like phenotype in naïve animals and rapid effector functions. In this review, we discuss the role of MAIT and NKT cells during infection but also the contribution of less studied MHC class Ib-restricted T cells such as Qa-1-, Qa-2-, and M3-restricted T cells. We focus on describing the types of antigens presented to non-classical T cells, their response and cytokine profile following infection, as well as the overall impact of these T cells to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Anderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Box G-B618, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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79
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Myllymäki H, Bäuerlein CA, Rämet M. The Zebrafish Breathes New Life into the Study of Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:196. [PMID: 27242801 PMCID: PMC4871865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health emergency. Up to one-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the pathogen continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Currently, the means for preventing, diagnosing, and treating TB are unsatisfactory. One of the main reasons for the poor progress in TB research has been a lack of good animal models to study the latency, dormancy, and reactivation of the disease. Although sophisticated in vitro and in silico methods suitable for TB research are constantly being developed, they cannot reproduce the complete vertebrate immune system and its interplay with pathogens and vaccines. However, the zebrafish has recently emerged as a useful alternative to more traditional models, such as mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates, for studying the complex pathophysiology of a mycobacterial infection. The model is based on the similarity between Mycobacterium marinum – a natural fish pathogen – and M. tuberculosis. In both zebrafish larvae and adult fish, an infection with M. marinum leads to the formation of macrophage aggregates and granulomas, which resemble the M. tuberculosis infections in humans. In this review, we will summarize the current status of the zebrafish model in TB research and highlight the advantages of using zebrafish to dissect mycobacterial virulence strategies as well as the host immune responses elicited against them. In addition, we will discuss the possibilities of using the adult zebrafish model for studying latency, dormancy, and reactivation in a mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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80
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Khubaib M, Sheikh JA, Pandey S, Srikanth B, Bhuwan M, Khan N, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-operonic PE32/PPE65 Proteins Alter Host Immune Responses by Hampering Th1 Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:719. [PMID: 27242739 PMCID: PMC4868851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PE/PPE genes, present in cluster with ESAT-6 like genes, are suspected to have a role in antigenic variation and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Their roles in immune evasion and immune modulation of host are also well documented. We present evidence that PE32/PPE65 present within the RD8 region are co-operonic, co-transcribed, and co-translated, and play role in modulating host immune responses. Experiments with macrophage cell lines revealed that this protein complex suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 whereas also inducing high expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Immunization of mice with these recombinant proteins dampens an effective Th1 response as evident from reduced frequency of IFN-γ and IL-2 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IgG sub-typing from serum of immunized mice revealed high levels of IgG1 when compared with IgG2a and IgG2b. Further IgG1/IgG2a ratio clearly demonstrated that the protein complex manipulates the host immune response favorable to the pathogen. Our results demonstrate that the co-transcribed and co-translated PE32 and PPE65 antigens are involved specifically in modulating anti-mycobacterial host immune response by hampering Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Khubaib
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of PathologyNew Delhi, India; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad CampusHyderabad, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of PathologyNew Delhi, India; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad CampusHyderabad, India
| | - Battu Srikanth
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish Bhuwan
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology New Delhi, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad CampusHyderabad, India; Molecular Infection and Functional Biology Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of TechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, National Institute of Pathology New Delhi, India
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81
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Godfrey DI, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 16:1114-23. [PMID: 26482978 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on T cells reactive to complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. These include CD1-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), MHC class Ib-reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Collectively, these T cells are considered 'unconventional', in part because they can recognize lipids, small-molecule metabolites and specially modified peptides. Unlike MHC-reactive T cells, these apparently disparate T cell types generally show simplified patterns of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression, rapid effector responses and 'public' antigen specificities. Here we review evidence showing that unconventional T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system and discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells and their antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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82
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Wang F, Mao L, Hou H, Wu S, Huang M, Yin B, Huang J, Zhu Q, Pan Y, Sun Z. The source of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TB patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 32:39-45. [PMID: 26796515 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific IFN-γ secretion plays important roles in anti-tuberculosis (TB) immunity. Mtb-specific IFN-γ response can be induced in HIV/TB co-infected patients with a low CD4 lymphocyte count; this suggests that the source of Mtb-specific IFN-γ production is not limited in CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Currently, the major sources of Mtb-specific IFN-γ production and the function and phenotype of Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing cells still remain unclear. Thirty-nine participants (24 active TB patients, 10 HIV/TB co-infected patients, and 5 healthy volunteers) were recruited according to conventional tests and Mtb-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to investigate the production of intracellular IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after Mtb-specific antigen stimulation. Our results showed that CD4(+), CD8(+) T cells and NK cells are all major sources of Mtb-specific IFN-γ production in PBMCs of TB patients. Moreover, CD8(+) T cells are the highest number of Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing cells in HIV/TB co-infected patients. Although the activity of NK cells is significantly reduced in TB patients when compared with healthy controls, Mtb-specific antigen stimulation induces a significant increase in NK cell activity. We also showed that CD45RO is the characteristic marker of Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells but not that of Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing NK cells in peripheral blood. High expression of CD11a may be the characteristic feature of Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing NK cells. This study put forward a new insight on the source of antigen-specific IFN-γ-production in PBMCs of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lie Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiji Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Botao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yingying Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road 1095,Wuhan 430030, China.
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83
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Myllymäki H, Niskanen M, Oksanen KE, Rämet M. Animal models in tuberculosis research - where is the beef? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:871-83. [PMID: 26073097 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1049529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem, and new drugs and vaccines are urgently needed. As clinical trials in humans require tremendous resources, preclinical drug and vaccine development largely relies on valid animal models that recapitulate the pathology of human disease and the immune responses of the host as closely as possible. AREAS COVERED This review describes the animal models used in TB research, the most widely used being mice, guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. In addition, rabbits and cattle provide models with a disease pathology resembling that of humans. Invertebrate models, including the fruit fly and the Dictyostelium amoeba, have also been used to study mycobacterial infections. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a promising model for studying mycobacterial infections. The zebrafish model also facilitates the large-scale screening of drug and vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Animal models are needed for TB research and provide valuable information on the mechanisms of the disease and on ways of preventing it. However, the data obtained in animal studies need to be carefully interpreted and evaluated before making assumptions concerning humans. With an increasing understanding of disease mechanisms, animal models can be further improved to best serve research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Myllymäki
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere , FIN 33014 Tampere , Finland
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84
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Vaccines for TB: Lessons from the Past Translating into Future Potentials. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:916780. [PMID: 26146643 PMCID: PMC4469767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines for infectious diseases has come a long way with recent advancements in adjuvant developments and discovery of new antigens that are capable of eliciting strong immunological responses for sterile eradication of disease. Tuberculosis (TB) that kills nearly 2 million of the population every year is also one of the highlights of the recent developments. The availability or not of diagnostic methods for infection has implications for the control of the disease by the health systems but is not related to the immune surveillance, a phenomenon derived from the interaction between the bacteria and their host. Here, we will review the immunology of TB and current vaccine candidates for TB. Current strategies of developing new vaccines against TB will also be reviewed in order to further discuss new insights into immunotherapeutic approaches involving adjuvant and antigens combinations that might be of potential for the control of TB.
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85
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Boer MC, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Regulatory T-Cells at the Interface between Human Host and Pathogens in Infectious Diseases and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26029205 PMCID: PMC4426762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. Tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of Tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. Moreover, Tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. Thus, Treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infections and vaccinations. Though Tregs protect the human host against excessive inflammation, they probably also increase the risk of pathogen persistence and chronic disease, and the possibility of disease reactivation later in life. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, are among the most ancient microbes known to mankind, and are master manipulators of the immune system toward tolerance and pathogen persistence. The majority of mycobacterial infections occur in settings co-endemic for viral, parasitic, and (other) bacterial coinfections. In this paper, we discuss recent insights in the activation and activity of Tregs in human infectious diseases, with emphasis on early, late, and non-specific effects in disease, coinfections, and vaccination. We highlight mycobacterial infections as important models of modulation of host responses and vaccine-induced immunity by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi C Boer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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