51
|
Ducharme P, Zarruk JG, David S, Paquin J. The ferroxidase ceruloplasmin influences Reelin processing, cofilin phosphorylation and neuronal organization in the developing brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:104-113. [PMID: 30077770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an important extracellular regulator of iron metabolism. We showed previously that it stimulates Reelin proteolytic processing and cell aggregation in cultures of developing neurons. Reelin is a secreted protein required for the correct positioning of neurons in the brain. It is cleaved in vivo into N-terminally-derived 300K and 180K fragments through incompletely known mechanisms. One of Reelin signaling targets is the actin-binding protein cofilin, the phosphorylation of which is diminished in Reelin-deficient mice. This work looked for in vivo evidence of a relationship between Cp, Reelin and neuronal organization during brain development by analyzing wild-type and Cp-null mice. Cp as well as the full-length, 300K and 180K Reelin species appeared together in wild-type brains at embryonic day (E) 12.5 by immunoblotting. In wild-type compared to Cp-null brains, there was more 300K Reelin from E12.5 to E17.5, a period characterized by extensive, radially directed neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. Immunofluorescence labeling of tissue sections at E16.5 revealed the localization of Cp with radial glia and meningeal cells adjacent to Reelin-producing Cajal-Retzius neurons, underlining the proximity of Cp and Reelin. Cofilin phosphorylation was seen starting at E10.5-E12.5 and lasted longer until postnatal day 7 in wild-type than Cp-null mice. Finally, using CUX1 as a marker revealed defective accumulation of neurons in layers II/III in neonatal and adult Cp-null mice. These results combined with our earlier work point to a potentially new role of Cp in Reelin processing and signaling and neuronal organization in the cerebral cortex in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ducharme
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Joanne Paquin
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hirota Y, Kubo KI, Fujino T, Yamamoto TT, Nakajima K. ApoER2 Controls Not Only Neuronal Migration in the Intermediate Zone But Also Termination of Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:223-235. [PMID: 27909010 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration contributes to the establishment of mammalian brain. The extracellular protein Reelin sends signals to various downstream molecules by binding to its receptors, the apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor and exerts essential roles in the neuronal migration and formation of the layered neocortex. However, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin signaling in the cortical development are not yet fully understood. Here, to gain insight into the role of Reelin signaling during cortical development, we examined the migratory behavior of Apoer2-deficient neurons in the developing brain. Stage-specific labeling of newborn neurons revealed that the neurons ectopically invaded the marginal zone (MZ) and that neuronal migration of both early- and late-born neurons was disrupted in the intermediate zone (IZ) in the Apoer2 KO mice. Rescue experiments showed that ApoER2 functions both in cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous manners, that Rap1, integrin, and Akt are involved in the termination of migration beneath the MZ, and that Akt also controls neuronal migration in the IZ downstream of ApoER2. These data indicate that ApoER2 controls multiple processes in neuronal migration, including the early stage of radial migration and termination of migration beneath the MZ in the developing neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujino
- Department of Bioscience, Integrated Center for Sciences (INCS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime791-0295, Japan
| | - Tokuo T Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Schaffer AE, Breuss MW, Caglayan AO, Al-Sanaa N, Al-Abdulwahed HY, Kaymakçalan H, Yılmaz C, Zaki MS, Rosti RO, Copeland B, Baek ST, Musaev D, Scott EC, Ben-Omran T, Kariminejad A, Kayserili H, Mojahedi F, Kara M, Cai N, Silhavy JL, Elsharif S, Fenercioglu E, Barshop BA, Kara B, Wang R, Stanley V, James KN, Nachnani R, Kalur A, Megahed H, Incecik F, Danda S, Alanay Y, Faqeih E, Melikishvili G, Mansour L, Miller I, Sukhudyan B, Chelly J, Dobyns WB, Bilguvar K, Jamra RA, Gunel M, Gleeson JG. Biallelic loss of human CTNNA2, encoding αN-catenin, leads to ARP2/3 complex overactivity and disordered cortical neuronal migration. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1093-1101. [PMID: 30013181 PMCID: PMC6072555 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration defects, including pachygyria, are among the most severe developmental brain defects in humans. Here, we identify biallelic truncating mutations in CTNNA2, encoding αN-catenin, in patients with a distinct recessive form of pachygyria. CTNNA2 was expressed in human cerebral cortex, and its loss in neurons led to defects in neurite stability and migration. The αN-catenin paralog, αE-catenin, acts as a switch regulating the balance between β-catenin and Arp2/3 actin filament activities1. Loss of αN-catenin did not affect β-catenin signaling, but recombinant αN-catenin interacted with purified actin and repressed ARP2/3 actin-branching activity. The actin-binding domain of αN-catenin or ARP2/3 inhibitors rescued the neuronal phenotype associated with CTNNA2 loss, suggesting ARP2/3 de-repression as a potential disease mechanism. Our findings identify CTNNA2 as the first catenin family member with biallelic mutations in humans, causing a new pachygyria syndrome linked to actin regulation, and uncover a key factor involved in ARP2/3 repression in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Martin W Breuss
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ahmet Okay Caglayan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nouriya Al-Sanaa
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Y Al-Abdulwahed
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hande Kaymakçalan
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahide Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasim O Rosti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brett Copeland
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Damir Musaev
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric C Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Majdi Kara
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Na Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seham Elsharif
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Elif Fenercioglu
- L.E.S. Mikrogen Genetic Diseases Diagnosis Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruce A Barshop
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemical Genetics Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bulent Kara
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Rengang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kiely N James
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Nachnani
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aneesha Kalur
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hisham Megahed
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faruk Incecik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Medical City, Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lobna Mansour
- Pediatric Department, Neuropediatric Unit, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ian Miller
- Neurology Department, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Biayna Sukhudyan
- Arabkir Joint Medical Center and Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Murat Gunel
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Shehabeldin R, Lutz D, Karsak M, Frotscher M, Krieglstein K, Sharaf A. Reelin controls the positioning of brainstem serotonergic raphe neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200268. [PMID: 30001399 PMCID: PMC6042745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) acts as both a morphogenetic factor during early embryonic development and a neuromodulator of circuit plasticity in the mature brain. Dysregulation of serotonin signaling during critical periods is involved in developmental neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism. In this study we focused on the consequences of defect reelin signaling for the development of the brainstem serotonergic raphe system. We observed that reelin signaling components are expressed by serotonergic neurons during the critical period of their lateral migration. Further, we found that reelin signaling is important for the normal migration of rostral, but not caudal hindbrain raphe nuclei and that reelin deficiency results in the malformation of the paramedian raphe nucleus and the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nuclei. Additionally, we showed that serotonergic neurons projections to laminated brain structures were severely altered. With this study, we propose that the perturbation of canonical reelin signaling interferes with the orientation of tangentially, but not radially, migrating brainstem 5-HT neurons. Our results open the window for further studies on the interaction of reelin and serotonin and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Shehabeldin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meliha Karsak
- Research Group Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuronal and Cellular Signal Transduction, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gorelik A, Sapir T, Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Complement C3 Affects Rac1 Activity in the Developing Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:150. [PMID: 29867343 PMCID: PMC5949353 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system, which is part of the innate immune response system, has been recently shown to participate in multiple key processes in the developing brain. Here we aimed to elucidate downstream signaling responses linking complement C3, a key molecule of the pathway, to small GTPases, known to affect the cytoskeleton. The expression pattern of the activated small GTPase Rac1 resembled that of complement C3. C3-deficient mice exhibited reduced Rac1 and elevated RhoA activity in comparison with control mice. The most pronounced reduction of Rac1 activity occurred at embryonic day 14. Rac1 has been implicated in neuronal migration as well as neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Consistent with the reduction in Rac1 activity, the expression of phospho-cofilin, decreased in migrating neurons. Reduced Rac1-GTP was also correlated with a decrease in the expression of progenitor markers (Nestin, Pax6 and Tbr2) and conversely the expression of neuronal markers (Dcx and NeuN) increased in C3 knockout (KO) cortices in comparison with wild-type (WT) cortices. More specifically, C3 deficiency resulted in a reduction in the number of the cells in S-phase and an elevation in the number of cells that precociously exited the cell cycle. Collectively, our findings suggest that C3 impacts the activity of small GTPases resulting in cell cycle defects and premature neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorelik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihi Ben-Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Dazzo E, Rehberg K, Michelucci R, Passarelli D, Boniver C, Vianello Dri V, Striano P, Striano S, Pasterkamp RJ, Nobile C. Mutations in MICAL-1cause autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2018; 83:483-493. [PMID: 29394500 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is a genetic focal epilepsy characterized by auditory symptoms. Two genes, LGI1 and RELN, encoding secreted proteins, are implicated in the etiology of ADLTE, but half of the affected families remain genetically unsolved, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be clarified. We aimed to identify additional genes causing ADLTE to better understand the genetic basis and molecular pathway underlying this epileptic disorder. METHODS A cohort of Italian ADLTE families was examined by whole exome sequencing combined with genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism-array linkage analysis. RESULTS We identified two ADLTE-causing variants in the MICAL-1 gene: a p.Gly150Ser substitution occurring in the enzymatically active monooxygenase (MO) domain and a p.Ala1065fs frameshift indel in the C-terminal domain, which inhibits the oxidoreductase activity of the MO domain. Each variant segregated with ADLTE in a single family. Examination of candidate variants in additional genes excluded their implication in ADLTE. In cell-based assays, both variants significantly increased MICAL-1 oxidoreductase activity and induced cell contraction in COS7 cells, which likely resulted from deregulation of F-actin dynamics. INTERPRETATION MICAL-1 oxidoreductase activity induces disassembly of actin filaments, thereby regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in developing and adult neurons and in other cell types. This suggests that dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics is a likely mechanism by which MICAL-1 pathogenic variants lead to ADLTE. Ann Neurol 2018;83:483-493.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dazzo
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, Section of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Kati Rehberg
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS-Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Unit of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Clementina Boniver
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Vianello Dri
- APSS Trento, Mental Health Department, Child and Adolescent Neuropsichiatry 1, Trento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, "G. Gaslini" Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Nobile
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute, Section of Padua, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Gstrein T, Edwards A, Přistoupilová A, Leca I, Breuss M, Pilat-Carotta S, Hansen AH, Tripathy R, Traunbauer AK, Hochstoeger T, Rosoklija G, Repic M, Landler L, Stránecký V, Dürnberger G, Keane TM, Zuber J, Adams DJ, Flint J, Honzik T, Gut M, Beltran S, Mechtler K, Sherr E, Kmoch S, Gut I, Keays DA. Mutations in Vps15 perturb neuronal migration in mice and are associated with neurodevelopmental disease in humans. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:207-217. [PMID: 29311744 PMCID: PMC5897053 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate brain requires the generation, migration, differentiation and survival of neurons. Genetic mutations that perturb these critical cellular events can result in malformations of the telencephalon, providing a molecular window into brain development. Here we report the identification of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse mutant characterized by a fractured hippocampal pyramidal cell layer, attributable to defects in neuronal migration. We show that this is caused by a hypomorphic mutation in Vps15 that perturbs endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and autophagy, resulting in an upregulation of Nischarin, which inhibits Pak1 signaling. The complete ablation of Vps15 results in the accumulation of autophagic substrates, the induction of apoptosis and severe cortical atrophy. Finally, we report that mutations in VPS15 are associated with cortical atrophy and epilepsy in humans. These data highlight the importance of the Vps15-Vps34 complex and the Nischarin-Pak1 signaling hub in the development of the telencephalon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gstrein
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics (WTCHG), Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Leca
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Breuss
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratna Tripathy
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna K Traunbauer
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Hochstoeger
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavril Rosoklija
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Repic
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Landler
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Dürnberger
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas M Keane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics (WTCHG), Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elliott Sherr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David A Keays
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocentre (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Schulze M, Violonchi C, Swoboda S, Welz T, Kerkhoff E, Hoja S, Brüggemann S, Simbürger J, Reinders J, Riemenschneider MJ. RELN signaling modulates glioblastoma growth and substrate-dependent migration. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:695-709. [PMID: 29222813 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and most malignant type of primary brain tumor and significantly contributes to cancer morbidity and mortality. Invasion into the healthy brain parenchyma is a major feature of glioblastoma aggressiveness. Reelin (RELN) is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that regulates neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain and sustains functionality in the adult brain. We here show that both RELN and its main downstream effector DAB1 are silenced in glioblastoma as compared to non-neoplastic tissue and mRNA expression is inversely correlated with malignancy grade. Furthermore, RELN expression is positively correlated with patient survival in two large, independent clinically annotated datasets. RELN silencing occurs via promoter hypermethylation as shown by both database mining and bisulfite sequencing of the RELN promoter. Consequently, treatment with 5'-Azacytidine and trichostatin A induced RELN expression in vitro. On the functional level, we found RELN to regulate glioblastoma cell migration both in a DAB1 (tyrosine phosphorylation)-dependent and -independent fashion, depending on the substrate provided. Moreover, stimulation of RELN signaling strongly reduced proliferation in glioblastoma cells. This phenotype depends on DAB1 stimulation by RELN, as a mutant that lacks all RELN induced tyrosine phosphorylation sites (DAB1-5F) failed to induce a growth arrest. Proteomic analyzes revealed that these effects are mediated by a reduction in E2F targets and dephosphorylation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our data establish a relevance of RELN signaling in glioblastoma pathology and thereby might unearth novel, yet unrecognized treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schulze
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christ Violonchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Swoboda
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Welz
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Kerkhoff
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoja
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Brüggemann
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johann Simbürger
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Riemenschneider
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.,Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bhambhvani HP, Mueller TM, Simmons MS, Meador-Woodruff JH. Actin polymerization is reduced in the anterior cingulate cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1278. [PMID: 29225346 PMCID: PMC5802511 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest abnormalities in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics in schizophrenia, despite consistent evidence for normal actin expression. We hypothesized that this may be explained by changes in the polymerization state of actin, rather than in total actin expression. To test this, we prepared filamentous actin (F-actin, polymeric) and globular actin (G-actin, monomeric) fractions from postmortem anterior cingulate cortex from 16 patients with schizophrenia and 14 comparison subjects. Additionally, binding of fluorescently-labeled phalloidin, a selectively F-actin-binding peptide, was measured in unfractionated samples from the same subjects. Western blot analysis of fractions revealed decreased F-actin, increased G-actin, and decreased ratios of F-actin/total actin and F-actin/G-actin in schizophrenia. Decreased phalloidin binding to F-actin in parallel experiments in the same subjects independently supports these findings. These results suggest a novel aspect of schizophrenia pathophysiology and are consistent with previous evidence of reduced dendritic spine density and altered synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia, both of which have been linked to cytoskeletal abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hriday P Bhambhvani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 593A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Toni M Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 593A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Micah S Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 593A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 593A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Microenvironments to study migration and somal translocation in cortical neurons. Biomaterials 2017; 156:238-247. [PMID: 29207324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Migrating post-mitotic neurons of the developing cerebral cortex undergo terminal somal translocation (ST) when they reach their final destination in the cortical plate. This process is crucial for proper cortical layering and its perturbation can lead to brain dysfunction. Here we present a reductionist biomaterials platform that faithfully supports and controls the distinct phases of terminal ST in vitro. We developed microenvironments with different adhesive molecules to support neuronal attachment, neurite extension, and migration in distinct manners. Efficient ST occurred when the leading process of migratory neurons crossed from low-to high-adhesive areas on a substrate, promoting spreading of the leading growth cone. Our results indicate that elementary adhesive cell-substrate interactions strongly influence migratory behavior and the final positioning of neurons during their developmental journey. This in vitro model allows advanced experimentation to reveal the microenvironmental requirements underlying cortical layer development and disorders.
Collapse
|
61
|
Trajectory Analysis Unveils Reelin's Role in the Directed Migration of Granule Cells in the Dentate Gyrus. J Neurosci 2017; 38:137-148. [PMID: 29138282 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0988-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin controls neuronal migration and layer formation. Previous studies in reeler mice deficient in Reelin focused on the result of the developmental process in fixed tissue sections. It has remained unclear whether Reelin affects the migratory process, migration directionality, or migrating neurons guided by the radial glial scaffold. Moreover, Reelin has been regarded as an attractive signal because newly generated neurons migrate toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone. Conversely, Reelin might be a stop signal because migrating neurons in reeler, but not in wild-type mice, invade the marginal zone. Here, we monitored the migration of newly generated proopiomelanocortin-EGFP-expressing dentate granule cells in slice cultures from reeler, reeler-like mutants and wild-type mice of either sex using real-time microscopy. We discovered that not the actual migratory process and migratory speed, but migration directionality of the granule cells is controlled by Reelin. While wild-type granule cells migrated toward the marginal zone of the dentate gyrus, neurons in cultures from reeler and reeler-like mutants migrated randomly in all directions as revealed by vector analyses of migratory trajectories. Moreover, live imaging of granule cells in reeler slices cocultured to wild-type dentate gyrus showed that the reeler neurons changed their directions and migrated toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone of the wild-type culture, thus forming a compact granule cell layer. In contrast, directed migration was not observed when Reelin was ubiquitously present in the medium of reeler slices. These results indicate that topographically administered Reelin controls the formation of a granule cell layer.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal migration and the various factors controlling its onset, speed, directionality, and arrest are poorly understood. Slice cultures offer a unique model to study the migration of individual neurons in an almost natural environment. In the present study, we took advantage of the expression of proopiomelanocortin-EGFP by newly generated, migrating granule cells to analyze their migratory trajectories in hippocampal slice cultures from wild-type mice and mutants deficient in Reelin signaling. We show that the compartmentalized presence of Reelin is essential for the directionality, but not the actual migratory process or speed, of migrating granule cells leading to their characteristic lamination in the dentate gyrus.
Collapse
|
62
|
Avila J, Llorens-Martín M, Pallas-Bazarra N, Bolós M, Perea JR, Rodríguez-Matellán A, Hernández F. Cognitive Decline in Neuronal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Role of NMDA Receptors and Associated Proteins. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:626. [PMID: 29176942 PMCID: PMC5687061 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular changes associated with neuronal aging lead to a decrease in cognitive capacity. Here we discuss these alterations at the level of brain regions, brain cells, and brain membrane and cytoskeletal proteins with an special focus in NMDA molecular changes through aging and its effect in cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. Here, we propose that some neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by an increase and acceleration of some of these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Pallas-Bazarra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bolós
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan R Perea
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rodríguez-Matellán
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
The functions of Reelin in membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics: implications for neuronal migration, polarization and differentiation. Biochem J 2017; 474:3137-3165. [PMID: 28887403 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular matrix protein with relevant roles in mammalian central nervous system including neurogenesis, neuronal polarization and migration during development; and synaptic plasticity with its implications in learning and memory, in the adult. Dysfunctions in reelin signaling are associated with brain lamination defects such as lissencephaly, but also with neuropsychiatric diseases like autism, schizophrenia and depression as well with neurodegeneration. Reelin signaling involves a core pathway that activates upon reelin binding to its receptors, particularly ApoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2)/LRP8 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor, followed by Src/Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Dab1 (Disabled-1). Phosphorylated Dab1 (pDab1) is a hub in the signaling cascade, from which several other downstream pathways diverge reflecting the different roles of reelin. Many of these pathways affect the dynamics of the actin and microtubular cytoskeleton, as well as membrane trafficking through the regulation of the activity of small GTPases, including the Rho and Rap families and molecules involved in cell polarity. The complexity of reelin functions is reflected by the fact that, even now, the precise mode of action of this signaling cascade in vivo at the cellular and molecular levels remains unclear. This review addresses and discusses in detail the participation of reelin in the processes underlying neurogenesis, neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus; and the polarization, differentiation and maturation processes that neurons experiment in order to be functional in the adult brain. In vivo and in vitro evidence is presented in order to facilitate a better understanding of this fascinating system.
Collapse
|
64
|
Kimura E, Kubo KI, Endo T, Ling W, Nakajima K, Kakeyama M, Tohyama C. Impaired dendritic growth and positioning of cortical pyramidal neurons by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in the developing mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183497. [PMID: 28820910 PMCID: PMC5562321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors exert multiple functions in mammalian cerebral cortex development. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the bHLH-Per-Arnt-Sim subfamily, is a ligand-activated transcription factor reported to regulate nervous system development in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but the functions that AhR signaling pathway may have for mammalian cerebral cortex development remains elusive. Although the endogenous ligand involved in brain developmental process has not been identified, the environmental pollutant dioxin potently binds AhR and induces abnormalities in higher brain function of laboratory animals. Thus, we studied how activation of AhR signaling influences cortical development in mice. To this end, we produced mice expressing either constitutively active-AhR (CA-AhR), which has the capacity for ligand-independent activation of downstream genes, or AhR, which requires its ligands for activation. In brief, CA-AhR-expressing plasmid and AhR-expressing plasmid were each transfected into neural stems cells in the developing cerebrum by in utero electroporation on embryonic day 14.5. On postnatal day 14, mice transfected in utero with CA-AhR, but not those transfected with AhR, exhibited drastically reduced dendritic arborization of layer II/III pyramidal neurons and impaired neuronal positioning in the developing somatosensory cortex. The effects of CA-AhR were observed for dendrite development but not for the commissural fiber projection, suggesting a preferential influence on dendrites. The present results indicate that over-activation of AhR perturbs neuronal migration and morphological development in mammalian cortex, supporting previous observations of impaired dendritic structure, cortical dysgenesis, and behavioral abnormalities following perinatal dioxin exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Kimura
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Endo
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenting Ling
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kakeyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Frotscher M, Zhao S, Wang S, Chai X. Reelin Signaling Inactivates Cofilin to Stabilize the Cytoskeleton of Migrating Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:148. [PMID: 28588454 PMCID: PMC5440592 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells. They give rise to several dendrites but only one axon. In addition, many neurons show a preferred orientation. For example, pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex extend their apical dendrites toward the cortical surface while their axons run in opposite direction toward the white matter. This characteristic orientation reflects the migratory trajectory of a pyramidal cell during cortical development: the leading process (the future apical dendrite) extends toward the marginal zone (MZ) and the trailing process (the future axon) toward the intermediate zone (IZ) while the cells migrate radially to reach their destination in the cortical plate (CP). In this review article, we summarize the function of Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein synthesized by Cajal-Retzius cells in the MZ, in the development of the characteristic orientation of the leading processes running perpendicular to the cortical surface. Reelin promotes migration toward the cortical surface since late-generated cortical neurons in the reeler mutant are unable to reach upper cortical layers. Likewise, Reelin is important for the orientation and maintenance of the leading processes of migrating neurons since they are misoriented in the developing reeler cortex, as are the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in the mature mutant. Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-associated protein, is crucial since pyramidal neurons transfected by in utero electroporation (IUE) with a non-phosphorylatable form of cofilin (cofilinS3A) show severe migration defects reminiscent of those in the reeler mutant. Remarkably, migration of neurons in the cortex of reeler mice was partially rescued by transfecting them with LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), the kinase that induces phosphorylation of cofilin at serine3, or with a pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin mutant (cofilinS3E). Together these results indicate that Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin is an important component in the orientation and directed migration of cortical neurons and in their correct lamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frotscher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Konietzny A, Bär J, Mikhaylova M. Dendritic Actin Cytoskeleton: Structure, Functions, and Regulations. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:147. [PMID: 28572759 PMCID: PMC5435805 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a versatile and ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein that plays a major role in both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity. For a long time, the most prominent roles that were attributed to actin in neurons were the movement of growth cones, polarized cargo sorting at the axon initial segment, and the dynamic plasticity of dendritic spines, since those compartments contain large accumulations of actin filaments (F-actin) that can be readily visualized using electron- and fluorescence microscopy. With the development of super-resolution microscopy in the past few years, previously unknown structures of the actin cytoskeleton have been uncovered: a periodic lattice consisting of actin and spectrin seems to pervade not only the whole axon, but also dendrites and even the necks of dendritic spines. Apart from that striking feature, patches of F-actin and deep actin filament bundles have been described along the lengths of neurites. So far, research has been focused on the specific roles of actin in the axon, while it is becoming more and more apparent that in the dendrite, actin is not only confined to dendritic spines, but serves many additional and important functions. In this review, we focus on recent developments regarding the role of actin in dendrite morphology, the regulation of actin dynamics by internal and external factors, and the role of F-actin in dendritic protein trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Konietzny
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport,' Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hirota Y, Nakajima K. Control of Neuronal Migration and Aggregation by Reelin Signaling in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:40. [PMID: 28507985 PMCID: PMC5410752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral neocortex has a well-organized laminar structure, achieved by the highly coordinated control of neuronal migration. During cortical development, excitatory neurons born near the lateral ventricle migrate radially to reach their final positions to form the cortical plate. During this process, dynamic changes are observed in the morphologies and migration modes, including multipolar migration, locomotion, and terminal translocation, of the newborn neurons. Disruption of these migration processes can result in neuronal disorders such as lissencephaly and periventricular heterotopia. The extracellular protein, Reelin, mainly secreted by the Cajal-Retzius neurons in the marginal zone during development, plays a crucial role in the neuronal migration and neocortical lamination. Reelin signaling, which exerts essential roles in the formation of the layered neocortex, is triggered by the binding of Reelin to its receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, followed by phosphorylation of the Dab1 adaptor protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that Reelin signaling controls multiple steps of neuronal migration, including the transition from multipolar to bipolar neurons, terminal translocation, and termination of migration beneath the marginal zone. In addition, it has been shown that ectopically expressed Reelin can cause neuronal aggregation via an N-cadherin-mediated manner. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge of the roles played by Reelin in neuronal migration and the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:273-284. [PMID: 28057414 PMCID: PMC5366078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are becoming a significant burden on patients, their families, and health-care systems. Neurodegenerative processes may start up to 15 years before outward signs and symptoms of AD, as evidenced by data from AD patients and mouse models. A major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the ɛ4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which is present in almost 20% of the population. In this review we discuss the contribution of ApoE receptor signaling to the function of each component of the tripartite synapse - the axon terminal, the postsynaptic dendritic spine, and the astrocyte - and examine how these systems fail in the context of ApoE4 and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lauterborn JC, Kramár EA, Rice JD, Babayan AH, Cox CD, Karsten CA, Gall CM, Lynch G. Cofilin Activation Is Temporally Associated with the Cessation of Growth in the Developing Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2640-2651. [PMID: 27073215 PMCID: PMC5964364 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic extension and synaptogenesis proceed at high rates in rat hippocampus during early postnatal life but markedly slow during the third week of development. The reasons for the latter, fundamental event are poorly understood. Here, we report that levels of phosphorylated (inactive) cofilin, an actin depolymerizing factor, decrease by 90% from postnatal days (pnds) 10 to 21. During the same period, levels of total and phosphorylated Arp2, which nucleates actin branches, increase. A search for elements that could explain the switch from inactive to active cofilin identified reductions in β1 integrin, TrkB, and LIM domain kinase 2b, upstream proteins that promote cofilin phosphorylation. Moreover, levels of slingshot 3, which dephosphorylates cofilin, increase during the period in which growth slows. Consistent with the cofilin results, in situ phalloidin labeling of F-actin demonstrated that spines and dendrites contained high levels of dynamic actin filaments during Week 2, but these fell dramatically by pnd 21. The results suggest that the change from inactive to constitutively active cofilin leads to a loss of dynamic actin filaments needed for process extension and thus the termination of spine formation and synaptogenesis. The relevance of these events to the emergence of memory-related synaptic plasticity is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine M. Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Fyn regulates multipolar-bipolar transition and neurite morphogenesis of migrating neurons in the developing neocortex. Neuroscience 2017; 352:39-51. [PMID: 28363782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fyn is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that belongs to Src family kinases. Fyn plays a critical role in neuronal migration, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reported that suppression of Fyn expression in mouse cerebral cortex led to migration defects of both early-born and late-born neurons. Morphological analysis showed that loss of Fyn function impaired multipolar-bipolar transition of newly generated neurons and neurite formation in the early phase of migration. Moreover, Fyn inhibition increased the length of leading process and decreased the branching number of the migrating cortical neurons. Together, these results indicate that Fyn controls neuronal migration by regulating the cytoskeletal dynamics and multipolar-bipolar transition of newly generated neurons during cortical development.
Collapse
|
71
|
Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. The ApoE receptors Vldlr and Apoer2 in central nervous system function and disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1036-1043. [PMID: 28292942 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor (LDLR) family has long been studied for its role in cholesterol transport and metabolism; however, the identification of ApoE4, an LDLR ligand, as a genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease has focused attention on the role this receptor family plays in the CNS. Surprisingly, it was discovered that two LDLR family members, ApoE receptor 2 (Apoer2) and VLDL receptor (Vldlr), play key roles in brain development and adult synaptic plasticity, primarily by mediating Reelin signaling. This review focuses on Apoer2 and Vldlr signaling in the CNS and its role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience and Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 .,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Pohlkamp T, Wasser CR, Herz J. Functional Roles of the Interaction of APP and Lipoprotein Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 28298885 PMCID: PMC5331069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Franchi SA, Astro V, Macco R, Tonoli D, Barnier JV, Botta M, de Curtis I. Identification of a Protein Network Driving Neuritogenesis of MGE-Derived GABAergic Interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:289. [PMID: 28066185 PMCID: PMC5174131 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interneurons are essential modulators of brain activity and their abnormal maturation may lead to neural and intellectual disabilities. Here we show that cultures derived from murine medial ganglionic eminences (MGEs) produce virtually pure, polarized γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons that can form morphologically identifiable inhibitory synapses. We show that Rac GTPases and a protein complex including the GIT family scaffold proteins are expressed during maturation in vitro, and are required for the normal development of neurites. GIT1 promotes neurite extension in a conformation-dependent manner, while affecting its interaction with specific partners reduces neurite branching. Proteins of the GIT network are concentrated at growth cones, and interaction mutants may affect growth cone behavior. Our findings identify the PIX/GIT1/liprin-α1/ERC1 network as critical for the regulation of interneuron neurite differentiation in vitro, and show that these cultures represent a valuable system to identify the molecular mechanisms driving the maturation of cortical/hippocampal interneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sira A Franchi
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| | - Veronica Astro
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| | - Romina Macco
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| | - Diletta Tonoli
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris-Sud Orsay, France
| | - Martina Botta
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and San Raffaele University Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
|
75
|
Chai X, Frotscher M. How does Reelin signaling regulate the neuronal cytoskeleton during migration? NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1242455. [PMID: 28265585 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1242455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is an essential step in the formation of laminated brain structures. In the developing cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons migrate toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone. Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein synthesized by Cajal-Retzius cells. In this review, we summarize our recent results and hypotheses on how Reelin might regulate neuronal migration by acting on the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. By binding to ApoER2 receptors on the migrating neurons, Reelin induces stabilization of the leading processes extending toward the marginal zone, which involves Dab1 phosphorylation, adhesion molecule expression, cofilin phosphorylation and inhibition of tau phosphorylation. By binding to VLDLR and integrin receptors, Reelin interacts with Lis1 and induces nuclear translocation, accompanied by the ubiquitination of phosphorylated Dab1. Eventually Reelin induces clustering of its receptors resulting in the endocytosis of a Reelin/receptor complex (particularly VLDLR). The resulting decrease in Reelin contributes to neuronal arrest at the marginal zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH) , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH) , Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Tee JY, Sutharsan R, Fan Y, Mackay-Sim A. Schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived cells do not respond to extracellular reelin. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2016; 2:16027. [PMID: 27602387 PMCID: PMC4994154 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reelin expression is reduced in various regions in the post-mortem brain of schizophrenia patients but the exact role of reelin function in the neurobiology of schizophrenia remains elusive. Absence of reelin in knockout mouse causes inverted lamination of the neocortex due to aberrant neuronal migration. The aim of this study was to utilize patient-derived olfactory neurosphere-derived (ONS) cells to investigate whether extracellular reelin alters cell motility in schizophrenia patient-derived cells. ONS cells from nine patients were compared with cells from nine matched healthy controls. Automated high-throughput imaging and analysis were used to track motility of individual living cells on reelin-coated surfaces produced from reelin secreted into the medium by HEK293FT cells transfected with the full-length reelin plasmid pCrl. Automated assays were used to quantify intracellular cytoskeleton composition, cell morphology, and focal adhesions. Expression of reelin and components of the reelin signaling pathway were measured by western blot and flow cytometry. Reelin inhibited the motility of control cells but not patient cells, and increased the number and size of focal adhesions in control cells but not patient cells. Patient and control cells expressed similar levels of the reelin receptors and the reelin signaling protein, Dab1, but patient cells expressed less reelin. Patient cells were smaller than control cells and had less actin and acetylated α-tubulin, components of the cytoskeleton. These findings are the first direct evidence that cellular responses to reelin are impaired in schizophrenia and are consistent with the role of reelin in cytoarchitectural deficits observed in schizophrenia patient brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang Tee
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ratneswary Sutharsan
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongjun Fan
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Bosch C, Muhaisen A, Pujadas L, Soriano E, Martínez A. Reelin Exerts Structural, Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation Over Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Elements in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:138. [PMID: 27303269 PMCID: PMC4884741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin regulates neuronal positioning and synaptogenesis in the developing brain, and adult brain plasticity. Here we used transgenic mice overexpressing Reelin (Reelin-OE mice) to perform a comprehensive dissection of the effects of this protein on the structural and biochemical features of dendritic spines and axon terminals in the adult hippocampus. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed both higher density of synapses and structural complexity of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in transgenic mice than in WT mice. Dendritic spines had larger spine apparatuses, which correlated with a redistribution of Synaptopodin. Most of the changes observed in Reelin-OE mice were reversible after blockade of transgene expression, thus supporting the specificity of the observed phenotypes. Western blot and transcriptional analyses did not show major changes in the expression of pre- or postsynaptic proteins, including SNARE proteins, glutamate receptors, and scaffolding and signaling proteins. However, EM immunogold assays revealed that the NMDA receptor subunits NR2a and NR2b, and p-Cofilin showed a redistribution from synaptic to extrasynaptic pools. Taken together with previous studies, the present results suggest that Reelin regulates the structural and biochemical properties of adult hippocampal synapses by increasing their density and morphological complexity and by modifying the distribution and trafficking of major glutamatergic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Bosch
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), MadridSpain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de RecercaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats AcademiaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Thongrong S, Hausott B, Marvaldi L, Agostinho AS, Zangrandi L, Burtscher J, Fogli B, Schwarzer C, Klimaschewski L. Sprouty2 and -4 hypomorphism promotes neuronal survival and astrocytosis in a mouse model of kainic acid induced neuronal damage. Hippocampus 2016; 26:658-67. [PMID: 26540287 PMCID: PMC4949526 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins play a key role as negative feedback inhibitors of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK pathway downstream of various receptor tyrosine kinases. Among the four Sprouty isoforms, Spry2 and Spry4 are expressed in the hippocampus. In this study, possible effects of Spry2 and Spry4 hypomorphism on neurodegeneration and seizure thresholds in a mouse model of epileptogenesis was analyzed. The Spry2/4 hypomorphs exhibited stronger ERK activation which was limited to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer and to the hilar region. The seizure threshold of Spry2/4(+/-) mice was significantly reduced at naive state but no difference to wildtype mice was observed 1 month following KA treatment. Histomorphological analysis revealed that dentate granule cell dispersion (GCD) was diminished in Spry2/4(+/-) mice in the subchronic phase after KA injection. Neuronal degeneration was reduced in CA1 and CA3 principal neuron layers as well as in scattered neurons of the contralateral CA1 and hilar regions. Moreover, Spry2/4 reduction resulted in enhanced survival of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y expressing interneurons. GFAP staining intensity and number of reactive astrocytes markedly increased in lesioned areas of Spry2/4(+/-) mice as compared with wildtype mice. Taken together, although the seizure threshold is reduced in naive Spry2/4(+/-) mice, neurodegeneration and GCD is mitigated following KA induced hippocampal lesions, identifying Spry proteins as possible pharmacological targets in brain injuries resulting in neurodegeneration. The present data are consistent with the established functions of the ERK pathway in astrocyte proliferation as well as protection from neuronal cell death and suggest a novel role of Spry proteins in the migration of differentiated neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitthisak Thongrong
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Hausott
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Luca Zangrandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Barbara Fogli
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Vaswani AR, Blaess S. Reelin Signaling in the Migration of Ventral Brain Stem and Spinal Cord Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:62. [PMID: 27013975 PMCID: PMC4786562 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein Reelin is an important orchestrator of neuronal migration during the development of the central nervous system. While its role and mechanism of action have been extensively studied and reviewed in the formation of dorsal laminar brain structures like the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, its functions during the neuronal migration events that result in the nuclear organization of the ventral central nervous system are less well understood. In an attempt to delineate an underlying pattern of Reelin action in the formation of neuronal cell clusters, this review highlights the role of Reelin signaling in the migration of neuronal populations that originate in the ventral brain stem and the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita R Vaswani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Chai X, Zhao S, Fan L, Zhang W, Lu X, Shao H, Wang S, Song L, Failla AV, Zobiak B, Mannherz HG, Frotscher M. Reelin and cofilin cooperate during the migration of cortical neurons: a quantitative morphological analysis. Development 2016; 143:1029-40. [PMID: 26893343 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In reeler mutant mice, which are deficient in reelin (Reln), the lamination of the cerebral cortex is disrupted. Reelin signaling induces phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1, which phosphorylates the actin-depolymerizing protein cofilin in migrating neurons. Conditional cofilin mutants show neuronal migration defects. Thus, both reelin and cofilin are indispensable during cortical development. To analyze the effects of cofilin phosphorylation on neuronal migration we used in utero electroporation to transfect E14.5 wild-type cortical neurons with pCAG-EGFP plasmids encoding either a nonphosphorylatable form of cofilin 1 (cofilin(S3A)), a pseudophosphorylated form (cofilin(S3E)) or wild-type cofilin 1 (cofilin(WT)). Wild-type controls and reeler neurons were transfected with pCAG-EGFP. Real-time microscopy and histological analyses revealed that overexpression of cofilin(WT) and both phosphomutants induced migration defects and morphological abnormalities of cortical neurons. Of note, reeler neurons and cofilin(S3A)- and cofilin(S3E)-transfected neurons showed aberrant backward migration towards the ventricular zone. Overexpression of cofilin(S3E), the pseudophosphorylated form, partially rescued the migration defect of reeler neurons, as did overexpression of Limk1. Collectively, the results indicate that reelin and cofilin cooperate in controlling cytoskeletal dynamics during neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shao
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lingzhen Song
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility (UMIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zobiak
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility (UMIF), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans G Mannherz
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Stress-induced upregulation of VLDL receptor alters Wnt-signaling in neurons. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:238-47. [PMID: 26751967 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein receptor family members hold multiple roles in the brain, and alterations in lipoprotein receptor expression and function are implicated in neuronal stress, developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Berberine (BBR), a nutraceutical shown to have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, is suggested to regulate lipoprotein receptor expression. We show that subtoxic concentration of BBR regulates neuronal lipoprotein receptor expression in a receptor- and time-dependent fashion in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). Similarly to BBR, subtoxic concentrations of neuronal stressors cobalt chloride, thapsigargin and rotenone increased very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) mRNA and protein expression in CGN suggesting a conserved pathway for stress-induced upregulation of VLDLR in neurons. We also show that VLDLR upregulation is accompanied by transiently increased stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and decreased β-catenin levels affecting the Wnt pathway through GSK3β phosphorylation, a crucial player in neurodegenerative processes. Our results indicate that neuronal stress differentially regulates lipoprotein receptor expression in neurons, with VLDLR upregulation as a common element as a modulator of neuronal Wnt signaling.
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms controlling cortical dendrite initiation and targeting are poorly understood. Multiphoton imaging of developing mouse cortex reveals that apical dendrites emerge by direct transformation of the neuron's leading process during the terminal phase of neuronal migration. During this ∼110 min period, the dendritic arbor increases ∼2.5-fold in size and migration arrest occurs below the first stable branch point in the developing arbor. This dendritic outgrowth is triggered at the time of leading process contact with the marginal zone (MZ) and occurs primarily by neurite extension into the extracellular matrix of the MZ. In reeler cortices that lack the secreted glycoprotein Reelin, a subset of neurons completed migration but then retracted and reorganized their arbor in a tangential direction away from the MZ soon after migration arrest. For these reeler neurons, the tangential oriented primary neurites were longer lived than the radially oriented primary neurites, whereas the opposite was true of wild-type (WT) neurons. Application of Reelin protein to reeler cortices destabilized tangential neurites while stabilizing radial neurites and stimulating dendritic growth in the MZ. Therefore, Reelin functions as part of a polarity signaling system that links dendritogenesis in the MZ with cellular positioning and cortical lamination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whether the apical dendrite emerges by transformation of the leading process of the migrating neuron or emerges de novo after migration is completed is unclear. Similarly, it is not clear whether the secreted glycoprotein Reelin controls migration and dendritic growth as related or separate processes. Here, multiphoton microscopy reveals the direct transformation of the leading process into the apical dendrite. This transformation is coupled to the successful completion of migration and neuronal soma arrest occurs below the first stable branch point of the nascent dendrite. Deficiency in Reelin causes the forming dendrite to avoid its normal target area and branch aberrantly, leading to improper cellular positioning. Therefore, this study links Reelin-dependent dendritogenesis with migration arrest and cortical lamination.
Collapse
|
84
|
Kim M, Jeong Y, Chang YC. Extracellular matrix protein reelin regulate dendritic spine density through CaMKIIβ. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:97-101. [PMID: 26003447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein, plays an important role in brain development as well as synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, several recent studies have found that Reelin is important for dendritic spine formation in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular mechanism by which Reelin regulates the dendritic spine density has not been studied well yet. In this study, we found that exogenous Reelin treatment was significantly increased the dendritic spine density in the primary hippocampal neurons. In addition, Reelin was increased the puncta numbers of synaptophysin and PSD-95. Moreover, we found that Reelin modulated the levels of CaMKIIβ, and CaMKIIβ siRNA prevented Reelin's effect on the dendritic spine density. Overall, our results are the first to demonstrate that CaMKIIβ might be required to enable Reelin to alter the dendritic spine density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae, 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae, 621-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Peyre E, Silva CG, Nguyen L. Crosstalk between intracellular and extracellular signals regulating interneuron production, migration and integration into the cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 25926769 PMCID: PMC4396449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cortical interneurons are generated by ventral progenitors located in the ganglionic eminences of the telencephalon. They travel along multiple tangential paths to populate the cortical wall. As they reach this structure they undergo intracortical dispersion to settle in their final destination. At the cellular level, migrating interneurons are highly polarized cells that extend and retract processes using dynamic remodeling of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Different levels of molecular regulation contribute to interneuron migration. These include: (1) Extrinsic guidance cues distributed along migratory streams that are sensed and integrated by migrating interneurons; (2) Intrinsic genetic programs driven by specific transcription factors that grant specification and set the timing of migration for different subtypes of interneurons; (3) Adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements/regulators that transduce molecular signalings into coherent movement. These levels of molecular regulation must be properly integrated by interneurons to allow their migration in the cortex. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the interplay between microenvironmental signals and cell autonomous programs that drive cortical interneuron porduction, tangential migration, and intergration in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peyre
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Wallon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Eom TY, Stanco A, Guo J, Wilkins G, Deslauriers D, Yan J, Monckton C, Blair J, Oon E, Perez A, Salas E, Oh A, Ghukasyan V, Snider WD, Rubenstein JLR, Anton ES. Differential regulation of microtubule severing by APC underlies distinct patterns of projection neuron and interneuron migration. Dev Cell 2015; 31:677-89. [PMID: 25535916 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated migration of distinct classes of neurons to appropriate positions leads to the formation of functional neuronal circuitry in the cerebral cortex. The two major classes of cortical neurons, interneurons and projection neurons, utilize distinctly different modes (radial versus tangential) and routes of migration to arrive at their final positions in the cerebral cortex. Here, we show that adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) modulates microtubule (MT) severing in interneurons to facilitate tangential mode of interneuron migration, but not the glial-guided, radial migration of projection neurons. APC regulates the stability and activity of the MT-severing protein p60-katanin in interneurons to promote the rapid remodeling of neuronal processes necessary for interneuron migration. These findings reveal how severing and restructuring of MTs facilitate distinct modes of neuronal migration necessary for laminar organization of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Stanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Jiami Guo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gary Wilkins
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danielle Deslauriers
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica Yan
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chase Monckton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Blair
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eesim Oon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abby Perez
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eduardo Salas
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrianna Oh
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vladimir Ghukasyan
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William D Snider
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wang JT, Song LZ, Li LL, Zhang W, Chai XJ, An L, Chen SL, Frotscher M, Zhao ST. Src controls neuronal migration by regulating the activity of FAK and cofilin. Neuroscience 2015; 292:90-100. [PMID: 25711940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Migration of postmitotic neurons in the developing cortex along radial glial fiber is essential for the formation of cortical layers. Several neurological diseases are caused by defects in neuronal migration, underlining the importance of this process for brain function. Multiple molecules are involved in this process. However, the precise mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the expression of Src in the developing cortex and investigated the role of Src in neuronal migration and its cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that Src was strongly expressed in the cerebral cortex during corticogenesis and mainly targeted to the leading processes of migrating neurons. Overexpression of wildtype Src (Src-WT) and its mutants, constitutively active Src (Src-CA) and dominant negative Src (Src-DN) in the mouse brain by in utero electroporation perturbed neuronal migration through affecting the adhesion properties and cytoskeletal dynamics of migrating neurons. Overexpression of Src-WT and Src-CA induced aggregation and branching of migrating neurons, whereas overexpression of Src-DN led to abnormal elongation of the leading processes of migrating neurons. Furthermore, we showed that Src activates the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and cofilin by regulating their phosphorylation levels. We conclude that Src controls neuronal migration by regulating adhesion properties and F-actin dynamics of migrating neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - L Z Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - L L Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - W Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - X J Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - S L Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - M Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S T Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Palacios-García I, Lara-Vásquez A, Montiel JF, Díaz-Véliz GF, Sepúlveda H, Utreras E, Montecino M, González-Billault C, Aboitiz F. Prenatal stress down-regulates Reelin expression by methylation of its promoter and induces adult behavioral impairments in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117680. [PMID: 25679528 PMCID: PMC4332679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress causes predisposition to cognitive and emotional disturbances and is a risk factor towards the development of neuropsychiatric conditions like depression, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. The extracellular protein Reelin, expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells during cortical development, plays critical roles on cortical lamination and synaptic maturation, and its deregulation has been associated with maladaptive conditions. In the present study, we address the effect of prenatal restraint stress (PNS) upon Reelin expression and signaling in pregnant rats during the last 10 days of pregnancy. Animals from one group, including control and PNS exposed fetuses, were sacrificed and analyzed using immunohistochemical, biochemical, cell biology and molecular biology approaches. We scored changes in the expression of Reelin, its signaling pathway and in the methylation of its promoter. A second group included control and PNS exposed animals maintained until young adulthood for behavioral studies. Using the optical dissector, we show decreased numbers of Reelin-positive neurons in cortical layer I of PNS exposed animals. In addition, neurons from PNS exposed animals display decreased Reelin expression that is paralleled by changes in components of the Reelin-signaling cascade, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, PNS induced changes in the DNA methylation levels of the Reelin promoter in culture and in histological samples. PNS adult rats display excessive spontaneous locomotor activity, high anxiety levels and problems of learning and memory consolidation. No significant visuo-spatial memory impairment was detected on the Morris water maze. These results highlight the effects of prenatal stress on the Cajal-Retzius neuronal population, and the persistence of behavioral consequences using this treatment in adults, thereby supporting a relevant role of PNS in the genesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. We also propose an in vitro model that can yield new insights on the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of prenatal stress.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Nuclear/genetics
- Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Maternal Exposure
- Mental Disorders/etiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Palacios-García
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Lara-Vásquez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F. Montiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela F. Díaz-Véliz
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo Sepúlveda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, and Fondo de Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP) “Center for Genome Regulation”, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Montecino
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, and Fondo de Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP) “Center for Genome Regulation”, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Vargas-Martínez F, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Petersson M, Olausson HA, Jiménez-Estrada I. Neuropeptides as neuroprotective agents: Oxytocin a forefront developmental player in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 123:37-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
90
|
Kim J, Yoon H, Basak J, Kim J. Apolipoprotein E in synaptic plasticity and Alzheimer's disease: potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Mol Cells 2014; 37:767-76. [PMID: 25358504 PMCID: PMC4255096 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically characterized with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature that occurs prior to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. Mounting evidence suggests that aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau leads to synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration, thereby to memory loss. Among the established genetic risk factors for AD, the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor. We and others previously demonstrated that apoE regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance in an isoform-dependent manner. While the effect of apoE on Aβ may explain how apoE isoforms differentially affect AD pathogenesis, there are also other underexplored pathogenic mechanisms. They include differential effects of apoE on cerebral energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, neurovascular function, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. ApoE is a major carrier of cholesterols that are required for neuronal activity and injury repair in the brain. Although there are a few conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism is still unclear, several lines of studies demonstrated that apoE4 leads to synaptic deficits and impairment in long-term potentiation, memory and cognition. In this review, we summarize current understanding of apoE function in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, involving low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), syndecan, and LRP8/ApoER2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224,
USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224,
USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, FL 32224,
USA
| | - Jacob Basak
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,
USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224,
USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Jacksonville, FL 32224,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Burrell TC, Divekar SD, Weeber EJ, Rebeck GW. Fyn tyrosine kinase increases Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 levels and phosphorylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110845. [PMID: 25340851 PMCID: PMC4207760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 (ApoER2) and the tyrosine kinase Fyn are both members of the Reelin pathway, a signaling pathway essential for the laminar formation of the cortex during development and proper dendritic spine density and long-term potential (LTP) in the adult brain. In the presence of extracellular Reelin, ApoER2 binds the intracellular protein Dab1, an adaptor protein that is phosphorylated by Fyn. However, direct interactions between ApoER2 and Fyn are not well defined. Here, we show that total levels of ApoER2 and surface levels of ApoER2 are increased by active Fyn. Via a separate mechanism, ApoER2 is also phosphorylated by Fyn, an event that peaks in the postnatal cortex at day 5 and can occur at multiple ApoER2 tyrosine residues. Dab1 is also involved in this phosphorylation, promoting the phosphorylation of ApoER2 by Fyn when it is itself phosphorylated. These results elucidate some of the intracellular mechanisms that give rise to a functional Reelin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teal C. Burrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Shailaja D. Divekar
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - G. William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Li L, Zhang W, Chai X, Zhang Q, Xie J, Chen S, Zhao S. Neuronal maturation and laminar formation in the chicken optic tectum are accompanied by the transition of phosphorylated cofilin from cytoplasm to nucleus. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 16:75-85. [PMID: 25290739 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laminar formation in the chicken optic tectum requires processes that coordinate proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons, in which the dynamics of actin filaments are crucial. Cofilin plays pivotal roles in regulating actin arrangement via its phosphorylation on Ser3. Given poor studies on the profile of phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin) in the developing tectum, we investigated its expression pattern. As determined by immunofluorescence histochemistry and western blotting, p-cofilin could be detected in most tectal layers except for the neural epithelium. In addition, we found p-cofilin was expressed both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. During development, the expression of the cytoplasmic p-cofilin was decreasing and the nuclear p-cofilin was gradually increasing, but the total level of p-cofilin was down regulated. Double-labeling experiments revealed that the nuclear p-cofilin could be labeled in mature neurons but undetected in immature neurons. Furthermore, the number of cells co-stained with nuclear p-cofilin and NeuN was up-regulated during lamination and 60% cells were detected to be mature neurons that can express nuclear p-cofilin just at the first appearance of completed laminae. Our results demonstrate that the maturation of neurons is accompanied by this cytoplasm-to-nucleus transition of p-cofilin, and the nuclear p-cofilin can work effectively as a marker in the laminar formation of the chicken optic tectum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiongfang Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Chai X, Fan L, Shao H, Lu X, Zhang W, Li J, Wang J, Chen S, Frotscher M, Zhao S. Reelin Induces Branching of Neurons and Radial Glial Cells during Corticogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3640-53. [PMID: 25246510 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons migrate along the processes of radial glial cells (RGCs) to reach their final positions in the cortex. Here, we visualized individual migrating neurons and RGCs using in utero electroporation. We show that branching of migrating neurons and RGCs is closely correlated spatiotemporally with the distribution of Reelin. Time-lapse imaging revealed that the leading processes of migrating neurons gave rise to increasingly more branches once their growth cones contacted the Reelin-containing marginal zone. This was accompanied by translocation of the nucleus and gradual shortening of the leading process. Absence of Reelin in reeler mice altered these processes resulting in misorientation, loss of bipolarity, and aberrant migration of cortical neurons. Moreover, in reeler, the branching of the basal processes of RGCs in the marginal zone was severely disrupted. Consistent with previous reports, we show that in dissociated reeler cortical cultures, exposure to recombinant Reelin enhanced dendritic complexity and glial branching. Our results suggest that Reelin induces branching of the leading processes of migrating neurons and that of basal processes of RGCs when they arrive at the Reelin-containing marginal zone. Branching of these processes may be crucial for the termination of nuclear translocation during the migratory process and for correct neuronal positioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, ZMNH, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Shao
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xi Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, ZMNH, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Shulin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, ZMNH, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, ZMNH, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Institute of Zoology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Larios JA, Jausoro I, Benitez ML, Bronfman FC, Marzolo MP. Neurotrophins regulate ApoER2 proteolysis through activation of the Trk signaling pathway. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:108. [PMID: 25233900 PMCID: PMC4177048 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ApoER2 and the neurotrophin receptors Trk and p75NTR are expressed in the CNS and regulate key functional aspects of neurons, including development, survival, and neuronal function. It is known that both ApoER2 and p75NTR are processed by metalloproteinases, followed by regulated intramembrane proteolysis. TrkA activation by nerve growth factor (NGF) increases the proteolytic processing of p75NTR mediated by ADAM17. Reelin induces the sheeding of ApoER2 ectodomain depending on metalloproteinase activity. However, it is not known if there is a common regulation mechanism for processing these receptors. Results We found that TrkA activation by NGF in PC12 cells induced ApoER2 processing, which was dependent on TrkA activation and metalloproteinases. NGF-induced ApoER2 proteolysis was independent of mitogen activated protein kinase activity and of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity. In contrast, the basal proteolysis of ApoER2 increased when both kinases were pharmacologically inhibited. The ApoER2 ligand reelin regulated the proteolytic processing of its own receptor but not of p75NTR. Finally, in primary cortical neurons, which express both ApoER2 and TrkB, we found that the proteolysis of ApoER2 was also regulated by brain-derived growth factor (BDNF). Conclusions Our results highlight a novel relationship between neurotrophins and the reelin-ApoER2 system, suggesting that these two pathways might be linked to regulate brain development, neuronal survival, and some pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Alameda 340, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Bellani S, Mescola A, Ronzitti G, Tsushima H, Tilve S, Canale C, Valtorta F, Chieregatti E. GRP78 clustering at the cell surface of neurons transduces the action of exogenous alpha-synuclein. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1971-83. [PMID: 25124556 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation or multiplication of the alpha-synuclein (Syn)-encoding gene is frequent cause of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidences point to the pathogenic role of excess Syn also in sporadic PD. Syn is a cytosolic protein, which has been shown to be released from neurons. Here we provide evidence that extracellular Syn induces an increase in surface-exposed glucose-related protein of 78 kDa (GRP78), which becomes clustered in microdomains of the neuronal plasma membrane. Upon interacting with Syn, GRP78 activates a signaling cascade leading to cofilin 1 inactivation and stabilization of microfilaments, thus affecting morphology and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton in cultured neurons. Downregulation of GRP78 abolishes the activity of exogenous Syn, indicating that it is the primary target of Syn. Inactivation of cofilin 1 and stabilization of actin cytoskeleton are present also in fibroblasts derived from genetic PD patients, which show a dramatic increase in stress fibers. Similar changes are displayed by control cells incubated with the medium of PD fibroblasts, only when Syn is present. The accumulation of Syn in the extracellular milieu, its interaction with the plasma membrane and Syn-driven clustering of GRP78 appear, therefore, responsible for the dysregulation of actin turnover, leading to early deficits in synaptic function that precede neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bellani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - A Mescola
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - G Ronzitti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - H Tsushima
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - S Tilve
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - C Canale
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - F Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - E Chieregatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Mota SI, Ferreira IL, Valero J, Ferreiro E, Carvalho AL, Oliveira CR, Rego AC. Impaired Src signaling and post-synaptic actin polymerization in Alzheimer's disease mice hippocampus--linking NMDA receptors and the reelin pathway. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:698-709. [PMID: 25128699 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been related to deregulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and synaptic dysfunction in response to amyloid-beta peptide. NMDAR anchorage to post-synaptic membrane depends in part on Src kinase, which is also implicated in NMDAR activation and actin cytoskeleton stabilization, two processes relevant for normal synaptic function. In this study we analyzed the changes in GluN2B subunit phosphorylation and the levels of proteins involved in Src related signaling pathways linking the Tyr kinase to actin cytoskeleton polymerization, namely reelin, disabled-1 (Dab1) and cortactin, in hippocampal and cortical homogenates obtained from the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) that shows progression of pathology as a function of age versus age-matched wild-type mice. Moreover, we evaluated regional post-synaptic actin polymerization using phalloidin labeling in hippocampal slices. Young (3month-old) 3xTg-AD male mice hippocampus exhibited decreased GluN2B Tyr1472 phosphorylation and reduced Src activity. In the cortex, decreased Src activity correlated with reduced levels of reelin and Dab1, implicating changes in the reelin pathway. We also observed diminished phosphorylated Dab1 and cortactin protein levels in the hippocampus and cortex of young 3xTg-AD male mice. Concordantly with the recognized role of these proteins in actin stabilization, we detected a significant decrease in post-synaptic F-actin in 3month-old 3xTg-AD male CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions. These data suggest deregulated Src-dependent signaling pathways involving GluN2B-composed NMDARs and post-synaptic actin cytoskeleton depolymerization in the hippocampus in early stages of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Mota
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ildete L Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana L Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Life Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Catarina R Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Expression and regulation of reelin and its receptors in the enteric nervous system. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
98
|
Diaz-Mendoza MJ, Lorda-Diez CI, Montero JA, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Reelin/DAB-1 Signaling in the Embryonic Limb Regulates the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Digit Mesodermal Progenitors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1397-404. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan M. Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IFIMAV; Universidad de Cantabria; Santander Spain
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
How does Reelin control neuronal migration and layer formation in the developing mammalian neocortex? Neurosci Res 2014; 86:50-8. [PMID: 24969097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex has a laminar structure that develops in a birth-date-dependent "inside-out" pattern. Its layered structure is established by neuronal migration accompanied by sequential changes in migratory mode regulated by several signaling cascades. Although Reelin was discovered about two decades ago and is one of the best known molecules that is indispensable to the establishment of the "inside-out" neuron layers, the cellular and molecular functions of Reelin in layer formation are still largely unknown. In this review article, we summarize our recent understanding of Reelin's functions during neuronal migration. Reelin acts in at least two different steps of neuronal migration: the final step of neuronal migration (somal/terminal translocation) just beneath the marginal zone (MZ) and the regulation of cell polarity step when the neurons change their migratory mode from multipolar migration to locomotion. During the translocation mode, Reelin activates integrin α5β1 through an intracellular pathway that triggers the translocation and activates N-cadherin in concert with the nectin-afadin system. Reelin is also involved in the termination of neuronal migration by degrading Dab1 via the SOCS7-Cullin5-Rbx2 system, and Reelin has been found to induce the birth-date-dependent neuronal aggregation in vivo. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the molecular function of Reelin during neuronal migration is to control cell-adhesiveness during development by regulating the expression/activation of cell adhesion molecules.
Collapse
|
100
|
Sotelo P, Farfán P, Benitez ML, Bu G, Marzolo MP. Sorting nexin 17 regulates ApoER2 recycling and reelin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93672. [PMID: 24705369 PMCID: PMC3976305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoER2 is a member of the low density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family. As a receptor for reelin, ApoER2 participates in neuronal migration during development as well as synaptic plasticity and survival in the adult brain. A previous yeast two-hybrid screen showed that ApoER2 is a binding partner of sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) - a cytosolic adaptor protein that regulates the trafficking of several membrane proteins in the endosomal pathway, including LRP1, P-selectin and integrins. However, no further studies have been performed to investigate the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function. In this study, we present evidence based on GST pull-down and inmunoprecipitation assays that the cytoplasmic NPxY endocytosis motif of ApoER2 interacts with the FERM domain of SNX17. SNX17 stimulates ApoER2 recycling in different cell lines including neurons without affecting its endocytic rate and also facilitates the transport of ApoER2 from the early endosomes to the recycling endosomes. The reduction of SNX17 was associated with accumulation of an ApoER2 carboxy-terminal fragment (CTF). In addition, in SNX17 knockdown cells, constitutive ApoER2 degradation was not modified, whereas reelin-induced ApoER2 degradation was increased, implying that SNX17 is a regulator of the receptor's half-life. Finally, in SNX17 silenced hippocampal and cortical neurons, we underscored a positive role of this endosomal protein in the development of the dendritic tree and reelin signaling. Overall, these results establish the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function and aid in identifying new links between endocytic trafficking and receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sotelo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Farfán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Luisa Benitez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|