Psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence

Role of personality in tobacco smoking behavior in corporate sector: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

India's corporate sector has grown steadily over the past decade, and it is providing a lot of work opportunities to Indian youth. Around 20% of employees in the corporate sector in India smoke cigarettes. In general, addictive behaviors including smoking are associated with certain personality dimensions. Hence, we conducted a study with the aims to assess the level of nicotine dependence in tobacco smokers (working in corporate sector), study their personality profile, and association of their personality traits with continuing smoking behavior.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study proposal along with its intended aims and objectives was cleared by the Institutional Ethical Review Board. It was a cross-sectional study. We used FTND for level of nicotine dependence and NEO FFI 3 for personality profile along with a structured proforma.

RESULTS

Most of the clients were of very low to low level of nicotine dependence. As high as 40% of the clients did not even attempt to quit smoking, most common reason for attempt at quitting was health concerns. Major causes of relapse were friends, people at workplace, and nature of work. Clients were high on neuroticism, average on extraversion and openness, and low on agreeableness and conscientiousness. Neuroticism was significantly associated with the level of nicotine dependence. Extraversion and openness were associated with health concerns, while agreeableness and conscientiousness were associated with social factors as a reason to quit. Extraversion and agreeableness were associated with occupational factors and social factors as reasons to relapse.

CONCLUSION

Understanding one's personality would be helpful to identify health-enhancing (which help to attempt at quitting) and health-destructive (which were responsible for relapse) behaviors. This can further help in framing interventions that particularly target these personality traits and behaviors.

Abortion and sex-related conditions in substance-dependent Brazilian patients

Abortion is a very sensitive issue with relevance to public health; however few clinical or population-based studies have examined induced abortion among drug users. The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of induced abortion and sex-related conditions in an inpatient drug user sample. A cross-sectional design study was conducted in an inpatient addiction treatment unit in São Paulo, Brazil, with a sample of 616 patients, aged 18-75. Sociodemographic data, sexual behavior, and dependence severity were evaluated in relation to induced abortion. Approximately 27% of patients reported having a history of abortion (themselves in the case of women or partners in the case of men). The mean age was 34.6±10.9 years old, 34.9% diagnosed with severe alcohol dependence, 33% were diagnosed with severe levels of dependence on other drugs, 69.6% were diagnosed cocaine users (inhaled and smoked), and alcohol was the drug of choice for 30.4%. Chances of having a history of abortion is greater for women than for men with a odds ratio (OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.75-4.76), (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.09-2.75) of no condom use; (OR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.35-3.23) of history of STI and (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.29-5.73) use of morning-after pill. Drug- and alcohol-dependent patients have high-risk behaviours of sporadic use or no-condom use which contribute to unplanned pregnancy and induced abortion, making this vulnerable population a group which deserves special attention in sexual health prevention programmes and health promotion efforts for the reduction of induced abortion.

Cigarette dependence and depressive symptoms as predictors of smoking status at five-year follow-up after a workplace smoking cessation program

Workplace smoking cessation interventions increase quit rates compared to no treatment or minimal interventions. However, most studies report data up to one year. This study aims to evaluate long-term effects of a worksite smoking cessation intervention based on cognitive behavioral cessation groups combined with first-line medications, and determine to what extent cigarette dependence (FTCD) and depressive symptoms may influence results at five-year follow-up. Participants were invited to answer a short survey five years after starting the program. A total of 90.4% (n=227) of those who had attended at least one treatment session and were alive, completed the survey. At the five-year follow-up, 29.5% participants reported continuous abstinence. Low scores in the FTCD and low depressive symptoms at baseline predicted continuous abstinence. Three out of four continuous abstainers at twelve months remained abstinent at the five-year follow-up. The study shows that workplace smoking cessation interventions have long-term effects and supports the traditional one-year follow-up period to assess smoking cessation.

Pé Diabético: onde podemos intervir?

Trata-se de estudo descritivo, em coorte transversal incluindo 59 indivíduos com DM, que apresentavam pé diabético como complicação, atendidos no ambulatório de Pé Diabético do Centro Hiperdia, no município de Juiz de Fora – MG, no período de julho de 2013 a julho de 2014. Resultados: As condições predisponentes mais prevalentes foram HAS (96,6%), neuropatia (85,4%) e dislipidemia (69,5%). Foi observada ainda presença de sobrepeso/obesidade (28,8%/50,8%), tabagismo (42,4%), sedentarismo (28,8%) e mau controle glicêmico (HbA1c: 8,8% ±2,24 ). Em relação ao cuidado com os pés, 86,4% dos participantes se diziam conscientes. É fundamental a instituição da educação em diabetes em todos os níveis de cuidado, para que a prevenção se dê de forma realmente eficaz, visto que a maioria dos fatores de risco são modificáveis. A orientação desses pacientes sobre cuidado com os pés é um importante instrumento na redução do risco de ulceração e amputação em membros inferiores.

Effect of attentional retraining on cognition, craving, and smoking in African American smokers

African American cigarette smokers have lower rates of cessation than Whites and live in communities with a higher number of tobacco advertisements. Exposure to smoking cues may promote smoking and undermine cessation. It may be possible to reduce attention to smoking cues ("attentional bias"). In this study, we investigated the effect of attentional retraining (AR) on attentional bias and smoking in African American smokers. Nontreatment- seeking African American smokers (N = 64) were randomly assigned to an AR or control condition. Participants were given a mobile device for 2 weeks and prompted to complete up to 3 AR (or control) trainings per day. Participants completed assessments of attentional bias, craving, and smoking both in the lab and in the field. Participants in the AR and control conditions completed an average of 29.07 AR (SD = 12.48) and 30.61 control training tasks (SD = 13.07), respectively. AR reduced attentional bias assessed in the laboratory, F(1, 126) = 9.20, p = .003, and field, F(1, 374) = 6.18, p = .01. This effect generalized to new stimuli, but not to new tasks. AR did not significantly reduce craving or biological measures of smoking. Smoking assessed on the mobile device declined over days in the AR group, F(1, 26) = 10.95, p = .003, but not in the control group, F(1, 27) = 0.02, p = .89. Two weeks of AR administered on a mobile device reduced attentional bias in African American smokers and had mixed effects on smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record

Impact of illicit opioid use on T cell subsets among HIV-infected adults

Objectives

Opioids have immunosuppressive properties, yet opioid effects on T cell abnormalities consistent with the immune risk phenotype among HIV-infected individuals are understudied.

Methods

To assess associations between illicit opioid use and T cell characteristics (CD4/CD8 ratio, memory profiles based on CD45RO and CD28 expression, and senescence based on CD57 expression), we conducted an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of Russia ARCH, a cohort of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected individuals recruited 11/2012 to 10/2014 in St. Petersburg, Russia. The main independent variable was past 30 day illicit opioid use (yes vs. no). Secondary analyses evaluated none (0 days), intermittent (1 to 7 days), and persistent (8 to 30 days) opioid use. Outcomes were determined with flow cytometry. Analyses were conducted using linear regression models.

Results

Among 186 participants, 38% reported any illicit opioid use (18% intermittent and 20% persistent). Any illicit opioid use was not significantly associated with T cell characteristics. Intermittent opioid use appeared to be associated with decreased memory CD8+ T cells proportion (CD45RO+CD45RA- CD8+ T cells: adjusted mean difference [AMD] [95% CI] = -6.15 [-11.50, -0.79], p = 0.02) and borderline significant increased senescent T cells (%CD57+ of total CD28-CD8+ T cells (AMD [95% CI] = 7.70 [-0.06, 15.46], p = 0.05).

Conclusions

Among ART-naïve HIV-infected Russians, any illicit opioid use was not significantly associated with T cell abnormalities although intermittent illicit opioid use may be associated with CD8 T cell abnormalities. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings given increased risk of infections and comorbidities seen among HIV-infected individuals with illicit opioid use.

Nasal mucociliary transportability of male and female smokers

Introduction

Female smoker's present increased susceptibility to several diseases when compared to the opposite gender. However, there are no studies showing differences in nasal mucociliary transport behavior between male and female smokers.

Objective

To compare the nasal mucociliary transportability in male and female smokers and non-smokers, taking into consideration age, anthropometric data, smoking load and pulmonary function.

Methods

The analysis included 139 individuals (33 men and 37 women smokers and 32 men and 37 women non-smokers). All participants answered an initial interview to obtain personal data and smoking load. Anthropometric data and carbon monoxide in the exhaled air were assessed. Individuals also performed pulmonary function test and Saccharin Transit Time test. To compare saccharin transit time values between men and women, smokers and non-smokers, stratification of all independent variables was performed (sociodemographic, smoking and respiratory variables) into two categories: below and above the median values.

Results

There was no difference between men and women, smokers and non-smokers, regarding nasal mucociliary transportability. Significant differences were only observed between non-smokers. Among those with less forced vital capacity values (<97.37% of predicted), women presented mucociliary transport faster than men. Moreover, it was observed influence of BMI and COex (women smokers), FCV and FEV1 (men non-smokers) and FEF_25–75% (women non-smokers) on saccharin transit time values.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, nasal mucociliary transport in male and female adult smokers, apparently healthy, are similar.

The Starting Treatment for Ethanol in Primary care Trials (STEP Trials): Protocol for Three Parallel Multi-Site Stepped Care Effectiveness Studies for Unhealthy Alcohol Use in HIV-Positive Patients

Unhealthy alcohol use is common among HIV-positive patients, yet effective evidence-based treatments are rarely provided in clinical settings providing HIV care. Further, given patient variability in response to initial treatments, stepped care approaches may be beneficial. We describe the rationale, aims and study design for the current StartingTreatment forEthanol inPrimary care Trials (STEP Trials); three parallel randomized controlled effectiveness trials being conducted in five Infectious Disease Clinics. Participants meeting criteria for: 1) at-risk drinking, 2) moderate alcohol use with liver disease (MALD), or 3) alcohol use disorder (AUD) are randomized to integrated stepped care versus treatment as usual. For those with at-risk drinking or MALD, integrated stepped care starts with a one session brief intervention and follow-up 2-week telephone booster. Based on pre-specified nonresponse criteria, participants may be "stepped up" at week 4 to receive four sessions of motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and "stepped up" again at week 12 for addiction physician management (APM) and consideration of alcohol pharmacotherapy. For those with AUD, integrated stepped care begins with APM. Non-responders may be "stepped up" at week 4 to receive MET and again at week 12 for a higher level of care (e.g. intensive outpatient program). The primary outcome is alcohol consumption assessed at 24weeks, and secondary outcome is the VACS Index, a validated measure of HIV morbidity and mortality risk. Results from the STEP Trials should inform future research and the implementation of interventions to address unhealthy alcohol use among HIV-positive individuals.

Prevalence of chronic spinal pain and identification of associated factors in a sample of the population of São Paulo, Brazil: cross-sectional study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

Chronic spinal pain, especially low-back pain and neck pain, is a leading cause of years of life with disability. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of chronic spinal pain among individuals aged 15 years or older and to identify the factors associated with it.

DESIGN AND SETTING:

Cross-sectional epidemiological study on a sample of the population of the city of São Paulo.

METHOD:

Participants were selected using random probabilistic sampling and data were collected via face-to-face interviews. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), EuroQol-5D, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and Brazilian economic classification criteria were used.

RESULTS:

A total of 826 participants were interviewed. The estimated prevalence of chronic spinal pain was 22% (95% confidence interval, CI: 19.3-25.0%). The factors independently associated with chronic spinal pain were: female sex, age 30 years or older, schooling level of four years or less, symptoms compatible with anxiety and high physical exertion during the main occupation. Quality of life and self-rated health scores were significantly worse among individuals with chronic spinal pain.

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of chronic spinal pain in this segment of the population of São Paulo was 22.0%. The factors independently associated with chronic pain were: female sex, age 30 years or older, low education, symptoms compatible with anxiety and physical exertion during the main occupation.

A specific nursing educational program in patients with Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine disease, due to cortisol hypersecretion. CS patients have comorbidities, often still present after biochemical cure. Specific nursing healthcare programs to address this disease and achieve improved health related quality of life (HRQoL) are lacking. Thus, an educational nursing intervention, through the development and promotion of specific educational tools, appears to be justified. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of an educational nursing program in CS patients on HRQoL, clinical parameters, level of pain and physical activity, patterns of rest, and use of health resources. A prospective, randomized study was conducted in two reference hospitals for CS. Sixty-one patients (mean age 47 ± 12.7 years, 83.6 % females) were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: an "intervention" group where educational sessions were performed over 9 months and a "control" group, without these sessions. Specific questionnaires were used at the beginning and end of the study. After educational sessions, the intervention group had a better score in the CushingQoL questionnaire (p < 0.01), reduced level of pain (p < 0.05), improved physical activity (p < 0.01) and healthy lifestyle (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. A correlation between the CushingQoL score and reduced pain (r = 0.46, p < 0.05), improved physical activity (r = 0.89, p < 0.01), and sleep (r = 0.53, p = 0.01) was observed. This educational nursing program improved physical activity, healthy lifestyle, better sleep patterns, and reduced pain in CS patients, influencing HRQoL and reducing consumption of health resources. Moreover, the brief nature of the program suggests it as a good candidate to be used in CS patients.

Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Behaviors in a Sample of Brazilian Male Substance Misusers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential relationship between self-reported sexual dysfunction, sexual behavior, and severity of addiction of drug users. A cross-sectional design study was conducted at an inpatient addiction treatment unit in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a sample of 508 male drug users. Sociodemographic data, sexual behavior, and severity of dependence were evaluated.The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 37.2% and premature ejaculation was 63.8%. Men with sexual dysfunction presented from moderate to severe level of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs of dependence. The findings from this study are particularly relevant identifying those sociodemographic factors, severity of drug use, and sexual behavior are related to men who experience sexual dysfunction. Health promotion and motivational interventions on sexual health targeted to male drug users can contribute in reducing these at-risk behaviors. More interdisciplinary research is desirable in future in considering men’s sexual health.

Linking Infectious and Narcology Care (LINC) in Russia: design, intervention and implementation protocol

BACKGROUND

Russia and Eastern Europe have one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in the world. While countries in this region have implemented HIV testing within addiction treatment systems, linkage to HIV care from these settings is not yet standard practice. The Linking Infectious and Narcology Care (LINC) intervention utilized peer-led strengths-based case management to motivate HIV-infected patients in addiction treatment to obtain HIV care. This paper describes the protocol of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of the LINC intervention in St. Petersburg, Russia.

METHODS/DESIGN

Participants (n = 349) were recruited from the inpatient wards at the City Addiction Hospital in St. Petersburg, Russia. After completing a baseline assessment, participants were randomly assigned to receive either the LINC intervention or standard of care. Participants returned for research assessments 6 and 12 months post-baseline. Primary outcomes were assessed via chart review at HIV treatment locations.

DISCUSSION

LINC holds the potential to offer an effective approach to coordinating HIV care for people who inject drugs in Russia. The LINC intervention utilizes existing systems of care in Russia, minimizing adoption of substantial infrastructure for implementation. Trial Registration NCT01612455.

E-Cigarettes for Immediate Smoking Substitution in Women Diagnosed with Cervical Dysplasia and Associated Disorders

The aim of this study was to determine if 31 women with cervical dysplasia and associated conditions exacerbated by smoking would be successful substituting cigarettes with their choice of either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Women received motivational interviewing and tried both NRT and ECs, choosing one method to use during a six-week intervention period. Daily cigarette consumption was measured at baseline, six, and 12 weeks, with differences analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Study analysis consisted only of women choosing to use ECs (29/31), as only two chose NRT. At the 12-week follow-up, the seven day point prevalence abstinence from smoking was 28.6%, and the median number of cigarettes smoked daily decreased from 18.5 to 5.5 (p < 0.0001). The median number of e-cigarette cartridges used dropped from 21 at the six-week follow-up to 12.5 at the 12-week follow-up. After initiating EC use, women at risk for cervical cancer were able to either quit smoking or reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Although a controlled trial with a larger sample size is needed to confirm these initial results, this study suggests that using ECs during quit attempts may reduce cigarette consumption.

Descriptive epidemiology and high risk behavior of male prescription opioid abusers: Cross-sectional study from Sikkim, North East India

BACKGROUND

Sikkim is emerging as an important area for prescription opioid abuse with frequent news of seizures and arrests due to possession of prescription opioids. However, till date there is a little information on descriptive epidemiology and high risk behavior of prescription opioid abusers from Sikkim.

AIMS

The aim was to describe demographic (age, sex, religion, marital status, community, occupation, etc.); socioeconomic (income, education, family information etc.); and high risk behavior (e.g., injection sharing, visit to commercial sex workers [CSWs], homosexuality etc.) among treatment-seeking prescription opioid abusers in Sikkim.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Epidemiological data were collected by administering predevised questionnaires from n = 223 prescription opioid abusers (main problem prescription opioids) reporting for treatment at five different drug abuse treatment centers across Sikkim.

RESULTS

The mean age of prescription opioid abusers in Sikkim was 27 years; all were male, of Nepalese ethnicity and single/never married, school dropout and/or illiterate, earning < Rs. 10,000/month with most spending almost Rs. 5000 a month on prescription opioids. Most (57.4%) prescription opioid abusers belonged to the urban community. Commonly abused prescription opioids were dextropropoxyphene and codeine. Injection sharing was more in urban areas whereas syringe exchange was observed equally among rural and urban prescription opioid abusers. Among urban injectors visits to CSWs, and multiple sex partners were also common in spite of knowledge about AIDS. Limited condom use was observed among rural respondents. Incidences of arrests, public intoxication, and violence under the influence of prescription opioids were also reported.

CONCLUSION

Both the rural and urban areas of Sikkim show increasing rates of prescription opioid abuse among males. It is more prevalent among school dropouts and unemployed youth. Trends of injection drug use, unsafe injection, high risk behavior have also been observed.

Is impulsivity a symptom of initial tobacco withdrawal? A meta-analysis and qualitative systematic review

INTRODUCTION

We reviewed existing experimental studies of whether impulsivity is a symptom of tobacco withdrawal.

METHODS

We conducted searches of PubMed, PsychInfo and other sources to find experimental studies that measured self-reported impatience, delay discounting (DD), or response inhibition (RI) while smoking and during initial abstinence in untreated smokers. Two of the authors (JRH and MD) independently examined titles, then abstracts, and then articles to locate studies and to enter study characteristics. Major inclusion criteria were (a) adult daily smokers, (b) measured impulsivity before and after ≥13hr of abstinence, and (c) no pharmacological treatment provided.

RESULTS

We located 6 studies that examined self-reported impatience, 4 that examined DD, and 3 that examined RI. A meta-analysis was feasible only for the impatience studies. A random-effects meta-analysis found initial abstinence increased impatience by 0.44 points on 4-point scales (p = .0001). Importantly, 3 of the 4 impatience studies that examined the time course found a time-limited pattern consistent with a withdrawal effect. Qualitative review of the DD and RI studies found mixed results such that no conclusions could be made.

CONCLUSION

The number of studies on impulsivity and tobacco abstinence is surprisingly small. Self-reported impatience appears to be a tobacco withdrawal symptom but whether it is associated with functional changes in DD or RI is unclear. Further studies of whether abstinence produces objective changes in impulsivity, and whether increases in impulsivity during abstinence prompt relapse, are needed.

Fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados ao tabagismo na população idosa

Objetivos Identificar a condição tabágica dos idosos e verificar os fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados ao hábito de fumar nessa população. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, observacional e analítico, com 980 idosos da zona urbana do município de Uberaba-MG. Utilizaram-se os instrumentos Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e Questionário Brasileiro de Avaliação Funcional e Multidimensional (BOMFAQ). Os idosos foram classificados como tabagistas, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas de acordo com as Diretrizes para Cessação do Tabagismo. As análises procederam por meio do software SPSS-17. A condição tabágica dos idosos foi descrita por meio de frequências simples e absolutas. Aplicou-se o teste Cramer’s V (p ≤ 0,05) na análise bivariada e em seguida a Regressão Logística Multinomial Múltipla (p ≤ 0,05) ajustados para sexo e faixa etária de acordo com a classificação tabágica. Resultados Encontraram-se 122 (12,4%) idosos tabagistas, 320 (32,7%) ex-tabagistas e 538 (54,9%) não tabagistas. Os idosos tabagistas apresentaram-se com 3,57, 2,36 e 1,82 mais riscos de chances de ser do sexo masculino (p < 0,001), estar na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos (p = 0,004) e não ter companheiro(a) (p = 0,008), respectivamente. Para os idosos ex-tabagistas, também foi encontrada maior chance de risco (5,34) para o sexo masculino (p < 0,001). Conclusão Os resultados evidenciam que o sexo, a faixa etária e a situação conjugal são fatores associados ao tabagismo na população idosa.

Chronic pain prevalence and associated factors in a segment of the population of São Paulo City

A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey was performed to determine the prevalence of chronic pain (CP) and to identify associated factors in a random sample of persons 15 years or older from a segment of the population of São Paulo City, Brazil. A total of 1,108 eligible participants were randomly selected, and face-to-face interviews were performed with 826 individuals (74.5%) between December 2011 and February 2012. Chronic Pain Grade, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and EuroQol-5D were used to verify pain characteristics and the associated signs of psychological distress. A prevalence of 42% (95% confidence interval, 38.6-45.4) was observed for CP, and the participants with CP had an average pain intensity of 5.9 (standard deviation = 1.9) and a pain-related disability of 4.1 (standard deviation = 3.2) on a 0 to 10 scale. Persistent pain was present in 68.6% of those with CP, and 32.8% of the population sample had high-intensity or high-interference pain (Chronic Pain Grade II, III, and IV). Quality of life was significantly worse among the CP individuals. The following factors were independently associated with CP: female gender, age 30 years or older, ≤ 4 years of education, symptoms consistent with anxiety, and intense physical strain. Indicators of pain severity increased with pain grades.

PERSPECTIVE

CP is highly prevalent in the city of São Paulo and has a considerable impact on health-related quality of life. Demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors are independently associated with this condition.

Substance use by same sex attracted young people: Prevalence, perceptions and homophobia

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS

Research highlights that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people use alcohol and drugs (AOD) more than heterosexual people; however, the incidence of AOD use by LGBT youth is less understood. The purpose of the current study was to ascertain AOD prevalence rates for LGBT youth compared with the Australian youth population; perceptions of AOD use within the LGBT community; and the impact of homophobia on AOD use.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The study surveyed a cross-sectional sample of LGBT youth (13-24 years) (n = 161) who attended a LGBT festival in Brisbane, Australia, in 2012. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Drug Check Assessment Tool were utilised to examine patterns of AOD use, with items developed to explore perceptions of AOD use and homophobia.

RESULTS

AOD use was common among the LGBT sample, with higher prevalence rates compared with the general Australian youth population (2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey). AOD use by under 18-year-olds, and gender diverse youth was markedly higher. The majority misperceived AOD use to be the same in the LGBT and heterosexual communities. Those who believed homophobia impacted on AOD use were significantly more likely to use AOD.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The higher prevalence of AOD use strongly suggests the need for AOD agencies to better respond to LGBT youth by not only screening sexuality and gender identity but also exploring young people's perceptions of AOD use in the LGBT community and their experiences of homophobia in order to provide effective AOD clinical treatment.

Nicotine dependence and smoking habits in patients with head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVE

To assess smoking habits and nicotine dependence (ND) in patients with head and neck cancer Methods: This study involved 71 smokers or former smokers with squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx who were treated at a university hospital in the city of São Paulo between January and May of 2010. We used the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence to evaluate smoking habits and ND in the sample. Data regarding cancer treatment were collected from medical records. Depending on the variables studied, we used the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, or Spearman's correlation test.

RESULTS

Of the 71 patients, 47 (66.2%) presented with high or very high ND, 40 (56.3%) smoked more than 20 cigarettes/day, and 32 (45.1%) smoked their first cigarette within 5 min of awakening. Advanced disease stage correlated significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (p = 0.011) and with smoking history (p = 0.047). We found that ND did not correlate significantly with gender, disease stage, smoking cessation, or number of smoking cessation attempts, nor did the number of cigarettes smoked per day correlate with smoking cessation or gender. Treatment for smoking cessation was not routinely offered.

CONCLUSIONS

In most of the patients studied, the level of ND was high or very high. The prevalence of heavy smoking for long periods was high in our sample. A diagnosis of cancer is a motivating factor for smoking cessation. However, intensive smoking cessation treatment is not routinely offered to smoking patients diagnosed with cancer.

Reactivity to negative affect in smokers: the role of implicit associations and distress tolerance in smoking cessation

Avoidance of negative affect is one motivational factor that explains smoking cessation relapse during cessation attempts. This negative reinforcement model of smoking cessation and relapse has demonstrated the importance of one's ability to tolerate nicotine withdrawal symptoms, particularly negative affect states, in remaining abstinent from smoking. Distress tolerance and implicit associations are two individual constructs that may influence the strength of this relationship. In this pilot study the authors examined implicit associations related to avoidance and negative affect using a modified Implicit Association Test (IAT), a measure designed to examine implicit associations related to negative affect and avoidance, and the relationship of these associations to distress tolerance and smoking relapse. In total, 40 participants were recruited through community flyers as part of a larger smoking cessation study. Participants completed a brief smoking history, behavioral distress tolerance assessments, and the modified IAT. Smoking status was assessed via phone 3days and 6days post-quit date. Results from a Cox proportional hazard model revealed that implicit associations between avoidance and negative affect were significantly negatively correlated with time to relapse after a smoking cessation attempt, whereas the behavioral distress tolerance assessments did not predict time to relapse. This study provides novel information about the cognitive associations that may underlie avoidant behavior in smokers, and may be important for understanding smoking relapse when negative affect states are particularly difficult to tolerate. Authors discuss the importance of implicit associations in understanding smoking relapse and how they can be targeted in treatment.

Inverted U shaped effect of nicotine on the severity of depressive symptoms: A population-based survey

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether that nicotine concentration represented by the degree of smoking dependence variably influence the rate and severity of depressive symptoms.

METHODS

Cross-sectional, analytical study, involving 300 medical students selected by random sampling techniques were asked to complete a questionnaire contains three parts: demographic information, Beck Depression Inventory with cutoff point for depression is 17 and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence with cutoff point for severe dependence is five.

RESULTS

A total of 233 medical students completed the questionnaire; their mean age was (21.38 ± 1.74). The rate of smoking was 22.7% while that of depression was 32.2%. Low dependent smokers in contrast to other groups of smokers and non-smokers display the lowest rate of depressive symptoms (15%), while the highest rate recorded among severely dependent smokers (71.4%, p = 0.0001). After adjustment of other risk factors, regression analysis reveal that severe dependent smokers associated with 12.5 odds of depressive symptoms than non-smokers (p = 0.0001, C.I. 4.10-38.29).

CONCLUSION

In comparison with light and moderate smokers, heavy smokers demonstrate higher risk of depressive symptoms in medical students.

[Campaign against smoking in a home for the elderly: the report of an experiment]

Studies on institutionalized elderly smokers are important for developing appropriate preventive measures. This was a cross-sectional population-based study of individuals over 60 admitted to a Home for the Elderly in the Federal District. The following aspects were investigated: smoking prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical profile, gender, education, probable depression, degree of motivation to stop smoking, prior use of medication to stop smoking and perception of the harm of smoking to health. Spirometry, the measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide and classification according to severity of nicotine dependence were conducted. The program followed guidelines for stopping smoking, and was evaluated one year later. Results revealed that 25.7% were smokers, 22.8% men and 2.9% women, mean age 68.3 ± 8.5 years. A significant decrease in smoking among the more elderly was detected. Significant associations emerged between the degree of nicotine dependence and education, probable depression, degree of motivation for stopping smoking and perception of the harm of smoking to health. Higher indices of carbon monoxide were identified in individuals with severe obstruction. Initially, 37.9% of smokers agreed to participate in the campaign, and after a year 9% of them succeeded in stopping smoking.

The Young Adults' Cigarette Dependence (YACD) score: an improved tool for cigarette dependence assessment in university students

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoking induces dependence in young smokers.

PURPOSE

The primary objective of this work was to validate the use of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in young Lebanese university students, and to improve it eventually by adding new items covering DSM-IV and ICD-10 dependence components.

METHODS

We used data from a cross-sectional study on university students. A standardized questionnaire was administered, with items related to cigarette dependence: the FTND and the new Young Adults' Cigarette Dependence (YACD) scale. For both tools, factor and reliability analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Although the FTND test showed satisfactory psychometric properties, the YACD showed better construct validity and reliability, covered dependence concept better and discriminated better between those who wanted to stop smoking and those who did not.

CONCLUSIONS

FTND could be used in university students' population; however, the YACD scale could be more useful.

Factors associated with length of hospital stay among HIV positive and HIV negative patients with tuberculosis in Brazil

Objective

Identify and analyze the factors associated to length of hospital stay among HIV positive and HIV negative patients with tuberculosis in Manaus city, state of Amazonas, Brazil, in 2010.

Methods

Epidemiological study with primary data obtained from monitoring of hospitalized patients with tuberculosis in Manaus. Data were collected by interviewing patients and analyzing medical records, according to the following study variables age, sex, co-morbidities, education, race, income, lifestyle, history of previous treatment or hospitalization due to tuberculosis, treatment regimen, adverse reactions, smear test, clinical form, type of discharge, and length of hospital stay. The associated factors were identified through chi-square or t-Student test at a 5% significance level.

Results

Income from 1 to 3 minimum wages (P = 0.028), pulmonary tuberculosis form (P = 0.011), negative smear test or no information in this regard (P = 0.014), initial 6-month treatment scheme (P = 0.029), and adverse drug reactions (P = 0.021) were associated to prolonged hospital stay in HIV positive patients.

Conclusion

We found out that although there were no significant differences in the length of hospital stay in HIV positive patients, all factors significantly associated to prolonged hospital stay occurred in this group of patients. This finding corroborates other studies indicating the severity of tuberculosis in HIV patients, which may also contribute to lengthen their hospital stay.

Work ability assessment in a worker population: comparison and determinants of Work Ability Index and Work Ability score

Background

Public authorities in European countries are paying increasing attention to the promotion of work ability throughout working life and the best method to monitor work ability in populations of workers is becoming a significant question. The present study aims to compare the assessment of work ability based on the use of the Work Ability Index (WAI), a 7-item questionnaire, with another one based on the use of WAI’s first item, which consists in the worker’s self-assessment of his/her current work ability level as opposed to his/her lifetime best, this single question being termed “Work Ability score” (WAS).

Methods

Using a database created by an occupational health service, the study intends to answer the following questions: could the assessment of work ability be based on a single-item measure and which are the variables significantly associated with self-reported work ability among those systematically recorded by the occupational physician during health examinations? A logistic regression model was used in order to estimate the probability of observing “poor” or “moderate” WAI levels depending on age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, position held, firm size and diseases reported by the worker in a population of workers aged 40 to 65 and examined between January 2006 and June 2010 (n=12389).

Results

The convergent validity between WAS and WAI was statistically significant (rs=0.63). In the multivariable model, age (p<0.001), reported diseases (OR=1.13, 95%CI [1.11-1.15]) and holding a position mostly characterized by physical activity (OR=1.67, 95%CI [1.49-1.87]) increased the probability of reporting moderate or poor work ability. A work position characterized by the predominance of mental activity (OR=0.71, 95%CI [0.61-0.84]) had a favourable impact on work ability. These relations were observed regardless of the work ability measurement tool used.

Conclusion

The convergent validity and the similarity in results between WAI and WAS observed in a large population of employed workers should thus foster the use of WAS for systematic screening of work ability. Ageing, overweight, decline in health status, holding a mostly physical job and working in a large-sized firm increase the risk of presenting moderate or poor work ability.

An examination of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence among concurrent tobacco and khat users

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) among tobacco smokers who use khat (Catha edulis), a widely used substance in East Africa and Arabian Peninsula. We also explored gender differences in response to FTND items because little attention has been paid to women's smoking behavior in Middle Eastern societies. A total of 103 (38 women) concurrent users (mean age +/- SD: 24.4 +/- 5.2) were recruited from two universities in Yemen. An Arabic version of FTND was developed using back-translation method. Chronbach's alpha was used to examine the reliability and principal component analysis was conducted to test the factor structure of the scale. The scale was found to have low internal consistency reliability (Chronbach's alpha = .58). Two factors were identified, accounting for 57% of the total variance. A series of chi-square analyses found that men indicated more symptoms associated with nicotine dependence than women (ps < .05). Although the poor reliability observed in the present sample argues for a cautious approach when assessing nicotine dependence among khat users, the findings on factor structure and gender differences may provide support for the validity of the scale. Taking into account sociocultural factors associated with patterns of smoking behavior among this population should improve the psychometric properties of FTND.

An integrated data analysis approach to investigating measurement equivalence of DSM nicotine dependence symptoms

INTRODUCTION

Research identifying nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms most appropriate for measurement of adolescent ND and invariant across the range of smoking exposure is hampered by limited sample size and variability of smoking behavior within independent studies. Integrative data analysis, the process of pooling and analyzing data from multiple studies, produces larger and more heterogeneous samples with which to evaluate measurement equivalence across the full continuum of smoking quantity and frequency.

METHODS

Data from two studies were pooled to obtain a large sample of adolescent and young adult smokers with considerable variability in smoking. We used moderated nonlinear factor analysis, which produces study equivalent ND scores, to simultaneously evaluate whether 14 DSM ND symptoms had equivalent psychometric properties (1) at different levels of smoking frequency and (2) across a continuous range of smoking quantity, after accounting for study differences.

RESULTS

Nine of 14 symptoms were equivalent across levels of smoking frequency and quantity in probability of endorsement at different levels of ND and in ability to discriminate between levels of ND severity. A more precise ND factor score accounted for study and smoking related differences in symptom psychometric properties.

CONCLUSIONS

DSM-IV symptoms may be used to reliably assess ND in young populations across a wide range of smoking quantity and frequency and within both nationally representative and geographically restricted samples with different study designs. Symptoms shared across studies produced an equivalently scaled ND factor score, demonstrating that integrating data for the purpose of studying ND in young smokers is viable.

The Lebanese Cigarette Dependence (LCD) Score: a comprehensive tool for cigarette dependence assessment

BACKGROUND

Cigarette smoking induces dependence.

PURPOSE

The primary objective of this work was to validate the use of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) in the Lebanese population, and to broaden it eventually by adding new items covering DSM-IV and ICD-10 dependence components.

METHODS

We used data from two samples: a cross-sectional national study and a case-control study. A standardized questionnaire was administered, with items related to cigarette dependence: the FTND and the new Lebanon Cigarette Dependence (LCD) scale. For both tools, an exploratory factor analysis was performed on sample 1, while confirmatory factor analysis was performed on sample 2.

RESULTS

Although the FTND test showed satisfactory psychometric properties, the LCD showed better validity and reliability, covered dependence concept better, and showed a higher correlation with the number of times the participant tried to stop smoking (r = -0.087; p = 0.029 versus r = -0.215; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

FTND could be used in the Lebanese population; however, the LCD scale may be more useful.

Time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on adolescent smoking regularity

BACKGROUND

Little is known about time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on the regularity of adolescent smoking behavior.

METHODS

The sample was drawn from the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study which followed adolescent smokers over 5 assessment waves spanning 48 months. Participants included former experimenters (smoked <100 cigarettes/lifetime but did not smoke in past 90 days), recent experimenters (smoked <100 cigarettes/lifetime and smoked in past 90 days), and current smokers (smoked >100 cigarettes/lifetime and smoked in past 30 days). Mixed-effects regression models were run to examine the time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on regularity of smoking behavior, as measured by number of days smoked.

RESULTS

Smoking quantity and nicotine dependence were each found to be significantly associated with regularity of adolescent smoking and the size of each effect exhibited significant variation over time. The effect of smoking quantity decreased across time for each smoking group, while the effect of nicotine dependence increased across time for former and recent experimenters. By the 48-month follow-up, the effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence had each stabilized across groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals that smoking quantity and nicotine dependence are not static risk factors for the development of more regular smoking patterns. At low levels of smoking when nicotine dependence symptoms are less common, smoking quantity is a stronger predictor of increased regularity of smoking, while for more experienced smokers, nicotine dependence predicts further increases in regularity.

Comparison of craving between smoked and smokeless tobacco across a variety of cue exposures

Smokeless tobacco use is a major health issue but has received less attention in craving research. The present non-funded study aimed to assess craving associated with smokeless tobacco compared to smoked forms. Forty-eight nicotine dependent male subjects attending a deaddiction center in India were recruited. The subjects were exposed to six nicotine related and two control cues in random order for variable time durations. The urge to consume the tobacco product was rated. Tobacco-related cues produced different patterns and degrees of craving among users of smoked and smokeless tobacco. This has implications for management and drug development.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and reproducibility of the Brazilian portuguese-language version of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale

OBJECTIVE

To cross-culturally adapt the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) for use in Brazil and evaluate the reproducibility of the new (Brazilian Portuguese-language) version.

METHODS

The original English version of the WSWS was translated into Brazilian Portuguese. For cross-cultural adaptation, the Brazilian Portuguese-language version of the WSWS was administered to eight volunteers, all of whom were smokers. After adjustments had been made, the WSWS version was back-translated into English. The Brazilian Portuguese-language version was thereby found to be accurate. The final Brazilian Portuguese-language version of the WSWS was applied to 75 smokers at three distinct times. For the assessment of interobserver reproducibility, it was applied twice within a 30-min interval by two different interviewers. For the assessment of intraobserver reproducibility, it was applied again 15 days later by one of the interviewers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used in order to test the concordance of the answers. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Of the 75 volunteers, 43 (57.3%) were female. The overall mean age was 46.3 years. Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility was determined for each of the WSWS seven domains, the ICCs for which ranged from 0.87 to 0.94 and from 0.76 to 0.92, respectively. The mean time to completion of the WSWS was 6 min and 44 s, and the response time per question ranged from 4.2 to 12.6 s.

CONCLUSIONS

The Brazilian Portuguese-language version of the WSWS is reproducible, fast, and simple. It can therefore be used as a tool for assessing the severity of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal syndrome.

Aplicação de um programa de cessação do tabagismo com rodoviários urbanos

O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever a aplicação de um programa de cessação do tabagismo realizado em uma empresa de transporte coletivo urbano que implantou a política do ambiente livre do fumo. Pretende-se contribuir apresentando um modelo de intervenção de abordagem cognitivocomportamental possível de ser implantado no contexto organizacional. Método: o programa foi realizado em três etapas: levantamento no número de fumantes (n=90; 13% do universo total de funcionários), avaliação do nível de dependência de nicotina (n=30; 33% dos fumantes) e realização dos grupos de cessação do tabagismo, dos quais participaram 16 fumantes (18%). Os grupos aconteceram em quatro encontros semanais, com duração de duas horas cada, sendo que, após trinta dias, foi realizado um encontro de manutenção. Resultados: o programa demonstrou boa eficácia, pois, dos 16 fumantes que participaram, 7 atingiram a abstinência e 9 reduziram o consumo. Conclusão: os psicólogos podem ser agentes comprometidos em manter um ambiente livre de fumo e prevenir os efeitos do tabagismo nas organizações utilizando intervenções cognitivo-comportamentais como a descrita.

Female sexual dysfunction in patients with substance-related disorders

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction symptoms and the associated risk factors in a sample of patients with substance-related disorders admitted to a specialized in-patient care unit.

METHODS

This study used a cross-section design, with eight months of data collection, conducted with substance-dependent women using structured questionnaires to collect socio-demographic data and identify their drug of choice. The Drug Abuse Screening Test, Short Alcohol Dependence Data questionnaire, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and Arizona Sexual Experience Scale were also administered.

RESULTS

The sample consisted of 105 women who had a mean age of 34.8 years (SD = 12.1, range = 18-65) and were predominantly heterosexual (74.3%), single (47.6%), Caucasian (50.5%), catholic (36.2%), and educated only to the level of primary education (40%), with a monthly family income of up to one minimum salary (37.5%). In 42.9% of the patients, crack was the drug of choice; 47.6% of the sample qualified for the Drug Abuse Screening Test (substantial problems related to drugs), 43.8% exhibited Short Alcohol Dependence Data (moderate or severe dependency), 47.6% exhibited Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (high or very high nicotine dependence). The prevalence of sexual dysfunction symptoms was 34.2% (95% CI = [25.3, 44.1]), and a high level of nicotine dependence and low income increased the chances of having sexual dysfunction by 2.72-fold and 2.54 fold, respectively. An association was also observed between female sexual dysfunction symptoms and schooling and levels of drug dependence.

CONCLUSIONS

Female sexual dysfunction symptoms were common among this sample and primarily associated with high levels of nicotine use.

The effect of nucleus accumbens lesions on appetite, sexual function, and nicotine dependence in recovering heroin addicts

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key part of the neural circuitry that creates reward, pleasure and motivation that facilitates human feeding, sexual and smoking behaviors. In the brain reward system, the NAc is a crucial component responsible for natural and drug-induced reinforcement behaviors. Yet it is unclear whether NAc is indispensible for all reward behaviors in human beings. The present study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of NAc ablation on sexual function, appetite, and nicotine dependence level in chronic heroin users. Eighteen former heroin-dependent patients (male) with bilateral NAc ablation via stereotactic radiofrequency surgery for alleviating drug psychological dependence were recruited. Their postoperative time ranged from 12 to 103 months. All subjects received MRI scans for assessing the accuracy of the lesion site. Evaluation of appetite, sexual function, and nicotine dependence were measured using the Simplified Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire, the Brief Sexual Function Inventory, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, respectively. After precluding the potential confounding variables, such as drug use (dosage and duration), post-operation duration, age, body-weight, marital status and education level, ANOVA with repeated measures revealed that the NAc ablation improved the patients’ appetite, sexual drive and sexual satisfaction. Yet there was no change in male erectile function, ejaculatory function, or nicotine dependence levels compared to the preoperative. These may suggest that although NAc is a key part of the neural circuitry, the NAc surgical lesions left the fundamental aspects of natural and drug-induced reinforcement and motivation almost intact.

Desvalorização de ganhos e perdas monetárias em fumantes, fumantes em tratamento e não fumantes

Fumantes tendem a escolher recompensas imediatas de menor valor e desvalorizar as atrasadas de maior valor em modelos de desvalorização pelo atraso (DA). Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a escolha temporal de consequências apetitivas e aversivas de fumantes que decidem parar de fumar. Por isso, investigou-se a DA em uma tarefa com perdas e ganhos de valores monetários hipotéticos em fumantes (n = 20), fumantes em tratamento (n = 20) e não fumantes (n = 20), que também responderam o questionário de tolerância de Fagerström e o ASSIST. A DA foi maior para fumantes do que para não fumantes para ganhos (mas não perdas). Fumantes em tratamento não diferiram dos outros grupos, apresentando uma DA intermediária. Estes podem ser um subgrupo de fumantes menos impulsivos ou a decisão de parar de fumar reduziu a DA. A DA pode ser uma preditora do sucesso da cessação do tabagismo.

[Factors associated with smoking in the elderly: a health survey in São Paulo (ISA-SP)]

This article reports on smoking prevalence and associated factors in the elderly, based on a population-based cross-sectional study with multi-stage sampling including 1,954 individuals 60 years or older living in four areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall smoking prevalence was 12.2%, and higher rates were associated with male gender, age 60-69 years, not belonging to an Evangelical church, lower income, low body weight, lack of leisure-time physical activity, depression/anxiety, and hypertension. There was a high prevalence of smokers among individuals with a history of stroke, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The results point to the need for effective interventions in healthcare services to promote smoking cessation among the elderly, since many are unable to stop on their own, even when they have tobacco-related illnesses. Special attention should be paid to individuals that depend on the National Health System, since smoking prevalence is higher in underprivileged socioeconomic groups.

Clinico-epidemiological profile of tobacco users attending a tobacco cessation clinic in a teaching hospital in Bangalore city

Background:

Tobacco-attributable mortality in India is estimated to be at least 10%. Tobacco cessation is more likely to avert millions of deaths before 2050 than prevention of tobacco use initiation.

Objective:

To describe the clinico-epidemiological profile of attendees of a tobacco cessation clinic in a teaching hospital in Bangalore city.

Materials and Methods:

A descriptive study of 189 attendees seen over 2 years in the Tobacco Cessation Clinic of a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Bangalore, with information on socio demographic characteristics, tobacco-use details, nicotine dependence, family/medical history, past quit attempts, baseline stage-of-change, and treatment initiated.

Results:

Only 5% were ‘walk-in’ patients; 98% of attendees were smokers; 97% were males. The mean (±SD) age of attendees was 48.0 (±14.0) years. Most participants were married (88%), and predominantly urban (69%). About 62% had completed at least 8 years of schooling. Two-thirds of smokers reported high levels of nicotine dependence (Fagerström score >5/10). About 43% of patients had attempted quitting earlier. Four-fifths (79%) of tobacco-users reported a family member using tobacco. Commonly documented comorbidities included: Chronic respiratory disease (44%), hypertension (23%), diabetes (12%), tuberculosis (9%), myocardial infarction (2%), stroke (1%), sexual dysfunction (1%) and cancer (0.5%). About 52% reported concomitant alcohol use. At baseline, patients’ motivational stage was: Precontemplation (14%), contemplation (48%), preparation/action (37%) and maintenance (1%). Treatment modalities started were: Counseling alone (41%), nicotine replacement therapy alone (NRT) (34%), medication alone (13%), and NRT+medication (12%).

Conclusions:

This is the first study of the baseline profile of patients attending a tobacco cessation clinic located within a chest medicine department in India. Important determinants of outcome have been captured for follow-up and prospective documentation of outcomes.

Gender Differences in the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in Korean Americans

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to compare gender differences in the psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). METHODS: The sample comprised 334 Korean immigrants (97 women and 237 men) who reported daily smoking for the past six months. Item-by-item responses and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were compared by gender. Promax rotation was selected based on findings from previous studies suggesting correlated factors. RESULTS: Compared with men, women smoked fewer cigarettes per day, were more likely to smoke when ill in bed, and were less likely to smoke frequently in the morning. The entire sample and men within the sample had the same factor loading pattern, where three items (time to first cigarette, the cigarette most hate to give up, and smoke more frequently in the morning) were loaded on Factor 1 (morning smoking) and the remaining three items (difficult to refrain from smoking in public places, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and smoking even when ill in bed) on Factor 2 (daytime smoking). For women, however, neither the 1- nor 2-factor model fit the data well. CONCLUSIONS: For Korean American male smokers, the psychometric properties of the FTND were similar to those seen in other populations, but this was not the case with Korean American women. Clinicians may need to modify their interpretation of nicotine dependence severity if basing only on the FTND with Korean Women. The FTND assesses smoking patterns which has a cultural influence and other measures of nicotine dependence should be considered.

Tobacco use and nicotine dependency in a cross-sectional representative sample of 18,018 individuals in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

BACKGROUND

Data on prevalence, pattern of tobacco use, proportion of population dependent on nicotine and their determinants are important for developing and implementing tobacco control strategies. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and nicotine dependency.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey among a representative sample of 18,018 individuals in the age group of >=14 years was conducted in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2007-09. A structured questionnaire, a modified version of an instrument which was used successfully in several multi-country epidemiological studies of the World Health Organisation, was used to survey individual socio-demographic details, known co-morbid conditions, tobacco use and alcohol use. Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to estimate nicotine dependence.

RESULTS

The response rate of our survey was 97% (18,018/18,554). Females (n = 8,888) were significantly younger than males (34.3 + 14.6 Vs 36.2 + 15.4 years). The prevalence of current tobacco use in any form was 48.9% (95% CI: 48.2-49.6). Tobacco chewing alone was prevalent in 40.9% (95% CI: 40.1-41.6) of the population. While one tenth of males (9.7%, 95% CI: 9.1-10.4) were nicotine dependent, it was only 3% (95% CI: 2.7-3.4) in females. Three fourth of the tobacco users initiated use of tobacco before reaching 21 years of age. Age, current use of alcohol, poor educational status, marital status, social groups, and co-morbidities were the main determinants of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in the population.

CONCLUSION

The high prevalence of tobacco use especially the chewing form of tobacco in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the differences in prevalence and pattern of tobacco use and nicotine dependency observed across subgroups warrants implementation of culturally specific tobacco control activities in this population.

The effects of acute doses of nicotine on video lottery terminal gambling in daily smokers

RATIONALE

A growing body of evidence suggests that gambling frequently co-occurs with smoking, yet little is known about the degree to which nicotine and/or tobacco use influences gambling behavior. Nonetheless, an increasing number of studies suggest that acute administration of nicotine may alter other reinforcing behaviors in both animal and human models, raising the possibility that nicotine may also influence gambling behavior and craving.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of nicotine on subjective and behavioral gambling responses.

METHODS

Twenty-eight (15 male) regular gamblers who smoke daily completed two double-blind laboratory sessions where their subjective and behavioral responses to video lottery terminal (VLT) gambling were assessed, following the administration of nicotine inhalers (NI; 4 mg deliverable) or placebo inhalers.

RESULTS

NI significantly decreased tobacco-related cravings (p < 0.05) but did not affect gambling-related cravings, VLT betting patterns, or subjective responses (ps > 0.1).

CONCLUSIONS

NI were found to acutely suppress tobacco-related cravings without influencing gambling. These results suggest that use of nicotine replacement therapies may be a safe option for gamblers who are attempting to quit smoking.