51
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Storck H, Hild B, Schimmelpfennig S, Sargin S, Nielsen N, Zaccagnino A, Budde T, Novak I, Kalthoff H, Schwab A. Ion channels in control of pancreatic stellate cell migration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:769-784. [PMID: 27903970 PMCID: PMC5352195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a critical role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Once activated, PSCs support proliferation and metastasis of carcinoma cells. PSCs even co-metastasise with carcinoma cells. This requires the ability of PSCs to migrate. In recent years, it has been established that almost all "hallmarks of cancer" such as proliferation or migration/invasion also rely on the expression and function of ion channels. So far, there is only very limited information about the function of ion channels in PSCs. Yet, there is growing evidence that ion channels in stromal cells also contribute to tumor progression. Here we investigated the function of KCa3.1 channels in PSCs. KCa3.1 channels are also found in many tumor cells of different origin. We revealed the functional expression of KCa3.1 channels by means of Western blot, immunofluorescence and patch clamp analysis. The impact of KCa3.1 channel activity on PSC function was determined with live-cell imaging and by measuring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). KCa3.1 channel blockade or knockout prevents the stimulation of PSC migration and chemotaxis by reducing the [Ca2+]i and calpain activity. KCa3.1 channels functionally cooperate with TRPC3 channels that are upregulated in PDAC stroma. Knockdown of TRPC3 channels largely abolishes the impact of KCa3.1 channels on PSC migration. In summary, our results clearly show that ion channels are crucial players in PSC physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Sargin
- Institut für Physiologie II, 48149 Münster, Gemany
| | | | - Angela Zaccagnino
- UKSH, Campus Kiel, Institut für Experimentelle Tumorforschung (IET), Sektion Molekulare Onkologie, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institut für Physiologie I, 48149 Münster, Gemany
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- UKSH, Campus Kiel, Institut für Experimentelle Tumorforschung (IET), Sektion Molekulare Onkologie, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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Yang C, Peng P, Li L, Shao M, Zhao J, Wang L, Duan F, Song S, Wu H, Zhang J, Zhao R, Jia D, Zhang M, Wu W, Li C, Rong Y, Zhang L, Ruan Y, Gu J. High expression of GFAT1 predicts poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39044. [PMID: 27996048 PMCID: PMC5172351 DOI: 10.1038/srep39044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal of all types of cancer, with the 5-year survival rate ranging only at 6–7%. The aberrant glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and as a branch of glucose metabolism, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) has been reported to play a critical role in the insulin resistance and progression of cancer. Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP; nevertheless, the prognostic value of GFAT1 in pancreatic cancer remains elusive. In this study, we found that the expression of GFAT1 was increased in pancreatic cancer samples compared to peri-tumor tissues. High expression of GFAT1 was positively associated with lymph node metastasis, pTNM stage and shorter overall survival (OS) in pancreatic cancer patients. GFAT1 was identified as an independent prognosticator for OS, and combining GFAT1 expression with pTNM stage generated a predictive nomogram, which showed better prognostic efficiency for OS in patients with pancreatic cancer. In summary, high GFAT1 expression is identified as an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome in our small number of pancreatic cancer patients, and the practical prognostic nomogram model may help clinicians in decision making and the design of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Peike Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yefei Rong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Zaccagnino A, Pilarsky C, Tawfik D, Sebens S, Trauzold A, Novak I, Schwab A, Kalthoff H. In silico analysis of the transportome in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 45:749-763. [PMID: 27652669 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The altered expression and/or activity of ion channels and transporters (transportome) have been associated with malignant behavior of cancer cells and were proposed to be a hallmark of cancer. However, the impact of altered transportome in epithelial cancers, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as its pathophysiological consequences, still remains unclear. Here, we report the in silico analysis of 840 transportome genes in PDAC patients' tissues. Our study was focused on the transportome changes and their correlation with functional and behavioral responses in PDAC tumor and stromal compartments. The dysregulated gene expression datasets were filtered using a cut-off of fold-change values ≤-2 or ≥2 (adjusted p value ≤0.05). The dysregulated transportome genes were clearly associated with impaired physiological secretory mechanisms and/or pH regulation, control of cell volume, and cell polarity. Additionally, some down-regulated transportome genes were found to be closely linked to epithelial cell differentiation. Furthermore, the observed decrease in genes coding for calcium and chloride transport might be a mechanism for evasion of apoptosis. In conclusion, the current work provides a comprehensive overview of the altered transportome expression and its association with predicted PDAC malignancy with special focus on the epithelial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaccagnino
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - C Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Tawfik
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - I Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27 b, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - H Kalthoff
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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54
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Inaguma S, Ito H, Riku M, Ikeda H, Kasai K. Addiction of pancreatic cancer cells to zinc-finger transcription factor ZIC2. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28257-68. [PMID: 26318045 PMCID: PMC4695058 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of GLI transcription factors of Hedgehog signaling is key for various cancer cell properties, especially in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Zinc-finger transcriptional regulators ZIC1 to ZIC5 of ZIC gene family were demonstrated to associate with GLI to increase the nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity of GLI. Notwithstanding this supportive role for GLI-dependent transcription, it was not fully understood whether ZIC plays an independent role in cancer cell biology. Here, we found that ZIC2 is indispensable in the regulation of PDAC cell apoptosis. We found that human PDAC cell lines uniquely express ZIC2. ZIC2 knockdown induced PDAC cell apoptosis; conversely, ZIC2 over-expression enhanced the cellular proliferation. Through a comprehensive screening, we identified fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and ANNEXIN A8 (ANXA8) as genes up-regulated by ZIC2 in PDAC cells. The forced expression of these two genes cooperatively rescued the apoptosis of ZIC2-knockdown cells. Immunohistochemical analyses further supported the correlation of ZIC2 expression and these genes in human pancreata harboring PDAC. Intriguingly, the ZIC2-mediated up-regulation of FGFR3 and ANXA8 was indicated to be GLI -independent. This evidence highlights the indispensable role of ZIC2 in regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis during PDAC development and suggests a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ito
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miho Riku
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasai
- Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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55
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Rodriguez SA, Impey SD, Pelz C, Enestvedt B, Bakis G, Owens M, Morgan TK. RNA sequencing distinguishes benign from malignant pancreatic lesions sampled by EUS-guided FNA. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84:252-8. [PMID: 26808815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) is the primary method used to obtain pancreatic tissue for preoperative diagnosis. Accumulating evidence suggests diagnostic and prognostic information may be obtained by gene-expression profiling of these biopsy specimens. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) is a newer method of gene-expression profiling, but published data are scant on the use of this method on pancreas tissue obtained via EUS-FNA. The aim of this study was to determine whether RNAseq of EUS-FNA biopsy samples of undiagnosed pancreatic masses can reliably discriminate between benign and malignant tissue. METHODS In this prospective study, consenting adults presented to 2 tertiary care hospitals for EUS of suspected pancreatic mass. Tissue was submitted for RNAseq. The results were compared with cytologic diagnosis, surgical pathology diagnosis, or benign clinical follow-up of at least 1 year. RESULTS Forty-eight patients with solid pancreatic mass lesions were enrolled. Nine samples were excluded because of inadequate RNA and 3 because of final pathologic diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. Data from the first 13 patients were used to construct a linear classifier, and this was tested on the final 23 patients (15 malignant and 8 benign lesions). RNAseq of EUS-FNA biopsy samples distinguishes ductal adenocarcinoma from benign pancreatic solid masses with a sensitivity of .87 (range, .58-.98) and specificity of .75 (range, .35-.96). CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-principle study suggests RNAseq of EUS-FNA samples can reliably detect adenocarcinoma and may provide a new method to evaluate more diagnostically challenging pancreatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Rodriguez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; The Oregon Clinic Gastroenterology, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Soren D Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brintha Enestvedt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gennadiy Bakis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Owens
- The Oregon Clinic Gastroenterology, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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56
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Basal metabolic state governs AIF-dependent growth support in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:286. [PMID: 27108222 PMCID: PMC4841948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), named for its involvement in cell death pathways, is a mitochondrial protein that regulates metabolic homeostasis. In addition to supporting the survival of healthy cells, AIF also plays a contributory role to the development of cancer through its enzymatic activity, and we have previously shown that AIF preferentially supports advanced-stage prostate cancer cells. Here we further evaluated the role of AIF in tumorigenesis by exploring its function in pancreatic cancer, a disease setting that most often presents at an advanced stage by the time of diagnosis. Methods A bioinformatics approach was first employed to investigate AIF mRNA transcript levels in pancreatic tumor specimens vs. normal tissues. AIF-deficient pancreatic cancer cell lines were then established via lentiviral infection. Immunoblot analysis was used to determine relative protein quantities within cells. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry; in vitro and Matrigel™ growth/survival using Coulter™ counting and phase contrast microscopy; and glucose consumption in the absence and presence of Matrigel™ using spectrophotometric methods. Results Archival gene expression data revealed a modest elevation of AIF transcript levels in subsets of pancreatic tumor specimens, suggesting a possible role in disease progression. AIF expression was then suppressed in a panel of five pancreatic cancer cell lines that display diverse metabolic phenotypes. AIF ablation selectively crippled the growth of cells in vitro in a manner that directly correlated with the loss of mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits and altered glucose metabolism, and these effects were exacerbated in the presence of Matrigel™ substrate. This suggests a critical metabolic role for AIF to pancreatic tumorigenesis, while the spectrum of sensitivities to AIF ablation depends on basal cellular metabolic phenotypes. Conclusions Altogether these data indicate that AIF supports the growth and survival of metabolically defined pancreatic cancer cells and that this metabolic function may derive from a novel mechanism so far undocumented in other cancer types.
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57
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Little EC, Camp ER, Wang C, Watson PM, Watson DK, Cole DJ. The CaSm (LSm1) oncogene promotes transformation, chemoresistance and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e182. [PMID: 26751936 PMCID: PMC4728675 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-associated Sm-like (CaSm) oncogene is overexpressed in 87% of human pancreatic tumor samples and CaSm knockdown has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Evidence indicates that CaSm modulates messenger RNA degradation; however, its target genes and the mechanisms by which CaSm promotes pancreatic cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the CaSm overexpression alters several hallmarks of cancer-including transformation, proliferation, chemoresistance and metastasis. Doxycycline-induced CaSm expression enhanced proliferation and both anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of the human Panc-1 cells in vitro. CaSm induction decreased gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity and altered the expression of apoptotic regulation genes, including Bad, E2F1 and Bcl-XL. CaSm-overexpressing Panc-1 cells were twofold more migratory and fourfold more invasive than the driver controls and demonstrated characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition such as morphological changes and decreased E-cadherin expression. CaSm induction resulted in changes in RNA expression of metastasis-associated genes such as MMP1, SerpinB5, uPAR and Slug. Using a murine model of metastatic pancreatic cancer, injection of CaSm-induced Panc-1 cells resulted in a higher abundance of hepatic metastatic lesions. Overall, CaSm overexpression contributed to a more aggressive cancer phenotype in Panc-1 cells, further supporting the use of CaSm as a therapeutic target against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Little
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - E R Camp
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C Wang
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P M Watson
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - D K Watson
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - D J Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Pilarsky C, Nanduri LK, Roy J. Gene Expression Analysis in the Age of Mass Sequencing: An Introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1381:67-73. [PMID: 26667455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3204-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last years the technology used for gene expression analysis has changed dramatically. The old mainstay, DNA microarray, has served its due course and will soon be replaced by next-generation sequencing (NGS), the Swiss army knife of modern high-throughput nucleic acid-based analysis. Therefore preparation technologies have to adapt to suit the emerging NGS technology platform. Moreover, interpretation of the results is still time consuming and employs the use of high-end computers usually not found in molecular biology laboratories. Alternatively, cloud computing might solve this problem. Nevertheless, these new challenges have to be embraced for gene expression analysis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | | | - Janine Roy
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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59
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Chow CR, Ebine K, Knab LM, Bentrem DJ, Kumar K, Munshi HG. Cancer Cell Invasion in Three-dimensional Collagen Is Regulated Differentially by Gα13 Protein and Discoidin Domain Receptor 1-Par3 Protein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1605-1618. [PMID: 26589794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can invade in three-dimensional collagen as single cells or as a cohesive group of cells that require coordination of cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. To examine the role of Gα13, a G12 family heterotrimeric G protein, in regulating cellular invasion in three-dimensional collagen, we established a novel method to track cell invasion by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-expressing cancer cells. We show that knockdown of Gα13 decreased membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-driven proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen and enhanced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. E-cadherin knockdown reversed Gα13 siRNA-induced cell-cell adhesion but failed to reverse the effect of Gα13 siRNA on proteolytic invasion. Instead, concurrent knockdown of E-cadherin and Gα13 led to an increased number of single cells rather than groups of cells. Significantly, knockdown of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-binding protein that also co-localizes to cell-cell junctions, reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Knockdown of the polarity protein Par3, which can function downstream of DDR1, also reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Overall, we show that Gα13 and DDR1-Par3 differentially regulate cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton to mediate invasion in three-dimensional collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Chow
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | | | - David J Bentrem
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and; Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- From the Departments of Medicine and; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ilinois 60611; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and.
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Cheng XB, Sato N, Kohi S, Koga A, Hirata K. Receptor for Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Motility is Associated with Poor Survival in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2015; 6:1093-8. [PMID: 26516356 PMCID: PMC4615344 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA)-mediated motility (RHAMM) is a nonintegral cell surface receptor involved in the aggressive phenotype in a wide spectrum of human malignancies, but the significance of RHAMM in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of RHAMM and its clinical relevance in PDAC. RHAMM mRNA expression was examined in 8 PDAC cell lines and in primary pancreatic cancer and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 14 patients using real-time RT-PCR. Western blotting was carried out to analyze the expression of RHAMM protein in PDAC cell lines. We also investigated the expression patterns of RHAMM protein in tissue samples from 70 PDAC patients using immunohistochemistry. The RHAMM mRNA expression was increased in some PDAC cell lines as compared to a non-tumorous pancreatic epithelial cell line HPDE. The RHAMM mRNA expression was significantly higher in PDAC tissues as compared to corresponding non-tumorous pancreatic tissues (P < 0.0001). The RHAMM protein expression was higher in the vast majority of PDAC cell lines relative to the expression in HPDE. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong expression of RHAMM in 52 (74%) PDAC tissues. Strong expression of RHAMM was significantly associated with a shorter survival time (P = 0.038). In multivariate analysis, tumor stage (P = 0.039), residual tumor (P = 0.015), and strong RHAMM expression (P = 0.034) were independent factors predicting poor survival. Strong expression of RHAMM may predict poor survival in PDAC patients and may provide prognostic and, possibly, therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Cheng
- 1. Department of Surgery 1, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan ; 2. Department of Breast Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Norihiro Sato
- 1. Department of Surgery 1, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Kohi
- 1. Department of Surgery 1, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Koga
- 1. Department of Surgery 1, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirata
- 1. Department of Surgery 1, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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Turkel N, Portela M, Poon C, Li J, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. Cooperation of the BTB-Zinc finger protein, Abrupt, with cytoskeletal regulators in Drosophila epithelial tumorigenesis. Biol Open 2015; 4:1024-39. [PMID: 26187947 PMCID: PMC4542289 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of cell polarity or cytoskeletal regulators is a common occurrence in human epithelial cancers. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence in human epithelial cancer that BTB-ZF genes, such as Bcl6 and ZBTB7A, are oncogenic. From our previous studies in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we have identified a cooperative interaction between a mutation in the apico-basal cell polarity regulator Scribble (Scrib) and overexpression of the BTB-ZF protein Abrupt (Ab). Herein, we show that co-expression of ab with actin cytoskeletal regulators, RhoGEF2 or Src64B, in the developing eye-antennal epithelial tissue results in the formation of overgrown amorphous tumours, whereas ab and DRac1 co-expression leads to non-cell autonomous overgrowth. Together with ab, these genes affect the expression of differentiation genes, resulting in tumours locked in a progenitor cell fate. Finally, we show that the expression of two mammalian genes related to ab, Bcl6 and ZBTB7A, which are oncogenes in mammalian epithelial cancers, significantly correlate with the upregulation of cytoskeletal genes or downregulation of apico-basal cell polarity neoplastic tumour suppressor genes in colorectal, lung and other human epithelial cancers. Altogether, this analysis has revealed that upregulation of cytoskeletal regulators cooperate with Abrupt in Drosophila epithelial tumorigenesis, and that high expression of human BTB-ZF genes, Bcl6 and ZBTB7A, shows significant correlations with cytoskeletal and cell polarity gene expression in specific epithelial tumour types. This highlights the need for further investigation of the cooperation between these genes in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezaket Turkel
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Marta Portela
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Carole Poon
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Jason Li
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Anthony M Brumby
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Haun RS, Quick CM, Siegel ER, Raju I, Mackintosh SG, Tackett AJ. Bioorthogonal labeling cell-surface proteins expressed in pancreatic cancer cells to identify potential diagnostic/therapeutic biomarkers. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1557-65. [PMID: 26176765 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to specifically target pancreatic tumors, it is necessary to identify cell-surface proteins that may serve as potential tumor-specific targets. In this study we used an azido-labeled bioorthogonal chemical reporter to metabolically label N-linked glycoproteins on the surface of pancreatic cancer cell lines to identify potential targets that may be exploited for detection and/or treatment of pancreatic cancer. Labeled glycoproteins were tagged with biotin using click chemistry, purified by streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads, separated by gel electrophoresis, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). MS/MS analysis of peptides from 3 cell lines revealed 954 unique proteins enriched in the azido sugar samples relative to control sugar samples. A comparison of the proteins identified in each sample indicated 20% of these proteins were present in 2 cell lines (193 of 954) and 17 of the proteins were found in all 3 cell lines. Five of the 17 proteins identified in all 3 cell lines have not been previously reported to be expressed in pancreatic cancer; thus indicating that novel cell-surface proteins can be revealed through glycoprotein profiling. Western analysis of one of these glycoproteins, ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), revealed it is expressed in 8 out of 8 pancreatic cancer cell lines examined. Further, immunohistochemical analysis of human pancreatic tissues indicates NT5E is significantly overexpressed in pancreatic tumors compared to normal pancreas. Thus, we have demonstrated that metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters can be used to selectively enrich and identify novel cell-surface glycoproteins expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S Haun
- a Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System; Little Rock , AR USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
| | - Charles M Quick
- c Department of Pathology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- d Department of Biostatistics; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
| | - Ilangovan Raju
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- e Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- e Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock , AR USA
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LaConti JJ, Laiakis EC, Mays AD, Peran I, Kim SE, Shay JW, Riegel AT, Fornace AJ, Wellstein A. Distinct serum metabolomics profiles associated with malignant progression in the KrasG12D mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25923219 PMCID: PMC4315147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide with less than a 6% 5-year survival rate. PDAC is associated with poor prognosis based on the late stage diagnosis of the disease. Current diagnostic tests lack the sensitivity and specificity to identify markers of early staging. Metabolomics has provided biomarkers for various diseases, stressors, and environmental exposures. In this study we utilized the p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D mouse model with age-matched wild type mice. This model shows malignant progression to PDAC analogous to the human disease stages via early and late pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. Results Serum was collected from mice with early PanIN lesions (at 3-5 months) and with late PanIN or invasive PDAC lesions (13-16 months), as determined by histopathology. Metabolomics analysis of the serum samples was conducted through UPLC-TOFMS (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry). Multivariate data analysis revealed distinct metabolic patterns in serum samples collected during malignant progression towards invasive PDAC. Animals with early or late stage lesions were distinguished from their respective controls with 82.1% and 81.5% accuracy, respectively. This also held up for randomly selected subgroups in the late stage lesion group that showed less variability between animals. One of the metabolites, citrate, was validated through tandem mass spectrometry and showed increased levels in serum with disease progression. Furthermore, serum metabolite signatures from animals with early stage lesions identified controls and animals with late stage lesions with 81.5% accuracy (p<0.01) and vice-versa with 73.2% accuracy (p<0.01). Conclusions We conclude that metabolomics analysis of serum samples can identify the presence of early and late stage pancreatic cancer.
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Watanabe T, Kato A, Terashima H, Matsubara K, Chen YJ, Adachi K, Mizuno H, Suzuki M. The PFA-AMeX method achieves a good balance between the morphology of tissues and the quality of RNA content in DNA microarray analysis with laser-capture microdissection samples. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:43-9. [PMID: 26023261 PMCID: PMC4337499 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, large-scale gene expression profiling is often performed using RNA extracted from unfixed frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples. However, both types of samples have drawbacks in terms of the morphological preservation and RNA quality. In the present study, we investigated 30 human prostate tissues using the PFA-AMeX method (fixation using paraformaldehyde (PFA) followed by embedding in paraffin by AMeX) with a DNA microarray combined with laser-capture microdissection. Morphologically, in contrast to the case of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, loss of basal cells in prostate adenocarcinomas was as obvious in PFA-AMeX samples as in FFPE samples. As for quality, the loss of rRNA peaks 18S and 28S on the capillary electropherograms from both FFPE and PFA-AMeX samples showed that the RNA was degraded equally during processing. However, qRT-PCR with 3' and 5' primer sets designed against human beta-actin revealed that, although RNA degradation occurred in both methods, it occurred more mildly in the PFA-AMeX samples. In conclusion, the PFA-AMeX method is good with respect to morphology and RNA quality, which makes it a promising tool for DNA microarrays combined with laser-capture microdissection, and if the appropriate RNA quality criteria are used, the capture of credible GeneChip data is well over 80% efficient, at least in human prostate specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Watanabe
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Terashima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsubara
- PharmaLogicals Research, Pte. Ltd., 11 Biopolis Way, #05-08/09 Helios, 138667, Singapore
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yu Jau Chen
- PharmaLogicals Research, Pte. Ltd., 11 Biopolis Way, #05-08/09 Helios, 138667, Singapore
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Kenji Adachi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mizuno
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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Haider S, Wang J, Nagano A, Desai A, Arumugam P, Dumartin L, Fitzgibbon J, Hagemann T, Marshall JF, Kocher HM, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Scarpa A, Lemoine NR, Chelala C. A multi-gene signature predicts outcome in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genome Med 2014; 6:105. [PMID: 25587357 PMCID: PMC4293116 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved usage of the repertoires of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) profiles is crucially needed to guide the development of predictive and prognostic tools that could inform the selection of treatment options. METHODS Using publicly available mRNA abundance datasets, we performed a large retrospective meta-analysis on 466 PDAC patients to discover prognostic gene signatures. These signatures were trained on two clinical cohorts (n = 70), and validated on four independent clinical cohorts (n = 246). Further validation of the identified gene signature was performed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS We identified 225 candidate prognostic genes. Using these, a 36-gene signature was discovered and validated on fully independent clinical cohorts (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51 to 2.81, P = 3.62 × 10(-6), n = 246). This signature serves as a good alternative prognostic stratification marker compared to tumour grade (HR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.45 to 2.88, P = 3.18 × 10(-5)) and tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.66 to 1.94, P = 0.67). Upon multivariate analysis with adjustment for TNM stage and tumour grade, the 36-gene signature remained an independent prognostic predictor of clinical outcome (HR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.17 to 4.16, P = 0.01). Univariate assessment revealed higher expression of ITGA5, SEMA3A, KIF4A, IL20RB, SLC20A1, CDC45, PXN, SSX3 and TMEM26 was correlated with shorter survival while B3GNT1, NOSTRIN and CADPS down-regulation was associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our 36-gene classifier is able to prognosticate PDAC independent of patient cohort and microarray platforms. Further work on the functional roles, downstream events and interactions of the signature genes is likely to reveal true molecular candidates for PDAC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Haider
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Wang
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ai Nagano
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ami Desai
- />Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhu Arumugam
- />Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Dumartin
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- />Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- />Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F Marshall
- />Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- />Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aldo Scarpa
- />ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicholas R Lemoine
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claude Chelala
- />Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Stellas D, Szabolcs M, Koul S, Li Z, Polyzos A, Anagnostopoulos C, Cournia Z, Tamvakopoulos C, Klinakis A, Efstratiadis A. Therapeutic effects of an anti-Myc drug on mouse pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju320. [PMID: 25306215 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is frequently driven by oncogenic KRAS(KRAS*) mutations. We developed a mouse model of KRAS*-induced PDA and, based on genetic results demonstrating that KRAS* tumorigenicity depends on Myc activity, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of an orally administered anti-Myc drug. METHODS We tested the efficacy of Mycro3, a small-molecule inhibitor of Myc-Max dimerization, in the treatment of mouse PDA (n = 9) and also of xenografts of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (NOD/SCID mice, n = 3-12). Tumor responses to the drug were evaluated by PET/CT imaging, and histological, immunohistochemical, molecular and microarray analyses. The Student's t test was used for differences between groups. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Transgenic overexpression of KRAS* in the pancreas resulted in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in two-week old mice, which developed invasive PDA a week later and became moribund at one month. However, this aggressive form of pancreatic tumorigenesis was effectively prevented by genetic ablation of Myc specifically in the pancreas. We then treated moribund, PDA-bearing mice daily with the Mycro3 Myc-inhibitor. The mice survived until killed at two months. PET/CT image analysis (n = 5) demonstrated marked shrinkage of PDA, while immunohistochemical analyses showed an increase in cancer cell apoptosis and reduction in cell proliferation (treated/untreated proliferation index ratio: 0.29, P < .001, n = 3, each group). Tumor growth was also drastically attenuated in Mycro3-treated NOD/SCID mice (n = 12) carrying orthotopic or heterotopic xenografts of human pancreatic cancer cells (eg, mean tumor weight ± SD of treated heterotopic xenografts vs vehicle-treated controls: 15.2±5.8 mg vs 230.2±43.9 mg, P < .001). CONCLUSION These results provide strong justification for eventual clinical evaluation of anti-Myc drugs as potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Stellas
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Zhe Li
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Constantinos Anagnostopoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Apostolos Klinakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Argiris Efstratiadis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL).
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Expression and clinical significance of IMP3 in microdissected premalignant and malignant pancreatic lesions. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:215-22. [PMID: 25183049 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, while remaining undetectable in the normal pancreas, indicating its important role in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. The role of IMP3 in pancreatic carcinogenesis has not been fully understood. The main goal of this study was to probe the expression profile of IMP3 in different stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development, and evaluate their prognostic significance in PDAC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used quantitative real-time RT-PCR combined manual microdissection to precisely detect IMP3 expression in 97 microdissected foci from 50 patients with PDAC. Nonparametric test, Log-rank test and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the clinical significance of DNMTs expression. RESULTS Expression of IMP3 increased from normal duct to pancreatic intraductal neoplasia and to PDAC. IMP3 mRNA expression statistically correlated with TNM staging. Univariate analysis showed that high level of IMP3 expression, tumor differentiation, TNM staging and alcohol consumption were statistically significant risk factors. Multivariate analysis showed that high level of IMP3 expression and tumor differentiation were statistically significant independent poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that pancreatic carcinogenesis involves an increased IMP3 mRNA expression, and it may become valuable diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
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Key role of dual specificity kinase TTK in proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1780-7. [PMID: 25137017 PMCID: PMC4453723 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most aggressive human malignancies with an overall 5-year survival rate of <5%. Despite significant advances in treatment of the disease during the past decade, the median survival rate (∼6 months) has hardly improved, warranting the need to identify novel targets for therapeutic approaches. METHODS Quantitative real time PCR, western blot analyses and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays were used to analyse the expression of TTK gene in primary PDAC tissues and cell lines. To inhibit TTK kinase expression in a variety of pancreatic cancer cell lines, RNA interference was used. Functional roles of this kinase in the context of PDAC were studied using cell proliferation, viability and anchorage-independent growth assays. Western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses and fluorescence microscopy were used to gain mechanistic insight into the functional effects. CONCLUSIONS We show that the dual specificity kinase TTK (also known as Mps1), is strongly overexpressed in human PDAC. Functionally, cell proliferation was significantly attenuated following TTK knockdown, whereas apoptosis and necrosis rates were significantly increased. In addition, anchorage-independent growth, a hallmark of malignant transformation and metastatic potential, was strongly impaired in the absence of TTK gene function. Interestingly, immortalised normal pancreatic hTERT-HPNE cells were not affected by loss of TTK function. Mechanistically, these effects in cancer cells were associated with increased formation of micronuclei, suggesting that loss of TTK function in pancreatic cancer cells results in chromosomal instability and mitotic catastrophe. Taken together, our data show that TTK function is critical for growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, thus establishing this kinase as an interesting new target for novel therapeutic approaches in combating this malignancy.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the worst prognostic cancers because of the late diagnosis and the absence of effective treatment. Within all subtypes of this disease, ductal adenocarcinoma has the shortest survival time. In recent years, global genomics profiling allowed the identification of hundreds of genes that are perturbed in pancreatic cancer. The integration of different omics sources in the study of pancreatic cancer has revealed several molecular mechanisms, indicating the complex history of its development. However, validation of these genes as biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis or treatment efficacy is still incomplete but should lead to new approaches for the treatment of the disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Vascular-, Thoracic and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universit?t Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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Zhou W, Guo S, Xiong Z, Liu M. Oncogenic role and therapeutic target of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 channel in malignancy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1177-96. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.940894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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71
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Martínez-Bosch N, Fernández-Barrena MG, Moreno M, Ortiz-Zapater E, Munné-Collado J, Iglesias M, André S, Gabius HJ, Hwang RF, Poirier F, Navas C, Guerra C, Fernández-Zapico ME, Navarro P. Galectin-1 drives pancreatic carcinogenesis through stroma remodeling and Hedgehog signaling activation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3512-24. [PMID: 24812270 PMCID: PMC4332591 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite some advances, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains generally refractory to current treatments. Desmoplastic stroma, a consistent hallmark of PDAC, has emerged as a major source of therapeutic resistance and thus potentially promising targets for improved treatment. The glycan-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal1) is highly expressed in PDAC stroma, but its roles there have not been studied. Here we report functions and molecular pathways of Gal1 that mediate its oncogenic properties in this setting. Genetic ablation of Gal1 in a mouse model of PDAC (EIa-myc mice) dampened tumor progression by inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis, desmoplasic reaction and by stimulating a tumor-associated immune response, yielding a 20% increase in relative lifesplan. Cellular analyses in vitro and in vivo suggested these effects were mediated through the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, a crucial step for initiation of PDAC, was found to be regulated by Gal1. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Gal1 promoted Hedgehog pathway signaling in PDAC cells and stromal fibroblasts as well as in Ela-myc tumors. Taken together, our findings establish a function for Gal1 in tumor-stroma crosstalk in PDAC and provide a preclinical rationale for Gal1 targeting as a microenvironment-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Jessica Munné-Collado
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Research Program and Department of Pathology, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Research Program and Department of Pathology, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona
| | - Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; and
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany; and
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institute Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Martin E Fernández-Zapico
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Jiang K, Lawson D, Cohen C, Siddiqui MT. Galectin-3 and PTEN expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and gastrointestinal tumors on fine-needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 2014; 58:281-7. [PMID: 24854395 DOI: 10.1159/000362221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Galectin-3 has been implicated in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Its applicability in pancreatic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in separating malignant from benign lesions has never been addressed. In addition, a correlation between Galectin-3 and tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and their potential diagnostic value has never been tested. STUDY DESIGN This study analyzed Galectin-3 immunohistochemical expression in FNA cell blocks of PDAC, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and non-tumor pancreatic tissue. In parallel, Galectin-3 and PTEN levels were evaluated in a tumor tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS Forty-four of 46 PDAC FNA and 32 of 33 PDAC TMA demonstrated tumor-specific Galectin-3 positivity. In contrast, Galectin-3 was not detected in PNEN and GIST. Total loss of PTEN was displayed by 26 of 33 PDAC, while non-neoplastic tissues all retained PTEN expression. CONCLUSION Galectin-3 could be a valuable marker to help diagnose PDAC and rule out PNEN and GIST. In addition, PTEN positivity strongly argues against a diagnosis of PDAC. These data also advocate their potential diagnostic roles in the work up of challenging cytologic cases requiring ancillary test confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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73
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Sahai V, Kumar K, Knab LM, Chow CR, Raza SS, Bentrem DJ, Ebine K, Munshi HG. BET bromodomain inhibitors block growth of pancreatic cancer cells in three-dimensional collagen. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1907-17. [PMID: 24807963 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with pronounced fibrosis that contributes to chemoresistance, in part, through increased histone acetylation. Because bromodomain (BRD) and extra terminal domain (BET) proteins are "readers" of histone acetylation marks, we targeted BET proteins in PDAC cells grown in three-dimensional collagen. We show that treatment with BET inhibitors decreases growth of PDAC cells (AsPC1, CD18, and Panc1) in collagen. Transfection with siRNA against BRD4, which is increased in human PDAC tumors, also decreases growth of PDAC cells. BET inhibitors additionally decrease growth in collagen of PDAC cells that have undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or have become resistant to chemotherapy. Although BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA repress c-MYC only in AsPC1 and CD18 cells, downregulating c-MYC decreases growth of all three PDAC cell lines in collagen. FOSL1, which is also targeted by BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA in AsPC1, CD18, and Panc1 cells, additionally regulates growth of all three PDAC cell lines in collagen. BET inhibitors and BRD4 siRNA repress HMGA2, an architectural protein that modulates chromatin state and also contributes to chemoresistance, in PDAC cells grown in collagen. Importantly, we show that there is a statistically significant correlation between BRD4 and HMGA2 in human PDAC tumors. Significantly, overexpression of HMGA2 partially mitigates the effect of BET inhibitors on growth and c-MYC and/or FOSL1 expression in collagen. Overall, these results demonstrate that BET inhibitors block growth of PDAC cells in collagen and that BET proteins may be potential targets for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sahai
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and
| | - Lawrence M Knab
- Surgical Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | - Sania S Raza
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - David J Bentrem
- Surgical Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kazumi Ebine
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Hidayatullah G Munshi
- Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; and The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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74
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Chang SL, Li CF, Lin C, Lin YS. Galectin-1 overexpression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: effect on survival. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:536-42. [PMID: 24646142 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.868603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Galectin-1 overexpression is significantly correlated with the survival rate of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Immunohistochemical analysis of galectin-1 expression might be useful for identifying patients with a high risk of distant metastasis and for prompting timely adjuvant systemic therapy for patients with aggressive NPC. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of galectin-1 on the survival rate of patients with NPC. METHODS A total of 124 patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2002 with NPC without distant metastasis were enrolled in this single-center historical prospective cohort study. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to correlate the galectin-1 expression score in the cytoplasm and the survival rate of patients with NPC. RESULTS Patients with NPC who overexpressed galectin-1 in cytoplasm showed more aggressive tumor growth and significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = 0.0037) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (p = 0.0006) than patients with NPC who did not overexpress galectin-1. Multivariate analysis showed that galectin-1 overexpression remained prognostically independent for DSS (p = 0.031, hazard ratio = 1.821), and DMFS (p = 0.005, hazard ratio = 2.417), together with the advanced III-IV stages.
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75
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TACC3 deregulates the DNA damage response and confers sensitivity to radiation and PARP inhibition. Oncogene 2014; 34:1667-78. [PMID: 24769898 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), an important factor in the centrosome-microtubule system, has been linked to a variety of human cancer types. We have recently reported on the oncogenic potential of TACC3; however, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 mediates oncogenic function remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that high levels of TACC3 lead to the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and disrupt the normal cellular response to DNA damage, at least in part, by negatively regulating the expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the subsequent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling cascade. Cells expressing high levels of TACC3 display defective checkpoints and DSB-mediated homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair systems, leading to genomic instability. Importantly, high levels of TACC3 confer cellular sensitization to radiation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Overall, our findings provide critical information regarding the mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to genomic instability, potentially leading to cancer development, and suggest a novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer types expressing high levels of TACC3.
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76
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Catanzaro JM, Sheshadri N, Pan JA, Sun Y, Shi C, Li J, Powers RS, Crawford HC, Zong WX. Oncogenic Ras induces inflammatory cytokine production by upregulating the squamous cell carcinoma antigens SerpinB3/B4. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3729. [PMID: 24759783 PMCID: PMC4025922 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that oncogenic Ras can modulate cell autonomous inflammatory cytokine production, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that squamous cell carcinoma antigens 1 and 2 (SCCA1/2), members of the Serpin family of serine/cysteine protease inhibitors, are transcriptionally up-regulated by oncogenic Ras via MAPK and the ETS family transcription factor PEA3. Increased SCCA expression leads to inhibition of protein turnover, unfolded protein response, activation of NF-κB, and is essential for Ras-mediated cytokine production and tumor growth. Analysis of human colorectal and pancreatic tumor samples reveals a positive correlation between Ras mutation, enhanced SCCA expression, and IL-6 expression. These results indicate that SCCA is a Ras-responsive factor that has a role in Ras-associated cytokine production and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Catanzaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Namratha Sheshadri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ji-An Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jinyu Li
- Cancer Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York 11797, USA
| | - R Scott Powers
- Cancer Genome Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York 11797, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Xiao W, Hong H, Awadallah A, Zhou L, Xin W. Utilization of CDX2 expression in diagnosing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and predicting prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86853. [PMID: 24489794 PMCID: PMC3906088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CDX2, a master transcriptional regulator of intestinal cell differentiation and survival, has been used as a marker to indicate colorectal lineage in adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes for adenocarcinomas of unknown origin, but CDX2 expression in pancreatic disease remains unclear. In this study, we systemically and extensively investigated the expression and role of CDX2 in PDAC. We reported that CDX2 expression is weak and heterogeneous is all normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. It is largely expressed in epithelial-lining cells of pancreatic ducts including main ducts, inter-lobular ducts, intra-lobular ducts, intercalated ducts and centroacinar cells, but not in acinar cells or islet cells. CDX2 expression is down regulated during the transformation process from PanIN to PDAC. Only one third of PDACs retain some degree of CDX2 expression, and this group of PDACs have reduced median survival time compared to that of CDX2 negative group (308 days vs. 586 days, p = 0.0065). Metastatic PDACs remain similar expression pattern to that of the primary sites. Our study clearly demonstrates CDX2 expression in pancreatic diseases including PDAC, which is practically important when CDX2 is used to establish the primary sites of adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. In addition, our study also provides CDX2 as a prognostic marker for PDAC and implicates an important role of CDX2 in the development of normal pancreas and PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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López-Casas PP, López-Fernández LA. Gene-expression profiling in pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:591-601. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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79
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Haun RS, Fan CY, Mackintosh SG, Zhao H, Tackett AJ. CD109 Overexpression in Pancreatic Cancer Identified by Cell-Surface Glycoprotein Capture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Suppl 10:S10003. [PMID: 25635161 PMCID: PMC4307595 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.s10-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of novel targeted cancer therapies and/or diagnostic tools is dependent upon an understanding of the differential expression of molecular targets between normal tissues and tumors. Many of these potential targets are cell-surface receptors; however, our knowledge of the cell-surface proteins upregulated in pancreatic tumors is limited, thus impeding the development of targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer. To develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to specifically target pancreatic tumors, we sought to identify cell-surface proteins that may serve as potential tumor-specfic targets. METHODS Membrane glycoproteins on the pancreatic cancer cell lines BxPC-3 were labeled with the bifunctional linker biocytin hydrazide. Following proteolytic digestion, biotinylated glycopeptides were captured with streptavidin-coupled beads then released by PNGaseF-mediated endoglycosidase cleavage and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). A protein identified by the cell-surface glycoprotein capture procedure, CD109, was evaluated by western analysis of lysates of pancreatic cancer cell lines and by immunohistochemistry in sections of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and non- neoplastic pancreatic tissues. RESULTS MS/MS analysis of glycopeptides captured from BxPC-3 cells revealed 18 proteins predicted or known to be associated with the plasma membrane, including CD109, which has not been reported in pancreatic cancer. Western analysis of CD109 in lysates prepared from pancreatic cancer cell lines revealed it was expressed in 6 of 8 cell lines, with a high level of expression in BxPC-3, MIAPaCa-2, and Panc-1 cells. Immunohistochemical analyses of human pancreatic tissues indicate CD109 is significantly overexpressed in pancreatic tumors compared to normal pancreas. CONCLUSIONS The selective capture of glycopeptides from the surface of pancreatic cancer cell lines can reveal novel cell-surface glycoproteins expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S Haun
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock, Arkansas, USA ; Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Chun-Yang Fan
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Experimental Center of Functional Subjects, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Tang D, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Gao J, Wang S, Ye N, Li P, Gao S, Miao Y, Wang D, Jiang K. Pancreatic satellite cells derived galectin-1 increase the progression and less survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90476. [PMID: 24595374 PMCID: PMC3942444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-1, a member of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a polyvalent function on tumor progression, was found strongly expressed in pancreatic satellite cells (PSCs), which partner in crime with cancer cells and promote the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We evaluated the effects of PSCs derived Galectin-1 on the progression of PDAC, as well as the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts. METHODS The relationship between immunohistochemistry staining intensity of Galectin-1 and clinicopathologic variables were assessed in 66 PDAC tissues, 18 chronic pancreatitis tissues and 10 normal controls. The roles of PSCs isolated from PDAC and normal pancreas on the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and the invasion of CFPAC-1 in the co-cultured system, as well as on the tumor establishment and development in mouse xenografts by mixed implanting with CFPAC-1 subcutaneously were evaluated. RESULTS Galectin-1 expression was gradually increased from normal pancreas (negative), chronic pancreatitis (weak) to PDAC (strong), in which Galectin-1 expression was also increased from well, moderately to poorly differentiated PDAC. Galectin-1 staining intensity of pancreatic cancer tissue was associated with increase in tumor size, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion and differentiation and UICC stage, and served as the independent prognostic indicator of poor survival of pancreatic cancer. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that TGF-β1 upregulated Galectin-1 expression in PSCs, which could further promotes the proliferative activity, MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, as well as the tumor establishment and growth. CONCLUSION Galectin-1 expression in stromal cells of pancreatic cancer suggests that this protein plays a role in the promotion of cancer cells invasion and metastasis and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongxu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui no. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nianyuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Digestive System, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province (Clinic Medical College of Yang Zhou University), Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (KJ)
| | - Kuirong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (DW); (KJ)
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Xie C, Powell C, Yao M, Wu J, Dong Q. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C: a potential cancer biomarker. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 47:113-7. [PMID: 24361302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes 2C (UBE2C) is an integral component of the ubiquitin proteasome system. UBE2C consists of a conserved core domain containing the catalytic Cys residue and an N-terminal extension. The core domain is required for ubiquitin adduct formation by interacting with the ubiquitin-fold domain in the E1 enzyme, and contributes to the E3 enzyme binding. UBE2C N-terminal extension regulates E3 enzyme activity as a part of an intrinsic inhibitory mechanism. UBE2C is required for the destruction of mitotic cyclins and securin, which are essential for spindle assembly checkpoint and mitotic exit. The UBE2C mRNA and/or protein levels are aberrantly increased in many cancer types with poor clinical outcomes. Accumulation of UBE2C stimulates cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. UBE2C transgenic mice are prone to develop spontaneous tumors and carcinogen-induced tumor with evidence of chromosome aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanlu Xie
- School of Science and Health, The University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Powell
- School of Science and Health, The University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Mu Yao
- Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jianmin Wu
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qihan Dong
- School of Science and Health, The University of Western Sydney, Australia; Central Clinical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Wang WY, Hsu CC, Wang TY, Li CR, Hou YC, Chu JM, Lee CT, Liu MS, Su JJM, Jian KY, Huang SS, Jiang SS, Shan YS, Lin PW, Shen YY, Lee MTL, Chan TS, Chang CC, Chen CH, Chang IS, Lee YL, Chen LT, Tsai KK. A gene expression signature of epithelial tubulogenesis and a role for ASPM in pancreatic tumor progression. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1110-20. [PMID: 23896173 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develop recurrent or metastatic diseases after surgery, so it is important to identify those most likely to benefit from aggressive therapy. Disruption of tissue microarchitecture is an early step in pancreatic tumorigenesis and a parameter used in pathology grading of glandular tumors. We investigated whether changes in gene expression during pancreatic epithelial morphogenesis were associated with outcomes of patients with PDAC after surgery. METHODS We generated architectures of human pancreatic duct epithelial cells in a 3-dimensional basement membrane matrix. We identified gene expression profiles of the cells during different stages of tubular morphogenesis (tubulogenesis) and of PANC-1 cells during spheroid formation. Differential expression of genes was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. We compared the gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis with that of PDAC samples from 27 patients, as well as with their outcomes after surgery. RESULTS We identified a gene expression profile associated with tubulogenesis that resembled the profile of human pancreatic tissue with differentiated morphology and exocrine function. Patients with PDACs with this profile fared well after surgery. Based on this profile, we established a 6-28 gene tubulogenesis-specific signature that accurately determined the prognosis of independent cohorts of patients with PDAC (total n = 128; accuracy = 81.2%-95.0%). One gene, ASPM, was down-regulated during tubulogenesis but up-regulated in human PDAC cell lines and tumor samples; up-regulation correlated with patient outcomes (Cox regression P = .0028). Bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical, functional, and clinical correlative studies showed that ASPM promotes aggressiveness of PDAC by maintaining Wnt-β-catenin signaling and stem cell features of PDAC cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis and a tissue architecture-specific signature of PDAC cells that is associated with patient outcomes after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Wang
- Laboratory for Tumor Epigenetics and Stemness, National Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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García-Pravia C, Galván JA, Gutiérrez-Corral N, Solar-García L, García-Pérez E, García-Ocaña M, Del Amo-Iribarren J, Menéndez-Rodríguez P, García-García J, de los Toyos JR, Simón-Buela L, Barneo L. Overexpression of COL11A1 by cancer-associated fibroblasts: clinical relevance of a stromal marker in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78327. [PMID: 24194920 PMCID: PMC3808536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collagen11A1 (COL11A1) gene is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. The expression of COL11A1 protein could be involved in desmoplastic events in pancreatic cancer, but an antibody that specifically stains the COL11A1 protein is not currently available. METHODS AND FINDINGS A total of 54 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), 23 chronic pancreatitis (CP) samples, and cultured peritumoral stromal cells of PDAC (passages 3-6) were studied. Normal human pancreas tissue samples were obtained through a cadaveric organ donation program. 1) Validation of COL11A1 gene overexpression by q-RT-PCR. FINDINGS the expression of COL11A1 gene is significantly increased in PDAC samples vs. normal and CP samples. 2) Analysis of COL11A1 by immunohistochemistry using highly specific anti-proCOL11A1 antibodies. FINDINGS anti-proCOL11A1 stains stromal cells/cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of PDAC but it does not stain chronic benign condition (chronic pancreatitis) stromal cells, epithelial cells, or normal fibroblasts. 3) Evaluation of the discrimination ability of the antibody. FINDINGS anti-proCOL11A1 immunostaining accurately discriminates between PDAC and CP (AUC 0.936, 95% CI 0.851, 0.981). 4) Phenotypic characterization of proCOL11A1+ stromal cells co-staining with mesenchymal, epithelial and stellate cell markers on pancreatic tissue samples and cultured peritumoral pancreatic cancer stromal cells. FINDINGS ProCOL11A1+ cells present co-staining with mesenchymal, stellate and epithelial markers (EMT phenotype) in different proportions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Detection of proCOL11A1 through immunostaining with this newly-developed antibody allows for a highly accurate distinction between PDAC and CP. Unlike other available antibodies commonly used to detect CAFs, anti-proCOL11A1 is negative in stromal cells of the normal pancreas and almost absent in benign inflammation. These results strongly suggest that proCOL11A1 is a specific marker for CAFs, and thus, anti-proCOL11A1 is a powerful new tool for cancer research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Pravia
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A. Galván
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Lorena Solar-García
- General Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva García-Pérez
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marcos García-Ocaña
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnological and Biomedical Assays Unit, Technical-Scientific Services, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan García-García
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan R. de los Toyos
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Immunology Area, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Luis Barneo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- General Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
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84
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Zhang G, He P, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi BM, Ried T, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Hanna N, Alexander HR, Hussain SP. FOXL1, a novel candidate tumor suppressor, inhibits tumor aggressiveness and predicts outcome in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5416-25. [PMID: 23801748 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead box L1 (FOXL1) transcription factor regulates epithelial proliferation and development of gastrointestinal tract and has been implicated in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in mouse models. However, the role of FOXL1 in pancreatic cancer development and progression remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that higher expression of FOXL1 is significantly associated with better clinical outcome in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A lower FOXL1 expression is correlated with metastasis and advanced pathologic stage of pancreatic cancer. Mechanistic analyses showed that overexpression of FOXL1 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells, whereas silencing of FOXL1 by siRNA inhibits apoptosis and enhances tumor cell growth and invasion. Furthermore, FOXL1 overexpression significantly suppressed the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice. FOXL1 promoted apoptosis partly through the induction of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, FOXL1 suppressed the transcription of zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an activator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the negative regulation of ZEB1 contributed to the inhibitory effect of FOXL1 on tumor cell invasion. Taken together, our findings suggest that FOXL1 expression is a candidate predictor of clinical outcome in patients with resected PDAC and it plays an inhibitory role in pancreatic tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Zhang
- Pancreatic Cancer Unit, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research and Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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85
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Dai Y, Liu L, Zeng T, Zhu YH, Li J, Chen L, Li Y, Yuan YF, Ma S, Guan XY. Characterization of the oncogenic function of centromere protein F in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:711-8. [PMID: 23791740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Centromere protein F (CENPF) is an essential nuclear protein associated with the centromere-kinetochore complex and plays a critical role in chromosome segregation during mitosis. Up-regulation of CENPF expression has previously been detected in several solid tumors. In this study, we aim to study the expression and functional role of CENPF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found CENPF was frequently overexpressed in HCC as compared with non-tumor tissue. Up-regulated CENPF expression in HCC was positively correlated with serum AFP, venous invasion, advanced differentiation stage and a shorter overall survival. Cox regression analysis found that overexpression of CENPF was an independent prognosis factor in HCC. Functional studies found that silencing CENPF could decrease the ability of the cells to proliferate, form colonies and induce tumor formation in nude mice. Silencing CENPF also resulted in the cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint by down-regulating cell cycle proteins cdc2 and cyclin B1. Our data suggest that CENPF is frequently overexpressed in HCC and plays a critical role in driving HCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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86
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Liang B, Wu M, Bu Y, Zhao A, Xie F. Prognostic value of TMPRSS4 expression in patients with breast cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:497. [PMID: 23420063 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease, serine 4 (TMPRSS4), is a novel type II transmembrane serine protease that is highly expressed on the cell surface in pancreatic, thyroid, lung, and other cancer tissues, although its oncogenic significance and molecular mechanisms are unknown. In a series of 109 primary breast cancer patients, we performed a comprehensive analysis of TMPRSS4 expression using immunohistochemistry. The relationship between TMPRSS4 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis was evaluated. Results showed that breast cancer tissues exhibited higher levels of TMPRSS4 expression compared with benign tissues (65.1 versus 17.5 %, P < 0.001). High expression of TMPRSS4 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), high pathological grade (P = 0.001), and tumor size >2 cm (P = 0.006), but not correlated with other clinicopathological parameters, including the patient's age (P = 0.289), menopausal status (P = 0.300), histological subtype (P = 0.418), and status of estrogen receptor (ER) (P = 0.913), progesterone receptor (PR) (P = 0.247), and HER-2 (P = 0.882). Patients with high expression of TMPRSS4 had shorter OS and DFS than those with low expression (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0044, respectively). TMPRSS4 expression and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for both OS and DFS by multivariate analysis. Based on our results, we propose TMPRSS4 as a putative biological marker for breast cancer and as an indicator of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, High Vocational Technological College, China Medical University, Bei'er Road, No. 92, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
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87
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Ha GH, Park JS, Breuer EKY. TACC3 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Cancer Lett 2013; 332:63-73. [PMID: 23348690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) is a member of the TACC family, essential for mitotic spindle dynamics and centrosome integrity during mitosis. Mounting evidence suggests that deregulation of TACC3 is associated with various types of human cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to the development of cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which TACC3 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By modulating the expression of TACC3, we found that overexpression of TACC3 leads to changes in cell morphology, proliferation, transforming capability, migratory/invasive behavior as well as the expression of EMT-related markers. Moreover, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) signaling pathways are critical for TACC3-mediated EMT process. Notably, depletion of TACC3 is sufficient to suppress EMT phenotype. Collectively, our findings identify TACC3 as a driver of tumorigenesis as well as an inducer of oncogenic EMT and highlight its overexpression as a potential therapeutic target for preventing EMT-associated tumor progression and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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88
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Komatsu M, Yoshimaru T, Matsuo T, Kiyotani K, Miyoshi Y, Tanahashi T, Rokutan K, Yamaguchi R, Saito A, Imoto S, Miyano S, Nakamura Y, Sasa M, Shimada M, Katagiri T. Molecular features of triple negative breast cancer cells by genome-wide gene expression profiling analysis. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:478-506. [PMID: 23254957 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor outcome due to the lack of beneficial therapeutic targets. To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of TNBC and to identify target molecules for novel anticancer drugs, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of 30 TNBCs as well as 13 normal epithelial ductal cells that were purified by laser-microbeam microdissection. We identified 301 and 321 transcripts that were significantly upregulated and downregulated in TNBC, respectively. In particular, gene expression profile analyses of normal human vital organs allowed us to identify 104 cancer-specific genes, including those involved in breast carcinogenesis such as NEK2, PBK and MELK. Moreover, gene annotation enrichment analysis revealed prominent gene subsets involved in the cell cycle, especially mitosis. Therefore, we focused on cell cycle regulators, asp (abnormal spindle) homolog, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila) (ASPM) and centromere protein K (CENPK) as novel therapeutic targets for TNBC. Small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of their expression significantly attenuated TNBC cell viability due to G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Our data will provide a better understanding of the carcinogenesis of TNBC and could contribute to the development of molecular targets as a treatment for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Komatsu
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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89
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Kim MS, Kuppireddy SV, Sakamuri S, Singal M, Getnet D, Harsha HC, Goel R, Balakrishnan L, Jacob HKC, Kashyap MK, Tankala SG, Maitra A, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Jaffee E, Goggins MG, Velculescu VE, Hruban RH, Pandey A. Rapid characterization of candidate biomarkers for pancreatic cancer using cell microarrays (CMAs). J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5556-63. [PMID: 22985314 PMCID: PMC3565537 DOI: 10.1021/pr300483r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue microarrays have become a valuable tool for high-throughput analysis using immunohistochemical labeling. However, the large majority of biochemical studies are carried out in cell lines to further characterize candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets with subsequent studies in animals or using primary tissues. Thus, cell line-based microarrays could be a useful screening tool in some situations. Here, we constructed a cell microarray (CMA) containing a panel of 40 pancreatic cancer cell lines available from American Type Culture Collection in addition to those locally available at Johns Hopkins. As proof of principle, we performed immunocytochemical labeling of an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM), a molecule generally expressed in the epithelium, on this pancreatic cancer CMA. In addition, selected molecules that have been previously shown to be differentially expressed in pancreatic cancer in the literature were validated. For example, we observed strong labeling of CA19-9 antigen, a prognostic and predictive marker for pancreatic cancer. We also carried out a bioinformatics analysis of a literature curated catalog of pancreatic cancer biomarkers developed previously by our group and identified two candidate biomarkers, HLA class I and transmembrane protease, serine 4 (TMPRSS4), and examined their expression in the cell lines represented on the pancreatic cancer CMAs. Our results demonstrate the utility of CMAs as a useful resource for rapid screening of molecules of interest and suggest that CMAs can become a universal standard platform in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sarada V. Kuppireddy
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sruthi Sakamuri
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Mukul Singal
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Derese Getnet
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - H. C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Lavanya Balakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Harrys K. C. Jacob
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Manoj K. Kashyap
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | | | - Anirban Maitra
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Elizabeth Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Michael G. Goggins
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Victor E. Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Corresponding Author . Fax: +1-410-502-7544.
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90
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Kuscu C, Evensen N, Kim D, Hu YJ, Zucker S, Cao J. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of KIAA1199 gene expression in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44661. [PMID: 22970280 PMCID: PMC3435267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that upregulated expression of KIAA1199 in human cancer bodes for poor survival. The regulatory mechanism controlling KIAA1199 expression in cancer remains to be characterized. In the present study, we have isolated and characterized the human KIAA1199 promoter in terms of regulation of KIAA1199 gene expression. A 3.3 kb fragment of human genomic DNA containing the 5′-flanking sequence of the KIAA1199 gene possesses both suppressive and activating elements. Employing a deletion mutagenesis approach, a 1.4 kb proximal region was defined as the basic KIAA1199 promoter containing a TATA-box close to the transcription start site. A combination of 5′-primer extension study with 5′RACE DNA sequencing analysis revealed one major transcription start site that is utilized in the human KIAA1199 gene. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the 1.4 kb KIAA1199 promoter contains putative activating regulatory elements, including activator protein-1(AP-1), Twist-1, and NF-κB sites. Sequential deletion and site-direct mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the AP-1 and distal NF-κB sites are required for KIAA1199 gene expression. Further analyses using an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the requirement of these cis- and trans-acting elements in controlling KIAA1199 gene expression. Finally, we found that upregulated KIAA1199 expression in human breast cancer specimens correlated with hypomethylation of the regulatory region. Involvement of DNA methylation in regulation of KIAA1199 expression was recapitulated in human breast cancer cell lines. Taken together, our study unraveled the regulatory mechanisms controlling KIAA1199 gene expression in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kuscu
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikki Evensen
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - You-Jun Hu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stanley Zucker
- Department of Medicine/Hematology & Oncology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Research, Veterans Affair Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Nguyen Kovochich A, Arensman M, Lay AR, Rao NP, Donahue T, Li X, French SW, Dawson DW. HOXB7 promotes invasion and predicts survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2012; 119:529-39. [PMID: 22914903 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeobox gene HOXB7 is overexpressed across a range of cancers and promotes tumorigenesis through varying effects on proliferation, survival, invasion, and angiogenesis. Although published microarray data suggest HOXB7 is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), its function in pancreatic cancer has not been studied. METHODS HOXB7 message and protein levels were examined in PDAC cell lines and patient samples, as well as in normal pancreas. HOXB7 protein expression in patient tumors was determined by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathologic factors and survival. The impact of HOXB7 on cell proliferation, growth, and invasion was assessed by knockdown and overexpression in PDAC cell lines. Candidate genes whose expression levels were altered following HOXB7 knockdown were determined by microarray analysis. RESULTS HOXB7 message and protein levels were significantly elevated in PDAC cell lines and patient tumor samples relative to normal pancreas. Evaluation of a tissue microarray of 145 resected PDACs found high HOXB7 protein expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = .034) and an independent predictor of worse overall survival in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-2.39). HOXB7 knockdown or overexpression in PDAC cell lines resulted in decreased or increased invasion, respectively, without influencing proliferation or cell viability. CONCLUSIONS HOXB7 is frequently overexpressed in PDAC, specifically promotes invasive phenotype, and is associated with lymph node metastasis and worse survival outcome. HOXB7 and its downstream targets may represent novel clinical biomarkers or targets of therapy for inhibiting the invasive and metastatic capacity of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nguyen Kovochich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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92
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Song S, Ji B, Ramachandran V, Wang H, Hafley M, Logsdon C, Bresalier RS. Overexpressed galectin-3 in pancreatic cancer induces cell proliferation and invasion by binding Ras and activating Ras signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42699. [PMID: 22900040 PMCID: PMC3416861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is a lethal disease with a five-year survival of 3–5%. Mutations in K-Ras are found in nearly all cases, but K-Ras mutations alone are not sufficient for the development of PDAC. Additional factors contribute to activation of Ras signaling and lead to tumor formation. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding protein, is highly expressed in PDAC. We therefore investigated the functional role of Gal-3 in pancreatic cancer progression and its relationship to Ras signaling. Expression of Gal-3 was determined by immunohistochemistry, Q-PCR and immunoblot. Functional studies were performed using pancreatic cell lines genetically engineered to express high or low levels of Gal-3. Ras activity was examined by Raf pull-down assays. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to assess protein-protein interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that Gal-3 was highly up-regulated in human tumors and in a mutant K-Ras mouse model of PDAC. Down-regulation of Gal-3 by lentivirus shRNA decreased PDAC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and reduced tumor volume and size in an orthotopic mouse model. Gal-3 bound Ras and maintained Ras activity; down-regulation of Gal-3 decreased Ras activity as well as Ras down-stream signaling including phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and Ral A activity. Transfection of Gal-3 cDNA into PDAC cells with low-level Gal-3 augmented Ras activity and its down-stream signaling. These results suggest that Gal-3 contributes to pancreatic cancer progression, in part, by binding Ras and activating Ras signaling. Gal-3 may therefore be a potential novel target for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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93
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Nguyen TH, Weber W, Havari E, Connors T, Bagley RG, McLaren R, Nambiar PR, Madden SL, Teicher BA, Roberts B, Kaplan J, Shankara S. Expression of TMPRSS4 in non-small cell lung cancer and its modulation by hypoxia. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:829-38. [PMID: 22692880 PMCID: PMC3582903 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of TMPRSS4, a cell surface-associated transmembrane serine protease, has been reported in pancreatic, colorectal and thyroid cancers, and has been implicated in tumor cell migration and metastasis. Few reports have investigated both TMPRSS4 gene expression levels and the protein products. In this study, quantitative RT-PCR and protein staining were used to assess TMPRSS4 expression in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tissues and in lung tumor cell lines. At the transcriptional level, TMPRSS4 message was significantly elevated in the majority of human squamous cell and adenocarcinomas compared with normal lung tissues. Staining of over 100 NSCLC primary tumor and normal specimens with rabbit polyclonal anti-TMPRSS4 antibodies confirmed expression at the protein level in both squamous cell and adenocarcinomas with little or no staining in normal lung tissues. Human lung tumor cell lines expressed varying levels of TMPRSS4 mRNA in vitro. Interestingly, tumor cell lines with high levels of TMPRSS4 mRNA failed to show detectable TMPRSS4 protein by either immunoblotting or flow cytometry. However, protein levels were increased under hypoxic culture conditions suggesting that hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment may upregulate TMPRSS4 protein expression in vivo. This was supported by the observation of TMPRSS4 protein in xenograft tumors derived from the cell lines. In addition, staining of human squamous cell carcinoma samples for carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a hypoxia marker, showed TMPRSS4 positive cells adjacent to CAIX positive cells. Overall, these results indicate that the cancer-associated TMPRSS4 protein is overexpressed in NSCLC and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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94
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The deubiquitinase USP9X suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nature 2012; 486:266-70. [PMID: 22699621 PMCID: PMC3376394 DOI: 10.1038/nature11114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a lethal malignancy despite tremendous progress in its molecular characterization. Indeed, PDA tumors harbor four signature somatic mutations1–4, and a plethora of lower frequency genetic events of uncertain significance5. Here, we used Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis6,7 in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal preneoplasia8 to identify genes that cooperate with oncogenic KrasG12D to accelerate tumorigenesis and promote progression. Our screen revealed new candidates and confirmed the importance of many genes and pathways previously implicated in human PDA. Interestingly, the most commonly mutated gene was the X-linked deubiquitinase Usp9x, which was inactivated in over 50% of the tumors. Although prior work had attributed a pro-survival role to USP9X in human neoplasia9, we found instead that loss of Usp9x enhances transformation and protects pancreatic cancer cells from anoikis. Clinically, low USP9X protein and mRNA expression in PDA correlates with poor survival following surgery, and USP9X levels are inversely associated with metastatic burden in advanced disease. Furthermore, chromatin modulation with trichostatin A or 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine elevates USP9X expression in human PDA cell lines to suggest a clinical approach for certain patients. The conditional deletion of Usp9x cooperated with KrasG12D to rapidly accelerate pancreatic tumorigenesis in mice, validating their genetic interaction. Therefore, we propose USP9X as a major new tumor suppressor gene with prognostic and therapeutic relevance in PDA.
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HDAC gene expression in pancreatic tumor cell lines following treatment with the HDAC inhibitors panobinostat (LBH589) and trichostatine (TSA). Pancreatology 2012; 12:146-55. [PMID: 22487525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the effect of LBH589 and trichostatin (TSA), a standard histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) toward the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines was studied. Thus, we examined for the first time, the HDAC family gene expression levels before and after drug treatment. METHODS Several human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1, BxPC-3, SOJ-6) and a normal human pancreatic duct immortalized epithelial cell line (HPDE/E6E7) were used as target cells. The cell growth was measured by MTT assay, cell cycle alteration, membrane phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, RT-PCR and Western blots were done using standard methods. The effect of drugs on tumor growth in vivo was studied using subcutaneous xenograft model. RESULTS Except in the case of certain HDAC gene/tumor cell line couples: (SIRT1/HPDE-SOJ6/TSA- or LBH589-treated cells; LBH589-treated Panc-1 Cells; HDAC2/BxPC-3/LBH589-treated cells or TSA-treated SOJ-6-1 cells), there were no major significant changes of HDACs genes transcription in cells upon drug treatment. However, significant variation in HDACs and SIRTs protein expression levels could be seen among individual cell samples. The in vivo results showed that LBH589 formulation exhibited similar tumor reduction efficacy as the commercial drug gemcitabine. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that LBH589 induced the death of pancreatic tumor cell by apoptosis. In line with its in vitro activity, LBH589 achieved a significant reduction in tumor growth in BxPC-3 pancreatic tumor cell line subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, exploring the impact of LBH589 on HDACs encoding genes expression revealed for the first time that some of them, depending on the cell line considered, seem to be regulated during translation.
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Gress TM, Kestler HA, Lausser L, Fiedler L, Sipos B, Michalski CW, Werner J, Giese N, Scarpa A, Buchholz M. Differentiation of multiple types of pancreatico-biliary tumors by molecular analysis of clinical specimens. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:457-64. [PMID: 22119958 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is critical in order to provide adequate treatment to patients. However, the clinical signs and symptoms of PDAC are shared by several types of malignant or benign tumors which may be difficult to differentiate from PDAC with conventional diagnostic procedures. Among others, these include ampullary cancers, solid pseudopapillary tumors, and adenocarcinomas of the distant bile duct, as well as inflammatory masses developing in chronic pancreatitis. Here, we report an approach to accurately differentiate between these different types of pancreatic masses based on molecular analysis of biopsy material. A total of 156 bulk tissue and fine needle aspiration biopsy samples were analyzed using a dedicated diagnostic cDNA array and a composite classification algorithm developed based on linear support vector machines. All five histological subtypes of pancreatic masses were clearly separable with 100% accuracy when using all 156 individual samples for classification. Generalized performance of the classification system was tested by 10 × 10-fold cross validation (100 test runs). Correct classification into the five diagnostic groups was demonstrated for 81.5% of 1,560 test set predictions. Performance increased to 85.3% accuracy when PDAC and distant bile duct carcinomas were combined in a single diagnostic class. Importantly, overall sensitivity of detection of malignant disease was 92.2%. The molecular diagnostic approach presented here is suitable to significantly aid in the differential diagnosis of undetermined pancreatic masses. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting accurate differentiation between several types of pancreatico-biliary tumors in a single molecular analytical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Gress
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-Universitaet Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility isoform B promotes liver metastasis in a mouse model of multistep tumorigenesis and a tail vein assay for metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16753-8. [PMID: 21940500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114022108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is overexpressed in many human cancers. However, it is unclear whether RHAMM plays a causal role in tumor initiation or progression. Using somatic gene transfer in a mouse model of islet cell tumorigenesis, we demonstrate that RHAMM isoform B (RHAMM(B)) promotes tumor growth and metastases to lymph nodes and the liver. The propensity of RHAMM(B)-expressing cells to metastasize to the liver was confirmed using an experimental metastasis assay in which cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice. However, RHAMM(B) did not increase cell migration or proliferation in culture. In initial efforts to identify signaling pathways activated by RHAMM(B), we found that RHAMM(B) induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Erk1/2, and STAT3 and conferred susceptibility to apoptosis after treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib. Taken together, the results indicate that RHAMM(B) promotes hepatic metastasis by islet tumor cells, perhaps through growth factor receptor-mediated signaling.
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98
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Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α expression distinguishes ampullary cancer subtypes and prognosis after resection. Ann Surg 2011; 254:302-10. [PMID: 21494118 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31821994a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate biological differences and prognostic indicators of different ampullary cancer (AC) subtypes. BACKGROUND AC is associated with a favorable prognosis compared with other periampullary carcinomas. Aside from other prognostic factors, the histological origin of AC may determine survival. Specifically, the pancreatobiliary subtype of AC displays worse prognosis compared with the intestinal subtype. However, knowledge of inherent molecular characteristics of different periampullary tumors and their effects on prognosis has been limited. METHODS Gene expression profiling was used to screen for differential gene expression between 6 PDAC cases and 12 AC cases. Among others, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) mRNA overexpression was observed in AC cases. Nuclear HNF4α protein expression was assessed using tissue microarrays consisting of 99 individual AC samples. The correlation of HNF4α expression with clinicopathological data (n = 99) and survival (n = 84) was assessed. RESULTS HNF4α mRNA is 7.61-fold up-regulated in AC compared with that in PDAC. Bioinformatics analyses indicated its key role in dysregulated signaling pathways. Nuclear HNF4α expression correlates with histological subtype, grading, CDX2 positivity, MUC1 negativity and presence of adenomatous components in the carcinoma. The presence of HNF4α is a univariate predictor of survival in AC mean survival (50 months versus 119 months, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that HNF4α negativity (HR = 17.95, 95% CI: 2.35-136.93, P = 0.005) and lymph node positivity (HR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.36-8.18, P = 0.009) are independent negative predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical determination of HNF4α expression is an effective tool for distinguishing different AC subtypes. Similarly, HNF4α protein expression is an independent predictor of favorable prognosis in carcinoma of the papilla of Vater and may serve for risk stratification after curative resection.
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Xue X, Lu Z, Tang D, Yao J, An Y, Wu J, Li Q, Gao W, Xu Z, Qian Z, Dai C, Wei J, Miao Y, Jiang K. Galectin-1 secreted by activated stellate cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stroma promotes proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells: an in vitro study on the microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2011; 40:832-9. [PMID: 21747316 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318217945e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify that the activated pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs) are the origin of the highly expressed galectin-1 in the stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissue and to evaluate the effect of the secreted galectin-1 on proliferation and invasion ability of pancreatic cancer cell line CFPAC-1 in vitro. METHODS Different kinds of PaSCs were isolated from the normal or cancerous pancreatic tissues and cultured. Immunohistochemistry study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were carried out to check the cellular origin of galectin-1 in PDAC tissue. By using modified Boyden chambers, in vitro coculture system of PaSCs was established with the pancreatic cancer cell line CFPAC-1 and based on which we assessed the proliferation and invasion ability of CFPAC-1 with or without galectin-1 antagonists. RESULTS We identified PaSCs as the primary source of the highly expressed galectin-1 in PDAC stroma. Galectin-1 secreted by PaSCs increased CFPAC-1 proliferative rate in the proliferation assay and facilitated CFPAC-1 infiltration in the invasion assay. CONCLUSIONS Under malignant circumstances, PaSCs express and secret galectin-1, which could further promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xue
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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100
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Identification of genes associated with local aggressiveness and metastatic behavior in soft tissue tumors. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:23-32. [PMID: 20165692 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue tumors represent a group of neoplasia with different histologic and biological presentations varying from benign, locally confined to very aggressive and metastatic tumors. The molecular mechanisms responsible for such differences are still unknown. The understanding of these molecular alterations mechanism will be critical to discriminate patients who need systemic treatment from those that can be treated only locally and could also guide the development of new drugs' against this tumors. Using 102 tumor samples representing a large spectrum of these tumors, we performed expression profiling and defined differentially expression genes that are likely to be involved in tumors that are locally aggressive and in tumors with metastatic potential. We described a set of 12 genes (SNRPD3, MEGF9, SPTAN-1, AFAP1L2, ENDOD1, SERPIN5, ZWINTAS, TOP2A, UBE2C, ABCF1, MCM2, and ARL6IP5) showing opposite expression when these two conditions were compared. These genes are mainly related to cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cell proliferation and might represent helpful tools for a more precise classification and diagnosis as well as potential drug targets.
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