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Phosphatidylinositol (3,4) bisphosphate-specific phosphatases and effector proteins: A distinct branch of PI3K signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Hsu I, Yeh CR, Slavin S, Miyamoto H, Netto GJ, Tsai YC, Muyan M, Wu XR, Messing EM, Guancial EA, Yeh S. Estrogen receptor alpha prevents bladder cancer via INPP4B inhibited akt pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7917-35. [PMID: 25277204 PMCID: PMC4202170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical reports show males have a higher bladder cancer (BCa) incidence than females. The sexual difference of BCa occurrence suggests that estrogen and its receptors may affect BCa development. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the classic receptor to convey estrogen signaling, however, the function of ERα in BCa development remains largely unknown. To understand the in vivo role of ERα in BCa development, we generated total and urothelial specific ERα knockout mice (ERαKO) and used the pre- carcinogen BBN to induce BCa. Earlier reports showed that ERα promotes breast and ovarian cancers in females. Surprisingly and of clinical importance, our results showed that ERα inhibits BCa development and loss of the ERα gene results in an earlier onset and higher incidence of BBN-induced in vivo mouse BCa. Supportively, carcinogen induced malignant transformation ability was reduced in ERα expressing urothelial cells as compared to ERα negative cells. Mechanism studies suggest that ERα could control the expression of INPP4B to reduce AKT activity and consequently reduce BCa cell growth. In addition, IHC staining of clinical sample analyses show that INPP4B expression, in correlation with reduced ERα, is significantly reduced in human BCa specimens. Together, this is the first report using the in vivo cre-loxP gene knockout mouse model to characterize ERα roles in BCa development. Our studies provide multiple in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal model data as well as human BCa tissue analyses to prove ERα plays a protective role in BCa initiation and growth at least partly via modulating the INPP4B/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iawen Hsu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642. Contributed equally
| | - Chiuan-Ren Yeh
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642. Contributed equally
| | - Spencer Slavin
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - George J Netto
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University, School of Medicine, NY 10016
| | - Edward M Messing
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Elizabeth A Guancial
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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Guo H, German P, Bai S, Barnes S, Guo W, Qi X, Lou H, Liang J, Jonasch E, Mills GB, Ding Z. The PI3K/AKT Pathway and Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:343-53. [PMID: 26233890 PMCID: PMC4624215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is genetically targeted in more pathway components and in more tumor types than any other growth factor signaling pathway, and thus is frequently activated as a cancer driver. More importantly, the PI3K/AKT pathway is composed of multiple bifurcating and converging kinase cascades, providing many potential targets for cancer therapy. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a high-risk and high-mortality cancer that is notoriously resistant to traditional chemotherapies or radiotherapies. The PI3K/AKT pathway is modestly mutated but highly activated in RCC, representing a promising drug target. Indeed, PI3K pathway inhibitors of the rapalog family are approved for use in RCC. Recent large-scale integrated analyses of a large number of patients have provided a molecular basis for RCC, reiterating the critical role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in this cancer. In this review, we summarize the genetic alterations of the PI3K/AKT pathway in RCC as indicated in the latest large-scale genome sequencing data, as well as treatments for RCC that target the aberrant activated PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter German
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shanshan Bai
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean Barnes
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiangjie Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Linzi District, Zibo 255400, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiyong Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ayala G, Frolov A, Chatterjee D, He D, Hilsenbeck S, Ittmann M. Expression of ERG protein in prostate cancer: variability and biological correlates. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:277-87. [PMID: 25972242 PMCID: PMC4432248 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death of men in the USA. The TMPRSS2/ERG (T/E) fusion gene is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and promotes tumor progression in vivo. The presence of the T/E fusion gene is strongly associated with the expression of ERG protein, but emerging evidence indicates a significant interfocal and intrafocal variability in the levels of ERG protein expression. We therefore analyzed ERG protein expression by image analysis to objectively quantitate the extent of such heterogeneity, and confirmed significant interfocal and intrafocal variability of ERG protein expression levels in cancer expressing ERG. To define the pathways associated with ERG and its variable expression in prostate cancer, we have analyzed the correlations of ERG expression, as evaluated by immunohistochemistry, with 46 key proteins associated with signal transduction, transcriptional control, and other processes using a large tissue microarray with more than 500 prostate cancers. We found a significant correlation of ERG expression with the markers of activation of the PI3K, MYC, and NFκB pathways, which had previously been linked directly or indirectly to ERG expression. We have also identified significant correlations with novel proteins that have not been previously linked to ERG expression, including serum response factor, the p160 coactivator SRC1, and Sprouty1. Notably, SKP2 only correlated with a high level of ERG protein expression. Thus ERG expression is variable in prostate cancer and is associated with activation of multiple pathways and proteins including several potentially targetable pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ayala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anna Frolov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dandan He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Susan Hilsenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center Medical School, Houston, Texas, USADan L. Duncan Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, USADepartment of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USADepartment of Veterans AffairsMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Nunes M, Vrignaud P, Vacher S, Richon S, Lièvre A, Cacheux W, Weiswald LB, Massonnet G, Chateau-Joubert S, Nicolas A, Dib C, Zhang W, Watters J, Bergstrom D, Roman-Roman S, Bièche I, Dangles-Marie V. Evaluating patient-derived colorectal cancer xenografts as preclinical models by comparison with patient clinical data. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1560-6. [PMID: 25712343 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of targeted therapeutics required translationally relevant preclinical models with well-characterized cancer genome alterations. Here, by studying 52 colorectal patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX), we examined key molecular alterations of the IGF2-PI3K and ERBB-RAS pathways and response to cetuximab. PDX molecular data were compared with that published for patient colorectal tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas. We demonstrated a significant pattern of mutual exclusivity of genomic abnormalities in the IGF2-PI3K and ERBB-RAS pathways. The genomic anomaly frequencies observed in microsatellite stable PDX reproduce those detected in nonhypermutated patient tumors. We found frequent IGF2 upregulation (16%), which was mutually exclusive with IRS2, PIK3CA, PTEN, and INPP4B alterations, supporting IGF2 as a potential drug target. In addition to maintaining the genomic and histologic diversity, correct preclinical models need to reproduce drug response observed in patients. Responses of PDXs to cetuximab recapitulate also clinical data in patients, with partial or complete response in 15% (8 of 52) of PDXs and response strictly restricted to KRAS wild-type models. The response rate reaches 53% (8 of 15) when KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS mutations are concomitantly excluded, proving a functional cross-validation of predictive biomarkers obtained retrospectively in patients. Collectively, these results show that, because of their clinical relevance, colorectal PDXs are appropriate tools to identify both new targets, like IGF2, and predictive biomarkers of response/resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Nunes
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Vrignaud
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Richon
- IFR71, Faculté de Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- Département d'Oncologie médicale, Hôpital Institut Curie, Paris, France. Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Versailles, France
| | - Wulfran Cacheux
- Département d'Oncologie médicale, Hôpital Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- IFR71, Faculté de Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gerald Massonnet
- Recherche Translationnelle, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Chateau-Joubert
- France Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Anatomie Pathologique, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - André Nicolas
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpital Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Colette Dib
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James Watters
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Donald Bergstrom
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Oncology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Recherche Translationnelle, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Institut Curie, Paris, France. IFR71, Faculté de Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Dangles-Marie
- IFR71, Faculté de Sciences Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Recherche Translationnelle, Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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56
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Bertrand FE, Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Abrams SL, Montalto G, D'Assoro AB, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Maestro R, Basecke J, Rakus D, Gizak A, Demidenko ZN, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Cervello M. GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2881-911. [PMID: 24931005 PMCID: PMC4102778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified and studied in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. GSK-3 functions in a wide range of cellular processes. Aberrant activity of GSK-3 has been implicated in many human pathologies including: bipolar depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and others. In some cases, suppression of GSK-3 activity by phosphorylation by Akt and other kinases has been associated with cancer progression. In these cases, GSK-3 has tumor suppressor functions. In other cases, GSK-3 has been associated with tumor progression by stabilizing components of the beta-catenin complex. In these situations, GSK-3 has oncogenic properties. While many inhibitors to GSK-3 have been developed, their use remains controversial because of the ambiguous role of GSK-3 in cancer development. In this review, we will focus on the diverse roles that GSK-3 plays in various human cancers, in particular in solid tumors. Recently, GSK-3 has also been implicated in the generation of cancer stem cells in various cell types. We will also discuss how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858 USA
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Rynkiewicz NK, Fedele CG, Chiam K, Gupta R, Kench JG, Ooms LM, McLean CA, Giles GG, Horvath LG, Mitchell CA. INPP4B is highly expressed in prostate intermediate cells and its loss of expression in prostate carcinoma predicts for recurrence and poor long term survival. Prostate 2015; 75:92-102. [PMID: 25284366 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is frequently activated in prostate carcinoma due to the loss of tumor suppressor PTEN, which leads to increased Akt activity. Expression of INPP4B, another negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway, is also reduced in prostate carcinoma. However, uncertainty exists regarding the association of INPP4B expression and biochemical and clinical relapse of prostate carcinoma. METHODS INPP4B expression in benign prostate acini was analyzed by co-immunofluorescence with cytokeratins (CK) 5, 8, 19, androgen receptor (AR), c-MET, chromogranin A and Ki67. INPP4B expression in prostate carcinoma was analyzed in two independent cohorts (n = 406). The association of INPP4B with biochemical and clinical prostate carcinoma relapse was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS INPP4B was expressed in luminal epithelium within benign ducts, and was highly expressed in CK5+/CK8+/CK19+/AR-/c-MET+/Ki67- intermediate cells in proliferative inflammatory atrophic acini. Overall, INPP4B expression was reduced in prostate carcinoma compared to benign epithelium. Absent/low INPP4B expression was associated with reduced biochemical relapse-free survival (P = 0.01) and increased risk of clinical relapse (P = 0.01). Absence of INPP4B expression was an independent predictor of clinical relapse free survival (P = 0.004) when modeled with Gleason score (P = 0.027) and pathologic stage (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS INPP4B is highly expressed in intermediate cells within proliferative inflammatory atrophic ducts, and expression is reduced in prostate carcinoma. Absence of INPP4B expression is associated with poor outcome following radical prostatectomy, and represents an independent prognostic marker of prostate carcinoma clinical recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Rynkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Sueta A, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Hayashi M, Takeshita T, Yamamoto S, Iwase H. An integrative analysis of PIK3CA mutation, PTEN, and INPP4B expression in terms of trastuzumab efficacy in HER2-positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116054. [PMID: 25542038 PMCID: PMC4277449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is commonly deregulated in breast cancer through several mechanisms, including PIK3CA mutation and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase-II (INPP4B). We aimed to evaluate the predictive relevance of these biomarkers to trastuzumab efficacy in HER2-positive disease. We evaluated the effect of trastuzumab in 43 breast cancer patients with HER2-overexpression who received neoadjuvant treatment. PIK3CA mutation was examined by direct sequencing and digital PCR assay, and PIK3CA copy number was assessed by digital PCR assay of pretreatment tissues. PTEN, pAkt, and INPP4B were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Direct sequencing detected mutant DNA in 21% of all patients, but the incidence increased to 49% using digital PCR. The pathological complete response (pCR) rate in patients with PIK3CA mutations was 29% compared with 67% for those without PIK3CA mutations (P = 0.093), when the mutation was defined as positive if the mutant proportion was more than 10% of total genetic content by digital PCR. Low PTEN expression was associated with less pCR compared to high expression (33% versus 72%, P = 0.034). There were no significant associations of PIK3CA copy number, pAKt, or INPP4B with trastuzumab efficacy. In multivariate analysis, activation of the PI3K pathway due to either PIK3CA mutation or low PTEN were related to poorer response to trastuzumab (OR of predictive pCR was 0.11, 95%CI; 0.03–0.48). In conclusion, activating the PI3K pathway is associated with low pCR to trastuzumab-based treatment in HER2-positive breast cancer. Combined analysis of PIK3CA mutation and PTEN expression may serve as critical indicators to identify patients unlikely to respond to trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Sueta
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeshita
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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Characterization of VPS34-IN1, a selective inhibitor of Vps34, reveals that the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding SGK3 protein kinase is a downstream target of class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Biochem J 2014; 463:413-27. [PMID: 25177796 PMCID: PMC4209782 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34) class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) phosphorylates PtdIns (phosphatidylinositol) at endosomal membranes to generate PtdIns(3)P that regulates membrane trafficking processes via its ability to recruit a subset of proteins possessing PtdIns(3)P-binding PX (phox homology) and FYVE domains. In the present study, we describe a highly selective and potent inhibitor of Vps34, termed VPS34-IN1, that inhibits Vps34 with 25 nM IC50in vitro, but does not significantly inhibit the activity of 340 protein kinases or 25 lipid kinases tested that include all isoforms of class I as well as class II PI3Ks. Administration of VPS34-IN1 to cells induces a rapid dose-dependent dispersal of a specific PtdIns(3)P-binding probe from endosome membranes, within 1 min, without affecting the ability of class I PI3K to regulate Akt. Moreover, we explored whether SGK3 (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-3), the only protein kinase known to interact specifically with PtdIns(3)P via its N-terminal PX domain, might be controlled by Vps34. Mutations disrupting PtdIns(3)P binding ablated SGK3 kinase activity by suppressing phosphorylation of the T-loop [PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) site] and hydrophobic motif (mammalian target of rapamycin site) residues. VPS34-IN1 induced a rapid ~50–60% loss of SGK3 phosphorylation within 1 min. VPS34-IN1 did not inhibit activity of the SGK2 isoform that does not possess a PtdIns(3)P-binding PX domain. Furthermore, class I PI3K inhibitors (GDC-0941 and BKM120) that do not inhibit Vps34 suppressed SGK3 activity by ~40%. Combining VPS34-IN1 and GDC-0941 reduced SGK3 activity ~80–90%. These data suggest SGK3 phosphorylation and hence activity is controlled by two pools of PtdIns(3)P. The first is produced through phosphorylation of PtdIns by Vps34 at the endosome. The second is due to the conversion of class I PI3K product, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 into PtdIns(3)P, via the sequential actions of the PtdIns 5-phosphatases [SHIP1/2 (Src homology 2-domain-containing inositol phosphatase 1/2)] and PtdIns 4-phosphatase [INPP4B (inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II)]. VPS34-IN1 will be a useful probe to delineate physiological roles of the Vps34. Monitoring SGK3 phosphorylation and activity could be employed as a biomarker of Vps34 activity, in an analogous manner by which Akt is used to probe cellular class I PI3K activity. Combining class I (GDC-0941) and class III (VPS34-IN1) PI3K inhibitors could be used as a strategy to better analyse the roles and regulation of the elusive class II PI3K. We characterize VPS34-IN, a potent and selective inhibitor of class III Vps34 PI3K. Using VPS34-IN1, we demonstrate that PtdIns(3)P, produced by Vps34 controls phosphorylation and activity of the SGK3 protein kinase.
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Hodgson MC, Deryugina EI, Suarez E, Lopez SM, Lin D, Xue H, Gorlov IP, Wang Y, Agoulnik IU. INPP4B suppresses prostate cancer cell invasion. Cell Commun Signal 2014. [PMID: 25248616 DOI: 10.1186/preaccept-2663637391256502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND INPP4B and PTEN dual specificity phosphatases are frequently lost during progression of prostate cancer to metastatic disease. We and others have previously shown that loss of INPP4B expression correlates with poor prognosis in multiple malignancies and with metastatic spread in prostate cancer. RESULTS We demonstrate that de novo expression of INPP4B in highly invasive human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells suppresses their invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Using global gene expression analysis, we found that INPP4B regulates a number of genes associated with cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, and the cytoskeleton. Importantly, de novo expressed INPP4B suppressed the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 and induced PAK6. These genes were regulated in a reciprocal manner following downregulation of INPP4B in the independently derived INPP4B-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, which is highly active in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells, did not reproduce INPP4B mediated suppression of IL-8 mRNA expression in either cell type. In contrast, inhibition of PKC signaling phenocopied INPP4B-mediated inhibitory effect on IL-8 in either prostate cancer cell line. In PC-3 cells, INPP4B overexpression caused a decline in the level of metastases associated BIRC5 protein, phosphorylation of PKC, and expression of the common PKC and IL-8 downstream target, COX-2. Reciprocally, COX-2 expression was increased in LNCaP cells following depletion of endogenous INPP4B. CONCLUSION Taken together, we discovered that INPP4B is a novel suppressor of oncogenic PKC signaling, further emphasizing the role of INPP4B in maintaining normal physiology of the prostate epithelium and suppressing metastatic potential of prostate tumors.
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Abstract
Background INPP4B and PTEN dual specificity phosphatases are frequently lost during progression of prostate cancer to metastatic disease. We and others have previously shown that loss of INPP4B expression correlates with poor prognosis in multiple malignancies and with metastatic spread in prostate cancer. Results We demonstrate that de novo expression of INPP4B in highly invasive human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells suppresses their invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Using global gene expression analysis, we found that INPP4B regulates a number of genes associated with cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, and the cytoskeleton. Importantly, de novo expressed INPP4B suppressed the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 and induced PAK6. These genes were regulated in a reciprocal manner following downregulation of INPP4B in the independently derived INPP4B-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, which is highly active in both PC-3 and LNCaP cells, did not reproduce INPP4B mediated suppression of IL-8 mRNA expression in either cell type. In contrast, inhibition of PKC signaling phenocopied INPP4B-mediated inhibitory effect on IL-8 in either prostate cancer cell line. In PC-3 cells, INPP4B overexpression caused a decline in the level of metastases associated BIRC5 protein, phosphorylation of PKC, and expression of the common PKC and IL-8 downstream target, COX-2. Reciprocally, COX-2 expression was increased in LNCaP cells following depletion of endogenous INPP4B. Conclusion Taken together, we discovered that INPP4B is a novel suppressor of oncogenic PKC signaling, further emphasizing the role of INPP4B in maintaining normal physiology of the prostate epithelium and suppressing metastatic potential of prostate tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-014-0061-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ding H, Sun Y, Hou Y, Li L. Effects of INPP4B gene transfection combined with PARP inhibitor on castration therapy—Resistant prostate cancer cell line, PC3. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:720-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Chen WC, Hsieh SR, Chiu CH, Hsu BD, Liou YM. Molecular identification for epigallocatechin-3-gallate-mediated antioxidant intervention on the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:56. [PMID: 24913014 PMCID: PMC4070642 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been documented for its beneficial effects protecting oxidative stress to cardiac cells. Previously, we have shown the EGCG-mediated cardiac protection by attenuating reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca2+ in cardiac cells during oxidative stress and myocardial ischemia. Here, we aimed to seek a deeper elucidation of the molecular anti-oxidative capabilities of EGCG in an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model of myocardial ischemia injury using H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Results Proteomics analysis was used to determine the differential expression of proteins in H9c2 cells cultured in the conditions of control, 400 μM H2O2 exposure for 30 min with and/or without 10 to 20 μM EGCG pre-treatment. In this model, eight proteins associated with energy metabolism, mitochondrial electron transfer, redox regulation, signal transduction, and RNA binding were identified to take part in EGCG-ameliorating H2O2-induced injury in H9c2 cells. H2O2 exposure increased oxidative stress evidenced by increases in reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca2+ overload, increases in glycolytic protein, α-enolase, decreases in antioxidant protein, peroxiredoxin-4, as well as decreases in mitochondrial proteins, including aldehyde dehydrogenase-2, ornithine aminotransferase, and succinate dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein subunit. All of these effects were reversed by EGCG pre-treatment. In addition, EGCG attenuated the H2O2-induced increases of Type II inositol 3, 4-bisphosphate 4-phosphatase and relieved its subsequent inhibition of the downstream signalling for Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/cyclin D1 in H9c2 cells. Pre-treatment with EGCG or GSK-3β inhibitor (SB 216763) significantly improved the H2O2-induced suppression on cell viability, phosphorylation of pAkt (S473) and pGSK-3β (S9), and level of cyclin D1 in cells. Conclusions Collectively, these findings suggest that EGCG blunts the H2O2-induced oxidative effect on the Akt activity through the modulation of PIP3 synthesis leading to the subsequent inactivation of GSK-3β mediated cardiac cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ban-Dar Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Zhang X, Chen H, Wang X, Zhao W, Chen JJ. Expression and transcriptional profiling of the LKB1 tumor suppressor in cervical cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:372-8. [PMID: 24792998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the biological activities of LKB1, examine LKB1 protein expression and identify LKB1-regulated genes that may serve as therapeutic targets in cervical cancer. METHODS Proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells expressing LKB1 was examined. LKB1 expression in normal cervical tissues and cervical cancers was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression profiles of cervical cancer HeLa cells stably expressing LKB1 were analyzed by microarray. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) PATHWAY database. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the microarray data. The expression of lipid phosphatase inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) was confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS Expression of LKB1 inhibited HeLa cell proliferation, activated AMPK and was lost in more than 50% of cervical carcinomas. More than 200 genes were differentially expressed between HeLa cells with and without LKB1. Bioinformatics analysis with GO annotation indicated that LKB1 plays a role in receiving diverse stimuli and converting them into molecular signals. KEGG PATHWAY analysis showed that 8 pathways were significantly regulated. These include arginine and proline metabolism and inositol phosphate metabolism. The differential expression of 7 randomly selected genes was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, the steady-state level of INPP4B protein was up-regulated in LKB1-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes LKB1 as an important tumor suppressor in cervical cancer and sheds light on a novel signaling pathway regulated by LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01532, USA
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jason J Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01532, USA; Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Adikesavan AK, Karmakar S, Pardo P, Wang L, Liu S, Li W, Smith CL. Activation of p53 transcriptional activity by SMRT: a histone deacetylase 3-independent function of a transcriptional corepressor. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1246-61. [PMID: 24449765 PMCID: PMC3993559 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01216-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) is an established histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)-dependent transcriptional corepressor. Microarray analyses of MCF-7 cells transfected with control or SMRT small interfering RNA revealed SMRT regulation of genes involved in DNA damage responses, and the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX as well as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage were elevated in SMRT-depleted cells treated with doxorubicin. A number of these genes are established p53 targets. SMRT knockdown decreased the activity of two p53-dependent reporter genes as well as the expression of p53 target genes, such as CDKN1A (which encodes p21). SMRT bound directly to p53 and was recruited to p53 binding sites within the p21 promoter. Depletion of GPS2 and TBL1, components of the SMRT corepressor complex, but not histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) decreased p21-luciferase activity. p53 bound to the SMRT deacetylase activation domain (DAD), which mediates HDAC3 binding and activation, and HDAC3 could attenuate p53 binding to the DAD region of SMRT. Moreover, an HDAC3 binding-deficient SMRT DAD mutant coactivated p53 transcriptional activity. Collectively, these data highlight a biological role for SMRT in mediating DNA damage responses and suggest a model where p53 binding to the DAD limits HDAC3 interaction with this coregulator, thereby facilitating SMRT coactivation of p53-dependent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudipan Karmakar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Pardo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carolyn L. Smith
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Asraf H, Salomon S, Nevo A, Sekler I, Mayer D, Hershfinkel M. The ZnR/GPR39 Interacts With the CaSR to Enhance Signaling in Prostate and Salivary Epithelia. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:868-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Shimrit Salomon
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Andrey Nevo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Doris Mayer
- Hormones and Signal Transduction Group; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
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Stjernström A, Karlsson C, Fernandez OJ, Söderkvist P, Karlsson MG, Thunell LK. Alterations of INPP4B, PIK3CA and pAkt of the PI3K pathway are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Med 2014; 3:337-48. [PMID: 24500884 PMCID: PMC3987083 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate how alterations in the PI3K pathway correlate with non-small cell lung cancer subtypes squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) and adenocarcinoma (ADCA). We analyzed copy number variation and protein expression of INPP4B, protein expression of pAkt, PDPK1, and PTEN and mutational status of PIK3CA and PTEN in 180 cases. Nineteen% displayed loss of INPP4B copy, whereas 47% lacked expression, both showing correlation with SCC. Elevated pAkt expression was seen in 63% of all cases, also correlating to SCC. PDPK1 was expressed in 70%, more in male than female patients. Regarding PTEN, 50% displayed loss of expression, of which seven were identified with mutations in the phosphatase domain. We detected nine cases (5%) of PIK3CA mutations, all identified as the E545K hot spot mutation in the helical domain, all except one in SCC. When analyzing all PI3K pathway components together, we show that patients with at least one alteration in the PI3K pathway are twice as likely to have SCC, than ADCA. Interestingly, we also found a strong correlation between high pAkt expression and PTEN expression. As comparison, we also analyzed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway genes, where we identified fifteen KRAS mutations (8%) and one BRAF mutation (1%), significantly associated to ADCA. No association was found to the Gly972Arg polymorphism of IRS-1, involved in activation of both PI3K and MAPK pathways. In conclusion, we show here that several components of the PI3K pathway, alone and in combination, are correlated to development of SCC of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Stjernström
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
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Sun Y, Ding H, Liu X, Li X, Li L. INPP4B overexpression enhances the antitumor efficacy of PARP inhibitor AG014699 in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Polivka J, Janku F. Molecular targets for cancer therapy in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:164-75. [PMID: 24333502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in various cellular signaling pathways are instrumental in regulating cellular metabolism, tumor development, growth, proliferation, metastasis and cytoskeletal reorganization. The fundamental cellular signaling cascade involved in these processes, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), closely related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, is a crucial and intensively explored intracellular signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. Various activating mutations in oncogenes together with the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are found in diverse malignancies across almost all members of the pathway. Substantial progress in uncovering PI3K/AKT/mTOR alterations and their roles in tumorigenesis has enabled the development of novel targeted molecules with potential for developing efficacious anticancer treatment. Two approved anticancer drugs, everolimus and temsirolimus, exemplify targeted inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR in the clinic and many others are in preclinical development as well as being tested in early clinical trials for many different types of cancer. This review focuses on targeted PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling from the perspective of novel molecular targets for cancer therapy found in key pathway members and their corresponding experimental therapeutic agents. Various aberrant prognostic and predictive biomarkers are also discussed and examples are given. Novel approaches to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition together with a better understanding of prognostic and predictive markers have the potential to significantly improve the future care of cancer patients in the current era of personalized cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Polivka
- Department of Histology and Embryology and Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine Plzen, Charles University Prague, Husova 3, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Plzen, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60 Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Viernes DR, Choi LB, Kerr WG, Chisholm JD. Discovery and development of small molecule SHIP phosphatase modulators. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:795-824. [PMID: 24302498 DOI: 10.1002/med.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phospholipids play an important role in the transfer of signaling information across the cell membrane in eukaryotes. These signals are often governed by the phosphorylation patterns on the inositols, which are mediated by a number of inositol kinases and phosphatases. The src homology 2 (SH2) containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) plays a central role in these processes, influencing signals delivered through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. SHIP modulation by small molecules has been implicated as a treatment in a number of human disease states, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, alteration of SHIP phosphatase activity may provide a means to facilitate bone marrow transplantation and increase blood cell production. This review discusses the cellular signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions that provide the molecular basis for targeting the SHIP enzyme in these disease states. In addition, a comprehensive survey of small molecule modulators of SHIP1 and SHIP2 is provided, with a focus on the structure, potency, selectivity, and solubility properties of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Viernes
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - Lydia B Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210.,Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13210
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA 13244
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Vacher J. Inpp4b is a novel negative modulator of osteoclast differentiation and a prognostic locus for human osteoporosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1280:52-4. [PMID: 23551105 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (Inpp4b) is a novel negative modulator of osteoclast differentiation and a prognostic locus for human osteoporosis. This short overview summarizes some of the cellular, molecular, and crosstalk signaling mechanisms that control osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Vacher
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Départment de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Srivastava N, Sudan R, Kerr WG. Role of inositol poly-phosphatases and their targets in T cell biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:288. [PMID: 24069021 PMCID: PMC3779868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a critical role in host defense in all anatomical sites including mucosal surfaces. This not only includes the effector arm of the immune system, but also regulation of immune responses in order to prevent autoimmunity. Genetic targeting of PI3K isoforms suggests that generation of PI(3,4,5)P3 by PI3K plays a critical role in promoting effector T cell responses. Consequently, the 5'- and 3'-inositol poly-phosphatases SHIP1, SHIP2, and phosphatase and tensin homolog capable of targeting PI(3,4,5)P3 are potential genetic determinants of T cell effector functions in vivo. In addition, the 5'-inositol poly-phosphatases SHIP1 and 2 can shunt PI(3,4,5)P3 to the rare but potent signaling phosphoinositide species PI(3,4)P2 and thus these SHIP1/2, and the INPP4A/B enzymes that deplete PI(3,4)P2 may have precise roles in T cell biology to amplify or inhibit effectors of PI3K signaling that are selectively recruited to and activated by PI(3,4)P2. Here we summarize recent genetic and chemical evidence that indicates the inositol poly-phosphatases have important roles in both the effector and regulatory functions of the T cell compartment. In addition, we will discuss future genetic studies that might be undertaken to further elaborate the role of these enzymes in T cell biology as well as potential pharmaceutical manipulation of these enzymes for therapeutic purposes in disease settings where T cell function is a key in vivo target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY , USA
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Lopez SM, Hodgson MC, Packianathan C, Bingol-Ozakpinar O, Uras F, Rosen BP, Agoulnik IU. Determinants of the tumor suppressor INPP4B protein and lipid phosphatase activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:277-82. [PMID: 24070612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor INPP4B is an important regulator of phosphatidyl-inositol signaling in the cell. Reduced INPP4B expression is associated with poor outcomes for breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer patients. INPP4B contains a CX5R catalytic motif characteristic of dual-specificity phosphatases, such as PTEN. Lipid phosphatase activity of INPP4B has previously been described. In this report we show that INPP4B can dephosphorylate para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl (DiFMUP), synthetic phosphotyrosine analogs, suggesting that INPP4B has protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. Using mutagenesis, we examined the functional role of specific amino acids within the INPP4B C842KSAKDR catalytic site. The K843M mutant displayed increased pNPP hydrolysis, the K846M mutant lost lipid phosphatase activity with no effect on PTP activity, and the D847E substitution ablated PTP activity and significantly reduced lipid phosphatase activity. Further, we show that INPP4B but not PTEN is able to reduce tyrosine phosphorylation of Akt1 and both the lipid and PTP activity of INPP4B likely contribute to the reduction of Akt1 phosphorylation. Taken together our data identified key residues in the INPP4B catalytic domain associated with lipid and protein phosphatase activities and found a robust downstream target regulated by INPP4B but not PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lopez
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St. Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Stebbing J, Filipovic A, Lit LC, Blighe K, Grothey A, Xu Y, Miki Y, Chow LW, Coombes RC, Sasano H, Shaw JA, Giamas G. LMTK3 is implicated in endocrine resistance via multiple signaling pathways. Oncogene 2013; 32:3371-80. [PMID: 22869149 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer is common. With the aim of discovering new molecular targets for breast cancer therapy, we have recently identified LMTK3 as a regulator of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and wished to understand its role in endocrine resistance. We find that inhibition of LMTK3 in a xenograft tamoxifen (Tam)-resistant (BT474) breast cancer mouse model results in re-sensitization to Tam as demonstrated by a reduction in tumor volume. A whole genome microarray analysis, using a BT474 cell line, reveals genes significantly modulated (positively or negatively) after LMTK3 silencing, including some that are known to be implicated in Tam resistance, notably c-MYC, HSPB8 and SIAH2. We show that LMTK3 is able to increase the levels of HSPB8 at a transcriptional and translational level thereby protecting MCF7 cells from Tam-induced cell death, by reducing autophagy. Finally, high LMTK3 levels at baseline in tumors are predictive for endocrine resistance; therapy does not lead to alteration in levels, whereas in patient's plasma samples, acquired LMTK3 gene amplification (copy number variation) was associated with relapse while receiving Tam. In aggregate, these data support a role for LMTK3 in both innate (intrinsic) and acquired (adaptive) endocrine resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Xie J, Erneux C, Pirson I. How does SHIP1/2 balance PtdIns(3,4)P2 and does it signal independently of its phosphatase activity? Bioessays 2013; 35:733-43. [PMID: 23650141 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of cellular events identified as being directly or indirectly modulated by phosphoinositides dramatically increased in the recent years. Part of the complexity results from the fact that the seven phosphoinositides play second messenger functions in many different areas of growth factors and insulin signaling, cytoskeletal organization, membrane dynamics, trafficking, or nuclear signaling. PtdIns(3,4)P2 is commonly reported as a product of the SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatases 1/2 (SHIP1 and SHIP2) that dephosphorylate PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the 5-position. Here we discuss recent interest in PtdIns(3,4)P2 signaling highlighting its involvement in key cellular mechanisms such as cell adhesion, migration, and cytoskeletal regulation. We question and discuss the involvement of SHIP2 either as a PI 5-phosphatase or as a scaffold protein in insulin signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and endocytosis of growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang Liaoning Province, China
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Saini KS, Loi S, de Azambuja E, Metzger-Filho O, Saini ML, Ignatiadis M, Dancey JE, Piccart-Gebhart MJ. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:935-46. [PMID: 23643661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of signal transduction pathways leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastases are hallmarks of the carcinogenic process. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the Raf/mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways are critical for normal human physiology, and also commonly dysregulated in several human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). In vitro and in vivo data suggest that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK cascades are interconnected with multiple points of convergence, cross-talk, and feedback loops. Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway mutations may co-exist. Inhibition of one pathway can still result in the maintenance of signaling via the other (reciprocal) pathway. The existence of such "escape" mechanisms implies that dual targeting of these pathways may lead to superior efficacy and better clinical outcome in selected patients. Several clinical trials targeting one or both pathways are already underway in BC patients. The toxicity profile of this novel approach of dual pathway inhibition needs to be closely monitored, given the important physiological role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. In this article, we present a review of the current relevant pre-clinical and clinical data and discuss the rationale for dual inhibition of these pathways in the treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal S Saini
- Breast International Group, Brussels, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide signalling molecules interact with a plethora of effector proteins to regulate cell proliferation and survival, vesicular trafficking, metabolism, actin dynamics and many other cellular functions. The generation of specific phosphoinositide species is achieved by the activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases, which phosphorylate and dephosphorylate, respectively, the inositol headgroup of phosphoinositide molecules. The phosphoinositide phosphatases can be classified as 3-, 4- and 5-phosphatases based on their specificity for dephosphorylating phosphates from specific positions on the inositol head group. The SAC phosphatases show less specificity for the position of the phosphate on the inositol ring. The phosphoinositide phosphatases regulate PI3K/Akt signalling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Mouse knockout models of several of the phosphoinositide phosphatases have revealed significant physiological roles for these enzymes, including the regulation of embryonic development, fertility, neurological function, the immune system and insulin sensitivity. Importantly, several phosphoinositide phosphatases have been directly associated with a range of human diseases. Genetic mutations in the 5-phosphatase INPP5E are causative of the ciliopathy syndromes Joubert and MORM, and mutations in the 5-phosphatase OCRL result in Lowe's syndrome and Dent 2 disease. Additionally, polymorphisms in the 5-phosphatase SHIP2 confer diabetes susceptibility in specific populations, whereas reduced protein expression of SHIP1 is reported in several human leukaemias. The 4-phosphatase, INPP4B, has recently been identified as a tumour suppressor in human breast and prostate cancer. Mutations in one SAC phosphatase, SAC3/FIG4, results in the degenerative neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Indeed, an understanding of the precise functions of phosphoinositide phosphatases is not only important in the context of normal human physiology, but to reveal the mechanisms by which these enzyme families are implicated in an increasing repertoire of human diseases.
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Rodon J, Dienstmann R, Serra V, Tabernero J. Development of PI3K inhibitors: lessons learned from early clinical trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013; 10:143-53. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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79
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Role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in cell signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:105-39. [PMID: 23775693 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many lipids present in cellular membranes are phosphorylated as part of signaling cascades and participate in the recruitment, localization, and activation of downstream protein effectors. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is one of the most important second messengers and is capable of interacting with a variety of proteins through specific PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding domains. Localization and activation of these effector proteins controls a myriad of cellular functions including cell survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and gene expression. Aberrations in the production and metabolism of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 have been implicated in many human diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and heart disease. This chapter provides an overview of the role of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in cellular regulation and the implications of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 dysregulation in human diseases. Additionally, recent attempts at targeting PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling via small molecule inhibitors are summarized.
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80
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Development of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors and their application in personalized therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:1315-26. [PMID: 22648207 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31825493eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common disease with more than 1.6 million new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2008. Treatments for patients with advanced disease are rarely curative, and responses to therapy are often followed by relapse, which highlights the large unmet need for novel therapies. Recent advances in cancer treatment have focused on personalized therapy, whereby patients are treated with agents that best target the molecular drivers of their disease. Thus, a better understanding of the pathways that drive cancer or drug resistance is of critical importance. One such example is the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is activated in many lung cancer patients and represents a target for therapy. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation has also been observed in tumors resistant to agents targeting upstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Agents that target this pathway have the potential to shut down survival pathways, and are being explored both in the setting of pathway-activating mutations and for their ability to restore sensitivity to upstream signaling targeted agents. Here, we examine the frequency of mutations activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, review the novel agents being explored to target this pathway, and explore the potential role of the inhibition of this pathway in the clinical development of these agents.
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81
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Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, LaHair MM, Montalto G, Cervello M, Martelli AM, Nicoletti F, Candido S, Libra M, Polesel J, Talamini R, Milella M, Tafuri A, Steelman LS, McCubrey JA. Ectopic NGAL expression can alter sensitivity of breast cancer cells to EGFR, Bcl-2, CaM-K inhibitors and the plant natural product berberine. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4447-61. [PMID: 23159854 PMCID: PMC3552927 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, a.k.a Lnc2) is a member of the lipocalin family and has diverse roles. NGAL can stabilize matrix metalloproteinase-9 from autodegradation. NGAL is considered as a siderocalin that is important in the transport of iron. NGAL expression has also been associated with certain neoplasias and is implicated in the metastasis of breast cancer. In a previous study, we examined whether ectopic NGAL expression would alter the sensitivity of breast epithelial, breast and colorectal cancer cells to the effects of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. While abundant NGAL expression was detected in all the cells infected with a retrovirus encoding NGAL, this expression did not alter the sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin as compared with empty vector-transduced cells. We were also interested in determining the effects of ectopic NGAL expression on the sensitivity to small-molecule inhibitors targeting key signaling molecules. Ectopic NGAL expression increased the sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to EGFR, Bcl-2 and calmodulin kinase inhibitors as well as the natural plant product berberine. Furthermore, when suboptimal concentrations of certain inhibitors were combined with doxorubicin, a reduction in the doxorubicin IC 50 was frequently observed. An exception was observed when doxorubicin was combined with rapamycin, as doxorubicin suppressed the sensitivity of the NGAL-transduced MCF-7 cells to rapamycin when compared with the empty vector controls. In contrast, changes in the sensitivities of the NGAL-transduced HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line and the breast epithelial MCF-10A cell line were not detected compared with empty vector-transduced cells. Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/Dox (R) cells were examined in these experiments as a control drug-resistant line; it displayed increased sensitivity to EGFR and Bcl-2 inhibitors compared with empty vector transduced MCF-7 cells. These results indicate that NGAL expression can alter the sensitivity of certain cancer cells to small-molecule inhibitors, suggesting that patients whose tumors exhibit elevated NGAL expression or have become drug-resistant may display altered responses to certain small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Chappell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Richard A. Franklin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Michelle M. LaHair
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties; University of Palermo; Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”; Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”; Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; Università di Bologna; Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; National Research Council-Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute; Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; University of Catania; Catania, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS; Aviano, Italy
| | - Renato Talamini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS; Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Agostino Tafuri
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology; University of Rome, Sapienza; Rome, Italy
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
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82
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Sun L, Davis NM, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Martelli AM, Libra M, Candido S, Ligresti G, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Fagone P, Donia M, Nicoletti F, Polesel J, Talamini R, Bäsecke J, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Michele M, Tafuri A, Dulińska-Litewka J, Laidler P, D'Assoro AB, Drobot L, Umezawa D, Montalto G, Cervello M, Demidenko ZN. Advances in targeting signal transduction pathways. Oncotarget 2012; 3:1505-21. [PMID: 23455493 PMCID: PMC3681490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, significant advances have occurred in both our understanding of the complexity of signal transduction pathways as well as the isolation of specific inhibitors which target key components in those pathways. Furthermore critical information is being accrued regarding how genetic mutations can affect the sensitivity of various types of patients to targeted therapy. Finally, genetic mechanisms responsible for the development of resistance after targeted therapy are being discovered which may allow the creation of alternative therapies to overcome resistance. This review will discuss some of the highlights over the past few years on the roles of key signaling pathways in various diseases, the targeting of signal transduction pathways and the genetic mechanisms governing sensitivity and resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA.
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83
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Craig DW, O'Shaughnessy JA, Kiefer JA, Aldrich J, Sinari S, Moses TM, Wong S, Dinh J, Christoforides A, Blum JL, Aitelli CL, Osborne CR, Izatt T, Kurdoglu A, Baker A, Koeman J, Barbacioru C, Sakarya O, De La Vega FM, Siddiqui A, Hoang L, Billings PR, Salhia B, Tolcher AW, Trent JM, Mousses S, Von Hoff D, Carpten JD. Genome and transcriptome sequencing in prospective metastatic triple-negative breast cancer uncovers therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:104-16. [PMID: 23171949 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the absence of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2. Thirty percent of patients recur after first-line treatment, and metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) has a poor prognosis with median survival of one year. Here, we present initial analyses of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing data from 14 prospective mTNBC. We have cataloged the collection of somatic genomic alterations in these advanced tumors, particularly those that may inform targeted therapies. Genes mutated in multiple tumors included TP53, LRP1B, HERC1, CDH5, RB1, and NF1. Notable genes involved in focal structural events were CTNNA1, PTEN, FBXW7, BRCA2, WT1, FGFR1, KRAS, HRAS, ARAF, BRAF, and PGCP. Homozygous deletion of CTNNA1 was detected in 2 of 6 African Americans. RNA sequencing revealed consistent overexpression of the FOXM1 gene when tumor gene expression was compared with nonmalignant breast samples. Using an outlier analysis of gene expression comparing one cancer with all the others, we detected expression patterns unique to each patient's tumor. Integrative DNA/RNA analysis provided evidence for deregulation of mutated genes, including the monoallelic expression of TP53 mutations. Finally, molecular alterations in several cancers supported targeted therapeutic intervention on clinical trials with known inhibitors, particularly for alterations in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. In conclusion, whole genome and transcriptome profiling of mTNBC have provided insights into somatic events occurring in this difficult to treat cancer. These genomic data have guided patients to investigational treatment trials and provide hypotheses for future trials in this irremediable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Craig
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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84
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Martelli AM, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Cappellini A, Buontempo F, Bressanin D, Fini M, McCubrey JA. Two hits are better than one: targeting both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic strategy for acute leukemia treatment. Oncotarget 2012; 3:371-94. [PMID: 22564882 PMCID: PMC3380573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are two key components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This signal transduction cascade regulates a wide range of physiological cell processes, that include differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, motility, and exocytosis. However, constitutively active PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling characterizes many types of tumors where it negatively influences response to therapeutic treatments. Hence, targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with small molecule inhibitors may improve cancer patient outcome. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is overactive in acute leukemias, where it correlates with enhanced drug-resistance and poor prognosis. The catalytic sites of PI3K and mTOR share a high degree of sequence homology. This feature has allowed the synthesis of ATP-competitive compounds targeting the catalytic site of both kinases. In preclinical models, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity against acute leukemia cells than either PI3K inhibitors or allosteric mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin. At variance with rapamycin, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors targeted both mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, and inhibited the rapamycin-resistant phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, resulting in a marked inhibition of oncogenic protein translation. Therefore, they strongly reduced cell proliferation and induced an important apoptotic response. Here, we reviewed the evidence documenting that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may represent a promising option for future targeted therapies of acute leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Bologna, Italy.
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85
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Kim JS, Yun HS, Um HD, Park JK, Lee KH, Kang CM, Lee SJ, Hwang SG. Identification of inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II as a novel tumor resistance biomarker in human laryngeal cancer HEp-2 cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1307-18. [PMID: 22895072 PMCID: PMC3493439 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor resistance remains a significant impediment to successful radiotherapy, associated regulatory markers and detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well defined. In this study, we identified inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) as a novel marker of radioresistance by systematically analyzing Unigene libraries of laryngeal cancer. INPP4B was highly expressed in radioresistant laryngeal cancer cells and was induced by treatment with either radiation or anticancer drugs in various types of cancer cells. Ectopic INPP4B overexpression increased radioresistance and anticancer drug resistance by suppressing apoptosis in HEp-2 cells. Conversely, INPP4B depletion with small interfering RNA resensitized HEp-2 as well as A549 and H1299 cells to radiation- and anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, radiation-induced INPP4B expression was blocked by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). INPP4B depletion significantly attenuated radiation-induced increases in Akt phosphorylation, indicating an association of INPP4B-mediated radioresistance with Akt survival signaling. Taken together, our data suggest that ERK-dependent induction of INPP4B triggers the development of a tumor-resistance phenotype via Akt signaling and identify INPP4B as a potentially important target molecule for resolving the radioresistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
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86
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Abstract
The PI3K pathway plays an important role in key cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation and survival. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in different pathway components lead to aberrant pathway activation and have been observed in high frequencies in various tumor types. Consequently, significant effort has been made to develop antineoplastic agents targeting different nodes in this pathway. Additionally, PI3K pathway status may have predictive and prognostic implications, and may contribute to drug resistance in tumor cells. This article provides an overview of our current knowledge of the PI3K pathway with an emphasis on its application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sadeghi
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Harold C Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David E Gerber
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Harold C Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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87
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Vacher J. [Inositol phosphatase and bone mass: role of INPP4b]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:152-3. [PMID: 22377302 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012282012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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88
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Specific changes in the expression of imprinted genes in prostate cancer--implications for cancer progression and epigenetic regulation. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:436-50. [PMID: 22367183 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation comprising DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) overexpression and altered patterns of histone modifications is associated with the progression of prostate cancer. DNA methylation, EZH2 and histone modifications also ensure the parental-specific monoallelic expression of at least 62 imprinted genes. Although it is therefore tempting to speculate that epigenetic dysregulation may extend to imprinted genes, expression changes in cancerous prostates are only well documented for insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). A literature and database survey on imprinted genes in prostate cancer suggests that the expression of most imprinted genes remains unchanged despite global disturbances in epigenetic mechanisms. Instead, selective genetic and epigenetic changes appear to lead to the inactivation of a sub-network of imprinted genes, which might function in the prostate to limit cell growth induced via the PI3K/Akt pathway, modulate androgen responses and regulate differentiation. Whereas dysregulation of IGF2 may constitute an early change in prostate carcinogenesis, inactivation of this imprinted gene network is rather associated with cancer progression.
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89
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Rynkiewicz NK, Liu HJ, Balamatsias D, Mitchell CA. INPP4A/INPP4B and P-Rex proteins: related but different? Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:265-279. [PMID: 21925199 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Rynkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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90
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Leslie NR, Dixon MJ, Schenning M, Gray A, Batty IH. Distinct inactivation of PI3K signalling by PTEN and 5-phosphatases. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:205-213. [PMID: 21930147 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Leslie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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91
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Phosphatases: the new brakes for cancer development? Enzyme Res 2011; 2012:659649. [PMID: 22121480 PMCID: PMC3206369 DOI: 10.1155/2012/659649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of processes such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism in all cells and tissues. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway occurs in patients with many cancers and other disorders. This aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is primarily caused by loss of function of all negative controllers known as inositol polyphosphate phosphatases and phosphoprotein phosphatases. Recent studies provided evidence of distinct functions of the four main phosphatases—phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), Src homology 2-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP), inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)—in different tissues with respect to regulation of cancer development. We will review the structures and functions of PTEN, SHIP, INPP4B, and PP2A phosphatases in suppressing cancer progression and their deregulation in cancer and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the PI3K/Akt signaling axis.
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92
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Adams JR, Schachter NF, Liu JC, Zacksenhaus E, Egan SE. Elevated PI3K signaling drives multiple breast cancer subtypes. Oncotarget 2011; 2:435-47. [PMID: 21646685 PMCID: PMC3248195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human breast tumors have mutations that elevate signaling through a key metabolic pathway that is induced by insulin and a number of growth factors. This pathway serves to activate an enzyme known as phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) as well as to regulate proteins that signal in response to lipid products of PI3K. The specific mutations that activate this pathway in breast cancer can occur in genes coding for tyrosine kinase receptors, adaptor proteins linked to PI3K, catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3K, serine/threonine kinases that function downstream of PI3K, and also phosphatidylinositol 3' phosphatase tumor suppressors that function to antagonize this pathway. While each genetic change results in net elevation of PI3K pathway signaling, and all major breast cancer subtypes show pathway activation, the specific mutation(s) involved in any one tumor may play an important role in defining tumor subtype, prognosis and even sensitivity to therapy. Here, we describe mouse models of breast cancer with elevated PI3K signaling, and how they may be used to guide development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Adams
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan F. Schachter
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff C. Liu
- 3 Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- 3 Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute–University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 4 The Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E. Egan
- 1 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower
- 2 The Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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