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Dalinjong PA, Welaga P, Azongo DK, Chatio S, Anaseba D, Kondayire F, Akazili J, Debpuur C, Oduro AR. A retrospective analysis of the association between tobacco smoking and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Northern Ghana. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25937824 PMCID: PMC4416277 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a public health problem, responsible for approximately six million deaths annually worldwide. It is a risk factor for many diseases including cancers, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In low-and middle-income countries, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are important causes of death. Tobacco use is prevalent in Ghana, but no study had examined the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Hence the paper assessed the association between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in that region. METHODS The study used verbal autopsy data collected from the Kassena-Nankana East and West districts of the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Data from deceased individuals aged 15 to 59 years whose deaths occurred between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011 and with a known cause as well as smoking status were analyzed. Two binary outcome variables were generated from the cause of death data; whether an individual died from respiratory diseases or not, and from cardiovascular diseases or not. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Out of 3,492 deaths with a known cause of death and smoking status, a third of them smoked. About 16.6% of smokers and 8.1% of non-smokers died from respiratory diseases. Approximately, 10.7% of smokers died from cardiovascular diseases compared to 10.6% of non-smokers. In multivariate analyses, individuals with a history of smoking had two-fold increased odds [OR=2.18, 95% CI (1.6-2.9)] of dying from respiratory diseases. Besides, the number of years of smoking as well as the frequency of smoking is significantly associated with deaths from respiratory diseases. No association existed between tobacco use and deaths from cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS Within our study we identified a strong relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory diseases, but not an association with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Our findings highlight the need to make appropriate health interventions to control tobacco use and thus help reduce premature deaths from respiratory and other tobacco linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ayizem Dalinjong
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Daniel K Azongo
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Samuel Chatio
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Dominic Anaseba
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Felix Kondayire
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - James Akazili
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
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Inamdar AS, Croucher RE, Chokhandre MK, Mashyakhy MH, Marinho VCC. Maternal Smokeless Tobacco Use in Pregnancy and Adverse Health Outcomes in Newborns: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:1058-66. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Adeloye D, Basquill C, Papana A, Chan KY, Rudan I, Campbell H. An estimate of the prevalence of COPD in Africa: a systematic analysis. COPD 2014; 12:71-81. [PMID: 24946179 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2014.908834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of death globally, accounting for about 3 million deaths worldwide in 2011. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of COPD in Africa in the year 2010 to provide the information that could assist health policy in the region. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE and Global Health for studies on COPD published between 1990 and 2012. We included original population based studies providing estimates of the prevalence of COPD. We considered the reported estimates in terms of the mean age of the sample, sex ratio, the year of study and the country of the study as possible covariates. RESULTS from two different types of studies, i.e., based on spirometric and non-spirometric diagnosis of COPD, were further compared. The United Nation Population Division's population figures were used to estimate the number of COPD cases in the year 2010. RESULTS Our search returned 243 studies, from which only 13 met our selection criteria and only five were based on spirometry. The difference in the median prevalence of COPD in persons aged 40 years or older based on spirometry data (13.4%; IQR: 9.4%-22.1%) and non-spirometry data (4.0%; IQR: 2.1%-8.9%) was statistically significant (p = 0.001). There was no significant effect of the gender or the year of the study on the reported prevalence of COPD in either set of studies. The prevalence of COPD increased with age in spirometry-based studies (p = 0.017), which is a plausible finding suggesting internal consistency of spirometry-based estimates, while this trend was not observed in studies using other case definitions. When applied to the appropriate age group (40 years or more), which accounted for 196.4 million people in Africa in 2010, the estimated prevalence translates into 26.3 million (18.5-43.4 million) cases of COPD. Comparable figures for the year 2000 based on the same prevalence rates would amount to 20.0 million (14.1-33.1), suggesting an increase of 31.5% over a decade that is attributable to ageing of the African population alone. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that COPD is likely to already represent a very large public health problem in Africa. Moreover, rapidly ageing African population should expect a steady increase in the number of COPD cases in the next decade and beyond. The quantity and quality of available evidence does not match the size of the problem. There is a need for more research on COPD prevalence, but also incidence, mortality and risk factors in Africa. We hope this study will raise awareness of COPD in Africa and encourage further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davies Adeloye
- 1Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School , Edinburgh , UK
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Tulloch H, Pipe A, Els C, Aitken D, Clyde M, Corran B, Reid RD. Flexible and extended dosing of nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline in comparison to fixed dose nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: rationale, methods and participant characteristics of the FLEX trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2014; 38:304-13. [PMID: 24861558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Quitting smoking is the single most effective strategy to reduce morbidity and premature mortality in smokers. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation, but few studies have directly compared varenicline and monotherapy nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and none have examined varenicline and combinations of NRT products. The majority of smoking cessation trials involve carefully circumscribed populations, making their results less generalizable to those with severe medical conditions or psychiatric comorbidities. This paper reports on the rationale, methodology and participant characteristics of a randomized controlled trial designed to: (1) determine which pharmacotherapy - NRT, long term combinations of NRT, or varenicline - is most effective in achieving abstinence; (2) investigate the incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms among participants over the course of their quit attempt; and (3) assess whether there is a significant difference in the incidence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in those receiving differing pharmacotherapies, and between those with and without psychiatric illnesses. The primary outcome was carbon monoxide confirmed abstinence from weeks 5-52 following a target quit date. Secondary outcomes included neuropsychiatric (i.e., depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, anger) and withdrawal symptoms. Smokers (N=737) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions, and were scheduled to attend 8 follow-up appointments over 12 months. All participants received 6-15 minute practical counseling sessions with nurse counselors experienced in treating tobacco dependence. We expect that the results will lead to an enhanced understanding of the efficacy of these pharmacotherapies, including those with a history of psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tulloch
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew Pipe
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Charl Els
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Debbie Aitken
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Clyde
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brigitte Corran
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Reid
- Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Mukherjea A, Wackowski OA, Lee YO, Delnevo CD. Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander tobacco use patterns. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:362-9. [PMID: 24636032 PMCID: PMC5173306 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a national depiction of Asian American (AA) and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) tobacco use and highlight considerations for targeted interventions. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey for subgroup differences in prevalence and consumption of various tobacco products. RESULTS Use varies considerably by ethnic subgroups for cigarette smoking (including menthol) and other forms of tobacco. Despite being lighter, less frequent, and seemingly less dependent smokers, AANHPIs had similar quit ratios as non-AANHPIs. CONCLUSIONS AA and NHPI disparities in tobacco use may be due to underutilization of cessation resources, including those for non-cigarette tobacco products, and lack of availability of culturally-appropriate resources. Community-based and regulatory approaches should be employed to reduce use of all tobacco products, especially among high prevalence subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjea
- Center for Tobacco Control Research & Education / Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Youn Ok Lee
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Recent concepts of ovarian carcinogenesis: type I and type II. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:934261. [PMID: 24868556 PMCID: PMC4017729 DOI: 10.1155/2014/934261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I ovarian tumors, where precursor lesions in the ovary have clearly been described, include endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, low grade serous, and transitional cell carcinomas, while type II tumors, where such lesions have not been described clearly and tumors may develop de novo from the tubal and/or ovarian surface epithelium, comprise high grade serous carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas. The carcinogenesis of endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma (CCC) arising from endometriotic cysts is significantly influenced by the free iron concentration, which is associated with cancer development through the induction of persistent oxidative stress. A subset of mucinous carcinomas develop in association with ovarian teratomas; however, the majority of these tumors do not harbor any teratomatous component. Other theories of their origin include mucinous metaplasia of surface epithelial inclusions, endometriosis, and Brenner tumors. Low grade serous carcinomas are thought to evolve in a stepwise fashion from benign serous cystadenoma to a serous borderline tumor (SBT). With regard to high grade serous carcinoma, the serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STICs) of the junction of the fallopian tube epithelium with the mesothelium of the tubal serosa, termed the “tubal peritoneal junction” (TPJ), undergo malignant transformation due to their location, and metastasize to the nearby ovary and surrounding pelvic peritoneum. Other theories of their origin include the ovarian hilum cells.
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Govind R, Garg N, Sun W. Geographically varying effects of weather on tobacco consumption: implications for health marketing initiatives. Health Mark Q 2014; 31:46-64. [PMID: 24617722 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2014.874854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Weather and its fluctuations have been found to influence the consumption of negative hedonic goods. However, such findings are of limited use to health marketers who cannot control the weather, and hence, its effects. The current research utilizes data obtained at the zip-code level to study geographical variations in the effect of weather on tobacco consumption across the entire continental United States. The results allow health marketers to identify areas that will be most responsive to marketing efforts aimed at curtailing negative hedonic consumption and thus implement more effective, region-specific initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Govind
- a Australian School of Business , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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Borzekowski DLG, Cohen JE. Young children's perceptions of health warning labels on cigarette packages: a study in six countries. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG 2014; 22:175-185. [PMID: 24683296 PMCID: PMC3965830 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-014-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aim Health warning labels on cigarette packages are one way to reach youth thinking about initiating tobacco use. The purpose of this study was to examine awareness and understanding of current health warning labels among 5 and 6 year old children. Subjects and methods Researchers conducted one-on-one interviews with urban and rural 5 and 6 year olds from Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia. Results Among the 2,423 participating children, 62 % were unaware of the health warnings currently featured on cigarette packages, with the lowest levels of awareness in India and the highest levels in Brazil. When shown the messages, the same percentage of participating children (62 %) showed no level of message understanding. Conclusion While youth are receiving social and informational messages promoting tobacco use, health warning labels featured on cigarette packages are not effectively reaching young children with anti-smoking messages.
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Oberoi SS, Sharma G, Nagpal A, Oberoi A. Tobacco cessation in India: how can oral health professionals contribute? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2383-91. [PMID: 24716989 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is described as the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with the World Bank predicting over 450 million tobacco-related deaths in the next fifty years. In India, the proportion of all deaths that can be attributed to tobacco use is expected to rise from 1.4% in 1990 to 13.3% in 2020 of which smoking alone will cause about 930,000 adult deaths by 2010. Many studies have shown that counseling from a health professional is an effective method of helping patients quit the tobacco habit. Tobacco cessation needs to be urgently expanded by training health professionals in providing routine clinical interventions, increasing availability and subsidies of pharmacotherapy, developing wide-reaching strategies such as quitlines, and cost- effective strategies, including group interventions. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) emphasizes the vital contribution of participation of health professional bodies, as well as training and healthcare institutions in tobacco control efforts. Dentists can play an important role in helping patients quit using tobacco. One of the key strategies to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is to encourage the involvement of health professionals in tobacco-use prevention and cessation counselling. The dental office is an ideal setting for tobacco cessation services since preventive treatment services, oral screening, and patient education have always been a large part of the dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvinder Singh Oberoi
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Haryana, India E-mail :
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Carroll C, Rick J, Leaviss J, Fishwick D, Booth A. A qualitative evidence synthesis of employees' views of workplace smoking reduction or cessation interventions. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1095. [PMID: 24274158 PMCID: PMC4222886 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need to reduce smoking rates is a recognised public health policy issue in many countries. The workplace offers a potential context for offering smokers' programmes and interventions to assist smoking cessation or reduction. A qualitative evidence synthesis of employees' views about such programmes might explain why some interventions appear effective and others not, and can be used to develop evidence-based interventions for this population and setting. METHODS A qualitative evidence synthesis of primary research exploring employees' views about workplace interventions to encourage smoking cessation, including both voluntary programmes and passive interventions, such as restrictions or bans. The method used was theory-based "best fit" framework synthesis. RESULTS Five relevant theories on workplace smoking cessation were identified and used as the basis for an a priori framework. A comprehensive literature search, including interrogation of eight databases, retrieved 747 unique citations for the review. Fifteen primary research studies of qualitative evidence were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria. The synthesis produced an evidence-based conceptual model explaining employees' experiences of, and preferences regarding, workplace smoking interventions. CONCLUSION The synthesis suggests that workplace interventions should employ a range of different elements if they are to prove effective in reducing smoking among employees. This is because an employee who feels ready and able to change their behaviour has different needs and preferences from an employee who is not at that stage. Only a multi-faceted intervention can satisfy the requirements of all employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carroll
- Health Economics and Decision Science (HEDS), School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
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Smoking prevalence and its impacts on lung cancer mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: an epidemiological study. Prev Med 2013; 57:634-40. [PMID: 24012830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable mortality data are sparse for developing countries. Furthermore, risk factor prevalence information is hardly available and thus not taken into consideration when estimating mortality. METHODS The authors used a validated, statistical model combined with representative smoking prevalence from WHO STEPS surveys to estimate lung cancer mortality for six Sub-Saharan African countries (Benin, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Sierra Leone, Swaziland). Results were compared to a reference database (GLOBOCAN). Using different smoking prevalence scenarios, future lung cancer deaths were estimated. RESULTS The prevalence of current moderate smoking among males ranged from 8.7% to 34.6%. Prevalence was much lower among females. For all countries considered, our mortality estimates were higher than GLOBOCAN estimates that do not consider prevalence: Overall, we estimated 2405 lung cancer deaths for 2008 compared to 531 deaths estimated by GLOBOCAN. Up to 2030, lung cancer deaths are expected to increase in general and by over 100% in Benin and Niger. Even under the assumption of decrease in smoking prevalence, lung cancer mortality will rise. CONCLUSION On the bases of detailed smoking prevalence information, our findings implicate a higher lung cancer burden in low income countries. The epidemiologic transition in African low-income countries alludes to the need for targeted health prevention efforts.
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Kumar S, Kumar D, Muniyandi M, Soan V, Pandey M, Mishra DK. Poverty Does Not Limit Tobacco Consumption among Tribal Populations: Evidence from Central India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6195-6. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gupta SD, Purohit N, Bhati DK, Kundu AS. Smoking cessation: exploring predictors of change in smoking behavior in Indian male population. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2013.840684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abdulghani HM, Alrowais NA, Alhaqwi AI, Alrasheedi A, Al-Zahir M, Al-Madani A, Al-Eissa A, Al-Hakmi B, Takroni R, Ahmad F. Cigarette smoking among female students in five medical and nonmedical colleges. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:719-27. [PMID: 23986648 PMCID: PMC3754488 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s48630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking, knowledge about the ill effects of smoking on health, and the influence of family members’ smoking habits among Saudi female students. Methods This is a type of cross-sectional study. A sample of 1,070 female students was selected by a nonrandom and convenient sampling method from five colleges (Medicine, Business and Administration, Computer Sciences, Education, and Languages and Translation) of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to determine the personal, social, and educational characteristics of the respondents. In addition, questions about their smoking types, status, duration of smoking, knowledge about the ill effects of smoking, daily cigarette consumption, and reasons for quitting smoking were included. Results The students’ response rate was 85%. The prevalence of current smoking was 4.3% and 5.6% for cigarettes and water-pipes, respectively, whereas 3.9% of the participants were ex-smokers. The prevalence of current smoking was highest in the College of Business and Administration (10.81%) and lowest in the College of Medicine (0.86%). The majority (77%) of the smokers’ parents (current and ex-smokers) were also smokers. More than half (54%) of the smokers started their smoking habit for entertainment, and 44.4% of the participants did not know that smoking causes serious health problems. The most common factors for quitting smoking were health concerns (54%), religious beliefs (29%), and parent’s advice (17%). Conclusion The study concludes that the prevalence of smoking varies in different subject streams and that family and friends have a great influence on individuals starting or stopping smoking. Extensive health education programs are needed to educate young women on the health hazards of smoking and help stop them from smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza M Abdulghani
- Department of Medical Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Agrawal M, Jain S, Maitin N, Gupta T, Maitin S. Prevalence and predictors of tobacco use among general public of Gorakhpur district, India. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2013; 5:16-20. [PMID: 25853043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and demographic correlates of tobacco use in the adult population. METHOD The sample selection was based on stratified random sampling technique selecting a total of 1635 persons from different parts of Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The demographic details of participants along with prevalence of tobacco use were recorded. RESULTS The prevalence of tobacco use among the subpopulation studied was 31.1% for males and 6.1 for females. Both smoking and chewing tobacco were found to be associated with various demographic parameters. The rural population showed a higher prevalence of tobacco use among both males and females; the male smoking prevalence was higher in the urban population (23.0%) than its rural counterpart (18.1%). Also the prevalence of tobacco use was directly proportionate to age increasing upto the age of approximately 60 years, then declined. Stepwise Regression analysis showed gender as the strongest predictor for smoking followed by area of residence, education and age. Whereas education was the most significant predictors for chewing tobacco, followed by gender and age. CONCLUSION The results of this study clearly indicate an association between tobacco prevalence and various demographic factors. To reduce the cancer burden, intervention measures to control tobacco use should specifically target those socio-demographic predictors of the subpopulation which are more susceptible to tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Agrawal
- Reader, Department of OMFS, Purvanchal Institute of Dental Sciences, GIDA, Gorakhpur 273001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Jain
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal 462010, India
| | - Nitin Maitin
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, India
| | - Tulika Gupta
- Consultant, Central Poly-Clinic, Gorakhpur 273001, India
| | - Shipra Maitin
- PG, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, India
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Evaluation of probable specific immunotoxic effects of cigarette smoking in smokers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Since its launch as a smoking cessation aid, varenicline use has been linked to a number of serious adverse events, notably the exacerbation of pre-existing psychiatric illness, depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Regulators’ fears have been somewhat allayed by varenicline's status as a prescription only medication. The purpose of this study was to examine the care provided by physicians – or general practitioners – and pharmacists to varenicline users under real-world conditions. Participants were 141 patients who had filled a prescription for varenicline at a participating pharmacy within the previous six-months. Identified patients were mailed a survey to complete that included items on interactions with their physician and pharmacy staff, and knowledge of treatment side-effects. Most participants reported that their physician encouraged them to set a quit date (82.5%) and provided additional cessation materials (57.2%). While most (79.0%) physicians discussed whether varenicline was appropriate for the patient, fewer asked about psychiatric illness (40.1%), or asked to be informed about mood or behaviour change during treatment (48.1%). Participants (78.4%) reported that their physician had discussed a follow-up consultation, but only 59.4% of patients who had finished treatment at the time of the survey reported having one. Most reported discussing potential drug side-effects with their physician (71.0%) and or pharmacist (52.9%); when probed, knowledge was variable. These results suggest that many patients do not receive the level of support that physicians and pharmacists are assumed to provide.
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Doku D, Darteh EKM, Kumi-Kyereme A. Socioeconomic inequalities in cigarette smoking among men: evidence from the 2003 and 2008 Ghana demographic and health surveys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 71:9. [PMID: 23621799 PMCID: PMC3686574 DOI: 10.1186/0778-7367-71-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Tobacco use is a public health burden in both developed and developing countries. However, there is still a dearth of nationally representative studies from Sub-Saharan Africa to inform interventions in the region. Socioeconomic trends and disparities in cigarette smoking were explored among Ghanaian men. Method A nationally representative sample of Ghanaian men 15–59 years was surveyed in the 2003 (N = 5015) and 2008 (N = 4568) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (N = 9583). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate cigarette smoking by socioeconomic status (SES) and the changes over the two study periods. The results are presented as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) at 95% confidence intervals (CI) Results The prevalence decreased by 1.7% from 9% (95% CI 0.09–0.11) in 2003 to 7.3% (95% CI 0.07–0.09) in 2008. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher in the older age groups (25–34 year-olds and 35–59 year-olds) compared to 15–24 year-olds. Education (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.4; no education vs higher education) and occupation (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.3–7.6; not working vs managerial position) and being in labour force (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.0) were related to cigarette smoking. Furthermore, religion, wealth (AOR = 3.1 95% CI 2.1–4.5; poorest compared to richest) and rural residence (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.1) were associated with cigarette smoking. Over the period, cigarette smoking seems to have decreased among Ghanaian male at the population level but not among all groups by age, education, wealth and place of residence. Conclusion Cigarette smoking interventions should be structured to reduce the menace among men. Such interventions must also particularly target lower socioeconomic groups in order to avert an increase in the inequalities in the behaviour and prervent a consequent increase in the socioeconomic gradient in tobacco-related diseases and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Doku
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Private Mail Bag, University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eugene Kofuor Maafo Darteh
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Private Mail Bag, University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Akwasi Kumi-Kyereme
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Private Mail Bag, University Post Office, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Giovino GA, Kulak JA, Kalsbeek WD, Leischow SJ. Research priorities for FCTC Articles 20, 21, and 22: surveillance/evaluation and information exchange. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:847-61. [PMID: 23335488 PMCID: PMC3601915 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Articles 20, 21, and 22 call for strong monitoring and reporting of tobacco use and factors influencing use and disease (Articles 20 and 21) and for collaboration among the Parties and relevant organizations to share resources, knowledge, and expertise on all relevant tobacco control strategies (Article 22). METHODS This paper provides background information and discusses research strategies that would strengthen these efforts and better inform the parties. By necessity, Articles 20 and 21 are discussed separately from Article 22, although 1 example that relates to both 20/21 and 22 is discussed at the end. RESULTS Twelve important research opportunities on surveillance and evaluation are recognized, along with 4 on collaboration. The authors believe that the 6 most important areas for research would study (a) possible underreporting of tobacco use among certain demographic groups in some countries, (b) measures of industry activities, (c) optimal sampling strategies, (d) sentinel surveillance, (e) networks of tobacco companies and their partners as they promote tobacco use and interfere with implementation of the FCTC, and (f) network/relationship factors that impact diffusion of knowledge and decision making on the implementation of the FCTC. In addition, we call for a review process of existing surveillance and evaluation strategies to coordinate activities to make optimal use of existing resources. This activity would involve networking as prescribed in Article 22. CONCLUSIONS Studies and activities such as these would facilitate control of the tobacco epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Buffler PA, Omenn GS. Current Perspective on the Global and United States Cancer Burden Attributable to Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors. Annu Rev Public Health 2013; 34:97-117. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schottenfeld
- School of Public Health,
- Department of Epidemiology,
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine,
| | - Jennifer L. Beebe-Dimmer
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Division of Population Studies and Disparities Research,
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201;
| | - Patricia A. Buffler
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Gilbert S. Omenn
- School of Public Health,
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine,
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; ,
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Nagler EM, Pednekar MS, Viswanath K, Sinha DN, Aghi MB, Pischke CR, Ebbeling CB, Lando HA, Gupta PC, Sorensen GC. Designing in the social context: using the social contextual model of health behavior change to develop a tobacco control intervention for teachers in India. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:113-29. [PMID: 22669010 PMCID: PMC3549584 DOI: 10.1093/her/cys060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a theory-based, step-by-step approach to intervention development and illustrates its application in India to design an intervention to promote tobacco-use cessation among school personnel in Bihar. We employed a five-step approach to develop the intervention using the Social Contextual Model of Health Behavior Change (SCM) in Bihar, which involved conducting formative research, classifying factors in the social environment as mediating mechanisms and modifying conditions, developing a creative brief, designing an intervention and refining the intervention based on pilot test results. The intervention engages users and non-users of tobacco, involves teachers in implementing and monitoring school tobacco control policies and maximizes teachers' role as change agents in schools and communities. Intervention components include health educator visits, discussions led by lead teachers, cessation assistance, posters and other educational materials and is implemented over the entire academic year. The intervention is being tested in Bihar government schools as part of a randomized-controlled trial. SCM was a useful framework for developing a tobacco control intervention that responded to teachers' lives in Bihar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve M Nagler
- Center for Community Based-Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Song T, Lee YY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Lee JW, Bae DS, Kim BG. Histologic distribution of borderline ovarian tumors worldwide: a systematic review. J Gynecol Oncol 2013; 24:44-51. [PMID: 23346313 PMCID: PMC3549507 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2013.24.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The histologic types of borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) exhibit striking differences in clinical behavior and prognosis. Yet, there is no information available on the histologic distribution of BOTs according to geographic region. The purpose of this study was to systematically review this issue worldwide. Methods A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using electronic databases. Studies were eligible if BOTs were investigated and the histologic distribution of the data was shown. The studies were grouped by geographic region and totaled by country. Results Of 487 potentially relevant studies, 51 met our inclusion criteria, as follows: 8 studies from North America (2 countries); 26 studies from Europe (14 countries); 7 studies from the Middle East (3 countries); and 10 studies from East Asia (5 countries). The histologic distribution of BOTs was considerably different in different parts of the world, but follows specific patterns. In general, serous-type BOTs were the predominantly identified histology in North America, the Middle East, and Europe, while mucinous-type BOTs predominated in East Asia. Conclusion Significant geographic variation is evident among BOT histology in different parts of the world. More research is needed to understand this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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73
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Gaziano TA, Pagidipati N. Scaling up chronic disease prevention interventions in lower- and middle-income countries. Annu Rev Public Health 2013; 34:317-35. [PMID: 23297660 PMCID: PMC3686269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are increasingly becoming a health burden in lower- and middle-income countries, putting pressure on public health efforts to scale up interventions. This article reviews current efforts in interventions on a population and individual level. Population-level interventions include ongoing efforts to reduce smoking rates, reduce intake of salt and trans-fatty acids, and increase physical activity in increasingly sedentary populations. Individual-level interventions include control and treatment of risk factors for chronic diseases and secondary prevention. This review also discusses the barriers in interventions, particularly those specific to low- and middle-income countries. Continued discussion of proven cost-effective interventions for chronic diseases in the developing world will be useful for improving public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Gaziano
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Neha Pagidipati
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Soliman AS, Schairer C. Considerations in setting up and conducting epidemiologic studies of cancer in middle- and low-income countries: the experience of a case-control study of inflammatory breast cancer in North Africa in the past 10 years. Cancer Med 2012; 1:338-49. [PMID: 23342283 PMCID: PMC3544462 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article illustrates some issues we faced during our experience in conducting an epidemiologic case-control study of inflammatory breast cancer in North Africa. We expect that some of the questions we had to ask in order to address these issues might be helpful to others in setting up epidemiologic studies in developing regions. We describe our experience from different angles including the use of multiple sites to achieve adequate sample size, standardizing diagnosis of disease, identifying cancer cases at the time of diagnosis, control selection procedures, logistics of study implementation, questionnaire development and interviewing, biologic specimens, and procedures for protection of human subjects. We have developed a brief checklist to summarize important issues for conducting future epidemiologic studies in these or similar low- or middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Soliman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2029, USA.
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Cederblad L, Thunberg U, Engström M, Castro J, Rutqvist LE, Laytragoon-Lewin N. The combined effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, tobacco products, and ethanol on normal resting blood mononuclear cells. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:890-5. [PMID: 23042982 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco and ethanol consumption are crucial factors in the development of various diseases including cancer. In this investigation, we evaluated the combined effects of a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with ethanol and tobacco products on healthy individuals. METHODS Pure nicotine, cigarette smoke extract, and Swedish snuff (snus) extract were used. The effects were examined by means of in vitro cell cycle progression and cell death of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors. RESULTS After 3 days, in vitro, resting PBMCs entered the S and G2 stage in the presence of 100 µM nicotine. The PBMCs only proceeded to S stage, in the presence of 0.2% ethanol. The nicotine- and ethanol-induced normal cell cycle progression correlated to a number of SNPs in the IL12RB2, Rad 52, XRCC2, P53, CCND3, and ABCA1 genes. Certain SNPs in Caspases 8, IL12RB2, Rad 52, MMP2, and MDM2 genes appeared to significantly influence the effects of EtOH-, snus-, and snus + EtOH-induced cell death. Importantly, the highest degree of cell death was observed in the presence of smoke + EtOH. The amount of cell death under this treatment condition also correlated to specific SNPs, located in the MDM2, ABCA1, or GASC1 genes. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke in combination with ethanol strongly induced massive cell death. Long-term exposure to smoke and ethanol could provoke chronic inflammation, and this could be the initiation of disease including the development of cancer at various sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cederblad
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Section of Oncology, University Hospital , Uppsala, Sweden.
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Jedy-Agba E, Curado MP, Ogunbiyi O, Oga E, Fabowale T, Igbinoba F, Osubor G, Otu T, Kumai H, Koechlin A, Osinubi P, Dakum P, Blattner W, Adebamowo CA. Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:e271-8. [PMID: 22621842 PMCID: PMC3438369 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer has become a major source of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the threat that cancer poses to public health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), few countries in this region have data on cancer incidence. In this paper, we present estimates of cancer incidence in Nigeria based on data from 2 population-based cancer registries (PBCR) that are part of the Nigerian national cancer registry program. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed data from 2 population based cancer registries in Nigeria, the Ibadan Population Based Cancer Registry (IBCR) and the Abuja Population Based Cancer Registry (ABCR) covering a 2 year period 2009-2010. Data are reported by registry, gender and in age groups. We present data on the age specific incidence rates of all invasive cancers and report age standardized rates of the most common cancers stratified by gender in both registries. RESULTS The age standardized incidence rate for all invasive cancers from the IBCR was 66.4 per 100000 men and 130.6 per 100000 women. In ABCR it was 58.3 per 100000 for men and 138.6 per 100000 for women. A total of 3393 cancer cases were reported by the IBCR. Of these cases, 34% (1155) were seen among males and 66% (2238) in females. In Abuja over the same period, 1128 invasive cancers were reported. 33.6% (389) of these cases were in males and 66.4% (768) in females. Mean age of diagnosis of all cancers in men for Ibadan and Abuja were 51.1 and 49.9 years respectively. For women, mean age of diagnosis of all cancers in Ibadan and Abuja were 49.1 and 45.4 respectively. Breast and cervical cancer were the commonest cancers among women and prostate cancer the most common among men. Breast cancer age standardized incidence rate (ASR) at the IBCR was 52.0 per 100000 in IBCR and 64.6 per 100000 in ABCR. Cervical cancer ASR at the IBCR was 36.0 per 100000 and 30.3 per 100000 at the ABCR. The observed differences in incidence rates of breast, cervical and prostate cancer between Ibadan and Abuja, were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence data from two population based cancer registries in Nigeria suggests substantial increase in incidence of breast cancer in recent times. This paper highlights the need for high quality regional cancer registries in Nigeria and other SSA countries.
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Cardiovascular Disease in the Developing World. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cai Y, Lu L, Li N, Zhu J, He Y, Redmon P, Goyal A, Huang C, Qiao Y, Ma J. Social, psychological, and environmental-structural factors associated with tobacco experimentation among adolescents in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:3421-36. [PMID: 23202754 PMCID: PMC3509464 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and social, psychological and environmental-structural determinants of tobacco experimentation among adolescents in Shanghai, China. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a two-stage cluster sample design by using the Chinese version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to investigate smoking behavior among 19,117 students from 41 junior and senior high schools in Shanghai, China. The association between potential factors and tobacco experimentation were assessed using complex samples procedure logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 19,117 respondents, 10.5% (15.3% boys and 6.2% girls) reported the tobacco experimentation. The main social, psychological, and environmental-structural factors associated with tobacco experimentation were having close friends who smoke (AOR = 8.21; 95% CI: 6.49-10.39); one or both parents smoking (AOR 1.57; CI: 1.39-1.77); a poor school tobacco control environment (AOR 1.53; CI: 1.37-1.83); a high acceptance level of tobacco use (AOR 1.44; CI: 1.28-1.82); and a high level of media tobacco exposure (AOR 1.23; CI: 1.10-1.37). Peer smoking might contribute to smoking experimentation among girls (AOR 8.93; CI: 5.84-13.66) more so than among boys (AOR 7.79; CI: 5.97-9.94) and media tobacco exposure had no association with tobacco experimentation among female students. CONCLUSIONS Social, psychological, and environmental factors are closely associated with tobacco experimentation among adolescents. Prevention programs aimed at reducing teen tobacco experimentation should be conducted at home and school with support by parents, peers and teachers. Our findings should prove useful for future development of intervention strategies among adolescents in Shanghai, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cai
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Na Li
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jingfen Zhu
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaping He
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Pamela Redmon
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.R.); (A.G.); (C.H)
| | - Abhinav Goyal
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.R.); (A.G.); (C.H)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.R.); (A.G.); (C.H)
| | - Yun Qiao
- Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai 200129, China;
| | - Jin Ma
- School of Public Health affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (L.L.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.H.)
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Underwood JM, Townsend JS, Tai E, White A, Davis SP, Fairley TL. Persistent cigarette smoking and other tobacco use after a tobacco-related cancer diagnosis. J Cancer Surviv 2012; 6:333-44. [PMID: 22706885 PMCID: PMC4591959 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-012-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People who continue to smoke after a cancer diagnosis have an increased risk for recurrences or development of new malignancies. These risks may be even higher among tobacco-related cancer survivors (TRCS). We describe tobacco use behaviors among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer. METHODS We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to describe demographic characteristics, smoking history, current smoking prevalence, and smokeless tobacco use among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer (cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, race, and insurance status). Tobacco-related cancers were defined as lung/bronchial, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, kidney/renal, urinary bladder, cervical, and acute myeloid leukemia. RESULTS A total of 20 % of all cancer survivors were TRCS. TRCS were primarily female (68 %) and white (78 %). Smoking prevalence was higher among TRCS (27 %) compared with other cancer survivors (16 %) and respondents without a history of cancer (18 %). Smokeless tobacco use was higher among respondents without a history of cancer (4 %) compared with TRCS (3 %) and other cancer survivors (3 %). CONCLUSIONS The self-reported smoking prevalence among TRCS is higher than among other cancer survivors and people without a history of cancer. Targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions are needed for cancer survivors, especially those diagnosed with a tobacco-related cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS We recommend all cancer survivors be made aware of the health risks associated with smoking after a cancer diagnosis, and smoking cessation services be offered to those who currently smoke. We provide the first population-based report on demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors among self-reported tobacco-related cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Underwood
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Troost JP, Barondess DA, Storr CL, Elisabeth Wells J, Al-Hamzawi AO, Andrade LH, Bromet E, Bruffaerts R, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Gureje O, Haro JM, Hu C, Huang Y, Karam AN, Kessler RC, Lepine JP, Matschinger H, Medina-Mora ME, O’Neill S, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Takeshima T, Tomov T, Williams DR, Anthony JC. An updated global picture of cigarette smoking persistence among adults. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2012; 2:135-44. [PMID: 23626929 PMCID: PMC3635135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-national variance in smoking prevalence is relatively well documented. The aim of this study is to estimate levels of smoking persistence across 21 countries with a hypothesized inverse relationship between country income level and smoking persistence. METHODS Data from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative were used to estimate cross-national differences in smoking persistence--the proportion of adults who started to smoke and persisted in smoking by the date of the survey. RESULTS There is large variation in smoking persistence from 25% (Nigeria) to 85% (China), with a random-effects meta-analytic summary estimate of 55% with considerable cross-national variation. (Cochran's heterogeneity Q statistic = 6845; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions indicated that observed differences are not attributable to differences in country's income level, age distribution of smokers, or how recent the onset of smoking began within each country. CONCLUSION While smoking should remain an important public health issue in any country where smokers are present, this report identifies several countries with higher levels of smoking persistence (namely, China and India).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Troost
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David A. Barondess
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carla L. Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Adjunct in Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - J. Elisabeth Wells
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Qadisia University, Diwania Province, Iraq
| | - Laura Helena Andrade
- Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology- LIM 23 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, United States
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Florescu
- Scoala Nationala de Sanatate Publica si Perfectionare in Domeniul Sanitar, Bucuresti, Romania
| | | | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiyi Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health and Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yueqin Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimee N. Karam
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University Medical School, Beirut, Lebanon
- The Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lepine
- Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM U 705, CNRS UMR 7157 University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Herbert Matschinger
- Institut für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Tadashi Takeshima
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | - Toma Tomov
- New Bulgarian University, Institute for Human Relations, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David R. Williams
- Professor of Public Health, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C. Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Adjunct in Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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81
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Wang D, Nasto LA, Roughley P, Leme AS, Houghton M, Usas A, Sowa G, Lee J, Niedernhofer L, Shapiro S, Kang J, Vo N. Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:896-905. [PMID: 22531458 PMCID: PMC3389285 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms by which chronic tobacco smoking promotes intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and vertebral degeneration in mice. METHODS Three month old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to tobacco smoke by direct inhalation (4 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week for 6 months) to model long-term smoking in humans. Total disc proteoglycan (PG) content [1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay], aggrecan proteolysis (immunobloting analysis), and cellular senescence (p16INK4a immunohistochemistry) were analyzed. PG and collagen syntheses ((35)S-sulfate and (3)H-proline incorporation, respectively) were measured using disc organotypic culture. Vertebral osteoporosity was measured by micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Disc PG content of smoke-exposed mice was 63% of unexposed control, while new PG and collagen syntheses were 59% and 41% of those of untreated mice, respectively. Exposure to tobacco smoke dramatically increased metalloproteinase-mediated proteolysis of disc aggrecan within its interglobular domain (IGD). Cellular senescence was elevated two-fold in discs of smoke-exposed mice. Smoke exposure increased vertebral endplate porosity, which closely correlates with IDD in humans. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support tobacco smoke as a contributor to spinal degeneration. Furthermore, the data provide a novel mechanistic insight, indicating that smoking-induced IDD is a result of both reduced PG synthesis and increased degradation of a key disc extracellular matrix protein, aggrecan. Cleavage of aggrecan IGD is extremely detrimental as this results in the loss of the entire glycosaminoglycan-attachment region of aggrecan, which is vital for attracting water necessary to counteract compressive forces. Our results suggest identification and inhibition of specific metalloproteinases responsible for smoke-induced aggrecanolysis as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics. 29 Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100080, China
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Luigi A Nasto
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catholic University of Rome School of Medicine, “A. Gemelli” University Hospital, l.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Peter Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana S. Leme
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - McGarry Houghton
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of UPMC, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Joon Lee
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Laura Niedernhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Steven Shapiro
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - James Kang
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Nam Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
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82
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Yang T, Rockett IRH, Li M, Xu X, Gu Y. Tobacco advertising, environmental smoking bans, and smoking in Chinese urban areas. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:121-7. [PMID: 22261180 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether cigarette smoking in Chinese urban areas was respectively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising and smoking bans in households, workplaces, and public places. METHODS Participants were 4735 urban residents aged 15 years and older, who were identified through multi-stage quota-sampling conducted in six Chinese cities. Data were collected on individual sociodemographics and smoking status, and regional tobacco control measures. The sample was characterized in terms of smoking prevalence, and multilevel logistic models were employed to analyze the association between smoking and tobacco advertising and environmental smoking restrictions, respectively. RESULTS Smoking prevalence was 30%. Multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was positively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising, and negatively associated with workplace and household smoking bans. CONCLUSIONS The association of smoking with both tobacco advertising and environmental smoking bans further justifies implementation of comprehensive smoking interventions and tobacco control programs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhong Yang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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83
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Jha P. Death and Taxes: Epidemiological and Economic Evidence on Smoking. Glob Heart 2012; 7:139-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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84
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Impact of tobacco control interventions on smoking initiation, cessation, and prevalence: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:961724. [PMID: 22719777 PMCID: PMC3376479 DOI: 10.1155/2012/961724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background. Policymakers need estimates of the impact of tobacco control (TC) policies to set priorities and targets for reducing tobacco use. We systematically reviewed the independent effects of TC policies on smoking behavior. Methods. We searched MEDLINE (through January 2012) and EMBASE and other databases through February 2009, looking for studies published after 1989 in any language that assessed the effects of each TC intervention on smoking prevalence, initiation, cessation, or price participation elasticity. Paired reviewers extracted data from studies that isolated the impact of a single TC intervention. Findings. We included 84 studies. The strength of evidence quantifying the independent effect on smoking prevalence was high for increasing tobacco prices and moderate for smoking bans in public places and antitobacco mass media campaigns. Limited direct evidence was available to quantify the effects of health warning labels and bans on advertising and sponsorship. Studies were too heterogeneous to pool effect estimates. Interpretations. We found evidence of an independent effect for several TC policies on smoking prevalence. However, we could not derive precise estimates of the effects across different settings because of variability in the characteristics of the intervention, level of policy enforcement, and underlying tobacco control environment.
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85
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Auld AF, Ellerbrock TV. Commentary: can mortality rates among adult antiretroviral therapy patients in Europe reach levels similar to those experienced in the general population? Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:445-7. [PMID: 22395023 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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86
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Singhal S, Gupta PC, Dikshit R, Jha P. Increased risk of coronary heart disease in female smokers. Lancet 2012; 379:802; author reply 803. [PMID: 22386029 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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87
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Sekiya K, Taniguchi M, Fukutomi Y, Mitsui C, Tanimoto H, Oshikata C, Tsuburai T, Tsurikisawa N, Hasegawa M, Akiyama K. Persistent airflow obstruction in young adult asthma patients. Allergol Int 2012; 61:143-8. [PMID: 22189591 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.11-oa-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung function determined by spirometry and the severity of dyspnea correlate weakly in asthma patients. We attempted to determine the risk factors in asthma patients having persistent airway obstruction despite of having only mild subjective symptoms, and to examine the possibility of improving FEV1 by treating asthma on the basis of the bronchodilator change in FEV1. METHODS We examined asthma patients in their 20s and who visited Sagamihara National Hospital for the first time over a period of four years, by reviewing their clinical records. They underwent tests on the bronchodilator change in FEV1 and a test of airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine dihydrochloride. RESULTS One hundred thirty-eight subjects (mean age, 25.6 years; 51 males, 87 females; current smoking, 30.4%; history of childhood asthma, 48.6%) were enrolled. Among them, 18.8% (26/138) showed persistent airway obstruction (postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC (%) <80%). Using the multiple logistic regression model, we found that history of childhood asthma and smoking history were the significant isolated risk factors for persistent airway obstruction. Moreover, we determined that the factors associated with the reversibility of airway obstruction in asthma patients without subjective symptoms were history of childhood asthma. CONCLUSIONS In this study, patients not undergoing treatment for asthma were examined. History of childhood asthma and smoking history may be the risk factors for persistent airway obstruction in the asthma patients with mild subjective symptoms. Tests on the bronchodilator change in FEV1 should be performed in patients with history of childhood asthma and smoking history, even if they have only mild subjective symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Sekiya
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. k−sekiya@sagamihara−hosp.gr.jp
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88
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Jadalla A, Lee J. The relationship between acculturation and general health of Arab Americans. J Transcult Nurs 2012; 23:159-65. [PMID: 22294334 DOI: 10.1177/1043659611434058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationship between acculturation and health status among Arab Americans in southern California. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey with 297 adult Arab Americans used (a) a demographic and health survey, SF-36 Version-1, to assess physical and mental health and (b) the Acculturation Rating Scale for Arab Americans-II to assess acculturation. FINDINGS Participants reported significantly better physical health and worse mental health compared to the published norm for the 1998 U.S. population. Better physical health was associated with demographic factors and bicultural identification; better mental health was associated with attraction to American culture. Attraction to American culture predicted alcohol use, whereas attraction to Arabic culture predicted cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION Different patterns of association existed between acculturation and physical and mental health among Arab Americans. IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest that acculturation is an important factor to consider in the well-being of Arab Americans, especially in their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Jadalla
- California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
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89
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Gharat V, Nayak S, Bansal R. Smoking pattern in family members of smokers in slums of surat city, Western India. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2012; 4:122-6. [PMID: 24494146 PMCID: PMC3905539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between becoming a smoker and having smoker parents, siblings, and relatives is still uncovered in India. The influences of a smoking role model in a family on smoking habits of individuals are yet to be revealed. This study aimed to understand the relationship of smoking abuse of a person with smoking of their family members. METHODS This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the slums of 20 urban health centers (UHCs) of Surat city (India). A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using Epi-Info software. FINDINGS Among 281 smoker participants, 168 (59.8%), 55 (19.6%), 95 (33.8%), and 50 (17.8%) had smoking fathers, grandparents, siblings, and other relatives, respectively. While 131 participants (44.6%) had correct information about the law of banned smoking, 249 participants (88.6%) were in favor of this law. The association of smoking abuse in fathers with smoking abuse in siblings came out to be odds ratio (OR) = 3.75 (95% CI: 2.11-6.63) and grandparents to be odds ratio 16.43 (95% CI: 4.98-54.17), respectively. The association between education and following the law of banned smoking was statistically significant OR = 2.98 (95% CI: 1.43-6.00). CONCLUSION Substance abuse in parents, siblings, and other relatives is likely to influence the behavior of the person towards it. Persons living in the same vicinity may also greatly influence the behavior of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Gharat
- Postgraduate Resident, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, India,Correspondence to: Vaibhav Gharat MD,
| | - Sunil Nayak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, India
| | - Rajkumar Bansal
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER), Surat, India
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91
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Das S, Ghosh M, Sarkar M, Joardar S, Chatterjee R, Chatterjee S. Adolescents speak: why do we smoke? J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57:476-80. [PMID: 21266451 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the role of different factors that are associated with initiation and continuation of adolescent smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2535 students (1465 males and 1070 females) between the age groups of 14 and 19 years were selected from four schools and two colleges of the city by two-stage cluster sampling design for this cross-sectional study. RESULTS The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 21.58%. Smoking was found to be considerably influenced with having seen best friend, father, sibling and favorite movie star smoke and also with receiving pocket money. CONCLUSION Experimentation of substance use, motivated by family members, peer groups and the surrounding environment is common among adolescents and starts early in life. Therefore, it is necessary to come up with health promotion programs directed toward students which encourage attitude shaping among them toward self-confidence and healthy life style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhadeep Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata.
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92
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Torres E, Quiñones de Monegro Z, French L, Swanson DP, Guido J, Ossip DJ. Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women in the Dominican Republic: an exploratory look into attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and practices. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:1220-7. [PMID: 21908462 PMCID: PMC3223582 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to assess the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and practices regarding tobacco use and exposure among pregnant women in the Dominican Republic. METHODS The survey was conducted in two public health hospitals in Santiago, Dominican Republic, and was administered to a convenience sample of 192 women during prenatal care visits. Analyses examined pregnant women's tobacco use, secondhand smoke exposure (SHS), knowledge about risks of smoking and benefits of quitting, and attitudes toward women's tobacco use. All data were collected between April and August 2009. RESULTS Respondents' age ranged from 18 to 41 years, with a mean age of 25 years (SD = 4.59), a high literacy level (82%), low educational levels (48% less than high school education), and a high unemployment rate (65%). Levels of ever having experimented with cigarettes were 14%, and 5% had ever been a regular smoker. Among all respondents, 3% of women reported being current smokers. When respondents were asked if they would try smoking next year, 7% responded yes, maybe, or don't know. Rates of self-reported SHS among pregnant women were 16%, and 14% reported their young children being exposed to secondhand smoke. More than half of the pregnant women in this study allowed smoking in their home (76%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a preliminary understanding of tobacco use and exposure among pregnant women and its potential impact on the Dominican Republic's public health efforts that include improving maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essie Torres
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Cancer prevention and Population Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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93
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Winkler V, Ng N, Tesfaye F, Becher H. Predicting lung cancer deaths from smoking prevalence data. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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Fleischer NL, Diez Roux AV, Alazraqui M, Spinelli H, Lantz PM. Socioeconomic patterning in tobacco use in Argentina, 2005. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:894-902. [PMID: 21622491 PMCID: PMC3179667 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, tobacco is the number one preventable cause of death, killing 1 in 10 adults. By 2030, 80% of all tobacco deaths will occur in developing countries. Social factors drive the adoption and cessation of smoking in high-income countries, but few studies have examined the socioeconomic patterning of smoking in developing countries. METHODS Using data from the 2005 National Survey of Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases in Argentina, we investigated gender-specific socioeconomic patterning of current, former, and never-smoking status; the intensity of smoking; and smokers' readiness for cessation using multinomial logistic and ordinary least squares regression. We also investigated heterogeneity in the patterning by age. RESULTS Higher socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with less smoking for men in all age groups, although the results were most pronounced for men at younger ages (odds ratio [OR] of current vs. never smoking = 0.57, 95% CI 0.51-0.63 for higher vs. lower education at ages 18-24 years). For women, higher SEP was associated with more smoking in older age groups but less smoking in younger age groups (OR = 1.51, CI 1.41-1.62 and OR = 0.86, CI 0.78-0.96 for higher vs. lower education at ages 50-64 and 18-24 years, respectively). Higher SEP was also associated with higher odds of recently quitting compared to not considering quitting for men regardless of age group but for women only in younger age groups. DISCUSSION The higher burden of smoking among those of lower SEP, especially in younger age groups, is a troubling pattern that is certain to impact future disparities in chronic disease outcomes unless interventions are undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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95
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Vo N, Wang D, Sowa G, Witt W, Ngo K, Coelho P, Bedison R, Byer B, Studer R, Lee J, Di YP, Kang J. Differential effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke condensate on human annulus fibrosus cell metabolism. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1585-91. [PMID: 21448984 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking increases the risk of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and back pain, but the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of smoking are largely unknown. Current hypotheses predict that smoking contributes to IDD indirectly through nicotine-mediated vasoconstriction which limits the exchange of nutrients between the discs and their surroundings. We alternatively hypothesize that direct contact of disc cells, that is, cells in the outermost annulus and those present along fissures in degenerating discs, with the vascular system containing soluble tobacco smoking constituents could perturb normal metabolic activities resulting in IDD. In this study, we tested our hypothesis by comparing the effects of direct exposure of human disc cells to tobacco smoke condensate and nicotine on cell viability and metabolic activity. We showed that smoke condensate, which contains all of the water-soluble compounds inhaled by smokers, exerts greater detrimental effects on human disc cell viability and metabolism than nicotine. Smoke condensate greatly induced an inflammatory response and gene expression of metalloproteinases while reduced active matrix synthesis and expression of matrix structural genes. Therefore, we have demonstrated that disc cell exposure to the constituents of tobacco smoke has negative consequences which have the potential to alter disc matrix homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Chandirasekar R, Suresh K, Jayakumar R, Venkatesan R, Lakshman Kumar B, Sasikala K. XRCC1 gene variants and possible links with chromosome aberrations and micronucleus in active and passive smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:185-192. [PMID: 21843798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco addiction is a major risk for diseases such as cancers, heart attack, etc. Tobacco smoke constitutes environmental toxins that are the major preventable leading cause of death worldwide. We investigated the influence of tobacco smoke on cytogenetic parameters (chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei) and the influence of XRCC1 arg399gln polymorphism on the cytogenetic parameters of the exposed subjects. The cases for this study include active and passive smokers. They were divided into three groups in accordance with duration of exposure to tobacco smoke. We observed changes in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei among the exposed subjects and controls. Of the three groups of exposed subjects, group III of active smokers and group III of passive smokers showed higher number of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei when compared to controls, group I and group II of active and passive smokers. The XRCC1 arg399gln polymorphic variant gln/gln, influenced the extent of genotoxic damage in chromosomes and frequency of in micronuclei the three variants (arg/arg, arg/gln and gln/gln), gln/gln harbored significantly (P<0.05) higher number of aberrations than the arg/arg and arg/gln. In this context, the results observed in our study indicated that the single nucleotide polymorphism on XRCC1codon 399 influenced the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chandirasekar
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
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Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R. Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Dent Res 2011; 91:142-9. [PMID: 21876032 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511421200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer, chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks associated with smoking, the habit remains unacceptably prevalent. Several toxins present in CS have immunomodulatory effects. CS also contains trace amounts of microbial cell components, including bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These and other CS constituents induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces and modify host responses to exogenous antigens. The effects of CS on immunity are far-reaching and complex; both pro-inflammatory and suppressive effects may be induced. The net effect of CS on immunity depends on many variables, including the dose and type of tobacco, the route and chronicity of exposure, and the presence of other factors at the time of immune cell stimulation, such as Toll receptor ligands or other inflammatory mediators. CS impairs innate defenses against pathogens, modulates antigen presentation, and promotes autoimmunity. CS also impairs immunity in the oral cavity and promotes gingival and periodontal disease and oral cancer. The recognition of specific mechanisms by which CS affects host immunity is an important step toward elucidating mechanisms of tobacco-induced disease and may identify novel therapeutic approaches for the management of diseases that afflict smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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98
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Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:819-28. [PMID: 21775213 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1749] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At present, about 33·9 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease (AD), and prevalence is expected to triple over the next 40 years. The aim of this Review was to summarise the evidence regarding seven potentially modifiable risk factors for AD: diabetes, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, smoking, depression, cognitive inactivity or low educational attainment, and physical inactivity. Additionally, we projected the effect of risk factor reduction on AD prevalence by calculating population attributable risks (the percent of cases attributable to a given factor) and the number of AD cases that might be prevented by risk factor reductions of 10% and 25% worldwide and in the USA. Together, up to half of AD cases worldwide (17·2 million) and in the USA (2·9 million) are potentially attributable to these factors. A 10-25% reduction in all seven risk factors could potentially prevent as many as 1·1-3·0 million AD cases worldwide and 184,000-492,000 cases in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Sharma R, Grover VL, Chaturvedi S. Tobacco use among adolescent students and the influence of role models. Indian J Community Med 2011; 35:272-5. [PMID: 20922105 PMCID: PMC2940184 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.66891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Seventy per cent of premature deaths among adults are due to behavioral patterns that emerge in adolescence, including smoking. Objective: The objective was to study the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescent students in South Delhi and its epidemiological correlates. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: Three schools and two colleges of South Delhi were chosen. There were 550 adolescent students aged 14-19. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using proportions, the chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 88 (16.0%) students reported having ever tried cigarette or bidi smoking. The prevalence of current smoking was 7.1%. Exactly 10% (55) of the students reported having ever used smokeless forms of tobacco. The prevalence of tobacco use overall was found to be 20.9%, and was significantly higher (P=0.016) among the males than the females. Tobacco use was found to be significantly associated with having seen a brother/sister smoke (OR 5.15), best friend smoke (OR 2.92), and belonging to a nuclear family (OR 1.96). Conclusions: Tobacco use is still an important risk behavior among adolescent students. This study found a strong association of tobacco use by the adolescents with their having seen various role models ever smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, UCMS and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Dimai HP, Chandran M. Official Positions for FRAX® clinical regarding smoking from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX®. J Clin Densitom 2011; 14:190-3. [PMID: 21810524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of smoking has been estimated at about 50% in men, and 10% in women, with larger variations among different populations studied. Smoking has been shown to affect many organ systems resulting in severe morbidity and increased mortality. In addition, smoking has been identified as a predictor of ten-year fracture risk in men and women, largely independent of an individual's bone mineral density. This finding has eventually lead to incorporation of this risk factor into FRAX®, an algorithm that has been developed to calculate an individual's ten-year fracture risk. However, only little, or conflicting data is available on a possible association between smoking dose, duration, length of time after cessation, type of tobacco and fracture risk, limiting this risk factor's applicability in the context of FRAX®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans P Dimai
- Medical University of Graz, Department of Internal Medicine, Graz, Austria.
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