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Hams AH, Evans K, Adams R, Waddington G, Witchalls J. Throwing performance in water polo is related to in-water shoulder proprioception. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2588-2595. [PMID: 31352872 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1648987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Water polo players require a high level of upper-extremity strength, flexibility and coordination to achieve a peak level of throwing performance. Increased levels of shoulder proprioceptive acuity, strength and range of motion (ROM) have been previously associated with higher sporting performance. A coach-rating scale, used to quantify an athlete's kicking proficiency in soccer; was adapted in the current study to measure each coach's subjective expert opinion regarding athletes' throwing mechanics, velocity, and accuracy. To examine this hypothesis shoulder proprioception acuity of 18 water polo players was measured both in-water and on-land using an AMEDA apparatus and correlated with coach-rated throwing performance and clinical measures of shoulder strength and ROM. There was a moderate positive correlation between the in-water and the on-land proprioception acuity (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). The in-water score showing a strong positive correlation with coach rated throwing mechanics (r = 0.68, p < 0.05) and velocity (r = 0.75, p = 0.02), suggesting that superior proprioception acuity contributed to fast, mechanically-efficient throwing. These findings support the notion that in-water proprioceptive acuity is an important determinant of the throwing performance achieved by water polo athletes and its measurement may be a valuable adjunct to current athlete screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Hams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia.,Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence unit, Queensland Academy of Sports , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia.,Healthia Ltd , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
| | - Jeremy Witchalls
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra , Australia
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Curran O, MacNamara A, Passmore D. What About the Girls? Exploring the Gender Data Gap in Talent Development. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:3. [PMID: 33344927 PMCID: PMC7739739 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is an extensive literature about talent development, the lack of data pertaining to females is problematic. Indeed, the gender data gap can be seen in practically all domains including sport and exercise medicine. Evidence-based practice is the systematic reviewing of the best evidence in order to make informed choices about practice. Unfortunately, it may be that the data collected in sport is typically about male experiences, and not female; a rather unfortunate omission given that approximately half of the population is made up of women. When female athletes are underrepresented in research there are issues when making inferences about data collected in male dominated research domains to inform practice and policy for female athletes. In parallel, female sport participation is continually increasing worldwide. Recognizing the importance of evidence-based practice in driving policy and practice, and reflecting the gender data gap that is a consistent feature of (almost) all other domains, we were interested in examining whether a gender data gap exists in talent development research. The results suggest that a gender data gap exists in talent development research across all topics. Youth athlete development pathways may be failing to recognize the development requirements of females, particularly where female sports may be borrowing systems that are perceived to work for their male counterparts. In order to ensure robust evidence based practice in female youth sport there is a need to increase the visibility of female athletes in talent development literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlaith Curran
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aine MacNamara
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - David Passmore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Arede J, Esteves P, Ferreira AP, Sampaio J, Leite N. Jump higher, run faster: effects of diversified sport participation on talent identification and selection in youth basketball. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2220-2227. [PMID: 31164046 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the medium-term effects of previous experiences during early stages of sport development on physical capacities of under-13 (U-13) talented basketball players and, to identify variables that discriminated under-14 (U-14) national team training camp selection. Anthropometrical and physical measurements were collected during a basketball training camp. Previous sport experiences (6-10 years), maturity offset, power outputs for jumping and sprinting were determined. A cluster analysis was used to allocate the subjects according to their different levels of sport experiences (more specialized vs. less specialized) to allow creating a dummy variable for the subsequent analysis of the physical variables. A stepwise discriminant analysis was computed to identify the construct that best classifies selected and non-selected players for U-14 national team training camp. The less specialized group outscored more specialized in all physical parameters, irrespectively of gender. The Abalakov Jump Peak Power and Predicted Adult Height (PAH) could successfully discriminate selected from non-selected players for U-14 national team training camp in boys and PAHin girls. The diversified and non-specific sport stimulus during early ages seem to be determinant to the acquisition and development of fundamental movement skills of talented basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arede
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Pedro Esteves
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal.,b School of Education, Communication and Sport, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda , Guarda , Portugal
| | | | - Jaime Sampaio
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Nuno Leite
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
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54
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Li C, Martindale R, Sun Y. Relationships between talent development environments and mental toughness: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2057-2065. [PMID: 31126227 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1620979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the talent development environment and mental toughness are critical for athletes to realise their athletic potential, there is a dearth of literature on whether the talent development environment can enhance mental toughness among those athletes who are identified with athletic potential (i.e., talented athletes). Drawing on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), this research examined the relationships between the talent development environment, basic psychological needs satisfaction and mental toughness. Talented athletes (n = 261) completed a survey measuring key features of the talent development environment, needs satisfaction and mental toughness. The results of structural equation modelling indicated that three environmental factors (i.e., long-term development focus, holistic quality preparation and communication) were positive predictors of needs satisfaction, which then positively predicted mental toughness. The talent development environment may be considered for promoting talented athletes' mental toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- a Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore.,b Department of Health and Physical Education , The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong
| | - Russell Martindale
- c School of Applied Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Yanlin Sun
- d School of Physical Education and Educational Science , Tianjin University of Sport , Tianjin , China
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Ramos S, Volossovitch A, Ferreira AP, Fragoso I, Massuça L. Differences in maturity, morphological and physical attributes between players selected to the primary and secondary teams of a Portuguese Basketball elite academy. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1681-1689. [PMID: 30821606 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1585410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims (i) to compare the maturational, morphological and fitness attributes of young basketball players of primary and secondary teams of an elite basketball academy, and (ii) to identify the set of morphological and fitness attributes which better discriminate the players from the two teams. A total of 116 male basketball players of an elite basketball academy were divided into primary (team A) and secondary (team B) teams in two age groups (U-14 and U-16). All the players were evaluated during two consecutive seasons and data related to players' practice experience, maturational, morphological and fitness attributes were collected at the beginning of the competition period. The results of the study suggest that: (i) in both age categories, team A players were older, more mature, bigger in size and had greater fitness profiles than team B players; (ii) stature and abdominal resistance were identified as discriminant attributes for youth basketball player performance; (iii) aerobic capacity for U-14 and agility for U-16 were identified as specific discriminant attributes for performance in youth basketball. Coaches are recommended to avoid premature talent identification and provide players with opportunities to progress through the talent pathway, at least until U-16 age category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Ramos
- a Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , Universidade Lusófona , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Anna Volossovitch
- b CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz-Quebrada , Portugal
| | | | - Isabel Fragoso
- b CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz-Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Luís Massuça
- a Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , Universidade Lusófona , Lisbon , Portugal.,b CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz-Quebrada , Portugal.,c ICPOL, Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security , Lisbon , Portugal
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Abstract
To analyze young swimmers' performance regarding sex and skill level, 23 boys and 26 girls (15.7 ± 0.8 and 14.5 ± 0.8 years old, respectively) were assessed for anthropometry, flexibility, strength, drag, coordination, and biomechanical variables. During a 50-m maximal front-crawl bout, seven aerial and six underwater Qualisys cameras assessed kinematics, and a load cell was used to measure drag (Tedea, United Kingdom) and tethered swimming force. A multivariate analysis of variance test (p < .05) enabled us to observe differences between skill levels in speed, stroke frequency, stroke index, and intracyclic velocity variations, but most relevant differences were noticed when comparing sexes, particularly for anthropometrics, shoulder flexibility, speed, stroke frequency, stroke length, drag, mechanical power, power per stroke, and maximal and mean force. Considering the included variables, only male swimmers' performance could be predicted through multiple linear regression, with stroke index, left shoulder flexion, and intracycle velocity variations showing great importance in achieving better results.
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57
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Assessing the validity of a video-based decision-making assessment for talent identification in youth soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:729-734. [PMID: 30587435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the construct and discriminant validity of a video-based decision-making assessment for talent identification in youth soccer. DESIGN Observational study. METHOD A total of 328 academy youth soccer players (tier one, tier two, and tier three) from three developmental stages (late childhood, early adolescence, and mid-adolescence) participated in this study. The control group consisted of 59 youth athletes with no soccer experience in the last five years. Players completed a video-based decision-making assessment on an iPad, with response accuracy and response time recorded for various attacking situations (2 vs. 1, 3 vs. 1, 3 vs. 2, 4 vs. 3, and 5 vs. 3). RESULTS The video-based decision-making assessment showed some construct validity. Response times were significantly faster in early and mid-adolescent players when compared to those in the late childhood group. Furthermore, an overall decline in decision-making performance (i.e. decrease in response accuracy and increase in response time) was observed from the 2 vs. 1 to the 4 vs. 3 situations. The video-based decision-making assessment lacked discriminant validity as minimal differences between academies were evident for response accuracy and response time. Only response accuracy was able to discriminate youth academy soccer players from the control group to some extent. CONCLUSIONS Coaches and sporting professionals should apply caution when interpreting data from practical, video-based decision-making assessments. There is currently limited conclusive evidence supporting the effectiveness of these assessments for talent identification.
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The relative age effect in selection to international team matches in Norwegian handball. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209288. [PMID: 30566450 PMCID: PMC6300244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many elite sport organisations have introduced structured talent identification and development (TID) initiatives in youth sports to better facilitate elite sport performance. However, selection mechanisms for TID programmes (e.g., junior international team) are biased towards relatively older athletes and limited studies exist with Scandinavian contexts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relative age effect (RAE) in youth, junior and senior male and female international team selections among Norwegian handball players (n = 657). A Chi-square goodness-of-fit test assessed whether a skewed birthdate distribution occurred at the youth, junior and senior international team levels and odds-ratios were calculated for RAE distribution. Moreover, a Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess differences between the number of international youth, junior and senior level appearances by birth quartiles. Significant uneven birth date distributions were shown for youth (χ2(7) = female 40.383 and male 105.716, p <0.001) and junior (χ2(7) = female 27.427 and male 30.948, p <0.001) international players, favouring the relatively older player (odds-ratio of 1.9–8.3). At the senior level, no uneven distribution was identified. The comparison of the number of matches in each age category and the quartile of birth showed a difference in the women’s youth category, where players in quartile 8 had a significantly lower number of appearances compared to quartile 1. The results form part of a growing body of knowledge about selection mechanisms in sport, which favours relatively older athletes within Norwegian Handball. Such findings are important for policy and practice for informing TID programmes for inclusive selection opportunities for all players.
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Pearce LA, Sinclair WH, Leicht AS, Woods CT. Physical, Anthropometric, and Athletic Movement Qualities Discriminate Development Level in a Rugby League Talent Pathway. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3169-3176. [PMID: 30540281 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pearce, LA, Sinclair, WH, Leicht, AS, and Woods, CT. Physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities discriminate development level in a rugby league talent pathway. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3169-3176, 2018-This study compared the physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities of talent-identified rugby league (RL) players within a development pathway. From a total of 174 players, 3 developmental levels were defined: under 18 (U18; n = 52), under 20 (U20; n = 53), and state league (SL; n = 69). All players performed a test battery that consisted of 5 physical assessments, 2 anthropometric measurements, and an athletic movement assessment. A multivariate analysis of variance modeled the main effect of developmental level (3 levels: U18, U20, and SL) on test criterion variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were then built for the criterion variables that showed a significant developmental level effect. A significant effect was noted (V = 0.775, F = 5.43, p ≤ 0.05), with the SL players outperforming their U18 and U20 counterparts for measures of body mass, peak and average lower limb power, double lunge (left side), single-leg Romanian deadlift (left and right sides), the push-up, and total athletic ability assessment score (p ≤ 0.05; d = 0.35-1.21). The ROC curves generated an area under the curve of greater than 65% for each test criterion, indicating greater than chance discrimination. These results highlight the physical, anthropometric, and athletic movement qualities discriminant of development level within a RL talent pathway. Practitioners are encouraged to consider the thresholds from the ROC curves as an objective guide to assist with the development of physical performance qualities that may augment player progression in Australian RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa A Pearce
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Johnston K, Wattie N, Schorer J, Baker J. Talent Identification in Sport: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:97-109. [PMID: 29082463 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talent identification (TID) programs are an integral part of the selection process for elite-level athletes. While many sport organizations utilize TID programs, there does not seem to be a clear set of variables that consistently predict future success. OBJECTIVE This review aims to synthesize longitudinal and retrospective studies examining differences between performance variables in highly skilled and less-skilled athletes in elite-level sport. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies (N = 20). RESULTS There was a clear overrepresentation of studies that (1) examined physical profiles of athletes (60%); (2) focused on male samples (65%); (3) examined athletes between the ages of 10 and 20 years (60%); and (4) were published between the years 2010 and 2015 (65%). On closer examination, there was a high degree of variability in the factors that were found to discriminate between skilled and less-skilled individuals. CONCLUSION Findings from this review highlight how little is known about TID in elite sport and emphasize the need for greater diversity in TID research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Johnston
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nick Wattie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jörg Schorer
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Car von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Thompson CJ, Fransen J, Skorski S, Smith MR, Meyer T, Barrett S, Coutts AJ. Mental Fatigue in Football: Is it Time to Shift the Goalposts? An Evaluation of the Current Methodology. Sports Med 2018; 49:177-183. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hill A, MacNamara Á, Collins D. Development and initial validation of the Psychological Characteristics of Developing Excellence Questionnaire version 2 (PCDEQ2). Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:517-528. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1535627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hill
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
- School of Sport and Well-being, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Áine MacNamara
- School of Sport and Well-being, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Grey Matters UK, UK
| | - Dave Collins
- School of Sport and Well-being, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
- Grey Matters UK, UK
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63
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Piggott B, Müller S, Chivers P, Papaluca C, Hoyne G. Is sports science answering the call for interdisciplinary research? A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:267-286. [PMID: 30198825 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1508506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sports science research is traditionally monodisciplinary despite calls for an interdisciplinary focus. The primary purpose of this systematic review was to identify studies on talent identification, talent selection and competition performance to determine whether interdisciplinary research is being conducted. Thirty-six studies met the selection criteria. These studies were critiqued relative to sport, skill level, sport science sub-disciplines included, and whether the research was multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary. The secondary purpose of the review was to critique the level of analysis and level of representative task design in performance tests used in the studies. Twenty-five studies were categorised as interdisciplinary, with 11 categorised as multidisciplinary. Thirteen sports were represented with soccer the most frequent followed by field hockey, Australian Rules football, handball and rugby league. Thirty-two studies completed their analysis at a group level and four at an individual level. A total of 337 performance tests were rated for representative task design with 64 categorised as low, 123 as medium and 150 as high. The results pertaining to interdisciplinary studies and individual analyses are discussed in relation to constraints theory, which predicts that interacting variables can explain sport performance. Sports science research is beginning to fulfil the call for interdisciplinary research. Future research, however, needs to consider individual analyses and representative task design of tests to progress sports science knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Piggott
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Sean Müller
- b School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- c Institue of Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Carmen Papaluca
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Gerard Hoyne
- a School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Australia
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Yiannaki C, Carling C, Collins D. Commentary: Long-term Practice with Domain-Specific Task Constraints Influences Perceptual Skills. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 30072932 PMCID: PMC6058214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Yiannaki
- Centre for Research in Sports Performance, Myerscough College, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Carling
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Collins
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Bennett KJ, Vaeyens R, Fransen J. Creating a framework for talent identification and development in emerging football nations. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1489141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J.M. Bennett
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
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Den Hartigh RJR, Niessen ASM, Frencken WGP, Meijer RR. Selection procedures in sports: Improving predictions of athletes' future performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1191-1198. [PMID: 29856681 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1480662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The selection of athletes has been a central topic in sports sciences for decades. Yet, little consideration has been given to the theoretical underpinnings and predictive validity of the procedures. In this paper, we evaluate current selection procedures in sports given what we know from the selection psychology literature. We contrast the popular clinical method (predictions based on overall impressions of experts) with the actuarial approach (predictions based on pre-defined decision rules), and we discuss why the latter approach often leads to superior performance predictions. Furthermore, we discuss the "signs" and the "samples" approaches. Taking the prevailing signs approach, athletes' technical-, tactical-, physical-, and psychological skills are often assessed separately in controlled settings. However, for predicting later sport performance, taking samples of athletes' behaviours in their sports environment may result in more valid assessments. We discuss the possible advantages and implications of making selection procedures in sports more actuarial and sample-based.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Susan M Niessen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Wouter G P Frencken
- b Center for Human Movement Sciences , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.,c Football Club Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Rob R Meijer
- a Department of Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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67
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Haydon DS, Pinder RA, Grimshaw PN, Robertson WSP. Test design and individual analysis in wheelchair rugby. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1262-1267. [PMID: 29685827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use a task vehicle of sprint testing in wheelchair rugby (WCR) to explore the impact of small changes to test design using both group and individual analysis. DESIGN Exploratory, repeated measures, on-court study METHOD: 25 national or international level wheelchair rugby players completed 5×5m sprints under two conditions: (i) an acceleration from standstill in their own time, and (ii) an 'active' start, simulating a key aspect of performance. Video analysis and accelerometer data were used to measure key kinematic and performance variables with a focus on the first three strokes. Each player was grouped into a high-, mid-, or low-point group based on their sport-specific classification score. Group (paired sample t-tests) and individual (meaningful differences, performance coefficients, and Cohen's d effect sizes) analysis assessed differences between the two conditions. RESULTS The low-point classification group performed significantly slower in the active start (p<0.05). There were no differences in sprint time for the high- and mid-point groups. Mid-point players achieved greater peak accelerations for strokes two and three in the active start (p<0.05). Individual sprint performances varied substantially, ranging from 8% decrease to 14% increase in sprint time for the active start. Meaningful differences in peak accelerations were demonstrated for 23 out of the 25 players. CONCLUSIONS Small amendments to test design can lead to significant differences in individual athlete performance. Traditional group analyses masked important individual responses to testing conditions. There is need to further consider representative test design, and individual analysis for monitoring physical and skill performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Haydon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Paul N Grimshaw
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - William S P Robertson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
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68
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The Specificity of Rugby Union Training Sessions in Preparation for Match Demands. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:496-503. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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69
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Siekańska M, Wojtowicz A. Polish version of research based Model of Sport Talent Development Environment and adaptation of Talent Development Environment Questionnaire”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in optimizing sport talent development. One of the crucial factors that influence all talented athletes throughout their careers is the quality and the appropriateness of the coaching environment. Numerous research show that specific needs are associated with culture. The purpose of the study was to determine crucial factors of effective talent deve-lopment environment and to adapt and verify psychometric properties of the Talent Deve-lopment Environment Questionnaire (Martindale et al., 2010). In the group of 496 athletes (Ma-ge=19.32, Nfemale=181, Nmale=315) analyses were conducted to adapt and verify psychome-tric properties of the scale measuring sport talent development environment. Factor analysis showed that in polish context the six-factor model (loads from 0.35 to 0.67) was more suitable. The extracted factors were: Communication, Lack of Supporting Environment, Support Ne-twork, Individualized Approach to Athlete, Understanding the Athlete, Long-term Development Fundamentals. All factors were associated with self-efficacy and self-esteem of the athletes. The authors of the original model suggested that there could be context-specific requirements within a talent development, what was confirmed in this study. This is particularly important for practi-tioners, for whom the coach-athlete cooperation has international basis.
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70
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Bennett KJM, Novak AR, Pluss MA, Stevens CJ, Coutts AJ, Fransen J. The use of small-sided games to assess skill proficiency in youth soccer players: a talent identification tool. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1413246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. M. Bennett
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Novak
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Pluss
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Stevens
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Aaron J. Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
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71
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Towards a Grand Unified Theory of sports performance. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:139-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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72
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Travassos B, Araújo D, Davids K. Is futsal a donor sport for football?: exploiting complementarity for early diversification in talent development. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1390322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Duarte Araújo
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada – Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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73
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Perception and action in swimming: Effects of aquatic environment on upper limb inter-segmental coordination. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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74
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Is the technical performance of young soccer players influenced by hormonal status, sexual maturity, anthropometric profile, and physical performance? Biol Sport 2017; 34:305-311. [PMID: 29472732 PMCID: PMC5819467 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of hormonal status, anthropometric profile, sexual maturity level, and physical performance on the technical abilities of 40 young male soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Anthropometric profiling, saliva sampling, sexual maturity assessment (Tanner scale), and physical performance tests (Yo-Yo and vertical jumps) were conducted two weeks prior to the SSGs. Salivary testosterone was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Technical performance was determined by the frequency of actions during SSGs. Principal component analyses identified four technical actions of importance: total number of passes, effectiveness, goal attempts, and total tackles. A multivariate canonical correlation analysis was then employed to verify the prediction of a multiple dependent variables set (composed of four technical actions) from an independent set of variables, composed of testosterone concentration, stage of pubic hair and genitalia development, vertical jumps and Yo-Yo performance. A moderate-to-large relationship between the technical performance set and the independent set was observed. The canonical correlation was 0.75 with a canonical R2 of 0.45. The highest structure coefficient in the technical performance set was observed for tackles (0.77), while testosterone presented the highest structure coefficient (0.75) for the variables of the independent set. The current data suggest that the selected independent set of variables might be useful in predicting SSG performance in young soccer players. Coaches should be aware that physical development plays a key role in technical performance to avoid decision-making mistakes during the selection of young players.
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75
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Fransen J, Bennett KJ, Woods CT, French-Collier N, Deprez D, Vaeyens R, Lenoir M. Modelling age-related changes in motor competence and physical fitness in high-level youth soccer players: implications for talent identification and development. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1366039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Job Fransen
- Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Kyle J.M Bennett
- Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, Australia
| | - Carl T Woods
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Dieter Deprez
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roel Vaeyens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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76
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Oppici L, Panchuk D, Serpiello FR, Farrow D. Long-term Practice with Domain-Specific Task Constraints Influences Perceptual Skills. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1387. [PMID: 28855883 PMCID: PMC5557782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term impact of practice with different task constraints on perceptual skill is relatively un-explored. This study examined the influence of extensive practice, i.e., more than a 1000 h of structured practice, with domain-specific task constraints on perceptual skill associated with the passing action. Despite performing the same passing skill, it is not known whether long-term exposure to specific soccer or futsal task constraints influences the players’ attunement to environmental information. This study examined this issue by assessing the attention orientation of soccer (n = 24) and futsal players (n = 24) during modified games (6 vs. 6). Futsal players had higher scanning behavior during ball reception and control (40% more ball-player attention alternations) while soccer players mainly scanned the environment when not in ball possession (25% more attention alternations). We suggest that the behavioral differences found are elicited by the extensive domain-specific practice. That is, the higher number of players in soccer, and by a more intense game and easier to control ball in futsal. This study provides new insights into the long-term effects of practicing with specific task constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Oppici
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Derek Panchuk
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, MelbourneVIC, Australia.,Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, CanberraACT, Australia
| | - Fabio R Serpiello
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, MelbourneVIC, Australia.,Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, CanberraACT, Australia
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77
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Brazo-Sayavera J, Olivares PR, Andronikos G, Martindale RJJ. Spanish version of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire for sport: Cultural adaptation and initial validation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177721. [PMID: 28582387 PMCID: PMC5459334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to translate the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire into Spanish and provide an initial validation. A recommended methodology for translation and cultural adaptation of questionnaires was applied. Once this had been completed, three hundred and thirty-two young athletes completed the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire. The results revealed that the five factor solution Talent Development Environment Questionnaire was confirmed. With the exclusion of one item due to low factor loading, the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire-5 had robust statistical support for its factor structure (χ2 (df = 305) = 499.64, p<0.01, CFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.045, SRMR = 0.055). It also demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validity. While the internal reliability was lower than in previous studies, it revealed acceptable levels. Specifically the overall 27 item Talent Development Environment Questionnaire-5 had a Cronbach α score of .877, and the reliability scores for individual factors 1–5 were .622; .761; .658; .605; .602 respectively. As such, it is recommended that the Spanish Talent Development Environment Questionnaire-5 can be used with confidence in Spain in both applied and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro R. Olivares
- Instituto de Actividad Física y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Georgios Andronikos
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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78
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Exploring Team Passing Networks and Player Movement Dynamics in Youth Association Football. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171156. [PMID: 28141823 PMCID: PMC5283742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how youth football players base their game interactions may constitute a solid criterion for fine-tuning the training process and, ultimately, to achieve better individual and team performances during competition. The present study aims to explore how passing networks and positioning variables can be linked to the match outcome in youth elite association football. The participants included 44 male elite players from under-15 and under-17 age groups. A passing network approach within positioning-derived variables was computed to identify the contributions of individual players for the overall team behaviour outcome during a simulated match. Results suggested that lower team passing dependency for a given player (expressed by lower betweenness network centrality scores) and high intra-team well-connected passing relations (expressed by higher closeness network centrality scores) were related to better outcomes. The correlation between the dyads’ positioning regularity and the passing density showed a most likely higher correlation in under-15 (moderate effect), indicating a possible more dependence of the ball position rather than in the under-17 teams (small/unclear effects). Overall, this study emphasizes the potential of coupling notational analyses with spatial-temporal relations to produce a more functional and holistic understanding of teams’ sports performance. Also, the social network analysis allowed to reveal novel key determinants of collective performance.
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79
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Content Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent (NSIFT): Application to Coaches, Parents and Players. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010002. [PMID: 29910362 PMCID: PMC5969006 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of football talent is a critical issue both for clubs and the families of players. However, despite its importance in a sporting, economic and social sense, there appears to be a lack of instruments that can reliably measure talent performance. The aim of this study was to design and validate the Nomination Scale for Identifying Football Talent (NSIFT), with the aim of optimising the processes for identifying said talent. The scale was first validated through expert judgment, and then statistically, by means of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal reliability and convergent validity. The results reveal the presence of three factors in the scale’s factor matrix, with these results being confirmed by the CFA. The scale revealed suitable internal reliability and homogeneity indices. Convergent validity showed that it is teammates who are best able to identify football talent, followed by coaches and parents. It can be concluded that the NSIFT is suitable for use in the football world. Future studies should seek to confirm these results in different contexts by means of further CFAs.
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80
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Serra-Olivares J, Pastor-Vicedo JC, González-Víllora S, Teoldo da Costa I. Developing Talented Soccer Players: An Analysis of Socio-Spatial Factors as Possible Key Constraints. J Hum Kinet 2016; 54:227-236. [PMID: 28031773 PMCID: PMC5187973 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on the identification and development of soccer talent have been one-dimensional in nature. Although some multi-dimensional analyses have been conducted, few research studies have assessed in any depth the socio-spatial factors influencing talent development. The aim of this particular study was to analyse variations in the international representation of clubs (n = 821) and countries (n = 59) in the development of players who took part in the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup. Clubs and countries were ranked and divided into quartiles according to the number of players developed between the ages of 15 and 21 (clubs and countries that developed players for at least three years between these ages) and the number of official league matches played by these players up to the age of 23. Significant variations were observed between clubs in terms of the number of developed players who took part in the World Cup and the number of official league matches played by these players up to the age of 23 (p < .05), and also between countries (p < .05). The findings reveal the need to carry out more in-depth studies into the type of training and competition engaged in by elite players in the period of development between the ages of 15 and 21. It may be the case that these factors are potentially decisive socio-spatial constraints in the development of soccer talent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Serra-Olivares
- Department of Physical Education Pedagogy. Faculty of Education. Catholic University of Temuco ( Chile )
| | - Juan C Pastor-Vicedo
- Department of Physical Education. Teacher Training Faculty of Toledo. University of Castilla-La Mancha
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Department of Physical Education. Teacher Training Faculty of Cuenca. University of Castilla-La Mancha
| | - Israel Teoldo da Costa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Estudos em Futebol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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81
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Li C, Wang CKJ, Pyun DY. Impacts of talent development environments on athlete burnout: a self-determination perspective. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1-8. [PMID: 27724495 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1240370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Guided by Deci and Ryan's (2000) self-determination theory, this survey study aimed to examine the effects of the talent development environmental factors on athlete burnout. Talented adolescent athletes (n = 691) filled out a survey form measuring the talent development environmental factors, needs satisfaction and burnout. The findings showed that three talent environmental factors (i.e., long-term development focus, holistic quality preparation and communication) were negative predictors of burnout via needs satisfaction. It was concluded that the three talent development environmental factors may be important for facilitating athletes' needs satisfaction and preventing burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- a Department of Health and Physical Education , The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Chee Keng John Wang
- b Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Do Young Pyun
- c School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Leicestershire , UK
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82
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Santos S, Mateus N, Sampaio J, Leite N. Do previous sports experiences influence the effect of an enrichment programme in basketball skills? J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1759-1767. [PMID: 27681710 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1236206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an enrichment programme in motor, technical and tactical basketball skills, when accounting for the age of youth sport specialisation. Seventy-six college students (age: M = 20.4, SD = 1.9) were allocated according to three different paths: (i) non-structured (n = 14), (ii) early specialisation (n = 34), and (iii) late specialisation (n = 28), according to information previously provided by the participants about the quantity and type of sporting activities performed throughout their sporting careers. Then, the participants of each path were randomly distributed across control and experimental groups. Variables under study included agility, technical skills circuit, as well as tactical actions performed in a 4-on-4 full-court basketball game. The results indicated improvements in the early and late specialisation paths namely in the experimental training groups. However, the late specialisation path revealed larger benefits, in contrast with the non-structured path, which showed less sensitivity to the enrichment programme, mostly sustained in physical literacy and differential learning. Higher improvements were observed in agility, and also in reducing the number of unsuccessful actions performed during the game. Overall, this study provided evidence of how early sports experiences affect basketball skill acquisition and contribute to adapt to new contexts with motor and technical-tactical challenges. In addition, a path supported by late specialisation might present several advantages in sport performance achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - Nuno Leite
- a Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community , University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
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83
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Rees T, Hardy L, Güllich A, Abernethy B, Côté J, Woodman T, Montgomery H, Laing S, Warr C. The Great British Medalists Project: A Review of Current Knowledge on the Development of the World's Best Sporting Talent. Sports Med 2016; 46:1041-58. [PMID: 26842017 PMCID: PMC4963454 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The literature base regarding the development of sporting talent is extensive, and includes empirical articles, reviews, position papers, academic books, governing body documents, popular books, unpublished theses and anecdotal evidence, and contains numerous models of talent development. With such a varied body of work, the task for researchers, practitioners and policy makers of generating a clear understanding of what is known and what is thought to be true regarding the development of sporting talent is particularly challenging. Drawing on a wide array of expertise, we address this challenge by avoiding adherence to any specific model or area and by providing a reasoned review across three key overarching topics: (a) the performer; (b) the environment; and (c) practice and training. Within each topic sub-section, we review and calibrate evidence by performance level of the samples. We then conclude each sub-section with a brief summary, a rating of the quality of evidence, a recommendation for practice and suggestions for future research. These serve to highlight both our current level of understanding and our level of confidence in providing practice recommendations, but also point to a need for future studies that could offer evidence regarding the complex interactions that almost certainly exist across domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rees
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Lew Hardy
- Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Arne Güllich
- Department of Sport Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Street, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bruce Abernethy
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, SKHS Building 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N, Canada
| | - Tim Woodman
- Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, Rockefeller Building, 20, University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - Stewart Laing
- UK Sport, 21 Bloomsbury Street, London, WC1B 3HF, UK
| | - Chelsea Warr
- UK Sport, 21 Bloomsbury Street, London, WC1B 3HF, UK
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84
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Zuber C, Zibung M, Conzelmann A. Holistic Patterns as an Instrument for Predicting the Performance of Promising Young Soccer Players - A 3-Years Longitudinal Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1088. [PMID: 27512378 PMCID: PMC4961718 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidimensional and dynamic talent models represent the current state of the art, but these demands have hardly ever been implemented so far. One reason for this could be the methodological problems associated with these requirements. This paper will present a proposal for dealing with this, namely for examining the development of young soccer players holistically. The patterns formed by the constructs net hope, motor abilities, technical skills and biological maturity were examined, as well as the way in which these holistic patterns are related to subsequent sporting success. 119 young elite soccer players were questioned and tested three times at intervals of 1 year, beginning at the age of 12. At the age of 15, the level of performance reached by the players was determined. At all three measuring points, four patterns were identified, which displayed partial structural and high individual stability. The highly skilled players, scoring above average on all factors – but not necessarily those having the highest overall scores – were significantly more likely to advance to the highest level of performance. Failure-fearing fit players, i.e., physically strong, early developed players but with some technical weaknesses, have good chances of reaching the middle performance level. In contrast, none of the achievement-oriented, highly skilled, late-matured or late-matured, low skilled players reached the highest performance level. The results indicate the importance of holistic approaches for predicting performance among promising soccer talents in the medium-term and thus provide valuable clues for their selection and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zuber
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Zibung
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Conzelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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85
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Práxedes A, Moreno A, Sevil J, García-González L, Del Villar F. A Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Program, Based on Questioning, to Improve Tactical Actions in Young Footballers. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:742-56. [PMID: 27207601 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516649716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a comprehensive teaching program, based on questioning on decision making, and execution in football. The intervention program, based on teaching games for understanding model and including the application of questioning in a context of modified games, was applied during 21 training sessions. A quasi-experimental study with a prepost design with 18 male football players (M = 10.7 year, SD = 0.6) was developed over 18 weeks. Participants were divided into experimental group (n = 9) and control group (n = 9). A total of 1532 actions were observed (1120 passes and 412 dribbling). Results showed that after applying the intervention program, the players in the experimental group showed better decision making in the pass and dribbling actions, and better execution in the pass action, compared with the players from the control group. These results suggest that the application of questioning in a context of modified games must be taken into account to promote tactical training in young footballers and to improve their tactical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Práxedes
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Sevil
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
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86
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Faber IR, Elferink-Gemser MT, Oosterveld FGJ, Twisk JWR, Nijhuis-Van der Sanden MWG. Can an early perceptuo-motor skills assessment predict future performance in youth table tennis players? An observational study (1998–2013). J Sports Sci 2016; 35:593-601. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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87
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Den Hartigh RJR, Van Dijk MWG, Steenbeek HW, Van Geert PLC. A Dynamic Network Model to Explain the Development of Excellent Human Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:532. [PMID: 27148140 PMCID: PMC4837162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across different domains, from sports to science, some individuals accomplish excellent levels of performance. For over 150 years, researchers have debated the roles of specific nature and nurture components to develop excellence. In this article, we argue that the key to excellence does not reside in specific underlying components, but rather in the ongoing interactions among the components. We propose that excellence emerges out of dynamic networks consisting of idiosyncratic mixtures of interacting components such as genetic endowment, motivation, practice, and coaching. Using computer simulations we demonstrate that the dynamic network model accurately predicts typical properties of excellence reported in the literature, such as the idiosyncratic developmental trajectories leading to excellence and the highly skewed distributions of productivity present in virtually any achievement domain. Based on this novel theoretical perspective on excellent human performance, this article concludes by suggesting policy implications and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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88
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Wilson RS, James RS, David G, Hermann E, Morgan OJ, Niehaus AC, Hunter A, Thake D, Smith MD. Multivariate analyses of individual variation in soccer skill as a tool for talent identification and development: utilising evolutionary theory in sports science. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2074-86. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1151544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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89
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Can Perceptuo-Motor Skills Assessment Outcomes in Young Table Tennis Players (7-11 years) Predict Future Competition Participation and Performance? An Observational Prospective Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149037. [PMID: 26863212 PMCID: PMC4749309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forecasting future performance in youth table tennis players based on current performance is complex due to, among other things, differences between youth players in growth, development, maturity, context and table tennis experience. Talent development programmes might benefit from an assessment of underlying perceptuo-motor skills for table tennis, which is hypothesized to determine the players’ potential concerning the perceptuo-motor domain. The Dutch perceptuo-motor skills assessment intends to measure the perceptuo-motor potential for table tennis in youth players by assessing the underlying skills crucial for developing technical and tactical qualities. Untrained perceptuo-motor tasks are used as these are suggested to represent a player’s future potential better than specific sport skills themselves as the latter depend on exposure to the sport itself. This study evaluated the value of the perceptuo-motor skills assessment for a talent developmental programme by evaluating its predictive validity for competition participation and performance in 48 young table tennis players (7–11 years). Players were tested on their perceptuo-motor skills once during a regional talent day, and the subsequent competition results were recorded half-yearly over a period of 2.5 years. Logistic regression analysis showed that test scores did not predict future competition participation (p >0.05). Yet, the Generalized Estimating Equations analysis, including the test items ‘aiming at target’, ‘throwing a ball’, and ‘eye-hand coordination’ in the best fitting model, revealed that the outcomes of the perceptuo-motor skills assessment were significant predictors for future competition results (R2 = 51%). Since the test age influences the perceptuo-motor skills assessment’s outcome, another multivariable model was proposed including test age as a covariate (R2 = 53%). This evaluation demonstrates promising prospects for the perceptuo-motor skills assessment to be included in a talent development programme. Future studies are needed to clarify the predictive value in a larger sample of youth competition players over a longer period in time.
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90
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Webb V, Collins D, Cruickshank A. Aligning the talent pathway: exploring the role and mechanisms of coherence in development. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1799-807. [PMID: 26788766 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1139162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although our understanding of psychological and social factors in talent development continues to expand, knowledge of the broader system that underpins the entire talent pathways is relatively limited. Indeed, little work has moved beyond the recognition that coherence in this system is important to consider how this may be achieved; particularly in relation to coherent coaching. As such, the aim of this article was to address gaps in talent development and coaching literature and explore principles and potential mechanisms of coherent coaching in sport organisations' talent pathways. After defining and contextualising coherence in whole talent pathways, including barriers to attainment, we discuss how an understanding of coach epistemology can provide a basis for integrating personal and collective coach coherence and therefore a coherent performer experience. With epistemology as our focal point, we then consider how coherent coaching may be supported through the strategic recruitment and placement of coaches, complimentary coach education and development and the use of change agents who can set and shape the coaching milieu, facilitate cross-level communication and enable epistemology-focused reflection and evaluation. Finally, we conclude with some brief recommendations for advancing practically-meaningful knowledge in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Webb
- a British Cycling , Manchester , UK.,b Institute of Coaching and Performance , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Dave Collins
- b Institute of Coaching and Performance , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK.,c Grey Matters for Performance Ltd , Stratford-upon-Avon , UK
| | - Andrew Cruickshank
- b Institute of Coaching and Performance , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK.,c Grey Matters for Performance Ltd , Stratford-upon-Avon , UK
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91
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Dormehl SJ, Robertson SJ, Williams CA. Modelling the Progression of Male Swimmers' Performances through Adolescence. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010002. [PMID: 29910250 PMCID: PMC5968939 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient data on adolescent athletes is contributing to the challenges facing youth athletic development and accurate talent identification. The purpose of this study was to model the progression of male sub-elite swimmers’ performances during adolescence. The performances of 446 males (12–19 year olds) competing in seven individual events (50, 100, 200 m freestyle, 100 m backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, 200 m individual medley) over an eight-year period at an annual international schools swimming championship, run under FINA regulations were collected. Quadratic functions for each event were determined using mixed linear models. Thresholds of peak performance were achieved between the ages of 18.5 ± 0.1 (50 m freestyle and 200 m individual medley) and 19.8 ± 0.1 (100 m butterfly) years. The slowest rate of improvement was observed in the 200 m individual medley (20.7%) and the highest in the 100 m butterfly (26.2%). Butterfly does however appear to be one of the last strokes in which males specialise. The models may be useful as talent identification tools, as they predict the age at which an average sub-elite swimmer could potentially peak. The expected rate of improvement could serve as a tool in which to monitor and evaluate benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilo J Dormehl
- University of Exeter, Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Samuel J Robertson
- Victoria University, Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living, Melbourne 3011, Australia.
| | - Craig A Williams
- University of Exeter, Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
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92
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Hill A, MacNamara Á, Collins D, Rodgers S. Examining the Role of Mental Health and Clinical Issues within Talent Development. Front Psychol 2016; 6:2042. [PMID: 26793153 PMCID: PMC4707871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant research supports the association between physical activity and mental wellbeing, current literature acknowledges that athletes are no less susceptible to mental illness than the general population. Despite welcomed initiatives aimed at improving mental health within elite sport, these programs often fail to target young athletes; an important concern given that the genesis of many mental illnesses are recognized to occur during this critical period. Given the importance of early intervention and effective treatment, and the potentially devastating consequences of clinical issues going undiagnosed, the implications for talent identification and development (TID) become obvious. With this in mind, this study sought to examine the range of mental health issues that may impact upon developing athletes and potential consequences for the development process, specific risk and protective factors associated with talent development, along with an examination of current practices concerning the identification of mental health issues in such environments. Qualitative interviews were conducted with purposively sampled clinicians (n = 8) experienced in working with adolescents and/or young athletes. Inductive content analysis was undertaken, identifying four main themes: key behavioral indicators; associated risk factors; associated protective factors; and issues around identification and diagnosis. Key behavioral indicators included behavioral change, along with behaviors associated with eating disorders, anxiety and depression. Risk factors centered on family background, the performance environment, and issues surrounding adolescence. Protective factors were primarily social in nature. Finally, a lack of awareness and understanding of clinical issues, multiple causes of symptoms, non-disclosure and the need for triangulation of assessment were identified. The need for improved identification and intervention strategies was apparent, with coaches identified as well placed to detect general “warning signs” such as behavioral change. Short of integrating trained clinicians into talent development environments, as part of a triangulation process, ecologically validated assessment tools—coupled with appropriate training and signposting—could offer a practical way of flagging potential issues in developing athletes. The need for the development of such an instrument is therefore apparent. Finally, education around the influential role of family is also recommended in order to promote the protective elements and mitigate risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hill
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK
| | - Áine MacNamara
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK
| | - Dave Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire Preston, UK
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93
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Forsman H, Gråstén A, Blomqvist M, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Konttinen N. Development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1311-8. [PMID: 26708723 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1127401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this 1-year, longitudinal study was to examine the development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics of young Finnish soccer players. We also examined associations between latent growth models of perceived competence and other recorded variables. Participants were 288 competitive male soccer players ranging from 12 to 14 years (12.7 ± 0.6) from 16 soccer clubs. Players completed the self-assessments of perceived competence, tactical skills, and motivation, and participated in technical, and speed and agility tests. Results of this study showed that players' levels of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics remained relatively high and stable across the period of 1 year. Positive relationships were found between these levels and changes in perceived competence and motivation, and levels of perceived competence and speed and agility characteristics. Together these results illustrate the multi-dimensional nature of talent development processes in soccer. Moreover, it seems crucial in coaching to support the development of perceived competence and motivation in young soccer players and that it might be even more important in later maturing players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Forsman
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.,b Eerikkilä Sports Institute , Tammela , Finland
| | - Arto Gråstén
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Minna Blomqvist
- c Research Institute for Olympic Sports , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Keith Davids
- d Centre for Sports Engineering Research Faculty of Health and Wellbeing , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK.,e FiDiPro Programme , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jarmo Liukkonen
- a Department of Sport Sciences , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Niilo Konttinen
- c Research Institute for Olympic Sports , Jyväskylä , Finland
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94
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Forsman H, Gråstén A, Blomqvist M, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Konttinen N. Development and validation of the Perceived Game-Specific Soccer Competence Scale. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1319-27. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1125518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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95
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MacNamara Á, Collins D. Second Chances: Investigating Athletes' Experiences of Talent Transfer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143592. [PMID: 26600303 PMCID: PMC4658000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Talent transfer initiatives seek to transfer talented, mature individuals from one sport to another. Unfortunately talent transfer initiatives seem to lack an evidence-based direction and a rigorous exploration of the mechanisms underpinning the approach. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify the factors which successfully transferring athletes cite as facilitative of talent transfer. In contrast to the anthropometric and performance variables that underpin current talent transfer initiatives, participants identified a range of psycho-behavioral and environmental factors as key to successful transfer. We argue that further research into the mechanisms of talent transfer is needed in order to provide a strong evidence base for the methodologies employed in these initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine MacNamara
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dave Collins
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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96
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Wattie N, Schorer J, Baker J. The relative age effect in sport: a developmental systems model. Sports Med 2015; 45:83-94. [PMID: 25169442 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The policies that dictate the participation structure of many youth sport systems involve the use of a set selection date (e.g. 31 December), which invariably produces relative age differences between those within the selection year (e.g. 1 January to 31 December). Those born early in the selection year (e.g. January) are relatively older—by as much as 12 months minus 1 day—than those born later in the selection year (e.g. December). Research in the area of sport has identified a number of significant developmental effects associated with such relative age differences. However, a theoretical framework that describes the breadth and complexity of relative age effects (RAEs) in sport does not exist in the literature. This paper reviews and summarizes the existing literature on relative age in sport, and proposes a constraints-based developmental systems model for RAEs in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wattie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada,
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97
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Urbán T, Gutiérrez Ó, Moreno FJ. Effects of Unstable Conditions on Kinematics and Performance Variables in Young Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:39-48. [PMID: 26240647 PMCID: PMC4519220 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The execution variability and outcomes found in throwing actions have received special attention in numerous studies in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of an unstable condition on velocity, accuracy and kinematics of movement in the seven metres throw in handball. Twenty-five young handball players took part in an experiment, throwing towards a target on a stable and an unstable surface. Each participant performed 32 throws, 16 for each situation. Linear variability of the dominant hand was assessed by 3D Motion Tracking. A radar sports gun was used to record the velocity of the ball and the throws were video recorded to establish their accuracy. Results showed significant decreases in throwing velocity in unstable conditions, but these did not significantly affect the accuracy achieved in performance. Differences were also found in movement kinematics between the two throwing conditions and relationships were found between kinematics, velocity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Urbán
- Sport Research Center. Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche-Alicante (Spain)
| | - Óscar Gutiérrez
- Sport Research Center. Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche-Alicante (Spain)
| | - Francisco J Moreno
- Sport Research Center. Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche-Alicante (Spain)
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98
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Faber IR, Bustin PMJ, Oosterveld FGJ, Elferink-Gemser MT, Nijhuis-Van der Sanden MWG. Assessing personal talent determinants in young racquet sport players: a systematic review. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:395-410. [PMID: 26109450 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since junior performances have little predictive value for future success, other solutions are sought to assess a young player's potential. The objectives of this systematic review are (1) to provide an overview of instruments measuring personal talent determinants of young players in racquet sports, and (2) to evaluate these instruments regarding their validity for talent development. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect and SPORTDiscus (1990 to 31 March 2014). Search terms represented tennis, table tennis, badminton and squash, the concept of talent, methods of testing and children. Thirty articles with information regarding over 100 instruments were included. Validity evaluation showed that instruments focusing on intellectual and perceptual abilities, and coordinative skills discriminate elite from non-elite players and/or are related to current performance, but their predictive validity is not confirmed. There is moderate evidence that the assessments of mental and goal management skills predict future performance. Data on instruments measuring physical characteristics prohibit a conclusion due to conflicting findings. This systematic review yielded an ambiguous end point. The lack of longitudinal studies precludes verification of the instrument's capacity to forecast future performance. Future research should focus on instruments assessing multidimensional talent determinants and their predictive value in longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R Faber
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Health , Saxion University of Applied Sciences , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Paul M J Bustin
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Health , Saxion University of Applied Sciences , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Frits G J Oosterveld
- a Faculty of Physical Activity and Health , Saxion University of Applied Sciences , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Marije T Elferink-Gemser
- b Center for Human Movement Sciences , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,c Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise , HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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99
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Li C, Wang CKJ, Pyun DY, Martindale R. Further development of the talent development environment questionnaire for sport. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1831-43. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1014828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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100
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Cluster Stability as a New Method to Assess Changes in Performance and its Determinant Factors Over a Season in Young Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:261-8. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To apply a new method to identify, classify, and follow up young swimmers based on their performance and its determinant factors over a season and analyze the swimmers’ stability over a competitive season with that method.Methods:Fifteen boys and 18 girls (11.8 ± 0.7 y) part of a national talent-identification scheme were evaluated at 3 different moments of a competitive season. Performance (ie, official 100-m freestyle race time), arm span, chest perimeter, stroke length, swimming velocity, speed fluctuation, coefficient of active drag, propelling efficiency, and stroke index were selected as variables. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis were computed.Results:Data suggested a 3-cluster solution, splitting the swimmers according to their performance in all 3 moments. Cluster 1 was related to better performances (talented swimmers), cluster 2 to poor performances (nonproficient swimmers), and cluster 3 to average performance (proficient swimmers) in all moments. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that 100%, 94%, and 85% of original groups were correctly classified for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd evaluation moments, respectively (0.11 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.80; 5.64 ≤ χ2 ≤ 63.40; 0.001 < P ≤ .68). Membership of clusters was moderately stable over the season (stability range 46.1–75% for the 2 clusters with most subjects).Conclusion:Cluster stability is a feasible, comprehensive, and informative method to gain insight into changes in performance and its determinant factors in young swimmers. Talented swimmers were characterized by anthropometrics and kinematic features.
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