51
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Visalli G, Currò M, Iannazzo D, Pistone A, Pruiti Ciarello M, Acri G, Testagrossa B, Bertuccio MP, Squeri R, Di Pietro A. In vitro assessment of neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation of homemade MWCNTs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:121-128. [PMID: 28910697 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) activate pathways involved in cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and inflammation. Inhaled MWCNTs are translocated to extra pulmonary organs and their hydrophobicity allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Further exposure of central nervous system (CNS) occurs via olfactory neurons. Using differentiated SH-SY5Y, we studied the neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation of pristine and functionalised MWCNTs. ROS overproduction was dose- and time-dependent (P<0.01) and was related to mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage and decreased viability (P<0.05). Transcript levels of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 increased, as confirmed by an ELISA test. Raman spectra were acquired to assess MWCNT-cells interactions. The almost superimposable pro-oxidant activity of both CNTs could be imputable to excessive lengths with regard to the pristine MWCNTs and to the eroded surface, causing increased reactivity, with regard to functionalised MWCNTs. Considering the ease with which lightweight MWCNTs aerosolize and the increased production, the results underlined the potential onset of neurodegenerative diseases, due to unintentional MWCNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marianna Pruiti Ciarello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Testagrossa
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Squeri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging". University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, I-98100, Messina, Italy.
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52
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Sayes CM, Lujan H. Characterizing the Nano-Bio Interface Using Microscopic Techniques: Imaging the Cell System is Just as Important as Imaging the Nanoparticle System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:213-231. [PMID: 28910854 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanotechnology and its industries has elevated the need to understand the risks associated with handling, using, and disposing of nanomaterials. These risks can be assessed through exposure measurement and hazard identification. One of the common challenges associated with quantifying nanomaterials in products, waste, humans, or the environment is the lack of tools available to measure concentration. The ability of refined tools and techniques to qualitatively detect nanoparticles in complex matrices has been demonstrated. For biological and ecological tests systems, dose can be represented as initial concentration in the applied matrix, concentration administered during the route of exposure, concentration at the target organ, and intake concentration at the cellular level. Each of these concentration measurements requires different sets of tools to perform accurate analyses. Advances in microscopy techniques provide new opportunities for reporting observations occurring at the interaction of a nanoparticle with a biomolecular entity of similar size within a biological test(s) system. This protocol outlines the steps to image nanomaterials within cell-based systems. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Henry Lujan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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53
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Theodorou IG, Müller KH, Chen S, Goode AE, Yufit V, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Silver Nanowire Particle Reactivity with Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Cells: Intracellular Availability of Silver Governs Their Cytotoxicity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2336-2347. [PMID: 33445292 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are increasingly being used in the production of optoelectronic devices, with manufacturing processes posing a risk for occupational exposures via inhalation. Although some studies have explored the environmental effects of AgNWs, few data exist on human health effects. Alveolar macrophages are central in the clearance of inhaled fibers from the lungs, with frustrated phagocytosis often stated as a key determinant for the onset of inflammatory reactions. However, the mechanisms through which fully ingested AgNWs interact with, degrade, and transform within primary macrophages over time, and whether the reactivity of the AgNWs arises due to ionic or particulate effects, or both, are poorly understood. Here, a combination of elemental quantification, 3D tomography, analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy were employed to monitor the uptake, intracellular Ag+ availability, and processing of AgNWs of two different lengths (1 and 10 μm) inside human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMMs). Using AgNO3 and spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a comparison, the amount of total bioavailable/intracellular Ag highly correlated to the cytotoxicity of AgNWs. The 10 μm AgNWs were completely internalized in HMMs, with numerous lysosomal vesicles observed in close vicinity to the AgNWs. Following cellular uptake, AgNWs dissolved and transformed intracellularly, with precipitation of AgCl as well as Ag2S. These transformation processes were likely due to AgNW degradation in the acidic environment of lysosomes, leading to the release of Ag+ ions that rapidly react with Cl- and SH- species of the cell microenvironment. Our data suggest that, in HMMs, not only frustrated phagocytosis but also the extent of intracellular uptake and dissolution of AgNWs dictates their cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (ISMB), Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Angela E Goode
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Yufit
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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54
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Hjorth R, van Hove L, Wickson F. What can nanosafety learn from drug development? The feasibility of "safety by design". Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:305-312. [PMID: 28303735 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1299891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
"Safety by design" (SbD) is an intuitively appealing concept that is on the rise within nanotoxicology and nanosafety research, as well as within nanotechnology research policy. It leans on principles established within drug discovery and development (DDD) and seeks to address safety early, as well as throughout product development. However, it remains unclear what the concept of SbD exactly entails for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or how it is envisioned to be implemented. Here, we review the concept as it is emerging in European research and compare its resemblance with the safety testing and assessment practices in DDD. From this comparison, it is clear that "safety" is not obtained through DDD, and that SbD should be considered a starting point rather than an end, meaning that products will still need to progress through thorough safety evaluations and regulation. We conclude that although risk reduction is clearly desirable, the way SbD is currently communicated tends to treat safety as an inherent material property and that this is fundamentally problematic as it represents a recasting and reduction of societal issues into technical problems. SbD therefore faces a multitude of challenges, from practical implementation to unrealistic stakeholder expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Hjorth
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Lilian van Hove
- b Department of Society, Ecology and Ethics , GenØk Centre for Biosafety , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Fern Wickson
- b Department of Society, Ecology and Ethics , GenØk Centre for Biosafety , Tromsø , Norway
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55
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Hjorth R, Hansen SF, Jacobs M, Tickner J, Ellenbecker M, Baun A. The applicability of chemical alternatives assessment for engineered nanomaterials. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:177-187. [PMID: 26887668 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternatives assessment to substitute hazardous chemicals with inherently safer options is gaining momentum worldwide as a legislative and corporate strategy to minimize consumer, occupational, and environmental risks. Engineered nanomaterials represent an interesting case for alternatives assessment approaches, because they can be considered both emerging "chemicals" of concern, as well as potentially safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals. However, comparing the hazards of nanomaterials to traditional chemicals or to other nanomaterials is challenging, and critical elements in chemical hazard and exposure assessment may have to be fundamentally altered to sufficiently address nanomaterials. The aim of this paper is to assess the overall applicability of alternatives assessment methods for nanomaterials and to outline recommendations to enhance their use in this context. The present paper focuses on the adaptability of existing hazard and exposure assessment approaches to engineered nanomaterials as well as strategies to design inherently safer nanomaterials. We argue that alternatives assessment for nanomaterials is complicated by the sheer number of nanomaterials possible. As a result, the inclusion of new data tools that can efficiently and effectively evaluate nanomaterials as substitutes is needed to strengthen the alternatives assessment process. However, we conclude that with additional tools to enhance traditional hazard and exposure assessment modules of alternatives assessment, such as the use of mechanistic toxicity screens and control banding tools, alternatives assessment can be adapted to evaluate engineered nanomaterials as potential substitutes for chemicals of concern and to ensure safer nanomaterials are incorporated in the design of new products. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:177-187. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Hjorth
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Molly Jacobs
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Tickner
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Ellenbecker
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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56
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Watson-Wright C, Singh D, Demokritou P. Toxicological Implications of Released Particulate Matter during Thermal Decomposition of Nano-Enabled Thermoplastics. NANOIMPACT 2017; 5:29-40. [PMID: 29333505 PMCID: PMC5764161 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled thermoplastics are part of the growing market of nano-enabled products (NEPs) that have vast utility in several industries and consumer goods. The use and disposal of NEPs at their end of life has raised concerns about the potential release of constituent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) during thermal decomposition and their impact on environmental health and safety. To investigate this issue, industrially relevant nano-enabled thermoplastics including polyurethane, polycarbonate, and polypropylene containing carbon nanotubes (0.1 and 3% w/v, respectively), polyethylene containing nanoscale iron oxide (5% w/v), and ethylene vinyl acetate containing nanoscale titania (2 and 5% w/v) along with their pure thermoplastic matrices were thermally decomposed using the recently developed lab based Integrated Exposure Generation System (INEXS). The life cycle released particulate matter (called LCPM) was monitored using real time instrumentation, size fractionated, sampled, extracted and prepared for toxicological analysis using primary small airway epithelial cells to assess potential toxicological effects. Various cellular assays were used to assess reactive oxygen species and total glutathione as measurements of oxidative stress along with mitochondrial function, cellular viability, and DNA damage. By comparing toxicological profiles of LCPM released from polymer only (control) with nano-enabled LCPM, potential nanofiller effects due to the use of ENMs were determined. We observed associations between NEP properties such as the percent nanofiller loading, host matrix, and nanofiller chemical composition and the physico-chemical properties of released LCPM, which were linked to biological outcomes. More specifically, an increase in percent nanofiller loading promoted a toxicological response independent of increasing LCPM dose. Importantly, differences in host matrix and nanofiller composition were shown to enhance biological activity and toxicity of LCPM. This work highlights the importance of assessing the toxicological properties of LCPM and raises environmental health and safety concerns of nano-enabled products at their end of life during thermal decomposition/incineration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Prof. Philip Demokritou, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public, Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, , Tel: 617-432-3481
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57
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Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:1-58. [PMID: 27537422 PMCID: PMC5555643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the IARC Monograph 111, the Mechanisms Subgroup was tasked with assessing the strength of evidence on the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs in humans. The mechanistic evidence was considered to be not strong enough to alter the evaluations based on the animal data. In this paper, we provide an extended, in-depth examination of the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies according to current hypotheses on the carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and fibers. We cite additional studies of CNTs that were not available at the time of the IARC meeting in October 2014, and extend our evaluation to include carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Finally, we identify key data gaps and suggest research needs to reduce uncertainty. The focus of this review is on the cancer risk to workers exposed to airborne CNT or CNF during the production and use of these materials. The findings of this review, in general, affirm those of the original evaluation on the inadequate or limited evidence of carcinogenicity for most types of CNTs and CNFs at this time, and possible carcinogenicity of one type of CNT (MWCNT-7). The key evidence gaps to be filled by research include: investigation of possible associations between in vitro and early-stage in vivo events that may be predictive of lung cancer or mesothelioma, and systematic analysis of dose-response relationships across materials, including evaluation of the influence of physico-chemical properties and experimental factors on the observation of nonmalignant and malignant endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D Kuempel
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- b Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche , UMR 1162 , Paris , France
- c Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France
- d University Institute of Hematology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot , Paris , France
- e University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Peter Møller
- f Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- g Department of Occupational Pneumology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu City , Japan
| | | | - Kent E Pinkerton
- i Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , California , USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- j National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bice Fubini
- l Department of Chemistry and "G.Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Agnes B Kane
- m Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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58
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Shatkin JA, Oberdörster G. Comment on Shvedova et al. (2016), "gender differences in murine pulmonary responses elicited by cellulose nanocrystals". Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:59. [PMID: 27814761 PMCID: PMC5096324 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent publication in “Particle and Fibre Toxicology” reported on the gender differences in pulmonary toxicity from oro-pharyngeal aspiration of a high dose of cellulose nanocrystals. The study is timely given the growing interest in diverse commercial applications of cellulose nanomaterials, and the need for studies addressing pulmonary toxicity. The results from this study are interesting and can be strengthened with a discussion of how differences in the weights of female and male C57BL/6 mice was accounted for. Without such a discussion, the observed differences could be partially explained by the lower body weights of females, resulting in higher doses than males when standardized to body weight or lung volume. Further, few conclusions can be drawn about the pulmonary toxicity of cellulose nanocrystals given the study design: examination of a single high dose of cellulose nanocrystals, administered as a bolus, without positive or negative controls or low dose comparisons, and at an unphysiological and high dose rate. Simulating the bolus type delivery by inhalation would require a highly unrealistic exposure concentration in the g/m3 range of extremely short duration. A discussion of these limitations is missing in the paper; further speculative comparisons of cellulose nanocrystals toxicity to asbestos and carbon nanotubes in the abstract are both unwarranted and can be misleading, these materials were neither mentioned in the manuscript, nor evaluated in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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59
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Theodorou IG, Ruenraroengsak P, Gow A, Schwander S, Zhang JJ, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Effect of pulmonary surfactant on the dissolution, stability and uptake of zinc oxide nanowires by human respiratory epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1351-62. [PMID: 27441789 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) have high-deposition rates in the alveolar region of the lung but the effects of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on nanoparticle bioreactivity are unclear. Here, the impact of PS on the stability and dissolution of ZnO nanowires (ZnONWs) was investigated, and linked with their bioreactivity in vitro with human alveolar epithelial type 1-like cells (TT1). Pre-incubation of ZnONWs with Curosurf® (a natural porcine PS) decreased their dissolution at acidic pH, through the formation of a phospholipid corona. Confocal live cell microscopy confirmed that Curosurf® lowered intracellular dissolution, thus delaying the onset of cell death compared to bare ZnONWs. Despite reducing dissolution, Curosurf® significantly increased the uptake of ZnONWs within TT1 cells, ultimately increasing their toxicity after 24 h. Although serum improved ZnONW dispersion in suspension similar to Curosurf®, it had no effect on ZnONW internalization and toxicity, indicating a unique role of PS in promoting particle uptake. In the absence of PS, ZnONW length had no effect on dissolution kinetics or degree of cellular toxicity, indicating a less important role of length in determining ZnONW bioreactivity. This work provides unique findings on the effects of PS on the stability and toxicity of ZnONWs, which could be important in the study of pulmonary toxicity and epithelial-endothelial translocation of nanoparticles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- a Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , and.,b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gow
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Stephan Schwander
- d Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers University, School of Public Health , Hoes LaneWest, Piscataway, NJ , USA , and
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- e Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Mary P Ryan
- a Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , and
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60
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Stone V, Johnston HJ, Balharry D, Gernand JM, Gulumian M. Approaches to Develop Alternative Testing Strategies to Inform Human Health Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:1538-1550. [PMID: 27285586 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative testing strategies (ATS) for hazard assessment of new and emerging materials is high on the agenda of scientists, funders, and regulators. The relatively large number of nanomaterials on the market and under development means that an increasing emphasis will be placed on the use of reliable, predictive ATS when assessing their safety. We have provided recommendations as to how ATS development for assessment of nanomaterial hazard may be accelerated. Predefined search terms were used to identify the quantity and distribution of peer-reviewed publications for nanomaterial hazard assessment following inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. A summary of knowledge gaps relating to nanomaterial hazard is provided to identify future research priorities and areas in which a rich data set might exist to allow ATS identification. Consultation with stakeholders (e.g., academia, industry, regulators) was critical to ensure that current expert opinion was reflected. The gap analysis revealed an abundance of studies that assessed the local and systemic impacts of inhaled particles, and so ATS are available for immediate use. Development of ATS for assessment of the dermal toxicity of chemicals is already relatively advanced, and these models should be applied to nanomaterials as relatively few studies have assessed the dermal toxicity of nanomaterials to date. Limited studies have investigated the local and systemic impacts of ingested nanomaterials. If the recommendations for research prioritization proposed are adopted, it is envisioned that a comprehensive battery of ATS can be developed to support the risk assessment process for nanomaterials. Some alternative models are available for immediate implementation, while others require more developmental work to become widely adopted. Case studies are included that can be used to inform the selection of alternative models and end points when assessing the pathogenicity of fibers and mode of action of nanomaterial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dominique Balharry
- School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy M Gernand
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mary Gulumian
- Toxicology and Biochemistry Section NIOH, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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61
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Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibres are a novel fibrous nanomaterial with increasing applications in a variety of fields. While the biological effects of TiO2 nanoparticles have been extensively studied, the toxicological characterization of TiO2 nanofibres is far from being complete. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of commercially available anatase TiO2 nanofibres using TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) and crocidolite asbestos as non-fibrous or fibrous benchmark materials. The evaluated endpoints were cell viability, haemolysis, macrophage activation, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (an indicator of the epithelial barrier competence), ROS production and oxidative stress as well as the morphology of exposed cells. The results showed that TiO2 nanofibres caused a cell-specific, dose-dependent decrease of cell viability, with larger effects on alveolar epithelial cells than on macrophages. The observed effects were comparable to those of crocidolite, while TiO2 NP did not decrease cell viability. TiO2 nanofibres were also found endowed with a marked haemolytic activity, at levels significantly higher than those observed with TiO2 nanoparticles or crocidolite. Moreover, TiO2 nanofibres and crocidolite, but not TiO2 nanoparticles, caused a significant decrease of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance of airway cell monolayers. SEM images demonstrated that the interaction with nanofibres and crocidolite caused cell shape perturbation with the longest fibres incompletely or not phagocytosed. The expression of several pro-inflammatory markers, such as NO production and the induction of Nos2 and Ptgs2, was significantly increased by TiO2 nanofibres, as well as by TiO2 nanoparticles and crocidolite. This study indicates that TiO2 nanofibres had significant toxic effects and, for most endpoints with the exception of pro-inflammatory changes, are more bio-active than TiO2 nanoparticles, showing the relevance of shape in determining the toxicity of nanomaterials. Given that several toxic effects of TiO2 nanofibres appear comparable to those observed with crocidolite, the possibility that they exert length dependent toxicity in vivo seems worthy of further investigation.
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62
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McIntyre J, Verma NK, Smith RJ, Moore C, Nerl H, McEvoy N, Berner N, McGovern I, Khan U, Lyons P, O'Neill L, Nicolosi V, Duesberg GS, Byrne HJ, Coleman J, Volkov Y. A comparison of catabolic pathways induced in primary macrophages by pristine single walled carbon nanotubes and pristine graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the correlation between the physico-chemical properties of carbonaceous nanomaterials and how these properties impact on cells and subcelluar mechanisms is critical to their risk assessment and safe translation into engineered devices.
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63
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Albini A, Pagani A, Pulze L, Bruno A, Principi E, Congiu T, Gini E, Grimaldi A, Bassani B, De Flora S, de Eguileor M, Noonan DM. Environmental impact of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in a novel model of exposure: systemic distribution, macrophage accumulation, and amyloid deposition. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6133-45. [PMID: 26457053 PMCID: PMC4598201 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s85275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively investigated and employed for industrial use because of their peculiar physical properties, which make them ideal for many industrial applications. However, rapid growth of CNT employment raises concerns about the potential risks and toxicities for public health, environment, and workers associated with the manufacture and use of these new materials. Here we investigate the main routes of entry following environmental exposure to multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs; currently the most widely used in industry). We developed a novel murine model that could represent a surrogate of a workplace exposure to MWCNTs. We traced the localization of MWCNTs and their possible role in inducing an innate immune response, inflammation, macrophage recruitment, and inflammatory conditions. Following environmental exposure of CD1 mice, we observed that MWCNTs rapidly enter and disseminate in the organism, initially accumulating in lungs and brain and later reaching the liver and kidney via the bloodstream. Since recent experimental studies show that CNTs are associated with the aggregation process of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, we investigated whether MWCNTs are able to induce amyloid fibril production and accumulation. Amyloid deposits in spatial association with macrophages and MWCNT aggregates were found in the brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys of exposed animals. Our data suggest that accumulation of MWCNTs in different organs is associated with inflammation and amyloid accumulation. In the brain, where we observed rapid accumulation and amyloid fibril deposition, exposure to MWCNTs might enhance progression of neurodegenerative and other amyloid-related diseases. Our data highlight the conclusion that, in a novel rodent model of exposure, MWCNTs may induce macrophage recruitment, activation, and amyloid deposition, causing potential damage to several organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Laboratory of Translational Research, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Arianna Pagani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Pulze
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Principi
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gini
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bassani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Scientific and Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
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64
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Kafshgari MH, Voelcker NH, Harding FJ. Applications of zero-valent silicon nanostructures in biomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2553-71. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zero-valent, or elemental, silicon nanostructures exhibit a number of properties that render them attractive for applications in nanomedicine. These materials hold significant promise for improving existing diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. This review summarizes some of the essential aspects of the fabrication techniques used to generate these fascinating nanostructures, comparing their material properties and suitability for biomedical applications. We examine the literature in regards to toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution of silicon nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes, with an emphasis on surface modification and its influence on cell adhesion and endocytosis. In the final part of this review, our attention is focused on current applications of the fabricated silicon nanostructures in nanomedicine, specifically examining drug and gene delivery, bioimaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Frances J Harding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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65
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Theodorou IG, Botelho D, Schwander S, Zhang J(J, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Shaffer MSP, Gow A, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Static and Dynamic Microscopy of the Chemical Stability and Aggregation State of Silver Nanowires in Components of Murine Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8048-56. [PMID: 26061974 PMCID: PMC4780758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increase of production volumes of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and of consumer products incorporating them may lead to increased health risks from occupational and public exposures. There is currently limited information about the putative toxicity of AgNWs upon inhalation and incomplete understanding of the properties that control their bioreactivity. The lung lining fluid (LLF), which contains phospholipids and surfactant proteins, represents a first contact site with the respiratory system. In this work, the impact of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), Curosurf, and murine LLF on the stability of AgNWs was examined. Both the phospholipid and protein components of the LLF modified the dissolution kinetics of AgNWs, due to the formation of a lipid corona or aggregation of the AgNWs. Moreover, the hydrophilic proteins, but neither the hydrophobic surfactant proteins nor the phospholipids, induced agglomeration of the AgNWs. Finally, the generation of a secondary population of nanosilver was observed and attributed to the reduction of Ag(+) ions by the surface capping of the AgNWs. Our findings highlight that combinations of spatially resolved dynamic and static techniques are required to develop a holistic understanding of which parameters govern AgNW behavior at the point of exposure and to accurately predict their risks on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Botelho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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66
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Hedmer M, Ludvigsson L, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Skaug V, Bohgard M, Pagels JH, Messing ME, Tinnerberg H. Detection of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanodiscs on Workplace Surfaces at a Small-Scale Producer. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:836-52. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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67
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Lai DY. Approach to using mechanism-based structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis to assess human health hazard potential of nanomaterials. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:120-6. [PMID: 26111809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing use and development of engineered nanoparticles in electronics, consumer products, pesticides, food and pharmaceutical industries, there is a growing concern about potential human health hazards of these materials. A number of studies have demonstrated that nanoparticle toxicity is extremely complex, and that the biological activity of nanoparticles will depend on a variety of physicochemical properties such as particle size, shape, agglomeration state, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area and surface properties. Nanoparticle toxicity can be attributed to nonspecific interaction with biological structures due to their physical properties (e.g., size and shape) and biopersistence, or to specific interaction with biomolecules through their surface properties (e.g., surface chemistry and reactivity) or release of toxic ions. The toxic effects of most nanomaterials have not been adequately characterized and currently, there are many issues and challenges in toxicity testing and risk assessment of nanoparticles. Based on the possible mechanisms of action and available in vitro and in vivo toxicity database, this paper proposes an approach to using mechanism-based SAR analysis to assess the relative human health hazard/risk potential of various types of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Lai
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Washington, DC, USA.
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68
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Stefaniak AB, Seehra MS, Fix NR, Leonard SS. Lung biodurability and free radical production of cellulose nanomaterials. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:733-49. [PMID: 25265049 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.948650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The potential applications of cellulose nanomaterials in advanced composites and biomedicine makes it imperative to understand their pulmonary exposure to human health. Here, we report the results on the biodurability of three cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), two cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and a benchmark cellulose microcrystal (CMC) when exposed to artificial lung airway lining fluid (SUF, pH 7.3) for up to 7 days and alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (PSF, pH 4.5) for up to 9 months. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to monitor biodurability and thermogravimetry, surface area, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential and free radical generation capacity of the samples were determined (in vitro cell-free and RAW 264.7 cell line models). The CMC showed no measurable changes in crystallinity (x(CR)) or crystallite size D in either SUF or PSF. For one CNC, a slight decrease in x(CR) and D in SUF was observed. In acidic PSF, a slight increase in x(CR) with exposure time was observed, possibly due to dissolution of the amorphous component. In a cell-free reaction with H₂O₂, radicals were observed; the CNCs and a CNF generated significantly more ·OH radicals than the CMC (p < 0.05). The ·OH radical production correlates with particle decomposition temperature and is explained by the higher surface area to volume ratio of the CNCs. Based on their biodurability, mechanical clearance would be the primary mechanism for lung clearance of cellulose materials. The production of ·OH radicals indicates the need for additional studies to characterize the potential inhalation hazards of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Diseases Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, WV , USA
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69
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Rydman EM, Ilves M, Vanhala E, Vippola M, Lehto M, Kinaret PAS, Pylkkänen L, Happo M, Hirvonen MR, Greco D, Savolainen K, Wolff H, Alenius H. A Single Aspiration of Rod-like Carbon Nanotubes Induces Asbestos-like Pulmonary Inflammation Mediated in Part by the IL-1 Receptor. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:140-55. [PMID: 26048651 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been eagerly studied because of their multiple applications in product development and potential risks on health. We investigated the difference of two different CNT and asbestos in inducing proinflammatory reactions in C57BL/6 mice after single pharyngeal aspiration exposure. We used long tangled and long rod-like CNT, as well as crocidolite asbestos at a dose of 10 or 40 µg/mouse. The mice were sacrificed 4 and 16 h or 7, 14, and 28 days after the exposure. To find out the importance of a major inflammatory marker IL-1β in CNT-induced pulmonary inflammation, we used etanercept and anakinra as antagonists as well as Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor (IL-1R-/-) mice. The results showed that rod-like CNT, and asbestos in lesser extent, induced strong pulmonary neutrophilia accompanied by the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines 16 h after the exposure. Seven days after the exposure, neutrophilia had essentially disappeared but strong pulmonary eosinophilia peaked in rod-like CNT and asbestos-exposed groups. After 28 days, pulmonary granulomas, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Charcot-Leyden-like crystals containing acidophilic macrophages were observed especially in rod-like CNT-exposed mice. IL-1R-/- mice and antagonists-treated mice exhibited a significant decrease in neutrophilia and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of proinflammatory cytokines at 16 h. However, rod-like CNT-induced Th2-type inflammation evidenced by the expression of IL-13 and mucus production was unaffected in IL-1R-/- mice at 28 days. This study provides knowledge about the pulmonary effects induced by a single exposure to the CNT and contributes to hazard assessment of carbon nanomaterials on airway exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina M Rydman
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Marit Ilves
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Esa Vanhala
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Minnamari Vippola
- Department of Materials Science, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere 33101, Finland; and
| | - Maili Lehto
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Pia A S Kinaret
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Lea Pylkkänen
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Mikko Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Dario Greco
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Henrik Wolff
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- *Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland;
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70
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Shin HU, Stefaniak AB, Stojilovic N, Chase GG. Comparative dissolution of electrospun Al 2O 3 nanofibres in artificial human lung fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2015; 2:251-261. [PMID: 26807259 PMCID: PMC4722810 DOI: 10.1039/c5en00033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sub-micron sized alumina fibres were fabricated by electrospinning and calcination of a polymer template fibre. In the calcination step, different controlled temperature heating cycles were conducted to obtain fibres of different crystalline structures. Their biodurabilities were tested at pH 7.4 with lung airway epithelial lining fluid or serum ultrafiltrate (SUF) and at pH 4.5 with macrophage phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF). Potential to generate free radicals was tested in vitro. Through the variation in the soak temperature from 650 °C to 950 °C (experiments S650-S950), the heating protocol affected the morphological characteristics, crystal structure, surface area, and density of the alumina fibres while their dissolution half-times were not significantly affected in SUF or PSF. Fibre samples formed at different heating ramp rates (experiments R93-R600) showed significant variation in the dissolution rates with the highest ramp rate corresponding to the highest dissolution rate. Thus, by increasing the calcination temperature ramp rate the alumina fibres may be produced that have reduced biodurability and lower inflammogenic potential. The fibres with the highest dissolution rated had the least aluminium content. The solubility half-times of the alumina fibres were shortest for fibres calcined at the fastest temperature ramp rate (though soak temperature did not have an effect). The ramp rates also affected the aluminium content of the fibres suggesting that the content may affect the structural strength of the fibres and control the dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Nenad Stojilovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - George G. Chase
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, OH 44325, USA
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71
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Howell M, Wang C, Mahmoud A, Hellermann G, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Dual-function theranostic nanoparticles for drug delivery and medical imaging contrast: perspectives and challenges for use in lung diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:352-63. [PMID: 23936754 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic nanoparticles with both therapeutic and imaging abilities have the promise to revolutionize diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Early and accurate detection along with swift treatment are the most important steps in the successful treatment of any disease. Over the last decade, a variety of nanotechnology-based platforms have been created in the hope of improving the treatment and diagnosis of a wide variety of diseases. However, significant hurdles still remain before theranostic nanoparticles can bring clinical solutions to the fight against chronic respiratory diseases. Some fundamental issues such as long-term toxicity, a precise understanding of the accumulation, degradation and clearance of these particles, and the correlation between basic physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles and their in vivo behavior have to be fully understood before they can be used clinically. To date, very little theranostic nanoparticle research has focused on the treatment and diagnosis of chronic respiratory illnesses. Nanomedicine approaches incorporating these theranostic nanoparticles could potentially be translated into clinical advances to improve diagnosis and treatment of these chronic respiratory diseases and enhance quality of life for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Howell
- Molecular Medicine Department, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 7, Tampa 33612 FL, USA
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72
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Arts JHE, Hadi M, Irfan MA, Keene AM, Kreiling R, Lyon D, Maier M, Michel K, Petry T, Sauer UG, Warheit D, Wiench K, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. A decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:S1-27. [PMID: 25818068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) 'Nano Task Force' proposes a Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping) that consists of 3 tiers to assign nanomaterials to 4 main groups, to perform sub-grouping within the main groups and to determine and refine specific information needs. The DF4nanoGrouping covers all relevant aspects of a nanomaterial's life cycle and biological pathways, i.e. intrinsic material and system-dependent properties, biopersistence, uptake and biodistribution, cellular and apical toxic effects. Use (including manufacture), release and route of exposure are applied as 'qualifiers' within the DF4nanoGrouping to determine if, e.g. nanomaterials cannot be released from a product matrix, which may justify the waiving of testing. The four main groups encompass (1) soluble nanomaterials, (2) biopersistent high aspect ratio nanomaterials, (3) passive nanomaterials, and (4) active nanomaterials. The DF4nanoGrouping aims to group nanomaterials by their specific mode-of-action that results in an apical toxic effect. This is eventually directed by a nanomaterial's intrinsic properties. However, since the exact correlation of intrinsic material properties and apical toxic effect is not yet established, the DF4nanoGrouping uses the 'functionality' of nanomaterials for grouping rather than relying on intrinsic material properties alone. Such functionalities include system-dependent material properties (such as dissolution rate in biologically relevant media), bio-physical interactions, in vitro effects and release and exposure. The DF4nanoGrouping is a hazard and risk assessment tool that applies modern toxicology and contributes to the sustainable development of nanotechnological products. It ensures that no studies are performed that do not provide crucial data and therefore saves animals and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje H E Arts
- AkzoNobel, Technology and Engineering, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Mackenzie Hadi
- Shell Health, Shell International B.V., The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Delina Lyon
- Shell Health, Shell Oil Company, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - David Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for HES, Newark, DE, USA
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73
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Røe OD, Stella GM. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: history, controversy and future of a manmade epidemic. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24:115-31. [PMID: 25726562 PMCID: PMC9487774 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asbestos is the term for a family of naturally occurring minerals that have been used on a small scale since ancient times. Industrialisation demanded increased mining and refining in the 20th century, and in 1960, Wagner, Sleggs and Marchand from South Africa linked asbestos to mesothelioma, paving the way to the current knowledge of the aetiology, epidemiology and biology of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Pleural mesothelioma is one of the most lethal cancers, with increasing incidence worldwide. This review will give some snapshots of the history of pleural mesothelioma discovery, and the body of epidemiological and biological research, including some of the controversies and unresolved questions. Translational research is currently unravelling novel circulating biomarkers for earlier diagnosis and novel treatment targets. Current breakthrough discoveries of clinically promising noninvasive biomarkers, such as the 13-protein signature, microRNAs and the BAP1 mesothelioma/cancer syndrome, are highlighted. The asbestos history is a lesson to not be repeated, but here we also review recent in vivo and in vitro studies showing that manmade carbon nanofibres could pose a similar danger to human health. This should be taken seriously by regulatory bodies to ensure thorough testing of novel materials before release in the society. Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a cancer with increasing death tolls due to the past and present use of asbestoshttp://ow.ly/DhA2y
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74
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Chellini E, Martino G, Grillo A, Fedi A, Martini A, Indiani L, Mauro L. Malignant mesotheliomas in textile rag sorters. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:547-53. [PMID: 25701019 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the asbestos exposure characteristics and mesothelioma trend in textile workers operating in the larger Tuscan textile industrial province of Prato between 1988 and 2012. METHODS All cases of textile workers recorded by the Tuscan mesothelioma register are considered. The demographic and clinical characteristics and asbestos exposure of cases working in the province of Prato are examined. Crude incidence rates between 1988 and 2012 and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are calculated in rag sorters and other textile workers. The trends of standardized rates are also evaluated, as well as the sources of occupational asbestos exposure from occupational histories of cases affected by other asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-two malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) have been diagnosed in textile workers in Tuscany. Among these, 46.5% were residents in the province of Prato at the time of diagnosis, half of whom working as rag sorters. All rag sorters with MM are classified as occupationally asbestos exposed, while 71.7% are other textile workers exposed to asbestos. The estimated crude incidence rate in rag sorters in Prato ranges from 74.1×100000 (95% CI: 52.5-101.8) to 166.8×100000 (95% CI: 118.1-229.0). The standardized rates in Prato rag sorters appeared higher throughout the 1990s while in other Prato textile workers the rates increased later on, at the very end of the 1990s. Another 40 cases of asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters were also collected. CONCLUSIONS A very high incidence of MMs was observed in textile workers in Prato, especially among rag sorters. This result, together with the high number of other asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters, strongly supports the hypothesis of diffuse asbestos exposure in rag sorting, in the absence of any other relevant aetiological factor for malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chellini
- 1.Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Firenze I-50141, Italy;
| | - Gianrocco Martino
- 2.Specialization School in Hygiene and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence I-50139, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grillo
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
| | - Aldo Fedi
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- 1.Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Firenze I-50141, Italy
| | - Laura Indiani
- 2.Specialization School in Hygiene and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence I-50139, Italy
| | - Luigi Mauro
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
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75
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Theodorou IG, Ryan MP, Tetley TD, Porter AE. Inhalation of silver nanomaterials--seeing the risks. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23936-74. [PMID: 25535082 PMCID: PMC4284799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand for silver engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is increasing rapidly in optoelectronic and in health and medical applications due to their antibacterial, thermal, electrical conductive, and other properties. The continued commercial up-scaling of ENM production and application needs to be accompanied by an understanding of the occupational health, public safety and environmental implications of these materials. There have been numerous in vitro studies and some in vivo studies of ENM toxicity but their results are frequently inconclusive. Some of the variability between studies has arisen due to a lack of consistency between experimental models, since small differences between test materials can markedly alter their behaviour. In addition, the propensity for the physicochemistry of silver ENMs to alter, sometimes quite radically, depending on the environment they encounter, can profoundly alter their bioreactivity. Consequently, it is important to accurately characterise the materials before use, at the point of exposure and at the nanomaterial-tissue, or "nanobio", interface, to be able to appreciate their environmental impact. This paper reviews current literature on the pulmonary effects of silver nanomaterials. We focus our review on describing whether, and by which mechanisms, the chemistry and structure of these materials can be linked to their bioreactivity in the respiratory system. In particular, the mechanisms by which the physicochemical properties (e.g., aggregation state, morphology and chemistry) of silver nanomaterials change in various biological milieu (i.e., relevant proteins, lipids and other molecules, and biofluids, such as lung surfactant) and affect subsequent interactions with and within cells will be discussed, in the context not only of what is measured but also of what can be visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Cale Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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76
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Endogenous lung surfactant inspired pH responsive nanovesicle aerosols: pulmonary compatible and site-specific drug delivery in lung metastases. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7085. [PMID: 25403950 PMCID: PMC4235800 DOI: 10.1038/srep07085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns related to pulmonary toxicity and non-specificity of nanoparticles have limited their clinical applications for aerosol delivery of chemotherapeutics in lung cancer. We hypothesized that pulmonary surfactant mimetic nanoparticles that offer pH responsive release specifically in tumor may be a possible solution to overcome these issues. We therefore developed lung surfactant mimetic and pH responsive lipid nanovesicles for aerosol delivery of paclitaxel in metastatic lung cancer. 100-200 nm sized nanovesicles showed improved fusogenicity and cytosolic drug release, specifically with cancer cells, thereby resulting in improved cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and cytocompatibility with normal lung fibroblasts (MRC 5). The nanovesicles showed airway patency similar to that of endogenous pulmonary surfactant and did not elicit inflammatory response in alveolar macrophages. Their aerosol administration while significantly improving the biodistribution of paclitaxel in comparison to Taxol (i.v.), also showed significantly higher metastastes inhibition (~75%) in comparison to that of i.v. Taxol and i.v. Abraxane. No signs of interstitial pulmonary fiborisis, chronic inflammation and any other pulmonary toxicity were observed with nanovesicle formulation. Overall, these nanovesicles may be a potential platform to efficiently deliver hydrophobic drugs as aerosol in metastatic lung cancer and other lung diseases, without causing pulmonary toxicity.
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77
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Leonard SS, Cohen GM, Kenyon AJ, Schwegler-Berry D, Fix NR, Bangsaruntip S, Roberts JR. Generation of reactive oxygen species from silicon nanowires. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:21-9. [PMID: 25452695 PMCID: PMC4227628 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Processing and synthesis of purified nanomaterials of diverse composition, size, and properties is an evolving process. Studies have demonstrated that some nanomaterials have potential toxic effects and have led to toxicity research focusing on nanotoxicology. About two million workers will be employed in the field of nanotechnology over the next 10 years. The unknown effects of nanomaterials create a need for research and development of techniques to identify possible toxicity. Through a cooperative effort between National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and IBM to address possible occupational exposures, silicon-based nanowires (SiNWs) were obtained for our study. These SiNWs are anisotropic filamentary crystals of silicon, synthesized by the vapor-liquid-solid method and used in bio-sensors, gas sensors, and field effect transistors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be generated when organisms are exposed to a material causing cellular responses, such as lipid peroxidation, H2O2 production, and DNA damage. SiNWs were assessed using three different in vitro environments (H2O2, RAW 264.7 cells, and rat alveolar macrophages) for ROS generation and possible toxicity identification. We used electron spin resonance, analysis of lipid peroxidation, measurement of H2O2 production, and the comet assay to assess generation of ROS from SiNW and define possible mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that SiNWs do not appear to be significant generators of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Leonard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Guy M Cohen
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Allison J Kenyon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Natalie R Fix
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Jenny R Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Morgantown, WV, USA
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78
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Palomäki J, Sund J, Vippola M, Kinaret P, Greco D, Savolainen K, Puustinen A, Alenius H. A secretomics analysis reveals major differences in the macrophage responses towards different types of carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:719-28. [PMID: 25325160 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.969346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of carbon nanotubes (CNT) can evoke inflammation, fibrosis and mesothelioma in vivo, raising concerns about their potential health effects. It has been recently postulated that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is important in the CNT-induced toxicity. However, more comprehensive studies of the protein secretion induced by CNT can provide new information about their possible pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we studied protein secretion from human macrophages with a proteomic approach in an unbiased way. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to tangled or rigid, long multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) or crocidolite asbestos for 6 h. The growth media was concentrated and secreted proteins were analyzed using 2D-DIGE and DeCyder software. Subsequently, significantly up- or down-regulated protein spots were in-gel digested and identified with an LC-MS/MS approach. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to reveal the different patterns of protein secretion induced by these materials. The results show that both long rigid MWCNT and asbestos elicited ample and highly similar protein secretion. In contrast, exposure to long tangled MWCNT induced weaker protein secretion with a more distinct profile. Secretion of lysosomal proteins followed the exposure to all materials, suggesting lysosomal damage. However, only long rigid MWCNT was associated with apoptosis. This analysis suggests that the CNT toxicity in human MDM is mediated via vigorous secretion of inflammation-related proteins and apoptosis. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of toxicity of high aspect ratio nanomaterials and indicates that not all types of CNT are as hazardous as asbestos fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Palomäki
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
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79
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Tilton SC, Karin NJ, Tolic A, Xie Y, Lai X, Hamilton RF, Waters KM, Holian A, Witzmann FA, Orr G. Three human cell types respond to multi-walled carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide nanobelts with cell-specific transcriptomic and proteomic expression patterns. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8:533-48. [PMID: 23659652 PMCID: PMC4226242 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.803624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The growing use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in commercial and medical applications raises the urgent need for tools that can predict NP toxicity. Global transcriptome and proteome analyses were conducted on three human cell types, exposed to two high aspect ratio NP types, to identify patterns of expression that might indicate high versus low NP toxicity. Three cell types representing the most common routes of human exposure to NPs, including macrophage-like (THP-1), small airway epithelial and intestinal (Caco-2/HT29-MTX) cells, were exposed to TiO2 nanobelts (TiO2-NB; high toxicity) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT; low toxicity) at low (10 µg/mL) and high (100 µg/mL) concentrations for 1 and 24 h. Unique patterns of gene and protein expressions were identified for each cell type, with no differentially expressed (p < 0.05, 1.5-fold change) genes or proteins overlapping across all three cell types. While unique to each cell type, the early response was primarily independent of NP type, showing similar expression patterns in response to both TiO2-NB and MWCNT. The early response might, therefore, indicate a general response to insult. In contrast, the 24 h response was unique to each NP type. The most significantly (p < 0.05) enriched biological processes in THP-1 cells indicated TiO2-NB regulation of pathways associated with inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA replication stress and genomic instability, while MWCNT-regulated pathways indicated increased cell proliferation, DNA repair and anti-apoptosis. These two distinct sets of biological pathways might, therefore, underlie cellular responses to high and low NP toxicity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Tilton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Norman J. Karin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Ana Tolic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Yumei Xie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xianyin Lai
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Raymond F. Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Frank A. Witzmann
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and Fundamental & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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80
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Rotoli BM, Guidi P, Bonelli B, Bernardeschi M, Bianchi MG, Esposito S, Frenzilli G, Lucchesi P, Nigro M, Scarcelli V, Tomatis M, Zanello PP, Fubini B, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Imogolite: An Aluminosilicate Nanotube Endowed with Low Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1142-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM, Unit of Torino Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Esposito
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucchesi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scarcelli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Bice Fubini
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
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81
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Park EJ, Zahari NEM, Kang MS, Lee SJ, Lee K, Lee BS, Yoon C, Cho MH, Kim Y, Kim JH. Toxic response of HIPCO single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice and RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:167-77. [PMID: 24929217 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified the toxic response of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (P-SWCNTs) synthesized by HIPCO method in mice and RAW264.7 cells, a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line. P-SWCNT contained a large amount of Fe ion (36 wt%). In the lungs of mice 24 h after intratracheal administration, P-SWCNTs increased the secretion of IL-6 and MCP-1, and the number of total cells, the portion of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, also significantly increased at a 100 μg/mL of concentration. In RAW264.7 cells, cell viability and ATP production decreased in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h after exposure, whereas the generations of ROS and NO were enhanced at all concentrations together with the activation of the MAP kinase pathway. Moreover, the levels of both apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins and ER stress-related proteins clearly increased, and the concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Zn ions, but not of Mn ions, increased in a dose-dependent manner. TEM images also revealed that P-SWCNTs induced the formation of autophagosome-like vacuoles, the dilatation of the ER, the generation of mitochondrial flocculent densities, and the separation of organelle by disappearance of the cell membrane. Taken together, we suggest that P-SWCNTs cause acute inflammatory response in the lungs of mice, and induce autophagy accompanied with apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, further study is required to elucidate how the physicochemical properties of SWCNTs determine the cell death pathway and an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nur Elida M Zahari
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang jin Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 126-16, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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82
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Hussain S, Sangtian S, Anderson SM, Snyder RJ, Marshburn JD, Rice AB, Bonner JC, Garantziotis S. Inflammasome activation in airway epithelial cells after multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure mediates a profibrotic response in lung fibroblasts. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:28. [PMID: 24915862 PMCID: PMC4067690 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to induce airway remodeling, a key feature of chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanism leading to remodeling is poorly understood. Particularly, there is limited insight about the role of airway epithelial injury in these changes. Objectives We investigated the mechanism of MWCNT-induced primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell injury and its contribution in inducing a profibrotic response. Methods Primary HBE cells were exposed to thoroughly characterized MWCNTs (1.5-24 μg/mL equivalent to 0.37-6.0 μg/cm2) and MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts were exposed to 1:4 diluted conditioned medium from these cells. Flow cytometry, ELISA, immunostainings/immunoblots and PCR analyses were employed to study cellular mechanisms. Results MWCNT induced NLRP3 inflammasome dependent pyroptosis in HBE cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell death and cytokine production were significantly reduced by antioxidants, siRNA to NLRP3, a caspase-1 inhibitor (z-WEHD-FMK) or a cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074Me). Conditioned medium from MWCNT-treated HBE cells induced significant increase in mRNA expression of pro-fibrotic markers (TIMP-1, Tenascin-C, Procollagen 1, and Osteopontin) in human lung fibroblasts, without a concomitant change in expression of TGF-beta. Induction of pro-fibrotic markers was significantly reduced when IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-8 neutralizing antibodies were added to the conditioned medium or when conditioned medium from NLRP3 siRNA transfected HBE cells was used. Conclusions Taken together these results demonstrate induction of a NLRP3 inflammasome dependent but TGF-beta independent pro-fibrotic response after MWCNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA.
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83
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Lin S, Wang X, Ji Z, Chang CH, Dong Y, Meng H, Liao YP, Wang M, Song TB, Kohan S, Xia T, Zink JI, Lin S, Nel AE. Aspect ratio plays a role in the hazard potential of CeO2 nanoparticles in mouse lung and zebrafish gastrointestinal tract. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4450-64. [PMID: 24720650 PMCID: PMC4059546 DOI: 10.1021/nn5012754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that there is a relationship between the aspect ratio (AR) of CeO2 nanoparticles and in vitro hazard potential. CeO2 nanorods with AR ≥ 22 induced lysosomal damage and progressive effects on IL-1β production and cytotoxicity in the human myeloid cell line, THP-1. In order to determine whether this toxicological paradigm for long aspect ratio (LAR) CeO2 is also relevant in vivo, we performed comparative studies in the mouse lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of zebrafish larvae. Although oropharyngeal aspiration could induce acute lung inflammation for CeO2 nanospheres and nanorods, only the nanorods with the highest AR (C5) induced significant IL-1β and TGF-β1 production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 21 days but did not induce pulmonary fibrosis. However, after a longer duration (44 days) exposure to 4 mg/kg of the C5 nanorods, more collagen production was seen with CeO2 nanorods vs nanospheres after correcting for Ce lung burden. Using an oral-exposure model in zebrafish larvae, we demonstrated that C5 nanorods also induced significant growth inhibition, a decrease in body weight, and delayed vertebral calcification. In contrast, CeO2 nanospheres and shorter nanorods had no effect. Histological and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the key injury mechanism of C5 was in the epithelial lining of the GIT, which demonstrated blunted microvilli and compromised digestive function. All considered, these data demonstrate that, similar to cellular studies, LAR CeO2 nanorods exhibit more toxicity in the lung and GIT, which could be relevant to inhalation and environmental hazard potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Lin
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuan Dong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huan Meng
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Meiying Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tze-Bin Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sirus Kohan
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Corresponding Author: Andre Nel, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680. Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107,
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84
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Ma C, Song M, Zhang Y, Yan M, Zhang M, Bi H. Nickel nanowires induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by generation of reactive oxygen species in HeLa cells. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:114-121. [PMID: 28962232 PMCID: PMC5598471 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel nanowires (Ni NWs) have great potential to be used as a living cell manipulation tool and developed into an anticancer agent. However, their candidacy as biomedical appliances need detailed human cell studies, such as study of the interaction between Ni NWs and tumor cells. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of Ni NWs in HeLa cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth was observed by using the MTT assay. We demonstrated that Ni NWs induced oxidative stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apoptosis induction was evidenced by flow cytometry, annexin V binding assay and DAPI staining. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that Ni NWs significantly increased the percentages of cells in S phase compared with control cells. This process was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results revealed that Ni NWs induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via ROS generation and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangGuo Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - MengMeng Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.,School of Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - ManQing Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Hong Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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85
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Staal YCM, van Triel JJ, Maarschalkerweerd TVP, Arts JHE, Duistermaat E, Muijser H, van de Sandt JJM, Kuper CF. Inhaled multiwalled carbon nanotubes modulate the immune response of trimellitic anhydride-induced chemical respiratory allergy in brown Norway rats. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:1130-42. [PMID: 24705883 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313519874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between exposure to nanomaterials and existing inflammatory conditions has not been fully established. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT; Nanocyl NC 7000 CAS no. 7782-42-5; count median diameter in atmosphere 61 ± 5 nm) were tested by inhalation in high Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-responding Brown Norway (BN) rats with trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced respiratory allergy. The rats were exposed 2 days/week over a 3.5-week period to a low (11 mg/m(3)) or a high (22 mg/m(3)) concentration of MWCNT. Nonallergic animals exposed to MWCNT and unexposed allergic and nonallergic rats served as controls. At the end of the exposure period, the allergic animals were rechallenged with TMA. Histopathological examination of the respiratory tract showed agglomerated/aggregated MWCNT in the lungs and in the lung-draining lymph nodes. Frustrated phagocytosis was observed as incomplete uptake of MWCNT by the alveolar macrophages and clustering of cells around MWCNT. Large MWCNT agglomerates/aggregates were found in granulomas in the allergic rats, suggesting decreased macrophage clearance in allergic rats. In allergic rats, MWCNT exposure decreased serum IgE levels and the number of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, MWCNT did not aggravate the acute allergic reaction but modulated the allergy-associated immune response.
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86
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Chen S, Goode AE, Sweeney S, Theodorou IG, Thorley AJ, Ruenraroengsak P, Chang Y, Gow A, Schwander S, Skepper J, Zhang JJ, Shaffer MS, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Sulfidation of silver nanowires inside human alveolar epithelial cells: a potential detoxification mechanism. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9839-47. [PMID: 23970174 PMCID: PMC4337028 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are being developed for use in optoelectronics. However before widespread usage, it is crucial to determine their potential effects on human health. It is accepted that Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) exert toxic effects by releasing Ag(+) ions, but much less is known about whether Ag(+) reacts with compounds, or any downstream bioactive effects of transformed AgNPs. Analytical high-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been employed to elucidate cellular uptake and reactivity of AgNWs inside human alveolar epithelial type 1-like cells. AgNWs were observed in the cytoplasm and membrane-bound vesicles, and precipitation of Ag2S within the cell occurred after 1 h exposure. Cell viability studies showed no evidence of cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species were not observed on exposure of cells to AgNWs. We suggest that Ag2S formation acts as a 'trap' for free Ag(+), significantly limiting short-term toxicological effects - with important consequences for the safety of Ag-nanomaterials to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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87
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Lohcharoenkal W, Wang L, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ, Castranova V, Liu Y, Rojanasakul Y. Chronic exposure to carbon nanotubes induces invasion of human mesothelial cells through matrix metalloproteinase-2. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7711-23. [PMID: 23924264 PMCID: PMC3875633 DOI: 10.1021/nn402241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer known. Recent studies have shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are biopersistent and induce mesothelioma in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we investigate the effect of long-term exposure to high aspect ratio CNTs on the aggressive behaviors of human pleural mesothelial cells, the primary cellular target of human lung mesothelioma. We show that chronic exposure (4 months) to single- and multiwalled CNTs induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of the cells similar to that observed in asbestos-exposed cells. An up-regulation of several key genes known to be important in cell invasion, notably matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), was observed in the exposed mesothelial cells as determined by real-time PCR. Western blot and enzyme activity assays confirmed the increased expression and activity of MMP-2. Whole genome microarray analysis further indicated the importance of MMP-2 in the invasion gene signaling network of the exposed cells. Knockdown of MMP-2 in CNT and asbestos-exposed cells by shRNA-mediated gene silencing effectively inhibited the aggressive phenotypes. This study demonstrates CNT-induced cell invasion and indicates the role of MMP-2 in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Lohcharoenkal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- Corresponding Author Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Yon Rojanasakul, West Virginia University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center. Phone: 304-293-1476
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88
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Tian F, Habel NC, Yin R, Hirn S, Banerjee A, Ercal N, Takenaka S, Estrada G, Kostarelos K, Kreyling W, Stoeger T. Pulmonary DWCNT exposure causes sustained local and low-level systemic inflammatory changes in mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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89
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Bonner JC, Silva RM, Taylor AJ, Brown JM, Hilderbrand SC, Castranova V, Porter D, Elder A, Oberdörster G, Harkema JR, Bramble LA, Kavanagh TJ, Botta D, Nel A, Pinkerton KE. Interlaboratory evaluation of rodent pulmonary responses to engineered nanomaterials: the NIEHS Nano GO Consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:676-82. [PMID: 23649427 PMCID: PMC3672912 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have potential benefits, but they also present safety concerns for human health. Interlaboratory studies in rodents using standardized protocols are needed to assess ENM toxicity. METHODS Four laboratories evaluated lung responses in C57BL/6 mice to ENMs delivered by oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA), and three labs evaluated Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Fisher 344 (F344) rats following intratracheal instillation (IT). ENMs tested included three forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2) [anatase/rutile spheres (TiO2-P25), anatase spheres (TiO2-A), and anatase nanobelts (TiO2-NBs)] and three forms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [original (O), purified (P), and carboxylic acid "functionalized" (F)]. One day after treatment, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to determine differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and protein. Lungs were fixed for histopathology. Responses were also examined at 7 days (TiO2 forms) and 21 days (MWCNTs) after treatment. RESULTS TiO2-A, TiO2-P25, and TiO2-NB caused significant neutrophilia in mice at 1 day in three of four labs. TiO2-NB caused neutrophilia in rats at 1 day in two of three labs, and TiO2-P25 and TiO2-A had no significant effect in any of the labs. Inflammation induced by TiO2 in mice and rats resolved by day 7. All MWCNT types caused neutrophilia at 1 day in three of four mouse labs and in all rat labs. Three of four labs observed similar histopathology to O-MWCNTs and TiO2-NBs in mice. CONCLUSIONS ENMs produced similar patterns of neutrophilia and pathology in rats and mice. Although interlaboratory variability was found in the degree of neutrophilia caused by the three types of TiO2 nanoparticles, similar findings of relative potency for the three types of MWCNTs were found across all laboratories, thus providing greater confidence in these interlaboratory comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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90
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Shvedova AA, Tkach AV, Kisin ER, Khaliullin T, Stanley S, Gutkin DW, Star A, Chen Y, Shurin GV, Kagan VE, Shurin MR. Carbon nanotubes enhance metastatic growth of lung carcinoma via up-regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1691-5. [PMID: 22996965 PMCID: PMC3624038 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic establishment and growth of Lewis lung carcinoma is promoted by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in C57BL6/J mice. The effect is mediated by increased local and systemic accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), as their depletion abrogated pro-tumor activity in vivo. These data are important for the design of novel theranostics platforms with modules capable of depleting or functionally suppressing MDSC to ensure effective immunosurveillance in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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91
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Comparison of toxicity between the different-type TiO2 nanowires in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1219-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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92
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Adeli M, Soleyman R, Beiranvand Z, Madani F. Carbon nanotubes in cancer therapy: a more precise look at the role of carbon nanotube–polymer interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5231-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35431h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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Singh M, Movia D, Mahfoud OK, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. Silver nanowires as prospective carriers for drug delivery in cancer treatment: an in vitro biocompatibility study on lung adenocarcinoma cells and fibroblasts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2013-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLung cancer is a major and increasing global health problem. While there have been significant advances in the understanding of lung cancer biology, still no current therapy exists to reduce the inevitable and lethal progression of this disease. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are promising candidates for a wide range of biomedical applications and the treatment of life-threatening diseases due to their unique physico-chemical and biochemical properties. However, the safety of this nanomaterial and its use as a biomedical tool are still under debate. This study evaluates the in vitro internalisation, cytotoxicity and influence on the cell cycle of AgNWs in lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells and lung normal fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells). Our results demonstrate that AgNWs could be internalised effectively into A549 and MRC-5 cells without inducing detectable cytotoxicity, thus providing preliminary evidence on the future potential of AgNWs as biocompatible drug delivery platforms applicable in lung cancer therapies.
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94
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Patel HJ, Kwon S. Length-dependent effect of single-walled carbon nanotube exposure in a dynamic cell growth environment of human alveolar epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:101-108. [PMID: 22854519 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great use of nanomaterials for engineering and medical applications, nanomaterials may have adverse consequences by accidental exposure, because of their nanoscale size, composition and shape. Like many nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for many proven applications, but the size of the CNTs makes them more readily become airborne and can therefore create the risk of being inhaled by a worker. In this study, we evaluated single-walled CNT (SWCNT)-induced effects on cellular responses such as cell proliferation, inflammatory response and oxidative stress in dynamic cell growth condition. A dynamic cell growth environment was established to mimic the dynamic changes in the amount of circumferential and longitudinal expansion and contraction occurred during normal breathing movement in the lung. Two different length (short: outer diameter (OD) 1-2 nm, length 0.5-2 μm; long: OD 1-2 nm, length 5-30 μm) of SWCNTs were used at different exposure concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) during the different exposure duration (24, 48 and 72 h). Dynamic environment facilitated altered interaction between SWCNTs and A549 monolayer. Cellular responses in dynamic condition were significantly different from those in static condition. Moreover, cellular responses were dependent on the length of SWCNTs both in static and dynamic cell growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemang J Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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95
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Silva RM, TeeSy C, Franzi L, Weir A, Westerhoff P, Evans JE, Pinkerton KE. Biological response to nano-scale titanium dioxide (TiO2): role of particle dose, shape, and retention. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:953-72. [PMID: 24156719 PMCID: PMC4370163 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.826567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most widely used nanomaterials, valued for its highly refractive, photocatalytic, and pigmenting properties. TiO2 is also classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a possible human carcinogen. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish a lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL) for nano-scale TiO2, (2) determine TiO2 uptake in the lungs, and (3) estimate toxicity based on physicochemical properties and retention in the lungs. In vivo lung toxicity of nano-scale TiO2 using varying forms of well-characterized, highly dispersed TiO2 was assessed. Anatase/rutile P25 spheres (TiO2-P25), pure anatase spheres (TiO2-A), and anatase nanobelts (TiO2-NB) were tested. To determine the effects of dose and particle characteristics, male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered TiO2 (0, 20, 70, or 200 μg) via intratracheal instillation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were obtained for analysis 1 and 7 d post exposure. Despite abundant TiO2 inclusions in all exposed animals, only TiO2-NB displayed any significant degree of inflammation seen in BALF at the 1-d time point. This inflammation resolved by 7 d, although TiO2 particles had not cleared from alveolar macrophages recovered from the lung. Histological examination showed TiO2-NB produced cellular changes at d 1 that were still evident at d 7. Data indicate TiO2-NB is the most inflammatory with a LOEL of 200 μg at 1 d post instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona M. Silva
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christel TeeSy
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lisa Franzi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, CCRBM, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alex Weir
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - James E. Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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96
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Warheit DB, Reed KL, DeLorme MP. Embracing a weight-of-evidence approach for establishing NOAELs for nanoparticle inhalation toxicity studies. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:387-94. [PMID: 23242579 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to evaluate a recently published subchronic inhalation study with carbon nanofibers in rats and discuss the importance of a weight-of-evidence (WOE) framework for determining no adverse effect levels (NOAELs). In this Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 413 guideline inhalation study with VGCF-H carbon nanofibers (CNFs), rats were exposed to 0, 0.54, 2.5 or 25 mg/m(3) CNF for 13 weeks. The standard toxicology experimental design was supplemented with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and respiratory cell proliferation (CP) endpoints. BAL fluid (BALF) recovery of inflammatory cells and mediators (i.e., BALF- lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], microprotein [MTP], and alkaline phosphatase [ALKP] levels) were increased only at 25 mg/m(3), 1 day after exposure. No differences versus control values in were measured at 0.54 or 2.5 mg/m(3) exposure concentrations for any BAL fluid endpoints. Approximately 90% (2.5 and 25 mg/m(3)) of the BAL-recovered macrophages contained CNF. CP indices at 25 mg/m(3) were increased in the airways, lung parenchyma, and subpleural regions, but no increases in CP versus controls were measured at 0.54 or 2.5 mg/m(3). Based upon histopathology criteria, the NOAEL was set at 0.54 mg/m(3), because at 2.5 mg/m(3), "minimal cellular inflammation" of the airways/lung parenchyma was noted by the study pathologist; while the 25 mg/m(3) exposure concentration produced slight inflammation and occasional interstitial thickening. In contrast, none of the more sensitive pulmonary biomarkers such as BAL fluid inflammation/cytotoxicity biomarkers or CP turnover results at 2.5 mg/m(3) were different from air-exposed controls. Given the absence of convergence of the histopathological observations versus more quantitative measures at 2.5 mg/m(3), it is recommended that more comprehensive guidance measures be implemented for setting adverse effect levels in (nano)particulate, subchronic inhalation studies including a WOE approach for establishing no adverse effect levels; and a suggestion that some findings should be viewed as normal physiological adaptations (e.g., normal macrophage phagocytic responses-minimal inflammation) to long-term particulate inhalation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19714, USA.
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97
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Bussy C, Pinault M, Cambedouzou J, Landry MJ, Jegou P, Mayne-L'hermite M, Launois P, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Critical role of surface chemical modifications induced by length shortening on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23181604 PMCID: PMC3515433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in composite materials and their possible expansion to new areas such as nanomedicine which will both lead to higher human exposure, a better understanding of their potential to cause adverse effects on human health is needed. Like other nanomaterials, the biological reactivity and toxicity of CNT were shown to depend on various physicochemical characteristics, and length has been suggested to play a critical role. We therefore designed a comprehensive study that aimed at comparing the effects on murine macrophages of two samples of multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) specifically synthesized following a similar production process (aerosol-assisted CVD), and used a soft ultrasonic treatment in water to modify the length of one of them. We showed that modification of the length of MWCNT leads, unavoidably, to accompanying structural (i.e. defects) and chemical (i.e. oxidation) modifications that affect both surface and residual catalyst iron nanoparticle content of CNT. The biological response of murine macrophages to the two different MWCNT samples was evaluated in terms of cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and oxidative stress. We showed that structural defects and oxidation both induced by the length reduction process are at least as responsible as the length reduction itself for the enhanced pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative response observed with short (oxidized) compared to long (pristine) MWCNT. In conclusion, our results stress that surface properties should be considered, alongside the length, as essential parameters in CNT-induced inflammation, especially when dealing with a safe design of CNT, for application in nanomedicine for example.
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98
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Gulumian M, Kuempel ED, Savolainen K. Global challenges in the risk assessment of nanomaterials: Relevance to South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v108i9/10.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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99
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Schinwald A, Donaldson K. Use of back-scatter electron signals to visualise cell/nanowires interactions in vitro and in vivo; frustrated phagocytosis of long fibres in macrophages and compartmentalisation in mesothelial cells in vivo. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:34. [PMID: 22929371 PMCID: PMC3724483 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frustrated phagocytosis has been stated as an important factor in the initiation of an inflammatory response after fibre exposure. The length of fibrous structures has been linked to the potential of fibres to induce adverse health effects for at least 40 years. However, we only recently reported for the first time the threshold length for fibre-induced inflammation in the pleural space and we implicated frustrated phagocytosis in the pro-inflammatory effects of long fibres. This study extends the examination of the threshold value for frustrated phagocytosis using well-defined length classes of silver nanowires (AgNW) ranging from 3-28 μm and describes in detail the morphology of frustrated phagocytosis using a novel technique and also describes compartmentalisation of fibres in the pleural space. METHODS A novel technique, backscatter scanning electron microscopy (BSE) was used to study frustrated phagocytosis since it provides high-contrast detection of nanowires, allowing clear discrimination between the nanofibres and other cellular features. A human monocyte-derived macrophage cell line THP-1 was used to investigate cell-nanowire interaction in vitro and the parietal pleura, the site of fibre retention after inhalation exposure was chosen to visualise the cell- fibre interaction in vivo after direct pleural installation of AgNWs. RESULTS The length cut-off value for frustrated phagocytosis differs in vitro and in vivo. While in vitro frustrated phagocytosis could be observed with fibres≥14 μm, in vivo studies showed incomplete uptake at a fibre length of ≥10 μm. Recently we showed that inflammation in the pleural space after intrapleural injection of the same nanofibre panel occurs at a length of ≥5 μm. This onset of inflammation does not correlate with the onset of frustrated phagocytosis as shown in this study, leading to the conclusion that intermediate length fibres fully enclosed within macrophages as well as frustrated phagocytosis are associated with a pro-inflammatory state in the pleural space. We further showed that fibres compartmentalise in the mesothelial cells at the parietal pleura as well as in inflammatory cells in the pleural space. CONCLUSION BSE is a useful way to clearly distinguish between fibres that are, or are not, membrane-bounded. Using this method we were able to show differences in the threshold length at which frustrated phagocytosis occurred between in vitro and in vivo models. Visualising nanowires in the pleura demonstrated at least 2 compartments--in leukocyte aggregations and in the mesothelium--which may have consequences for long term pathology in the pleural space including mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schinwald
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC/University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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100
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Abstract
The intersection of particles and directed energy is a rich source of novel and useful technology that is only recently being realized for medicine. One of the most promising applications is directed drug delivery. This review focuses on phase-shift nanoparticles (that is, particles of submicron size) as well as micron-scale particles whose action depends on an external-energy triggered, first-order phase shift from a liquid to gas state of either the particle itself or of the surrounding medium. These particles have tremendous potential for actively disrupting their environment for altering transport properties and unloading drugs. This review covers in detail ultrasound and laser-activated phase-shift nano- and micro-particles and their use in drug delivery. Phase-shift based drug-delivery mechanisms and competing technologies are discussed.
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