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Stavrou M, Sargiannidou I, Georgiou E, Kagiava A, Kleopa KA. Emerging Therapies for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Inherited Neuropathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6048. [PMID: 34205075 PMCID: PMC8199910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited neuropathies known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease are genetically heterogeneous disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, causing significant and slowly progressive disability over the lifespan. The discovery of their diverse molecular genetic mechanisms over the past three decades has provided the basis for developing a wide range of therapeutics, leading to an exciting era of finding treatments for this, until now, incurable group of diseases. Many treatment approaches, including gene silencing and gene replacement therapies, as well as small molecule treatments are currently in preclinical testing while several have also reached clinical trial stage. Some of the treatment approaches are disease-specific targeted to the unique disease mechanism of each CMT form, while other therapeutics target common pathways shared by several or all CMT types. As promising treatments reach the stage of clinical translation, optimal outcome measures, novel biomarkers and appropriate trial designs are crucial in order to facilitate successful testing and validation of novel treatments for CMT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stavrou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Georgiou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus; (M.S.); (I.S.); (E.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus
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52
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Stino AM, Rumora AE, Kim B, Feldman EL. Evolving concepts on the role of dyslipidemia, bioenergetics, and inflammation in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 25:76-84. [PMID: 32412144 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most widespread and disabling neurological conditions, accounting for half of all neuropathy cases worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, no approved disease modifying therapies exist. There is now a growing body of evidence that DPN secondary to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents different disease processes, with T2DM DPN best understood within the context of metabolic syndrome rather than hyperglycemia. In this review, we highlight currently understood mechanisms of DPN, along with their corresponding potential therapeutic targets. We frame this discussion within a practical overview of how the field evolved from initial human observations to murine pathomechanistic and therapeutic models into ongoing and human clinical trials, with particular emphasis on T2DM DPN and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Stino
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy E Rumora
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bhumsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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53
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Diabetic nephropathy: A twisted thread to unravel. Life Sci 2021; 278:119635. [PMID: 34015285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a persistent microvascular problem of diabetes mellitus is described as an elevated level of albumin excretion in urine and impaired renal activity. The morbidity and mortality of type-1 diabetics and type-2 diabetics due to end stage renal disease is also a result of the increased prevalence of DN. DN typically occurs as a consequence of an association among metabolic and hemodynamic variables, activating specific pathways leading to renal injury. According to current interventions, intensive glucose regulation decreases the threat of DN incidence and growth, and also suppressing the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a significant goal for hemodynamic and metabolism-related deformities in DN. However, the pathogenesis of DN is multifactorial so novel approaches other than glucose and blood pressure control are required for treatment. This review briefly summarizes the reported pathogenesis of DN, current interventions for its treatment, and possible novel interventions to unweave the thread of DN.
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54
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Sekhon G, Singh B, Singh R. Role of Cys-298 in specific recognition of glutathione by aldose reductase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6880-6888. [PMID: 33627036 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1891138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that is well-studied for its role in Diabetes Mellitus. Glutathione conjugated aldehydes are efficiently catalysed by AR. We have employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of a glutathione analog, γ-glutamyl-S-(1,2-di-carboxyethyl)-cysteinyl-glycine (DCEG), into the binding pocket of AR. Study revealed that backbone nitrogens of Ala-299 and Leu-300 form a tiny pocket gated by thiol group of Cys-298. The glycine moiety of DCEG was able to displace the thiol group of Cys-298 to make hydrogen bond interactions with backbone of Ala-299, Leu-300, and Leu-301. This study provides the details of the dynamic interactions of DCEG in the binding pocket of AR, and shall aid in the design/discovery of differential inhibitors against AR.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurprit Sekhon
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies & Research, Pharmacy Extention Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balvinder Singh
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranvir Singh
- Department cum National Centre for Human Genome Studies & Research, Pharmacy Extention Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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55
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Tatsunami R, Sato K, Murao Y, Yama K, Yu Y, Ohno S, Tampo Y. Epalrestat suppresses cadmium-induced cytotoxicity through Nrf2 in endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:393. [PMID: 33680115 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial and environmental pollutant that targets the vascular endothelium. The vascular system is critically affected by Cd toxicity. Recent studies have indicated an association between Cd and vascular diseases, although the mechanisms of Cd implications in vascular diseases are not clear. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether epalrestat (EPS), which is used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, protects against Cd-induced cytotoxicity in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). In the present study, the effects of EPS at near-plasma concentration were examined on Cd-induced cytotoxicity in BAECs. Cd-induced cytotoxicity was suppressed by pretreatment with EPS. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor that serves a role in regulating the expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. In a previous study, EPS was demonstrated to increase GSH levels in BAECs in association with the Nrf2 pathway. In the present study, EPS increased GSH levels in BAECs exposed to Cd. The protective ability of EPS against the Cd-induced cytotoxicity disappeared following Nrf2 small interfering RNA transfection. In addition, EPS affected the intracellular levels of Cd, Cd transporter ZIP8 and metallothionein. To the best of our knowledge, the current study demonstrated, for the first time, that EPS suppresses Cd-induced cytotoxicity in BAECs. The upregulation of GSH may be associated with the suppression of Cd-induced cytotoxicity by EPS. From these findings, it may be proposed that the regulation of GSH, ZIP8 and metallothionein by EPS is a promising therapeutic approach to prevent Cd-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tatsunami
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Murao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kaori Yama
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yang Yu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Shun Ohno
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tampo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
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Kanwugu ON, Glukhareva TV, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5005-5028. [PMID: 33591215 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes remains a major health emergency in our entire world, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In conjunction with its much-dreaded complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) it substantially reduces the quality of life, increases mortality as well as economic burden among patients. Over the years, oxidative stress and inflammation have been highlighted as key players in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Much research has been devoted, as such, to the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant found mostly in marine organisms. Over the past years, several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin could be useful in the treatment and management of diabetes. It has been shown to protect β-cells, neurons as well as several organs including the eyes, kidney, liver, etc. against oxidative injuries experienced during diabetes. Furthermore, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism along with cardiovascular health. Its beneficial effects are exerted through multiple actions on cellular functions. Considering these and the fact that foods and natural products with biological and pharmacological activities are of much interest in the 21st-century food and drug industry, astaxanthin has a bright prospect in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russia Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Mohiuddin MS, Himeno T, Yamada Y, Morishita Y, Kondo M, Tsunekawa S, Kato Y, Nakamura J, Kamiya H. Glucagon Prevents Cytotoxicity Induced by Methylglyoxal in a Rat Neuronal Cell Line Model. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020287. [PMID: 33672050 PMCID: PMC7919475 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a frequent diabetic complication, no effective therapeutic approach has been established. Glucagon is a crucial hormone for glucose homeostasis but has pleiotropic effects, including neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. However, the importance of glucagon in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has not been clarified. Here, we hypothesized that glucagon might have a neuroprotective function in the PNS. The immortalized rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal cell line 50B11 was treated with methylglyoxal (MG) to mimic an in vitro DPN model. The cells were cultured with or without glucagon or MG. Neurotoxicity, survival, apoptosis, neurite projection, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA) were examined. Glucagon had no cytotoxicity and rescued the cells from neurotoxicity. Cell survival was increased by glucagon. The ratio of apoptotic cells, which was increased by MG, was reduced by glucagon. Neurite outgrowth was accelerated in glucagon-treated cells. Cyclic AMP and PKA accumulated in the cells after glucagon stimulation. In conclusion, glucagon protected the DRG neuronal cells from MG-induced cellular stress. The cAMP/PKA pathway may have significant roles in those protective effects of glucagon. Glucagon may be a potential target for the treatment of DPN.
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58
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Horishny VY, Arshad M, Matiychuk VS. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of 2-Cyano-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2-(4-oxo-3-arylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetamide Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy is a multifaceted condition affecting up to 50% of individuals with long standing diabetes. The most common presentation is peripheral diabetic sensory neuropathy (DPN). METHODS We carried out a systematic review of papers dealing with diabetic neuropathy on Pubmed in addition to a targeted Google search.Search terms included small fiber neuropathy,diffuse peripheral neuropathy, quantitative sensory testing, nerve conduction testing, intra-epidermal nerve fiber density, corneal confocal reflectance microscopy, aldose reductase inhbitors, nerve growth factor, alpha-lipoic acid, ruboxistaurin, nerve growth factor antibody, and cibinetide. RESULTS Over the past half century, there have been a number of agents undergoing unsuccessful trials for treatment of DPN.There are several approved agents for relief of pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, but these do not affect the pathologic process. EXPERT OPINION The failure to find treatments for diabetic neuropathy can be ascribed to (1) the complexity of design of studies and (2) the slow progression of the condition, necessitating long duration trials to prove efficacy.We propose a modification of the regulatory process to permit early introduction of agents with demonstrated safety and suggestion of benefit as well as prolongation of marketing exclusivity while long term trials are in progress to prove efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- The Association for Diabetes Investigators , Newport Coast, California. USA
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60
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Mizukami H, Osonoi S. Pathogenesis and Molecular Treatment Strategies of Diabetic Neuropathy Collateral Glucose-Utilizing Pathways in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010094. [PMID: 33374137 PMCID: PMC7796340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common neuropathy manifested in diabetes. Symptoms include allodynia, pain, paralysis, and ulcer formation. There is currently no established radical treatment, although new mechanisms of DPN are being vigorously explored. A pathophysiological feature of DPN is abnormal glucose metabolism induced by chronic hyperglycemia in the peripheral nerves. Particularly, activation of collateral glucose-utilizing pathways such as the polyol pathway, protein kinase C, advanced glycation end-product formation, hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, and anaerobic glycolytic pathway are reported to contribute to the onset and progression of DPN. Inhibitors of aldose reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the polyol pathway, are the only compounds clinically permitted for DPN treatment in Japan, although their efficacies are limited. This may indicate that multiple pathways can contribute to the pathophysiology of DPN. Comprehensive metabolic analysis may help to elucidate global changes in the collateral glucose-utilizing pathways during the development of DPN, and highlight therapeutic targets in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-172-39-5025
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
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61
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Ziegler D, Papanas N, Schnell O, Nguyen BDT, Nguyen KT, Kulkantrakorn K, Deerochanawong C. Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 12:464-475. [PMID: 32918837 PMCID: PMC8015839 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is encountered in approximately one-third of people with diabetes. This, in turn, might markedly impoverish their quality of life, mainly owing to neuropathic pain and foot ulcerations. Painful DSPN might be as frequent as 25% in diabetes patients. Symptoms as a result of DSPN typically comprise pain, paresthesia and numbness in the distal lower limbs. Asymptomatic DSPN might reach 50% among patients with this condition. Unfortunately, DSPN is still not adequately diagnosed and treated. Its management has three priorities: (i) lifestyle improvement, near-normoglycemia and multifactorial cardiovascular risk intervention; (ii) pathogenesis-oriented pharmacotherapy; and (iii) symptomatic alleviation of pain. Intensive diabetes therapy showed evidence for favorable effects on the incidence and deterioration of DSPN in type 1 diabetes, but not type 2 diabetes. Among pathogenesis-oriented treatments, α-lipoic acid, actovegin, benfotiamine and epalrestat are currently authorized to treat DSPN in several countries. Symptomatic therapy uses analgesics, notably antidepressants, opioids and anticonvulsants, reducing pain by ≥50% in approximately 50% of individuals, but might be limited, particularly by central nervous system-related adverse events. Local treatment with the capsaicin 8% patch might offer an alternative. In addition to pain relief, therapy should improve sleep, mobility and quality of life. In conclusion, multimodal treatment of DSPN should consider the individual risk profile, pathogenetic treatment and pain management using pharmacotherapy (combinations, if required), as well as non-pharmacological options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ziegler
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V at the Helmholtz Center, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bich Dao Thi Nguyen
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Tam Duc Heart Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thy Nguyen
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Chaicharn Deerochanawong
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Mizukami H, Osonoi S, Takaku S, Yamagishi SI, Ogasawara S, Sango K, Chung S, Yagihashi S. Role of glucosamine in development of diabetic neuropathy independent of the aldose reductase pathway. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa168. [PMID: 33305258 PMCID: PMC7713992 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term metabolic aberrations contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathy but the precise mechanism or mechanisms remains elusive. We have previously shown that aldose reductase-deficient mice exhibit delayed onset and progression of neuropathy following induction of diabetes, suggesting a role both for downstream metabolites of this enzyme and also for other unrelated pathways. In this study, we have utilized comprehensive metabolomics analyses to identify potential neurotoxic metabolites in nerve of diabetic mice and explored the mechanism of peripheral nerve injury. Aldose reductase knockout and control C57Bl/6J mice were made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin and followed for 8–16 weeks. Diabetic aldose reductase knockout mice exhibited delayed onset of nerve conduction slowing compared to diabetic wild-type mice. The sciatic nerves from aldose reductase knockout mice exposed to 12 weeks of diabetes were used for metabolomics analysis and compared with analyses of nerves from age-matched diabetic wild-type mice as well as non-diabetic aldose reductase knockout and wild-type mice. Neurotoxicity of candidate metabolites was evaluated using cultured Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons, and further confirmed in vivo. Metabolomics analysis identified elevated glucosamine levels in both diabetic aldose reductase knockout and diabetic wild mice. Exposure to glucosamine reduced survival of cultured Schwann cells and neurons accompanied by increased expression of cleaved caspase 3, CCAT-enhancer-binding homologous protein and mitochondrial hexokinase-I, along with ATP depletion. These changes were suppressed by siRNA to hexokinase-I or the ATP donor, inosine, but not by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or the endoplasmic reticulum-stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate. The O-GlcNAcylation enhancer, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene) amino N-phenylcarbamate, did not augment glucosamine neurotoxicity. Single dose glucosamine injection into mice caused a reduction of sciatic nerve Na, K-ATPase activity, ATP content and augmented expression of hexokinase-I, which were suppressed by pretreatment with inosine but not with 4-phenylbutyrate. Mice implanted with a subcutaneous pump to infuse glucosamine for 12 weeks developed nerve conduction slowing and intraepidermal nerve fibre loss, recapitulating prominent indices of diabetic neuropathy. While acute glucosamine neurotoxicity is unlikely to contribute substantially to the slowly developing neuropathy phenotype in humans, sustained energy deprivation induced by glucosamine may well contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Our data thus identifies a novel pathway for diabetic neuropathy that may offer a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shizuka Takaku
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yamagishi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Saori Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sango
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo
| | - Sookja Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Antispasmodic Drug Drofenine as an Inhibitor of Kv2.1 Channel Ameliorates Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetic Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101617. [PMID: 33089105 PMCID: PMC7559245 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common diabetic complication and has yet no efficient medication. Here, we report that antispasmodic drug drofenine (Dfe) blocks Kv2.1 and ameliorates DPN-like pathology in diabetic mice. The underlying mechanisms are investigated against the DPN mice with in vivo Kv2.1 knockdown through adeno associated virus AAV9-Kv2.1-RNAi. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 1 or db/db type 2 diabetic mice with DPN exhibited a high level of Kv2.1 protein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissue and a suppressed neurite outgrowth in DRG neuron. Dfe promoted neurite outgrowth by inhibiting Kv2.1 channel and/or Kv2.1 mRNA and protein expression level. Moreover, it suppressed inflammation by repressing IκBα/NF-κB signaling, inhibited apoptosis by regulating Kv2.1-mediated Bcl-2 family proteins and Caspase-3 and ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction through Kv2.1/CaMKKβ/AMPK/PGC1α pathway. Our work supports that Kv2.1 inhibition is a promisingly therapeutic strategy for DPN and highlights the potential of Dfe in treating this disease. Antispasmodic drug drofenine (Dfe) ameliorates DPN-like pathology in diabetic mice Dfe inhibits Kv2.1 channel and/or Kv2.1 mRNA and protein expression level Dfe represses inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in DPN mice Kv2.1 inhibition is a therapeutic tactic and Dfe shows therapeutic potential for DPN
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Direct Comparison of Therapeutic Effects on Diabetic Polyneuropathy between Transplantation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Administration of Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Secreted Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176064. [PMID: 32842469 PMCID: PMC7503871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a potential novel therapy for diabetic polyneuropathy. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are attractive stem cell sources because DPSCs can be isolated from extracted teeth and cryopreserved while retaining viability. In this study, we directly compared the efficacy of the transplantation of DPSCs and the administration of the secreted factors from DPSCs (DPSC-SFs) on diabetic polyneuropathy. Eight weeks after streptozotocin injection, DPSCs (1.0 × 106 cells/rat) or DPSC-SFs (1.0 mL/rat) were administered into the unilateral hindlimb skeletal muscles of diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. DPSC transplantation and DPSC-SF administration did not affect blood glucose levels and body weights in the diabetic rats. Both DPSC transplantation and DPSC-SF administration significantly ameliorated sciatic nerve conduction velocity and sciatic nerve blood flow, accompanied by increases in muscle bundle size, vascular density in the skeletal muscles and intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the diabetic rats, while there was no difference between the results for DPSCs and DPSC-SFs. These results suggest that the efficacy of both DPSC transplantation and DPSC-SF administration for diabetic polyneuropathy four weeks after transplantation/administration was mainly due to the multiple secretomes secreted from transplanted DPSCs or directly injected DPSC-SFs in the early phase of transplantation/administration.
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Syngle A, Chahal S, Vohra K. Efficacy and tolerability of DPP4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, on autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: an open label, pilot study. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:1429-1436. [PMID: 32803534 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy increases risk of cardiovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, foot amputation and overall mortality. Not only hyperglycaemia induced nerve damage is harder to repair using currently approved medications, but also, the use of these agents is often limited by the extent of pain relief provided and side effects. METHODOLOGY In this prospective, open-label, pilot study, 20 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients (male/female=13/7, mean age- 56.1±8.04 years), meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria, were treated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, Teneligliptin, 20mg once a day for three months. Efficacy parameters: Sudomotor function (Sudoscan score); parasympathetic dysfunction assessed using Ewing's criteria i.e. heart rate response to -standing (HRS), -valsalva (HRV) and -deep breath (HRD); sympathetic dysfunction assessed as blood pressure response to -standing (BPS) and -handgrip (BPH); ankle brachial index (ABI), vibration perception threshold (VPT), C-reactive protein, glycemic profile and health related quality of life (HRQoL); and, tolerability parameters: complete blood count, liver function tests, serum creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone, QT- interval and serum vitamin B12 levels, were measured. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in BMI, SBP, DBP, HRD, BPH and all safety parameters. After 12 weeks treatment, there was improvement in HRS (p<0.01) and HRV (p<0.01), but not in HRD (p=0.12). BPS was significantly lowered (p <0.01), but not the BPH (p =0.06). Sudoscan score was increased, while VPT was significantly decreased (both p<0.01). CONCLUSION Teneligliptin not only improves the glycemic status but also improves sudomotor function, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, and reduces vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Syngle
- Healing Touch City Clinic, # 547, Sector 16-D, Chandigarh, India.,Fortis Multi Specialty Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Chahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Kanchan Vohra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Røikjer J, Mørch CD, Ejskjaer N. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Drug Saf 2020; 16:2-16. [PMID: 32735526 DOI: 10.2174/1574886315666200731173113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is traditionally divided into large and small fibre neuropathy (SFN). Damage to the large fibres can be detected using nerve conduction studies (NCS) and often results in a significant reduction in sensitivity and loss of protective sensation, while damage to the small fibres is hard to reliably detect and can be either asymptomatic, associated with insensitivity to noxious stimuli, or often manifests itself as intractable neuropathic pain. OBJECTIVE To describe the recent advances in both detection, grading, and treatment of DPN as well as the accompanying neuropathic pain. METHODS A review of relevant, peer-reviewed, English literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library between January 1st 1967 and January 1st 2020 was used. RESULTS We identified more than three hundred studies on methods for detecting and grading DPN, and more than eighty randomised-controlled trials for treating painful diabetic neuropathy. CONCLUSION NCS remains the method of choice for detecting LFN in people with diabetes, while a gold standard for the detection of SFN is yet to be internationally accepted. In the recent years, several methods with huge potential for detecting and grading this condition have become available including skin biopsies and corneal confocal microscopy, which in the future could represent reliable endpoints for clinical studies. While several newer methods for detecting SFN have been developed, no new drugs have been accepted for treating neuropathic pain in people with diabetes. Tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsants remain first line treatment, while newer agents targeting the proposed pathophysiology of DPN are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Røikjer
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dahl Mørch
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Ejskjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Rocha S, Ribeiro D, Fernandes E, Freitas M. A Systematic Review on Anti-diabetic Properties of Chalcones. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2257-2321. [PMID: 30277140 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181001112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of anti-diabetic drugs has been increasing worldwide and the evolution of therapeutics has been enormous. Still, the currently available anti-diabetic drugs do not present the desired efficacy and are generally associated with serious adverse effects. Thus, entirely new interventions, addressing the underlying etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are required. Chalcones, secondary metabolites of terrestrial plants and precursors of the flavonoids biosynthesis, have been used for a long time in traditional medicine due to their wide-range of biological activities, from which the anti-diabetic activity stands out. This review systematizes the information found in literature about the anti-diabetic properties of chalcones, in vitro and in vivo. Chalcones are able to exert these properties by acting in different therapeutic targets: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4); Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4), Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, Aldose Reductase (ALR), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). Chalcones are, undoubtedly, promising anti-diabetic agents, and some crucial structural features have already been established. From the Structure-Activity Relationships analysis, it can generally be stated that the presence of hydroxyl, prenyl and geranyl groups in their skeleton improves their activity for the evaluated anti-diabetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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69
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Gámez A, Serrano M, Gallego D, Vilas A, Pérez B. New and potential strategies for the treatment of PMM2-CDG. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129686. [PMID: 32712172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the PMM2 gene cause phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (PMM2; MIM# 212065), which manifests as a congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG). Mutant PMM2 leads to the reduced conversion of Man-6-P to Man-1-P, which results in low concentrations of guanosine 5'-diphospho-D-mannose, a nucleotide-activated sugar essential for the construction of protein oligosaccharide chains. To date the only therapeutic options are preventive and symptomatic. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review covers the latest advances in the search for a treatment for PMM2-CDG. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Treatments based on increasing Man-1-P levels have been proposed, along with the administration of different mannose derivates, employing enzyme inhibitors or repurposed drugs to increase the synthesis of GDP-Man. A single repurposed drug that might alleviate a severe neurological symptom associated with the disorder is now in clinical use. Proof of concept also exists regarding the use of pharmacological chaperones and/or proteostatic regulators to increase the concentration of hypomorphic PMM2 mutant proteins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The ongoing challenges facing the discovery of drugs to treat this orphan disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gámez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPaZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Diana Gallego
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPaZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Vilas
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPaZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPaZ, Madrid, Spain.
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Malheiro A, Morgan F, Baker M, Moroni L, Wieringa P. A three-dimensional biomimetic peripheral nerve model for drug testing and disease modelling. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120230. [PMID: 32736264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro peripheral nerve models provide valuable tools to study neurobiology questions and assess drug performance, in a regenerative or pathology context. To this end, we have developed a representative model of the peripheral nerve that displays three-dimensional (3D) neural anisotropy and myelination, which we showcase here as a simple and low-cost platform for drug screening. The model is composed of three main parts, including rat primary Schwann cells (SCs) seeded onto an electrospun scaffold to create bands of Büngner (BoB), primed PC12 cells as neuronal cell population, and a fibrin hydrogel to provide three-dimensionality. We also validated the use of primed PC12 as a neuron population by comparing it to rat dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) neurons. In both models we could obtain well aligned neurites and mature myelin segments. In short term cultures (7 days), we found that the addition of exogenous SCs enhanced neurite length and neurite growth area, compared to scaffolds with a laminin coating only. Addition of fibrin also lead to increased outgrowth of DRG and primed PC12 neurites, compared to 2D cultures. Moreover, neurite outgrowth in fibrin cultures was simultaneously multiplanar and anisotropic, suggesting that the SC-seeded scaffold can direct not only the growth of adjacent neurites, but also those growing above it. These results highlight the feasibility of the combination of a SC pre-seeded scaffold with a fibrin hydrogel, to direct and improve neurite growth in 3D. To demonstrate the model potential, we tested our platform at an immature (7 days in vitro) and mature state (28 days in vitro) of development. At the immature stage we could inhibit neurite growth through protein blocking (via antibody binding) and show suramin (200 μM) neurotoxicity on cells. At the mature stage, when myelin is compact, we exposed cells to hyperglycemic conditions (45 mM glucose) to mimic diabetic conditions and showed that myelin deforms consequently. Moreover, we demonstrated that by supplementing cultures with epalrestat (1 μM), myelin deformation can be partly prevented. In sum, we developed a biomimetic nerve platform using an affordable and accessible cell line as neuronal population, which displays similar results to primary neurons, but does not require recurrent animal sacrifice. This platform holds great promise as it can be used to conveniently and inexpensively perform drug screenings on peripheral nerve-like tissue, in a normal or pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Malheiro
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Francis Morgan
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Wieringa
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Hotta N, Kawamura T, Umemura T. Are the polyol pathway and hyperuricemia partners in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetes? J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:786-788. [PMID: 31765518 PMCID: PMC7378431 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigishi Hotta
- Department of Endocrine Internal MedicineChubu Rosai HospitalJapan Organization of Occupational Health and SafetyNagoyaJapan
| | - Takahiko Kawamura
- Department of Endocrine Internal MedicineChubu Rosai HospitalJapan Organization of Occupational Health and SafetyNagoyaJapan
- Preventive Medical CenterChubu Rosai HospitalJapan Organization of Occupational Health and SafetyNagoyaJapan
| | - Toshitaka Umemura
- Department of NeurologyChubu Rosai HospitalJapan Organization of Occupational Health and SafetyNagoyaJapan
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72
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Kaempferol Rhamnosides from Geranium sibiricum as Aldose Reductase Inhibitors and Their Content by HPLC Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the aldose reductase (AR) inhibition of selected Geranium species and determine the bioactive flavonoid constituents. Flavonoids are known to be good AR inhibitors. Among the species examined, G. sibiricum exhibited potent inhibition of AR (IC50 value, 2.4 µg/mL). Further examination of G. sibiricum, after solvent extraction and fractionation, revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50 value, 0.41 µg/mL) had a potent AR inhibitory effect. Kaempferol rhamnosides were the active compounds from this fraction. Moreover, G. sibiricum showed the highest content of kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3,7-O-dirhamnoside among the samples examined with a concentration in the extracts of 28.1 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. This study shows that G. sibiricum exhibits promising AR inhibitory activity, which can be explored further as a natural therapy for treating and managing complications associated with diabetes.
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73
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Tesfaye S, Sloan G. Diabetic Polyneuropathy - Advances in Diagnosis and Intervention Strategies. EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 16:15-20. [PMID: 32595764 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2020.16.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over half of people with diabetes mellitus develop diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), which is a major cause of reduced quality of life due to disabling neuropathic pain, sensory loss, gait instability, fall-related injury, and foot ulceration and amputation. The latter represents a major health and economic burden, with lower limb amputation rates related to diabetes increasing in the UK. There is a need for early diagnosis of DPN so that early management strategies may be instigated, such as achieving tight glucose control and management of cardiovascular risk factors, in an attempt to slow its progression. To this end, a one-stop microvascular assessment involving a combined eye, foot and renal screening clinic has proven feasible in the UK. Unfortunately, there are currently no approved disease-modifying therapies for DPN. Some disease-modifying agents have demonstrated efficacy, but further large trials using appropriate clinical endpoints are required before these treatments can be routinely recommended. There has been emerging evidence highlighting a reduction in vitamin D levels in cases of painful DPN and the potential for vitamin D supplementation in deficient individuals to improve neuropathic pain; however, this needs to be proved in randomised clinical trials. The use of established agents for neuropathic pain in DPN is limited by poor efficacy and adverse effects, but patient stratification using methods such as pain phenotyping are being tested to determine whether this improves the outcomes of such agents in clinical studies. In addition, innovative approaches such as the topical 8% capsaicin patch, new methods of electrical stimulation and novel therapeutic targets such as NaV1.7 offer promise for the future. This article aims to discuss the challenges of diagnosing and managing DPN and to review current and emerging lifestyle interventions and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tesfaye
- Diabetes Research Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gordon Sloan
- Diabetes Research Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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74
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Huang W, Zhang Y, Liang X, Yang L. Substituted 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives showed protective effects against diabetic cataract via inhibition of aldose reductase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900371. [PMID: 32237167 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop a new class of potent aldose reductase inhibitors against diabetic cataracts, a series of novel 2-thioxothiazolidine-4-one derivatives was synthesized in excellent yields via a facile synthetic route. These compounds were tested against aldehyde (ALR1) and aldose reductase (ALR2) enzymes, where they showed considerable inhibitory activity. Among the tested derivatives, compound 6e showed selective and excellent inhibition of ALR2 over ALR1. The experimental diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin in male Wistar rats. Compound 6e showed positive modulation of body weight, blood glucose, and blood insulin levels in diabetic rats. Compound 6e also showed ALR2 inhibition as evidenced by Western blot analysis in lens homogenates of Wistar rats having cataract. The docking study of 6e was also performed inside the active site of ALR2 to enumerate the key contacts for inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Huang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinic College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Heping, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinic College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Heping, China
| | - Xu Liang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinic College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Heping, China
| | - Lichun Yang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinic College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Heping, China
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Pafili K, Trypsianis G, Papazoglou D, Maltezos E, Papanas N. Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Distal Symmetric Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy: These Two Diabetic Microvascular Complications do not Invariably Co-Exist. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 18:50-56. [PMID: 30156161 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180829120101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and distal symmetrical sensorimotor
polyneuropathy (DSPN) are serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM).
Their simultaneous development remains disputable. The aim of the present study was to examine the
correlation between CAN and the presence/severity of DSPN in DM.
Methods:
Subjects with type 1 (group A: n=51; mean age 40.4 years) and type 2 DM (group B: n=153;
mean age 64.6 years) were studied. Evaluation of DSPN was based on neuropathy disability score. Assessment
of CAN was based on the battery of 4 standardized cardiovascular autonomic function tests.
Results:
In group A, patients with moderate/severe DSPN exhibited a 12-fold higher likelihood of CAN
in univariate analysis (p=0.035). However, significance was lost after adjustment for gender, age, DM
duration, and haemoglobin A1c. In group A, likelihood for CAN did not correlate with the presence of
mild DSPN in univariate and multivariate analysis. In group B, likelihood of CAN was similar in patients
with mild and in those with moderate/severe DSPN compared with patients without DSPN in
univariate and multivariate analysis. In between group comparison CAN was similarly distributed in the
2 groups (p for interaction=0.367), in patients with no, mild and moderate/severe DSPN.
Conclusion:
CAN does not always co-exist with degrees of DSPN, ranging from mild to moderate/
severe and is similarly distributed in T1DM and T2DM patients with mild and moderate/severe
DSPN and in patients without DSPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pafili
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Grigoris Trypsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical Faculty, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papazoglou
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Efstratios Maltezos
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Khodair AI, Awad MK, Gesson JP, Elshaier YAMM. New N-ribosides and N-mannosides of rhodanine derivatives with anticancer activity on leukemia cell line: Design, synthesis, DFT and molecular modelling studies. Carbohydr Res 2019; 487:107894. [PMID: 31865252 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-ribosylation and N-mannosylation compounds have a great role in compounds activity as anticancer. The reaction of 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine) derivatives, as aglycon part, was done with ribofuranose and mannopyranose sugars (glycone part) followed by deacetylation without cleavage of the rhodanine under acidic medium. Conformational analysis has been studied using NMR methods (2D, DQF-COSY, HMQC and HMBC). All final the new deprotected nucleosides were screened against leukemia 1210, and were found to be considerably less potent (Ic50% 1.4-10.6 μM) than doxorubicin (Ic50% 0.02 μM). Compounds 10d and 10e which contain ribose moiety have better activity than those with mannose sugar. DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-31 + G (d) level were used to analyze the electronic and geometric characteristics deduced from the stable structure of the compounds. The principal quantum chemical descriptors showed a good correlation with the experimental observations. Rapid Overlay Comparison Similarity (ROCS) study was operated to explain the compounds similarity and to figure out the most important pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Khodair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed K Awad
- Theoretical Applied Chemistry Unit (TACU), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jean-Pierre Gesson
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Poitiers, CNRS-UMR 6514, 40 Avenue Du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers F, 86022, France
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, 32958, Menoufia, Egypt.
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Benlarbi‐Ben Khedher M, Hajri K, Dellaa A, Baccouche B, Hammoum I, Boudhrioua‐Mihoubi N, Dhifi W, Ben Chaouacha‐Chekir R. Astaxanthin inhibits aldose reductase activity in Psammomys obesus, a model of type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3979-3985. [PMID: 31890176 PMCID: PMC6924305 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ATX) is a marine carotenoid known for its powerful antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo potential inhibitory effect of ATX on the aldose reductase (AR) activity, a key enzyme in the polyol pathway responsible for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR). The gerbil Psammomys obesus (P. ob.), an animal model for type 2 diabetes and DR has been used. The erythrocyte and retinal AR activity of P. ob. individuals were, respectively, assessed monthly and at the 7th month during a 7-month hypercaloric diet (HD) using a NADPH oxidation method. Meanwhile, the body weight and blood glucose of the gerbils were monitored. After 7 months, P. ob. individuals were fed with ATX (4.8 mg/kg of body weight) once a day for 1 week. The results showed that the HD-fed animals developed significant obesity and hyperglycemia in comparison with controls. Erythrocyte AR activity showed a progressive and significant increase in the HD-fed group compared with controls. Retinal AR activity was higher in the 7-month HD-fed group compared with controls. Erythrocyte AR activity was markedly decreased after ATX-treatment in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggested that ATX inhibited the erythrocyte AR activity and could be used for DR prevention and/or early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Benlarbi‐Ben Khedher
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Khouloud Hajri
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Ahmed Dellaa
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Basma Baccouche
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Imane Hammoum
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Nourhene Boudhrioua‐Mihoubi
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Wissal Dhifi
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Rafika Ben Chaouacha‐Chekir
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Food and Biomolecules (PAB): LR17ES03The High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST)University of Manouba (UMA)Sidi ThabetTunisia
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Iyer S, Sam FS, DiPrimio N, Preston G, Verheijen J, Murthy K, Parton Z, Tsang H, Lao J, Morava E, Perlstein EO. Repurposing the aldose reductase inhibitor and diabetic neuropathy drug epalrestat for the congenital disorder of glycosylation PMM2-CDG. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.040584. [PMID: 31636082 PMCID: PMC6899038 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency, or PMM2-CDG, is the most common congenital disorder of glycosylation and affects over 1000 patients globally. There are no approved drugs that treat the symptoms or root cause of PMM2-CDG. To identify clinically actionable compounds that boost human PMM2 enzyme function, we performed a multispecies drug repurposing screen using a novel worm model of PMM2-CDG, followed by PMM2 enzyme functional studies in PMM2-CDG patient fibroblasts. Drug repurposing candidates from this study, and drug repurposing candidates from a previously published study using yeast models of PMM2-CDG, were tested for their effect on human PMM2 enzyme activity in PMM2-CDG fibroblasts. Of the 20 repurposing candidates discovered in the worm-based phenotypic screen, 12 were plant-based polyphenols. Insights from structure–activity relationships revealed epalrestat, the only antidiabetic aldose reductase inhibitor approved for use in humans, as a first-in-class PMM2 enzyme activator. Epalrestat increased PMM2 enzymatic activity in four PMM2-CDG patient fibroblast lines with genotypes R141H/F119L, R141H/E139K, R141H/N216I and R141H/F183S. PMM2 enzyme activity gains ranged from 30% to 400% over baseline, depending on genotype. Pharmacological inhibition of aldose reductase by epalrestat may shunt glucose from the polyol pathway to glucose-1,6-bisphosphate, which is an endogenous stabilizer and coactivator of PMM2 homodimerization. Epalrestat is a safe, oral and brain penetrant drug that was approved 27 years ago in Japan to treat diabetic neuropathy in geriatric populations. We demonstrate that epalrestat is the first small molecule activator of PMM2 enzyme activity with the potential to treat peripheral neuropathy and correct the underlying enzyme deficiency in a majority of pediatric and adult PMM2-CDG patients. Editor's choice: Drug repurposing screens using worm and patient fibroblast models of PMM2-CDG led to the discovery of epalrestat, the first activator of PMM2 that targets the root cause of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Iyer
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Feba S Sam
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Nina DiPrimio
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Graeme Preston
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Jan Verheijen
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Kausalya Murthy
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Zachary Parton
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Hillary Tsang
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Jessica Lao
- Perlara PBC, 2625 Alcatraz Ave #435, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Tang HY, Jiang AJ, Ma JL, Wang FJ, Shen GM. Understanding the Signaling Pathways Related to the Mechanism and Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2119-2127. [PMID: 31318414 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the most prevalent metabolic disorder is diabetes mellitus (DM), an important condition that has been widely studied. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a complication that can occur with DM, is associated with pain and can result in foot ulcers and even amputation. DPN treatments are limited and mainly focus on pain management. There is a clear need to develop treatments for DPN at all stages. To make this progress, it is necessary to understand the molecular signaling pathways related to DPN. For this review, we aimed to concentrate on the main signaling cascades that contribute to DPN. In addition, we provide information with regard to treatments that are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yong Tang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ai-Juan Jiang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Long Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fan-Jing Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shen
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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80
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Wilmshurst JM, Ouvrier RA, Ryan MM. Peripheral nerve disease secondary to systemic conditions in children. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419866367. [PMID: 31447934 PMCID: PMC6691669 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419866367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is an overview of systemic conditions that can be associated with peripheral nervous system dysfunction. Children may present with neuropathic symptoms for which, unless considered, a causative systemic condition may not be recognized. Similarly, some systemic conditions may be complicated by comorbid peripheral neuropathies, surveillance for which is indicated. The systemic conditions addressed in this review are critical illness polyneuropathy, chronic renal failure, endocrine disorders such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b, vitamin deficiency states, malignancies and reticuloses, sickle cell disease, neurofibromatosis, connective tissue disorders, bowel dysmotility and enteropathy, and sarcoidosis. In some disorders presymptomatic screening should be undertaken, while in others there is no benefit from early detection of neuropathy. In children with idiopathic peripheral neuropathies, systemic disorders such as celiac disease should be actively excluded. While management is predominantly focused on symptomatic care through pain control and rehabilitation, some neuropathies improve with effective control of the underlying etiology and in a small proportion a more targeted approach is possible. In conclusion, peripheral neuropathies can be associated with a diverse range of medical conditions and unless actively considered may not be recognized and inadequately managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo M. Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s, Hospital Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7700, South Africa
| | - Robert A. Ouvrier
- The Institute of Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Monique M. Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The global epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes has led to a corresponding epidemic of complications of these disorders. The most prevalent complication is neuropathy, of which distal symmetric polyneuropathy (for the purpose of this Primer, referred to as diabetic neuropathy) is very common. Diabetic neuropathy is a loss of sensory function beginning distally in the lower extremities that is also characterized by pain and substantial morbidity. Over time, at least 50% of individuals with diabetes develop diabetic neuropathy. Glucose control effectively halts the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, but the effects are more modest in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings have led to new efforts to understand the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy, along with new 2017 recommendations on approaches to prevent and treat this disorder that are specific for each type of diabetes. In parallel, new guidelines for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy using distinct classes of drugs, with an emphasis on avoiding opioid use, have been issued. Although our understanding of the complexities of diabetic neuropathy has substantially evolved over the past decade, the distinct mechanisms underlying neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown. Future discoveries on disease pathogenesis will be crucial to successfully address all aspects of diabetic neuropathy, from prevention to treatment.
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Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, Zochodne DW, Wright DE, Bennett DL, Bril V, Russell JW, Viswanathan V. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:42. [PMID: 31197183 PMCID: PMC7096070 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes has led to a corresponding epidemic of complications of these disorders. The most prevalent complication is neuropathy, of which distal symmetric polyneuropathy (for the purpose of this Primer, referred to as diabetic neuropathy) is very common. Diabetic neuropathy is a loss of sensory function beginning distally in the lower extremities that is also characterized by pain and substantial morbidity. Over time, at least 50% of individuals with diabetes develop diabetic neuropathy. Glucose control effectively halts the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, but the effects are more modest in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings have led to new efforts to understand the aetiology of diabetic neuropathy, along with new 2017 recommendations on approaches to prevent and treat this disorder that are specific for each type of diabetes. In parallel, new guidelines for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy using distinct classes of drugs, with an emphasis on avoiding opioid use, have been issued. Although our understanding of the complexities of diabetic neuropathy has substantially evolved over the past decade, the distinct mechanisms underlying neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown. Future discoveries on disease pathogenesis will be crucial to successfully address all aspects of diabetic neuropathy, from prevention to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,
| | | | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes (MEND), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas E. Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David L. Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vera Bril
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - James W. Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland and VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sekiguchi K, Kohara N, Baba M, Komori T, Naito Y, Imai T, Satoh J, Yamaguchi Y, Hamatani T. Aldose reductase inhibitor ranirestat significantly improves nerve conduction velocity in diabetic polyneuropathy: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in Japan. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:466-474. [PMID: 29975462 PMCID: PMC6400176 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Diabetic polyneuropathy is one of the most frequent diabetic complications, and impairs patients' quality of life. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ranirestat (40 mg/day) in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind, parallel-group, phase III study in which 557 patients were randomly assigned to either the ranirestat or placebo group and assessed for 52 weeks. The co-primary end-points were the changes in tibial motor nerve conduction velocity and total modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score as a measure of clinical symptoms. RESULTS There was a significant increase in tibial motor nerve conduction velocity in the ranirestat group compared with the placebo group. The difference between groups in the change at last observation was 0.52 m/s (P = 0.021). Increases in nerve conduction velocity in the ranirestat group were found not only in the tibial motor nerves, but also in the median motor nerves, proximal median sensory nerves and distal median sensory nerves. No significant differences in modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score or safety parameters were found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Ranirestat (40 mg/day) was well tolerated and improved nerve conduction velocity. Regarding symptoms and signs, no detectable benefits over the placebo were observed in the ranirestat group during the 52 weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sekiguchi
- Division of NeurologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Nobuo Kohara
- Department of NeurologyKobe City Medical Center General HospitalKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Masayuki Baba
- Department of NeurologyAomori Prefectural Central HospitalAomoriJapan
| | - Tetsuo Komori
- Department of NeurologyNational Hakone HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | - Yutaka Naito
- Department of NeurologyJapanese Red Cross Ise HospitalIseMieJapan
| | - Tomihiro Imai
- Department of Occupational TherapySapporo Medical University School of Health SciencesSapporoJapan
| | - Jo Satoh
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Wakabayashi HospitalSendaiMiyagiJapan
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84
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Julius A, Hopper W. A non-invasive, multi-target approach to treat diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:708-715. [PMID: 30551523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia invoke number of pathways resulting in development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), including protein kinase C activation, increased expression of VEGF, advanced glycation end product (AGEs) formation and activation of polyol pathway, among which the pathophysiology of aldose reductase (ALR2) of the polyol pathway is evident by more than a decade of research. Subtle involvement of ALR2 in invoking various pathways of diabetic complications has caused an increase in attention towards the identification of novel aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs). Numerous ARIs of different classes were employed in the treatment of diabetic complications initially, but few came into light as drugs. Though no ALR2 inhibitor has been used for the treatment or control of DR, Epalrestat has been used worldwide for treating diabetic neuropathy. This review critically analyses different treatments available for diabetic retinopathy, their limitations and the importance of the development of novel inhibitors of ALR2 that could prevent progression of DR, by causing a direct or indirect effect on controlling factors associated with DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Julius
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603 203, India
| | - Waheeta Hopper
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603 203, India.
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85
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Kobayashi M, Zochodne DW. Diabetic neuropathy and the sensory neuron: New aspects of pathogenesis and their treatment implications. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1239-1254. [PMID: 29533535 PMCID: PMC6215951 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) continues to be generally considered as a "microvascular" complication of diabetes mellitus alongside nephropathy and retinopathy. The microvascular hypothesis, however, might be tempered by the concept that diabetes directly targets dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. This neuron-specific concept, supported by accumulating evidence, might account for important features of DPN, such as its early sensory neuron degeneration. Diabetic sensory neurons develop neuronal atrophy alongside a series of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) changes related to declines in structural proteins, increases in heat shock protein, increases in the receptor for advanced glycation end-products, declines in growth factor signaling and other changes. Insulin is recognized as a potent neurotrophic factor, and insulin ligation enhances neurite outgrowth through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B pathway within sensory neurons and attenuates phenotypic features of experimental DPN. Several interventions, including glucagon-like peptide-1 agonism, and phosphatase and tensin homolog inhibition to activate growth signals in sensory neurons, or heat shock protein overexpression, prevent or reverse neuropathic abnormalities in experimental DPN. Diabetic sensory neurons show a unique pattern of microRNA alterations, a key element of messenger RNA silencing. For example, let-7i is widely expressed in sensory neurons, supports their growth and is depleted in experimental DPN; its replenishment improves features of DPN models. Finally, impairment of pre-messenger RNA splicing in diabetic sensory neurons including abnormal nuclear RNA metabolism and structure with loss of survival motor neuron protein, a neuron survival molecule, and overexpression of CWC22, a splicing factor, offer further novel insights. The present review addresses these new aspects of DPN sensory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological ScienceGraduate School of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of NeurologyYokufukai Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of MedicineNeuroscience and Mental Health InstituteFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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86
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Abdelrahman SA, Samak MA, Shalaby SM. Fluoxetine pretreatment enhances neurogenic, angiogenic and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs on experimentally induced diabetic neuropathy. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:83-97. [PMID: 29687216 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the most debilitating complications among diabetic patients, diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a paramount point of continuous research. Stem cell therapies have shown promising results. However, limited cell survival and paracrine activities hinder its transfer from bench to bedside. We designed this study to evaluate fluoxetine-pretreatment technique of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an approach to enhance their paracrine and immunomodulatory properties in DPN. Effects of fluoxetine treatment of MSCs were tested in vitro. Forty-two adult Wistar male albino rats were utilized, further subdivided into control, diabetic, MSC-treated and fluoxetine-pretreated MSC groups. Sciatic nerve sections were prepared for light and electron microscope examination and immunohistochemical detection of neurofilament (NF) protein. Also, we assessed in vitro survival and paracrine properties of fluoxetine-pretreated MSCs. Real time PCR of BDNF, VEGF, IL-1β, and IL-10 expression in tissue homogenate was performed. Our results showed restoration of normal neuronal histomorphology and ultrastructure, moreover, immunohistochemical expression of anti-neurofilament protein was significantly elevated in MSC-treated groups compared to the diabetic one. Fluoxetine enhanced the MSC survival and their paracrine properties of MSCs in vitro. Furthermore, the fluoxetine-pretreated MSC group revealed a significant elevation of mRNA expression of BDNF (neurotrophic factor) and VEGF (angiogenic factor), denoting ameliorated MSC paracrine properties. Similarly, improved immunomodulatory functions were evident by a significant reduction of interleukin-1β mRNA expression (pro-inflammatory) and a reciprocal significant increase of interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory). We concluded that fluoxetine-pretreatment of MSCs boosts their survival, paracrine, and immunomodulatory traits and directly influenced neuronal histomorphology. Hence, it presents a promising intervention of diabetic polyneuropathy. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Abdelrahman
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Asharquia, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mai A Samak
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Asharquia, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Bessa AS, Ragab AM, Nassra RA, Piñero DP, Shaheen MS. Expression levels of aldose reductase enzyme, vascular endothelial growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the anterior lens capsule of diabetic cataract patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 44:1431-1435. [PMID: 30274845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the levels of aldose reductase (ALR) enzyme, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the anterior lens capsule of diabetic versus nondiabetic patients. SETTING Alexandria Main University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS The study enrolled patients undergoing cataract extraction and divided them into 3 groups: eyes that had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), eyes that had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and nondiabetic eyes. The anterior lens capsules were obtained by performing femtosecond laser-assisted capsulorhexis. Concentrations of ALR, ICAM-1, and VEGF in the lens capsule specimens were measured using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS This study comprised 200 patients (200 eyes); 51 eyes had PDR, 49 eyes had NPDR, and 100 eyes were nondiabetic. The mean ALR, ICAM-1, and VEGF levels in the anterior capsule of diabetic group were 2.84 nanogram (ng)/mL ± 0.51 (SD), 87.73 ± 22.84 picogram (pg)/mL, and 75.53 ± 14.95 pg/mL, respectively; whereas, in the nondiabetic group, they were 1.44 ± 0.17 ng/mL, 35.45 ± 2.8 pg/mL, and 33.55 ± 5.47 pg/mL, respectively. In comparing the concentrations of these mediators, both the PDR and NPDR groups had significantly higher levels compared with the nondiabetic eyes (P < .001). In addition, eyes with PDR had significantly higher levels of these mediators than eyes with NPDR (P < .001). CONCLUSION The concentrations of ALR, ICAM-1, and VEGF in the anterior lens capsule of diabetic patients are significantly higher than those of nondiabetics. A significantly higher level of 3 mediators in eyes with PDR compared with those with NPDR might allow the use of them as a biomarker for severity of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Bessa
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Bessa, Ragab, Shaheen), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, and the Medical Biochemistry Department (Nassra), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology (Ragab), Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust, Associate University Hospital of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Optics (Piñero), Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Ragab
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Bessa, Ragab, Shaheen), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, and the Medical Biochemistry Department (Nassra), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology (Ragab), Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust, Associate University Hospital of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Optics (Piñero), Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rasha A Nassra
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Bessa, Ragab, Shaheen), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, and the Medical Biochemistry Department (Nassra), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology (Ragab), Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust, Associate University Hospital of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Optics (Piñero), Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Bessa, Ragab, Shaheen), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, and the Medical Biochemistry Department (Nassra), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology (Ragab), Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust, Associate University Hospital of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Optics (Piñero), Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mohamed Shafik Shaheen
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Bessa, Ragab, Shaheen), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, and the Medical Biochemistry Department (Nassra), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology (Ragab), Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust, Associate University Hospital of Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Optics (Piñero), Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Yang BB, Hong ZW, Zhang Z, Yu W, Song T, Zhu LL, Jiang HS, Chen GT, Chen Y, Dai YT. Epalrestat, an Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, Restores Erectile Function in Streptozocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Impot Res 2018; 31:97-104. [PMID: 30214006 PMCID: PMC6462873 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-018-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), was adopted to improve the function of peripheral nerves in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether epalrestat could restore the erectile function of diabetic erectile dysfunction using a rat model. From June 2016, 24 rats were given streptozocin (STZ) to induce the diabetic rat model, and epalrestat was administered to ten diabetic erectile dysfunction (DED) rats. Intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP), levels of aldose reductase (AR), nerve growth factor (NGF), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), α-smooth muscle antigen (α-SMA), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the corpus cavernosum were analyzed. We discovered that epalrestat acted on cavernous tissue and partly restored erectile function. NGF and nNOS levels in the corpora were increased after treatment with epalrestat. We also found that the content of α-SMA-positive smooth muscle cells and vWF-positive endothelial cells in the corpora cavernosum were declined. Accordingly, epalrestat might improve erectile function by increasing the upregulation of NGF and nNOS to restore the function of the dorsal nerve of the penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Bing Yang
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Hong
- Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Lei-Lei Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - He-Song Jiang
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Guo-Tao Chen
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Andrology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yu-Tian Dai
- Department of Andrology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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Türkan F, Huyut Z, Taslimi P, Huyut MT, Gülçin İ. Investigation of the effects of cephalosporin antibiotics on glutathione S-transferase activity in different tissues of rats in vivo conditions in order to drug development research. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:423-428. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1497644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Türkan
- Health Services Vocational School, Igdır University, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Zübeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van Turkey
| | - Parham Taslimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Huyut
- Department of Bioistatistics, Medical Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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90
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Wang X, Lin H, Xu S, Jin Y, Zhang R. Alpha lipoic acid combined with epalrestat: a therapeutic option for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2827-2840. [PMID: 30233145 PMCID: PMC6135078 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s168878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), a type of antioxidant, is used in combination with epalrestat in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, whether combined treatment is superior to epalrestat monotherapy is controversial. Methods We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and Chinese databases to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to October 31, 2017. Data were extracted to evaluate methodological quality and analyzed using Review Manager 5.3.0 software. Results Twelve studies were included. Compared to epalrestat monotherapy, ALA 600 mg/d once a day (qd) combined with epalrestat 50 mg three times a day (tid) augmented the total effectiveness rate (14 days – risk ratio [RR]: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.16–1.69, P=0.0005; 28 days – RR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.27–1.72, P<0.00001); at the same, it could improve the median motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), peroneal MNCV, and SNCV after 14, 21, and 28 days of treatment and could reduce the Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −1.60, 95% CI: (−2.91, −0.29), P=0.02) and Total Symptom Score (TSS) (WMD: −0.93, 95% CI: −1.27, −0.60, P<0.00001) after 21 days of treatment. The treatment strategy of ALA 300 mg/d qd combined with epalrestat 50 mg tid had the same effects in regard to the total effectiveness rate (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.18–1.59, P<0.0001), median MNCV (WMD: 6.12, 95% CI: 5.04, 7.20, P=0.00001), median SNCV (WMD: 6.70, 95% CI: 5.75, 7.65, P=0.00001), peroneal MNCV (WMD: 6.68, 95% CI: 5.82, 7.55, P=0.00001), and peroneal SNCV (WMD: 4.27, 95% CI: 3.34, 5.20, P=0.00001) after 28 days of treatment. Conclusion ALA combined with epalrestat is an effective option for DPN patients. Future large-sample RCTs should be conducted to further confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518133, People's Republic of China,
| | - Haixiong Lin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Jin
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Group, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518133, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ren Zhang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China,
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Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1221-1322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- SciGency Science Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Jaiswal S, Mishra S, Torgal S, Shengule S. Neuroprotective effect of epalrestat mediated through oxidative stress markers, cytokines and TAU protein levels in diabetic rats. Life Sci 2018; 207:364-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dewanjee S, Das S, Das AK, Bhattacharjee N, Dihingia A, Dua TK, Kalita J, Manna P. Molecular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and its pharmacotherapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:472-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Albiero M, Fadini GP. Pharmacologic targeting of the diabetic stem cell mobilopathy. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:18-24. [PMID: 30030170 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and several associated biochemical abnormalities. Diabetes leads to multiorgan complications that collectively reduce life expectancy. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are nested within bone marrow (BM) niches whence they can be mobilized to the peripheral circulation. Clinically, this is done for HSC collection and autologous or allogenic transplantation. A great amount of data from basic and clinical studies support that diabetic patients are poor HSC mobilizers owing to BM remodeling. Dysfunction of the BM shares pathophysiological features and pathways with typical chronic diabetic complications that affect other issues (e.g. the retina and the kidney). From a clinical perspective, impaired HSC mobilization translates into the failure to collect a minimum number of CD34+ cells to achieve a safe engraftment after transplantation. Furthermore, blunted mobilization is associated with reduced steady-state levels of circulating HSCs, which have been consistently described in diabetic patients and associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes, including cardiovascular events and death. In this review, we discuss the most clinically relevant pharmacological options to overcome impaired HSC mobilization in diabetes. These therapeutic strategies may result in an improved outcome of diabetic patients undergoing HSC transplantation and restore circulating HSC levels, thereby protecting from adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Diabetology, 35100 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, Metabolic Division, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - G P Fadini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Diabetology, 35100 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, Metabolic Division, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy.
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Etchegoyen M, Nobile MH, Baez F, Posesorski B, González J, Lago N, Milei J, Otero-Losada M. Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:196. [PMID: 29731703 PMCID: PMC5919958 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedly, the massive and still increasing incidence of MetS places this epidemic as an important public health issue. Hereon we revisit another outlook of MetS beyond its classical association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2), for MetS also poses a risk factor for the nervous tissue and threatens neuronal function. First, we revise a few essential concepts of MetS pathophysiology. Second, we explore some neuroprotective approaches in MetS pertaining brain hypoxia. The articles chosen for this review range from the years 1989 until 2017; the selection criteria was based on those providing data and exploratory information on MetS as well as those that studied innovative therapeutic approaches. Pathophysiology: The characteristically impaired metabolic pathways of MetS lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hypoxia, all closely associated with an overall pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is well-known to cause the wreckage of cellular structures and tissue architecture. Alteration of the redox homeostasis and oxidative stress alter the macromolecular array of DNA, lipids, and proteins, in turn disrupting the biochemical pathways necessary for normal cell function. Neuroprotection: Different neuroprotective strategies are discussed involving lifestyle changes, medication aimed to mitigate MetS cardinal symptoms, and treatments targeted toward reducing oxidative stress. It is well-known that the routine practice of physical exercise, aerobic activity in particular, and a complete and well-balanced nutrition are key factors to prevent MetS. Nevertheless, pharmacological control of MetS as a whole and pertaining hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial injury contribute to neuronal health improvement. Conclusion: The development of MetS has risen as a risk factor for neurological disorders. The therapeutic strategies include multidisciplinary approaches directed to address different pathological pathways all in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Etchegoyen
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana H Nobile
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Baez
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Posesorski
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julian González
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor Lago
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Milei
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amano T, Earle C, Imao T, Matsumoto Y, Kishikage T. Administration of daily 5 mg tadalafil improves endothelial function in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Aging Male 2018; 21:77-82. [PMID: 28830281 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1367922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tadalafil is a promising phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitor prescribed for erectile dysfunction (ED). Daily low dose (5 mg) of tadalafil has also been used for the treatment of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). PDE5 inhibitors induce relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the urethra, prostate, bladder neck, and blood vessels. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of tadalafil on vessels endothelial function, in patients with male LUTS symptoms associated with BPH. METHODS The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this clinical study and informed consents had been obtained from 81 BPH patients. The following male LUTS parameters: international prostate symptom score (IPSS), overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), voiding volume, max and mean voiding flow on voiding flowmetry examination and post-voiding residual urine (RU) were compared at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after a daily dose of 5 mg tadalafil. In addition, erectile function was evaluated by the sexual health inventory for men (SHIM) score and vessels endothelial function and peripheral neuropathy were assessed by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), ankle brachial index (ABI), and vibration perception threshold (VPT) at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS The mean age of 81 patients was 66.4 ± 11.4 years old. Their prostate size was 30.2 ± 22.1 ml. Male LUTS parameters including IPSS, OABSS, and RU showed significant improvement from 1 to 12 months after tadalafil administration. Max and mean voiding flow was significantly increased at 6 months after tadalafil treatment. The SHIM score showed significant improvement after 3 months. Whilst, the results of baPWV also showed significant improvement from 3 to 12 months. ABI was also significantly improved at 6 months. However, there was no change in the VPT at any time point. CONCLUSIONS Tadalafil is effective for both male LUTS and ED. It is also shown that tadalafil improves baPWV, which we can conclude that higher vessels elasticity has been obtained. This major finding of this study shows that tadalafil has the potency to improve vessels endothelial dysfunction in patients with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Amano
- a Department of Urology , Nagano Red Cross Hospital , Nagano , Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Imao
- a Department of Urology , Nagano Red Cross Hospital , Nagano , Japan
| | - Yuki Matsumoto
- a Department of Urology , Nagano Red Cross Hospital , Nagano , Japan
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97
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Hypertension with diabetes mellitus complications. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:147-156. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-017-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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98
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Serhiyenko VA, Serhiyenko AA. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: Risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. World J Diabetes 2018; 9:1-24. [PMID: 29359025 PMCID: PMC5763036 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is strongly associated with approximately five-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. CAN manifests in a spectrum of things, ranging from resting tachycardia and fixed heart rate (HR) to development of "silent" myocardial infarction. Clinical correlates or risk markers for CAN are age, DM duration, glycemic control, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (DLP), development of other microvascular complications. Established risk factors for CAN are poor glycemic control in type 1 DM and a combination of hypertension, DLP, obesity, and unsatisfactory glycemic control in type 2 DM. Symptomatic manifestations of CAN include sinus tachycardia, exercise intolerance, orthostatic hypotension (OH), abnormal blood pressure (BP) regulation, dizziness, presyncope and syncope, intraoperative cardiovascular instability, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia and infarction. Methods of CAN assessment in clinical practice include assessment of symptoms and signs, cardiovascular reflex tests based on HR and BP, short-term electrocardiography (ECG), QT interval prolongation, HR variability (24 h, classic 24 h Holter ECG), ambulatory BP monitoring, HR turbulence, baroreflex sensitivity, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, catecholamine assessment and cardiovascular sympathetic tests, heart sympathetic imaging. Although it is common complication, the significance of CAN has not been fully appreciated and there are no unified treatment algorithms for today. Treatment is based on early diagnosis, life style changes, optimization of glycemic control and management of cardiovascular risk factors. Pathogenetic treatment of CAN includes: Balanced diet and physical activity; optimization of glycemic control; treatment of DLP; antioxidants, first of all α-lipoic acid (ALA), aldose reductase inhibitors, acetyl-L-carnitine; vitamins, first of all fat-soluble vitamin B1; correction of vascular endothelial dysfunction; prevention and treatment of thrombosis; in severe cases-treatment of OH. The promising methods include prescription of prostacyclin analogues, thromboxane A2 blockers and drugs that contribute into strengthening and/or normalization of Na+, K+-ATPase (phosphodiesterase inhibitor), ALA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), and the simultaneous prescription of ALA, ω-3 PUFAs and DGLA, but the future investigations are needed. Development of OH is associated with severe or advanced CAN and prescription of nonpharmacological and pharmacological, in the foreground midodrine and fludrocortisone acetate, treatment methods are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Serhiyenko
- Department of Endocrinology, Lviv National Medical University Named by Danylo Halitsky, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
| | - Alexandr A Serhiyenko
- Department of Endocrinology, Lviv National Medical University Named by Danylo Halitsky, Lviv 79010, Ukraine
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99
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldo-Keto Reductases: Multifunctional Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes and Inflammatory Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:173-202. [PMID: 30362099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several blinding diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. However, possible mechanisms linking the action of AR to these diseases are not well understood. As DR and cataract are among the leading causes of blindness in the world, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay their onset. Studies with AR inhibitors and gene-targeted mice have demonstrated that the action of AR is also linked to cancer onset and progression. In this review we examine possible mechanisms that relate AR to molecular signaling cascades and thus explain why AR inhibition is an effective strategy against colon cancer as well as diseases of the eye such as uveitis, cataract, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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100
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Zhao M, Chen JY, Chu YD, Zhu YB, Luo L, Bu SZ. Efficacy of epalrestat plus α-lipoic acid combination therapy versus monotherapy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1087-1095. [PMID: 29926837 PMCID: PMC6022459 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.233453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of α-lipoic acid (ALA) plus epalrestat combination therapy in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Data Sources The electronic databases of PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database and the Chinese Biomedical Database were used to retrieve relevant studies without language restrictions. The search was conducted from the inception of each database to 7 October 2016. The key terms were (diabetic peripheral neuropathy or diabetic neuropathy or DPN) AND (α-lipoic acid or lipoic acid or thioctic acid) AND epalrestat. Data Selection All of the eligible studies met the following inclusion criteria: (1) Randomized controlled trials that compared efficacy and safety of epalrestat plus ALA combination therapy versus epalrestat or ALA monotherapy in patients with DPN. (2) The minimum duration of treatment was 2 weeks. (3) The DPN patients were diagnosed using the World Health Organization standardized type 2 diabetes mellitus and DPN criteria. (4) Studies contained at least one measure that could reflect the efficacy of the drug and nerve conduction velocities. Studies in which the control group used epalrestat or ALA combined with other drugs were excluded. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software for meta-analysis. Outcome Measures The primary outcomes were the therapeutic efficacy, median motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), median sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), peroneal MNCV and peroneal SNCV. Results Twenty studies with 1894 DPN patients were included, including 864 patients in the ALA plus epalrestat group, 473 in the ALA group and 557 in the epalrestat group. The efficacy of ALA plus epalrestat combination therapy was superior to ALA and epalrestat monotherapies (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.21-1.38; RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.34-1.54, respectively). ALA plus epalrestat combination therapy also significantly improved median MNCV (WMD = 5.41, 95% CI: 2.07-8.75), median SNCV (WMD = 5.87, 95% CI: 1.52-10.22), peroneal MNCV (WMD = 5.59, 95% CI: 2.70-8.47) and peroneal SNCV (WMD = 4.57, 95% CI: 2.46-6.68). Conclusion : ALA plus epalrestat combination therapy was superior to ALA and epalrestat monotherapies for clinical efficacy and nerve conduction velocities in patients with DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Runliang Diabetes Laboratory, Diabetes Research Center, Ningbo University; Department of Public Health, Longsai Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- Runliang Diabetes Laboratory, Diabetes Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Dong Chu
- Department of Nephrology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Bin Zhu
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Bu
- Runliang Diabetes Laboratory, Diabetes Research Center, Ningbo University; Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
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