51
|
Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Pomorska-Mól M. Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art. Virol Sin 2021; 36:833-851. [PMID: 33723809 PMCID: PMC7959302 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts. It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs. Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)] and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread, causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries. PRCV, a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection, appeared in the 1980s. PRCV is considered non-pathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical. Since its appearance, pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs. PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014 (US) and in 2017 (China), respectively. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading. Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV, prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity. In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence, updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Khamassi Khbou M, Daaloul Jedidi M, Bouaicha Zaafouri F, Benzarti M. Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:322-347. [PMID: 32976707 PMCID: PMC7537542 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are documented in a wide range of animal species, including terrestrial and aquatic, domestic and wild. The geographic distribution of animal CoVs is worldwide and prevalences were reported in several countries across the five continents. The viruses are known to cause mainly gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases with different severity levels. In certain cases, CoV infections are responsible of huge economic losses associated or not to highly public health impact. Despite being enveloped, CoVs are relatively resistant pathogens in the environment. Coronaviruses are characterized by a high mutation and recombination rate, which makes host jumping and cross-species transmission easy. In fact, increasing contact between different animal species fosters cross-species transmission, while agriculture intensification, animal trade and herd management are key drivers at the human-animal interface. If contacts with wild animals are still limited, humans have much more contact with farm animals, during breeding, transport, slaughter and food process, making CoVs a persistent threat to both humans and animals. A global network should be established for the surveillance and monitoring of animal CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses, and Sanitary RegulationUniv. Manouba. Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul Jedidi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Faten Bouaicha Zaafouri
- Department of Livestock Semiology and MedicineUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - M’hammed Benzarti
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses, and Sanitary RegulationUniv. Manouba. Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Puente H, Argüello H, Mencía-Ares Ó, Gómez-García M, Rubio P, Carvajal A. Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Coronavirus Involved in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Spain. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:651999. [PMID: 33718476 PMCID: PMC7947225 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.651999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric coronaviruses include some of the most relevant viral pathogens to the swine industry such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as well as several recently identified virus such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) or swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV). The aim of this study is the identification and characterization of enteric coronaviruses on Spanish pig farms between 2017 and 2019. The study was carried out on 106 swine farms with diarrhea outbreaks where a viral etiology was suspected by using two duplex RT-PCRs developed for the detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. PEDV was the only coronavirus detected in our research (38.7% positive outbreaks, 41 out of 106) and neither TGEV, SeCoV, PDCoV nor SeACoV were detected in any of the samples. The complete S-gene of all the PEDV isolates recovered were obtained and compared to PEDV and SeCoV sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree showed that only PEDV of the INDEL 2 or G1b genogroup has circulated in Spain between 2017 and 2019. Three different variants were detected, the recombinant PEDV-SeCoV being the most widespread. These results show that PEDV is a relevant cause of enteric disorders in pigs in Spain while new emerging coronavirus have not been detected so far. However, the monitoring of these virus is advisable to curtail their emergence and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Óscar Mencía-Ares
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Na W, Moon H, Song D. A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective. J Microbiol 2021; 59:332-340. [PMID: 33624270 PMCID: PMC7901680 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was originated from zoonotic coronaviruses and confirmed as a novel beta-coronavirus, which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, COVID-19. In this review, we describe the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including types of mutation, and molecular epidemiology, highlighting its key difference from animal coronaviruses. We further summarized the current knowledge on clinical, genetic, and pathological features of several animal coronaviruses and compared them with SARS-CoV-2, as well as recent evidences of interspecies transmission and recombination of animal coronaviruses to provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in One Health perspectives. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail, that may help mitigate the spread and damages caused by the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- College of Healthcare & Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Wells HL, Letko M, Lasso G, Ssebide B, Nziza J, Byarugaba DK, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Cranfield M, Han BA, Tingley MW, Diuk-Wasser M, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Mazet JAK, Chandran K, Munster VJ, Gilardi K, Anthony SJ. The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab007. [PMID: 33754082 PMCID: PMC7928622 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and SARS-CoV-2 are not phylogenetically closely related; however, both use the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in humans for cell entry. This is not a universal sarbecovirus trait; for example, many known sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-1 have two deletions in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that render them incapable of using human ACE2. Here, we report three sequences of a novel sarbecovirus from Rwanda and Uganda that are phylogenetically intermediate to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate via in vitro studies that they are also unable to utilize human ACE2. Furthermore, we show that the observed pattern of ACE2 usage among sarbecoviruses is best explained by recombination not of SARS-CoV-2, but of SARS-CoV-1 and its relatives. We show that the lineage that includes SARS-CoV-2 is most likely the ancestral ACE2-using lineage, and that recombination with at least one virus from this group conferred ACE2 usage to the lineage including SARS-CoV-1 at some time in the past. We argue that alternative scenarios such as convergent evolution are much less parsimonious; we show that biogeography and patterns of host tropism support the plausibility of a recombination scenario, and we propose a competitive release hypothesis to explain how this recombination event could have occurred and why it is evolutionarily advantageous. The findings provide important insights into the natural history of ACE2 usage for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and a greater understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shape zoonotic potential of coronaviruses. This study also underscores the need for increased surveillance for sarbecoviruses in southwestern China, where most ACE2-using viruses have been found to date, as well as other regions such as Africa, where these viruses have only recently been discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - M Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 1155 College Ave, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - G Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10462, USA
| | - B Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Plot 42, Nakasero Road, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Living Stone Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - E Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Cranfield
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - B A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - M W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J A K Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10462, USA
| | - V J Munster
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 1155 College Ave, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - K Gilardi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Plot 42, Nakasero Road, Kampala, Uganda.,One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S J Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Tseng YY, Liao GR, Lien A, Hsu WL. Current concepts in the development of therapeutics against human and animal coronavirus diseases by targeting NP. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1072-1080. [PMID: 33552444 PMCID: PMC7847285 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus (CoV) infects a broad range of hosts including humans as well as a variety of animals. It has gained overwhelming concerns since the emergence of deadly human coronaviruses (HCoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, followed by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2015. Very recently, special attention has been paid to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 due to its high mobility and mortality. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, despite vast research efforts, the effective pharmaceutical interventions are still not available for clinical uses. Both expanded knowledge on structure insights and the essential function of viral nucleocapsid (N) protein are key basis for the development of novel, and potentially, a broad-spectrum inhibitor against coronavirus diseases. This review aimed to delineate the current research from the perspective of biochemical and structural study in cell-based assays as well as virtual screen approaches to identify N protein antagonists targeting not only HCoVs but also animal CoVs.
Collapse
Key Words
- AMP, UMP, GMP and CMP, ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphates
- Antagonists
- BCoV, bovine coronavirus
- CCoV, canine coronavirus
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CTD, C-terminus dimerization domain
- CoV, coronavirus
- Coronavirus
- E, envelope protein
- ECoV, equine coronavirus
- FECV, feline enteric coronavirus
- FIPV, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- HCoVs, human coronaviruses
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IBV, infectious bronchitis virus
- IFN, interferon
- Inhibitors
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MHV, mouse hepatitis virus
- MP, membrane protein
- N protein
- NTD, N-terminus RNA-binding domain
- PDCoV, porcine deltacoronavirus
- PEDV, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- PRCV, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- RBD, RNA-binding domain
- RNP, ribonucleoproteins
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- SP, spike protein
- SeCoV, swine enteric coronavirus
- TCoV, turkey coronavirus
- TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
- nsp3, the nonstructural protein 3
- shRNAs, short hairpin RNAs
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeu-Yang Tseng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guan-Ru Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
| | - Abigail Lien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Wells H, Letko M, Lasso G, Ssebide B, Nziza J, Byarugaba D, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Cranfield M, Han B, Tingley M, Diuk-Wasser M, Goldstein T, Johnson C, Mazet J, Chandran K, Munster V, Gilardi K, Anthony S. The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.07.07.190546. [PMID: 32676605 PMCID: PMC7359528 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.07.190546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are not phylogenetically closely related; however, both use the ACE2 receptor in humans for cell entry. This is not a universal sarbecovirus trait; for example, many known sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-1 have two deletions in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that render them incapable of using human ACE2. Here, we report three sequences of a novel sarbecovirus from Rwanda and Uganda which are phylogenetically intermediate to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate via in vitro studies that they are also unable to utilize human ACE2. Furthermore, we show that the observed pattern of ACE2 usage among sarbecoviruses is best explained by recombination not of SARS-CoV-2, but of SARS-CoV-1 and its relatives. We show that the lineage that includes SARS-CoV-2 is most likely the ancestral ACE2-using lineage, and that recombination with at least one virus from this group conferred ACE2 usage to the lineage including SARS-CoV-1 at some time in the past. We argue that alternative scenarios such as convergent evolution are much less parsimonious; we show that biogeography and patterns of host tropism support the plausibility of a recombination scenario; and we propose a competitive release hypothesis to explain how this recombination event could have occurred and why it is evolutionarily advantageous. The findings provide important insights into the natural history of ACE2 usage for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shape zoonotic potential of coronaviruses. This study also underscores the need for increased surveillance for sarbecoviruses in southwestern China, where most ACE2-using viruses have been found to date, as well as other regions such as Africa, where these viruses have only recently been discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H.L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - G Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - B Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - J Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - D.K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cranfield
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - B.A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
| | - M.W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Diuk-Wasser
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - T Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - C.K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - J Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - V.J Munster
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Gilardi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - S.J Anthony
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Application of Nanoscale Materials and Nanotechnology Against Viral Infection: A Special Focus on Coronaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1352:173-193. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
60
|
Qi M, Zambrano-Moreno C, Pineda P, Calderón C, Rincón-Monroy MA, Diaz A, Marthaler DG. Several lineages of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Colombia during the 2014 and 2016 epidemic. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2465-2476. [PMID: 33155439 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a significant global, enteric coronavirus in pigs and was first reported in Colombia in 2014. However, the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic characteristics of the virus have yet to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the dissemination of PEDV by testing 536 samples by RT-PCR over a 33-month period. The 35.8% of positive samples (n = 192) was significantly different (p < .01) between months over time, with a higher number of positives samples occurring at the beginning of the epidemic and during the second epidemic wave within the main pork producing region. The complete PEDV genomes were generated for 21 strains, which shared a high nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity, except for the spike (S) gene. Recombinant regions were identified within the Colombian strains and between Colombian and Asian PEDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the 21 Colombian strains demonstrated the presence of 7 lineages that shared common ancestors with PEDV strains from the United States. Moreover, the antigenic analysis demonstrated residue differences in the neutralizing epitopes in the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Our results illustrated the simultaneous introduction of the two PEDV genotypes (GIIa American pandemic and S-INDEL) into the Colombian swine industry during the 2014 PEDV epidemic and enhanced our understanding of the epidemiology and molecular diversity of PEDV in Colombia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Pilar Pineda
- Asociación Colombiana de Porcicultores - PorkColombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Calderón
- Laboratorio Nacional de Diagnóstico Veterinario, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María A Rincón-Monroy
- Laboratorio Nacional de Diagnóstico Veterinario, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andres Diaz
- Asociación Colombiana de Porcicultores - PorkColombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Pig Improvement Company LATAM, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yu L, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Liang P, Wang L, Dong J, Song C. Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Isolated in Some Areas of China in 2015-2018. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:607662. [PMID: 33426027 PMCID: PMC7793843 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.607662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe diarrhea disease in piglets in China, resulting in large economic losses. To understand the genetic characteristics of the PEDV strains that circulated in some provinces of China between 2015 and 2018, 375 samples of feces and small intestine were collected from pigs and tested. One hundred seventy-seven samples tested positive and the PEDV-positive rate was 47.20%. A phylogenetic tree analysis based on the entire S gene showed that these strains clustered into four subgroups, GI-a, GI-b, GII-a, and GII-b, and that the GII-b strains have become dominant in recent years. Compared with previous strains, these strains have multiple variations in the SP and S1-NTD domains and in the neutralizing epitopes of the S protein. We also successfully isolated and identified a new virulent GII-b strain, GDgh16, which is well-adapted to Vero cells and caused a high mortality rate in piglets in challenge experiments. Our study clarifies the genetic characteristics of the prevalent PEDV strains in parts of China, and suggests that the development of effective novel vaccines is both necessary and urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Yu
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangyun Wang
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengshuai Liang
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Dong
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Changxu Song
- College of Animal Science & National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Luo Y, Chen Y, Geng R, Li B, Chen J, Zhao K, Zheng XS, Zhang W, Zhou P, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Broad Cell Tropism of SADS-CoV In Vitro Implies Its Potential Cross-Species Infection Risk. Virol Sin 2020; 36:559-563. [PMID: 33201410 PMCID: PMC7670973 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhou X, Zhou L, Zhang P, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Zhang Y, Yang H. A strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: Genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full-length cDNA infectious clone. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2130-2146. [PMID: 33012120 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) warrants further investigation. In this study, a Chinese PDCoV strain, designated CHN-HN-1601, was isolated from the faeces of a diarrhoeic piglet. After plaque purification, the genome was determined which shared 97.5%-99.5% nucleotide identities with 71 representative PDCoV strains available in the GenBank. The pathogenic properties of CHN-HN-1601 were evaluated using 5-day-old piglets. All inoculated piglets developed severe diarrhoea from 2 days post-infection (dpi) onwards. To our surprise, two periods of diarrhoea starting from 2 to 7 dpi and from 13 to 19 dpi were observed in affected piglets during the experiment. Faecal viral shedding of the inoculated piglets was detected by real-time RT-PCR, with viral shedding peaked at 4 and 16 dpi, respectively. At necropsy at 5 dpi, the main gross lesions included transparent, thin-walled and gas-distended intestines containing yellow watery contents. Further histopathological examinations, including haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and RNAscope in situ hybridization, revealed that the virus infection caused severe villous atrophy of the small intestines, with PDCoV antigen and RNA mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the villous epithelial cells of jejunum and ileum in piglets. The dynamic production of PDCoV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum of the affected piglets was also assessed using a whole virus-based ELISA and an immunofluorescence assay-based neutralization test, respectively. Furthermore, a full-length cDNA infectious clone of CHN-HN-1601 was constructed using a bacterial artificial chromosome system. The rescued virus exhibited in vitro growth and pathogenic properties similar to the parental virus. Taken together, our study not only enriches the information of PDCoV, but also provides a useful reverse genetics platform for further pathogenesis exploration of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
de Nova PJG, Cortey M, Díaz I, Puente H, Rubio P, Martín M, Carvajal A. A retrospective study of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) reveals the presence of swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) since 1993 and the recent introduction of a recombinant PEDV-SeCoV in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2911-2922. [PMID: 32511876 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective evaluation of PEDV-positive samples recovered in Spain before and after the re-emergence of this coronavirus in several European countries was carried out. We described for the first time recombinant SeCoV circulating in Spain between 1993 and 2014 and its misidentification as PEDV when diagnostic assays based on the S-protein or S-gene of the PEDV were used. The complete S-gene sequence of 7 Spanish SeCoV and 30 PEDV Spanish isolates was phylogenetically analysed including the S-gene sequences of the three SeCoV and a representative selection of the PEDV strains with complete genome sequences available in the GenBank. The tree showed a common ancestor for the S-gene of the PEDV and SeCoV, but no evolution from any known PEDV clade was shown for the SeCoV strains. Moreover, complete genome sequences were obtained from 23 PEDV strains recovered in Spanish swine farms since 2014. The phylogenetic tree showed the INDEL type genogroup of these Spanish strains, supporting the lower pathogenicity of this genogroup since no significant economic losses were reported in the affected Spanish swine farms. Four subgroups were detected among PEDV strains in Spain, closely related to the recent European strains. Moreover, eight of the most recent Spanish PEDV isolates formed a subclade together with three European strains from 2015, showing a new evolution branch with a recombinant virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J G de Nova
- Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Héctor Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Marga Martín
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
On the Coronaviruses and Their Associations with the Aquatic Environment and Wastewater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe respiratory disease caused by betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, in 2019 that further developed into a pandemic has received an unprecedented response from the scientific community and sparked a general research interest into the biology and ecology of Coronaviridae, a family of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Aquatic environments, lakes, rivers and ponds, are important habitats for bats and birds, which are hosts for various coronavirus species and strains and which shed viral particles in their feces. It is therefore of high interest to fully explore the role that aquatic environments may play in coronavirus spread, including cross-species transmissions. Besides the respiratory tract, coronaviruses pathogenic to humans can also infect the digestive system and be subsequently defecated. Considering this, it is pivotal to understand whether wastewater can play a role in their dissemination, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. This review provides an overview of the taxonomy, molecular biology, natural reservoirs and pathogenicity of coronaviruses; outlines their potential to survive in aquatic environments and wastewater; and demonstrates their association with aquatic biota, mainly waterfowl. It also calls for further, interdisciplinary research in the field of aquatic virology to explore the potential hotspots of coronaviruses in the aquatic environment and the routes through which they may enter it.
Collapse
|
66
|
Jung K, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Res 2020; 286:198045. [PMID: 32502552 PMCID: PMC7266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Bigault L, Brown P, Bernard C, Blanchard Y, Grasland B. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Viral RNA detection and quantification using a validated one-step real time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2020; 283:113906. [PMID: 32485176 PMCID: PMC7261358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Development and complete validation of a one-step RT-qPCR method for the detection and quantification of PEDV. Broad range detection of S-INDEL and S-non-INDEL strains. Optimization of Primer concentrations reduce primer dimer formation. Addition of a proteinase K treatment allow good reproducibility.
Since 2014, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has reemerged in Europe. RT-PCR methods have been described for the detection of PEDV, but none have been validated according to a norm. In this study we described the development and validation of a SYBR™ Green one-step RT-qPCR according to the French norm NF U47-600, for the detection and quantification of PEDV viral RNA. The method was validated from sample preparation (feces or jejunum) through to nucleic acid extraction and RT-qPCR detection. Specificity and sensitivity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LQ), linearity, intra and inter assay variability were evaluated using transcribed RNA and fecal and jejunum matrices spiked with virus. The analytical and diagnostic specificities and sensitivities of this RT-qPCR were 100% in this study. A LoD of 50 genome copies/5 μl of extract from fecal matrices spiked with virus or RNA transcript and 100 genome copies/5 μl of extract from jejunum matrices spiked with virus were obtained. The Lower LQ (LLQ) was 100 genome copies/5 μl and the Upper LQ (ULQ) 108 copies/5 μl. This method is the first, validated according a norm for PEDV and may serve as a global reference method to harmonize detection and quantification of PEDV viral RNA in both field and experimental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bigault
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Paul Brown
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécilia Bernard
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Detecting and Monitoring Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus, an Underresearched Betacoronavirus. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00199-20. [PMID: 32376700 PMCID: PMC7203454 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00199-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of information concerning the ecology of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) in commercial swine herds. This study provided evidence that PHEV infection is endemic and highly prevalent in U.S. swine herds. These results raised questions for future studies regarding the impact of endemic PHEV on swine health and the mechanisms by which this virus circulates in endemically infected populations. Regardless, the availability of the validated PHEV S1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides the means for swine producers to detect and monitor PHEV infections, confirm prior exposure to the virus, and to evaluate the immune status of breeding herds. Members of family Coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. No commercial PHEV vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from PHEV-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. Although subclinical PHEV infections are thought to be common, PHEV ecology in commercial swine herds is unknown. To begin to address this gap in knowledge, a serum IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the S1 protein was developed and evaluated on known-status samples and then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds. Assessment of the diagnostic performance of the PHEV S1 ELISA using serum samples (n = 924) collected from 7-week-old pigs (n = 84; 12 pigs per group) inoculated with PHEV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, or porcine deltacoronavirus showed that a sample-to-positive cutoff value of ≥0.6 was both sensitive and specific, i.e., all PHEV-inoculated pigs were seropositive from days postinoculation 10 to 42, and no cross-reactivity was observed in samples from other groups. The PHEV S1 ELISA was then used to estimate PHEV seroprevalence in U.S. sow herds (19 states) using 2,756 serum samples from breeding females (>28 weeks old) on commercial farms (n = 104) with no history of PHEV-associated disease. The overall seroprevalence was 53.35% (confidence interval [CI], ±1.86%) and herd seroprevalence was 96.15% (CI, ±3.70%). IMPORTANCE There is a paucity of information concerning the ecology of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) in commercial swine herds. This study provided evidence that PHEV infection is endemic and highly prevalent in U.S. swine herds. These results raised questions for future studies regarding the impact of endemic PHEV on swine health and the mechanisms by which this virus circulates in endemically infected populations. Regardless, the availability of the validated PHEV S1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides the means for swine producers to detect and monitor PHEV infections, confirm prior exposure to the virus, and to evaluate the immune status of breeding herds.
Collapse
|
69
|
Higginson R, Parry A, Williams M, Jones B. Paramedics and pneumonia associated with COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.12968/jpar.2020.12.5.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paramedics are at the frontline of healthcare delivery and this includes during the current coronavirus pandemic. This pandemic poses specific problems for paramedics, which include not only treating and transporting infected patients, but also issues around decontamination and disinfection of ambulances and medical equipment. Of particular concern is the pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Data on COVID-19 pneumonia are developing. Ongoing research demonstrates that almost all serious consequences of COVID-19 feature pneumonia, especially in older people and those with comorbidities. Paramedics can have a profound effect on the care of patients with pneumonia. Effective management of COVID-19 pneumonia by the paramedic should centre around prompt recognition, early administration of oxygen and intravenous fluids and transfer to hospital. In some situations, paramedics may need to be involved in the delivery and maintenance of airway adjuncts in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ray Higginson
- Chartered Biologist and Senior Lecturer In Critical Care Physiology, University of South Wales, Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, based in Cardiff, Wales
| | - Andy Parry
- Lecturer, Cardiff University, based in Cardiff, Wales
| | - Meirion Williams
- Senior Lecturer in Advanced Practice, University of South Wales, Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, based in Cardiff, Wales
| | - Bridie Jones
- Senior Lecturer in Advanced Practice, University of South Wales, Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, based in Cardiff, Wales
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Decaro N, Lorusso A. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108693. [PMID: 32402329 PMCID: PMC7195271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Martínez-Anaya C, Ramos-Cervantes P, Vidaltamayo R. Coronavirus, diagnóstico y estrategias epidemiológicas contra COVID-19 en México. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/fq.18708404e.2020.2.75378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
<p>El inicio de la década de los 20 no fue normal. Nos sorprendió con una noticia grande, de interés para todos, de fuera de México y posteriormente también aquí. El año 2020 inició con la noticia de que en la ciudad de Wuhan en China, había un brote de neumonías virales que provocaba que la gente buscara atención médica y cuya evolución no era igual a las infecciones respiratorias agudas conocidas. Uno de los primeros médicos, el oftalmólogo Li Wenliang notó el alto número de pacientes con síntomas parecidos y en diciembre del 2019 comentó que la enfermedad podría ser causada por un virus nuevo. El 7 de febrero del 2020 el Dr. Wenliang había muerto por la constante exposición a tal virus. Diez días después siguieron las muertes de otros médicos, el Dr. Liu Zhiming y el Dr. Xu Depu quien fuera director del hospital médico de la ciudad Ezhou en Hubei, además de muchos pacientes. Desde entonces, y hasta el 24 de marzo hay casi 400,000 infecciones y cerca de 20,000 muertos en todo el mundo, sin que parezca que los contagios comiencen a disminuir.<br />Pero ¿qué es lo que ocurre cuando el virus infecta? ¿Por qué es importante saber si alguien está infectado? ¿En qué consiste la prueba clínica? ¿Qué tipo de vigilancia epidemiológica se lleva a cabo en México? En este artículo se contestamos estas preguntas.</p>
Collapse
|
72
|
Leopardi S, Terregino C, Paola DB. Silent circulation of coronaviruses in pigs. Vet Rec 2020; 186:323. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.m932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Leopardi
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá 10; Padova Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá 10; Padova Italy
| | - De Benedictis Paola
- OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá 10; Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Malik YS, Singh RK, Yadav MP, Langel SN, Malik YS, Saif LJ. Porcine Coronaviruses. EMERGING AND TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL VIRUSES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123000 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are enteropathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) of swine. TGEV appearance in 1946 preceded identification of PEDV (1971) and PDCoV (2009) that are considered as emerging CoVs. A spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection in piglets appeared in 1984 in pigs in Belgium and was designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). PRCV is considered non-pathogenic because the infection is very mild or subclinical. Since PRCV emergence and rapid spread, most pigs have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, which has significantly reduced the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. In contrast, PDCoV and PEDV are currently expanding their geographic distribution, and there are reports on the circulation of TGEV-PEDV recombinants that cause a disease clinically indistinguishable from that associated with the parent viruses. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV cause acute gastroenteritis in pigs (most severe in neonatal piglets) and matches in their clinical signs and pathogenesis. Necrosis of the infected intestinal epithelial cells causes villous atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhoea. Profuse diarrhoea frequently combined with vomiting results in dehydration, which can lead to the death of piglets. Strong immune responses following natural infection protect against subsequent homologous challenge; however, these viruses display no cross-protection. Adoption of advance biosecurity measures and effective vaccines control and prevent the occurrence of diseases due to these porcine-associated CoVs. Recombination and reversion to virulence are the risks associated with generally highly effective attenuated vaccines necessitating further research on alternative vaccines to ensure their safe application in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- grid.444573.5ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Yang D, Su M, Li C, Zhang B, Qi S, Sun D, Yin B. Isolation and characterization of a variant subgroup GII-a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in China. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103922. [PMID: 31838173 PMCID: PMC7126716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Highly virulent variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been closely associated with recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in China, which have resulted in severe economic losses to the pork industry. Methods In the current study, the variant PEDV strain HM2017 was isolated and purified and a viral growth curve was constructed according to the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). HM2017 were amplify with RT-PCR and analyzed by phylogeny analysis. Animal pathogenicity experiment was carried to evaluate the HM2017 clinical assessment. Results Genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that PEDV strain HM2017 was clustered into the variant subgroup GII-a that is currently circulating in pig populations in China. The highest median tissue culture infectious dose of strain HM2017 after 15 passages in Vero cells was 1.33 × 107 viral particles/mL. Strain HM2017 was highly virulent to suckling piglets, which exhibited clinical symptoms at 12 h post-infection (hpi) (i.e., weight loss at 12–84 hpi, increased body temperatures at 24–48 hpi, high viral loads in the jejunum and ileum, and 100% mortality by 84 hpi). Conclusion The present study reports a variant subgroup GII-a PEDV HM2017 strain in China and characterize its pathogenicity. PEDV strain HM2017 of subgroup GII-a presents a promising vaccine candidate for the control of PED outbreaks in China. A variant subgroup GII-a PEDV strain HM2017 was successfully isolated in China. PEDV strain HM2017 appeared to be highly virulent in suckling piglets. PEDV strain HM2017 was well adapted to Vero cells, as evidenced by the rapid growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China.
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Characterization and Pathogenicity of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Isolated in Southwest China. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111074. [PMID: 31752115 PMCID: PMC6893596 DOI: 10.3390/v11111074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging enteric pathogen in swine that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets and creates an additional economic burden on porcine industries in Asia and North America. In this study, a PDCoV isolate, CHN-SC2015, was isolated from Sichuan Province in southwest China. The isolate was characterized by a cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. CHN-SC2015 titers in LLC-PK cells ranged from 104.31 to 108.22 TCID50/mL during the first 30 passages. During serial passage, 11 nucleotide mutations occurred in the S gene, resulting in nine amino acid changes. A whole genome sequencing analysis demonstrated that CHN-SC2015 shares 97.5%-99.1% identity with 59 reference strains in GenBank. Furthermore, CHN-SC2015 contained 6-nt deletion and 9-nt insertion in the ORF1ab gene, 3-nt deletion in the S gene and 11-nt deletion in its 3'UTR compared with other reference strains available in GenBank. A phylogenetic analysis showed that CHN-SC2015 is more closely related to other PDCoV strains in China than to the strains from Southeast Asia, USA, Japan, and South Korea, indicating the diversity of genetic relationships and regional and epidemic characteristics among these strains. A recombination analysis indicated that CHN-SC2015 experienced recombination events between SHJS/SL/2016 and TT-1115. In vivo infection demonstrated that CHN-SC2015 is highly pathogenic to sucking piglets, causing diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death. Virus was shed daily in the feces of infected piglets and upon necropsy, was found distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and in multiple organs. CHN-SC2015 is the first systematically characterized strain from southwest China hitherto reported. Our results enrich the body of information on the epidemiology, pathogenicity and molecular evolution associated with PDCoV.
Collapse
|
76
|
Ding G, Fu Y, Li B, Chen J, Wang J, Yin B, Sha W, Liu G. Development of a multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of major diarrhoeal viruses in pig herds in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:678-685. [PMID: 31597013 PMCID: PMC7168528 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The major enteric RNA viruses in pigs include porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (PRV‐A), porcine kobuvirus (PKV), porcine sapovirus (PSaV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). For differential diagnosis, a multiplex RT‐PCR method was established on the basis of the N genes of TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV, the VP7 gene of PRV‐A, and the polyprotein genes of PKV and PSaV. This multiplex RT‐PCR could specifically detect TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, PRV‐A, PKV and PSaV without cross‐reaction to any other major viruses circulating in Chinese pig farms. The limit of detection of this method was as low as 100–101 ng cDNA of each virus. A total of 398 swine faecal samples collected from nine provinces of China between October 2015 and April 2017 were analysed by this established multiplex RT‐PCR. The results demonstrated that PDCoV (144/398), PSaV (114/398), PEDV (78/398) and PRV‐A (70/398) were the main pathogens, but TGEV was not found in the pig herds in China. In addition, dual infections, for example, PDCoV + PSaV, PDCoV + PRV‐A, PRA‐V + PSaV and PEDV + PDCoV, and triple infections, for example, PDCoV + PRV‐A + PSaV and PEDV + PDCoV + PKV, were found among the collected samples. The multiplex RT‐PCR provided a valuable tool for the differential diagnosis of swine enteric viruses circulating in Chinese pig farms and will facilitate the prevention and control of swine diarrhoea in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Wanli Sha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Malik YS, Verma AK, Kumar N, Touil N, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Bora DP, Dhama K, Ghosh S, Hemida MG, Abdel-Moneim AS, Bányai K, Vlasova AN, Kobayashi N, Singh RK. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Viral Etiologies of Diarrhea: From the Lab to the Field. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1957. [PMID: 31608017 PMCID: PMC6758846 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of correct diagnostic approaches play a decisive role in timely containment of infectious diseases spread and mitigation of public health risks. Nevertheless, there is a need to update the diagnostics regularly to capture the new, emergent, and highly divergent viruses. Acute gastroenteritis of viral origin has been identified as a significant cause of mortality across the globe, with the more serious consequences seen at the extremes of age groups (young and elderly) and immune-compromised individuals. Therefore, significant advancements and efforts have been put in the development of enteric virus diagnostics to meet the WHO ASSURED criteria as a benchmark over the years. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are the basic assays that provided the platform for development of several efficient diagnostics such as real-time RT-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), biosensors, microarrays and next generation sequencing. Herein, we describe and discuss the applications of these advanced technologies in context to enteric virus detection by delineating their features, advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Atul Kumar Verma
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bhopal, India
| | - Nadia Touil
- Laboratoire de Biosécurité et de Recherche, Hôpital Militaire d’Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, CFAES, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Pascual-Iglesias A, Sanchez CM, Penzes Z, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S. Recombinant Chimeric Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Virus Provides Protection against Virulent PEDV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080682. [PMID: 31349683 PMCID: PMC6723174 DOI: 10.3390/v11080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric coronavirus causing high morbidity and mortality in porcine herds worldwide. Although both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have been extensively used, the emergence of highly virulent strains and the recurrent outbreaks even in vaccinated farms highlight the need of effective vaccines. Engineering of genetically defined live attenuated vaccines is a rational approach for novel vaccine development. In this line, we engineered an attenuated virus based on the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) genome, expressing a chimeric spike protein from a virulent United States (US) PEDV strain. This virus (rTGEV-RS-SPEDV) was attenuated in highly-sensitive five-day-old piglets, as infected animals did not lose weight and none of them died. In addition, the virus caused very minor tissue damage compared with a virulent virus. The rTGEV-RS-SPEDV vaccine candidate was also attenuated in three-week-old animals that were used to evaluate the protection conferred by this virus, compared with the protection induced by infection with a virulent PEDV US strain (PEDV-NVSL). The rTGEV-RS-SPEDV virus protected against challenge with a virulent PEDV strain, reducing challenge virus titers in jejunum and leading to undetectable challenge virus RNA levels in feces. The rTGEV-RS-SPEDV virus induced a humoral immune response specific for PEDV, including neutralizing antibodies. Altogether, the data indicated that rTGEV-RS-SPEDV is a promising vaccine candidate against virulent PEDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Sanchez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltan Penzes
- Ceva Animal Health, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szallas u. 5, 1107 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Zuñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Brnić D, Šimić I, Lojkić I, Krešić N, Jungić A, Balić D, Lolić M, Knežević D, Hengl B. The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea in Croatia: molecular characterization and serology. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:249. [PMID: 31319854 PMCID: PMC6637520 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is an emergent/re-emergent viral pig disease (caused by the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, in specific the Alphacoronavirus genus) of global importance. Clinical presentation is characterized with acute diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in pigs of all ages, with a possible high mortality in suckling piglets. The disease emerged in the USA in 2013 causing heavy losses, and re-emerged in Europe in 2014, but with milder consequences. RESULTS In the spring 2016, PED-like symptoms were reported to be seen on an agricultural holding in Eastern Croatia; laboratory workup confirmed the Croatia's first PED outbreak ever. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) strain responsible for the outbreak was of the S-INDEL genotype, much the same as other European PEDV strains. In 2017, a post-outbreak serology was carried out in three counties in Eastern Croatia, revealing seropositivity in pigs bred on four large industrial holdings (9.09%). The seroprevalence across PEDV-positive holdings was up to 82.8%. The latter holdings were unanimously managed by an enterprise that had never reported PED before. CONCLUSIONS PED has emerged in Croatian pig population causing potentially considerable losses. The circulating strain was of the S-INDEL genotype. Serological workup proved PEDV spread to another four agricultural holdings, demonstrating the importance of not only external, but also internal biosecurity measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Jungić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Balić
- Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Marica Lolić
- Veterinary Department Vinkovci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Josipa Kozarca 24, 32100, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Dražen Knežević
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Ivana Gundulića 36b, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Brigita Hengl
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Ivana Gundulića 36b, 31000, Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Qin S, Hu C, Yang D, Wu J, Yue H, Tang C, Zhang B. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses with the novel S genes in Tibetan pigs in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau in China. Virus Res 2019; 270:197652. [PMID: 31301333 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic variation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Tibetan pigs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in 2018. The PCR yielded a significantly high detection rate (38.34%, 95%CI=31.5-45.6%) for PEDV from 193 fecal samples from Tibetan pigs. The novel PEDVs were discovered in Tibetan pigs and seven complete S genes were obtained and analyzed. The unique multiple mutations were detected in S genes of PEDV from Tibetan pigs, one of which led to a new amino acid substitution of a neutralizing epitope. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven S genes had significant genetic distance to other PEDV. Specially, two S genes formed a novel subgroup on the genogroup 2 (G2) branch, of which same recombination event occurred between different strains from genotype G2. The remaining five S genes formed a new subgroup on the G1 branch, among which distinct recombination events occurred between genotypes G1 and G2 strains. The result indicated that the new recombination events were detected in the S genes of PEDV from Tibetan pigs, which could be circulating in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Notably, the four complete PEDV genomes obtained in this study had an identical recombination region spanning S2, ORF3 and E genes. This is the first report of the crossover regional recombination event in PEDV genome. Our findings not only augmented current understanding of the genetic evolution of PEDV, but also indicated that new variants of PEDV strains have been emerging in Tibetan pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengzhe Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Danjiao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Institute of Animal Science of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Kangding 626000, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Institute of Animal Science of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Kangding 626000, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Innovation Team in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
A TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4943-4952. [PMID: 31025076 PMCID: PMC7080015 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses are a group of most significant pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets with similar clinical symptoms and pathological changes. To develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, specific primers and probes were designed based on the highly conserved regions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) N, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) M, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) M, and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) N genes respectively. A TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect these swine enteric coronaviruses. The results showed that the limit of detection can reach as low as 10 copies in singular real-time RT-qPCR assays and 100 copies in multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay, with all correlation coefficients (R2) at above 0.99, and the amplification efficiency at between 90 and 120%. This multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity, extreme specificity, and excellent repeatability. The multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay was then employed to detect the swine enteric coronavirus from 354 field diarrheal samples. The results manifested that TGEV and PDCoV were the main pathogens in these samples, accompanied by co-infections. This well-established multiplex real-time RT-qPCR assay provided a rapid, efficient, specific, and sensitive tool for detection of swine enteric coronaviruses.
Collapse
|
82
|
Pérez-Rivera C, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Mendoza-Elvira S, Segura-Velázquez R, Sánchez-Betancourt JI. First report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1436-1441. [PMID: 30941894 PMCID: PMC7168549 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus has caused great economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we carried out the first detection, sequencing and characterization of this virus in Mexico. We analysed 885 rectal samples by multiplex RT‐PCR to determine coinfections. In addition, the Spike gene was amplified, sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. We found 85 positive samples for porcine deltacoronavirus, representing 9.6% of the total samples, and we determined that the most frequent coinfection was with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (54.1%). Four sequences of Mexican isolates were most closely related to those of the United States. The antigenic regions and the glycosylation site of the strains obtained coincide with those previously reported. This relationship is probably related to the commercial exchange of pigs between the US and Mexico and the geographical proximity of these two countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rene Segura-Velázquez
- Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Synthetic surfactin analogues have improved anti-PEDV properties. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215227. [PMID: 30973929 PMCID: PMC6459484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactin has antiviral activity against various enveloped viruses by inhibiting viral membrane fusion. However, the potential utility of surfactin as an antiviral drug is limited by its cytotoxicity. In this study, 10 surfactin analogues were obtained by chemical synthesis and evaluated to determine their anti-PEDV activities, hemolytic activities, and critical micelle concentrations. The main goal of our study was to develop a safer drug; a surfactin analogue with high anti-PEDV activity and low hemolytic activity. Compared with surfactin, one of the analogues we developed, SLP5, has lower hemolytic activity, with the same antiviral activity. The selectivity index of SLP5 is 52, while the SI for surfactin is 4, in other words, the safe and effective concentration range of SLP5 is 12 times greater than that of surfactin. Like surfactin, SLP5 has a direct antiviral effect on PEDV. Structurally, SLP5 is a linear lipopeptide with three carboxyl groups. Surfactin derivatives similar to SLP5 could be obtained by lactone bond hydrolyzation of surfactin, as well as total synthesis.
Collapse
|
84
|
Jang G, Won H, Lee DU, Noh YH, Lee SC, Choi HW, Yoon IJ, Lee YJ, Sang Yoo H, Lee C. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine based on highly virulent genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in nursing piglets. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:120-128. [PMID: 30955799 PMCID: PMC7117296 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the generation of the attenuated KNU-141112-S DEL5/ORF3 virus by continuous propagation of highly virulent G2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Vero cells. The present study aimed to assess the safety of S DEL5/ORF3 and to evaluate its effectiveness as a live vaccine for prime-booster vaccinations. Reversion to virulence experiments revealed that the S DEL5/ORF3 strain retains its attenuated phenotype and genetic stability after five successive passages in susceptible piglets. Pregnant sows were primed orally with an S DEL5/ORF3 live vaccine and boosted intramuscularly twice with a commercial killed vaccine at 2-week intervals prior to parturition. This sow vaccination regimen completely protected nursing piglets against virulent G2b challenge, as evidenced by the increase in survival rate from 0% to 100% and the significant reduction in diarrhea intensity, including the amount and duration of PEDV fecal shedding. In addition, despite a 2-3 day period of weight loss in piglets from vaccinated sows after challenge, their daily weight gain was recovered at 7 days post-challenge and became similar to that of unchallenged pigs from unvaccinated sows over the course of the experiment. Furthermore, strong antibody responses to PEDV were verified in the sera and colostrum of immunized sows with the prime-boost treatment and their offspring. Altogether, our data demonstrated that the attenuated S DEL5/ORF3 strain guarantees the safety to host animals with no reversion to virulence and is suitable as an effective primary live vaccine providing durable maternal lactogenic immunity for passive piglet protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokeun Won
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Won Choi
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Chen F, Knutson TP, Rossow S, Saif LJ, Marthaler DG. Decline of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and its complex evolutionary relationship with porcine respiratory coronavirus in the United States. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3953. [PMID: 30850666 PMCID: PMC6408454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology and genetic diversity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in the United States (US) was investigated by testing clinical cases for TGEV by real time RT-PCR between January 2008 and November 2016. Prevalence of TGEV ranged between 3.8–6.8% and peaked during cold months until March 2013, in which prevalence decreased to < 0.1%. Nineteen complete TGEV genomes and a single strain of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) from the US were generated and compared to historical strains to investigate the evolution of these endemic coronaviruses. Sixteen of our TGEV strains share 8 unique deletions and 119 distinct amino acid changes, which might greatly affect the biological characteristics of the variant TGEV, and resulted in a “variant” genotype of TGEV. The “variant” genotype shared similar unique deletions and amino acid changes with the recent PRCV strain identified in this study, suggesting a recombination event occurred between the ‘‘variant’’ TGEV and PRCV. Moreover, the results indicate the “variant” genotype is the dominant genotype circulating in the US. Therefore, this study provides insight into the occurrence, origin, genetic characteristics, and evolution of TGEV and PRCV circulating in the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Chen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Todd P Knutson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Rossow
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Linda J Saif
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC, CFAES, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America. .,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Mora-Díaz JC, Piñeyro PE, Houston E, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola LG. Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:53. [PMID: 30873421 PMCID: PMC6402421 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is classified as a member of genus Betacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae, sub-family Cornavirinae, and order Nidovirales. PHEV shares the same genomic organization, replication strategy, and expression of viral proteins as other nidoviruses. PHEV produces vomiting and wasting disease (VWD) and/or encephalomyelitis, being the only known neurotropic coronavirus affecting pigs. First clinical outbreak was reported in 1957 in Ontario, Canada. Although pigs are the only species susceptible to natural PHEV infections, the virus displays neurotropism in mice and Wistar rats. Clinical disease, morbidity, and mortality is age-dependent and generally reported only in piglets under 4 weeks old. The primary site of replication of PHEV in pigs is the respiratory tract, and it can be further spread to the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system via different pathways. The diagnosis of PHEV can be made using a combination of direct and indirect detection methods. The virus can be isolated from different tissues within the acute phase of the clinical signs using primary and secondary pig-derived cell lines. PHEV agglutinates the erythrocytes of mice, rats, chickens, and several other animals. PCR-based methods are useful to identify and subsequently isolate animals that are actively shedding the virus. The ability to detect antibodies allows producers to know the status of first-litter gilts and evaluate their risk of tier offspring to infection. PHEV is highly prevalent and circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide. PHEV-related disease is not clinically relevant in most of the swine-producing countries, most likely because of dams are immune to PHEV which may confer passive immunity to their offspring. However, PHEV should be considered a major source of economic loss because of the high mortality on farms with high gilt replacement rates, specific pathogen-free animals, and gnotobiotic swine herds. Thus, in the absence of current PHEV vaccines, promoting virus circulation on farms with early exposure to gilts and young sows could induce maternal immunity and prevent disease in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Houston
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Luis Gabriel Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Wang P, Zhu J, Liu X, Guo J, Gu X, Ruan W. Isolation and recombinant analysis of variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains from Beijing, China. Virusdisease 2019; 30:294-301. [PMID: 31179369 PMCID: PMC6531531 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious virus infecting pigs with high morbidity, especially for newborn piglets. Several PEDV strains were isolated from the intestinal tracts of diarrheic piglets from the Beijing area, China. Sequencing of the whole-genome of the PEDV isolates (GenBank numbers MG546687-MG546690) yielded sequences of 28033–28038 nt. The phylogenetic tree revealed that these strains from the Beijing area belonged to group II, while the vaccine strain, CV777, belonged to group I. We also determined the genetic correlation between these strains and CV777 strain. However, it showed that these strains in the Beijing area had unique mutations. The sequence identity of PEDV strains showed that these strains are most similar to these strains LZW, CH/JX-1/2013, USAIllinois972013, USAKansas1252014, CH/GDZQ/2014, SHQPYM2013, AJ1102, CHZMDZY11, KoreaK14JB01, and CHYJ130330, respectively. The possible recombination events indicate that PEDV in this studies were possibly recombinant strain formed by parent strains USAIllinois972013, KoreaK14JB01, CHYJ130330, and CHZMDZY11. These PEDV strains has been genetic recombination and mutations. The variant strains characterized in this study help to the evolutionary analysis of PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jinyan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xinze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xuejia Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Wenke Ruan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1199-1204. [PMID: 30725181 PMCID: PMC7086971 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious viral disease in pigs, caused by the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PEDV infection results in significant mortality in piglets in unvaccinated herds. Like many others RNA viruses, PEDV has high evolutionary rate and is prone to genetic mutations. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome sequence of the recently sequenced isolate PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008. A recombination event in S gene of PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 was detected. Pairwise identity analysis of the whole genome sequences revealed that PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 is an intermediate between PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains. These results can be used for further analysis of the evolutionary variability, prevalence, and epidemiology of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.
Collapse
|
89
|
Tien NQD, Huy NX, Kim MY. Improved expression of porcine epidemic diarrhea antigen by fusion with cholera toxin B subunit and chloroplast transformation in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE 2019; 137:213-223. [PMID: 32214566 PMCID: PMC7089040 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-019-01562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the coronavirus family, which causes acute diarrhea in pigs with higher mortality in piglets less than 2 weeks old. The PEDV is one of the major concerns of the pig industry around the world, including Asian countries and Noth America since first identified in Europe. Currently, there is no PEDV licensed vaccine to effectively prevent this disease. This study was performed for the development of a mucosal PEDV vaccine and B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) as a carrier was employed to surpass the tolerogenic nature of GALT and induce potent immune responses against the target antigen fused to CTB. An epitope (S1D) alone or conjugated with CTB was constructed into the tobacco chloroplasts expression vector which is controlled under the chloroplast rRNA operon promoter with T7g10 5' UTR and the psbA 3'UTR as a terminator. The homoplastomic lines were obtained by third round screening via organogenesis from the leaf tissues which were verified by PCR with antigen and chloroplast specific primers and then confirmed by Southern blot analysis. While the expression level of the S1D alone as detected by Western blotting was approximately 0.07% of total soluble protein, the CTB-S1D fusion protein was expressed up to 1.4%. The fusion protein showed binding to the intestinal membrane GM1-ganglioside receptor, demonstrating its functionality. The result shows that the highest expression of S1D could be achieved by fusion with a stable CTB protein and chloroplast transformation. Furthermore, the CTB-S1D expressed in chloroplasts of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Maryland could be assembled to pentameric form which increases the possibility to develop a mucosal vaccine against PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Quang-Duc Tien
- Bioactive Material Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- College of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Xuan Huy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- College of Education, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Wang Q, Vlasova AN, Kenney SP, Saif LJ. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:39-49. [PMID: 30654269 PMCID: PMC7102852 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses are emerging/reemerging in pigs. The three porcine coronaviruses may have originated from other species. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. No cross-protection among the three porcine coronaviruses. Individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (CoVs). They cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Sequence analyses suggest that PEDV and SADS-CoV may have originated from bat CoVs and PDCoV from a sparrow CoV, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of CoVs. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. Necrosis of infected intestinal epithelial cells occurs, causing villous atrophy that results in malabsorptive diarrhea. The severe diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration and death of piglets. Natural infection induces protective immunity, but there is no cross-protection among the three viruses. Besides strict biosecurity measures, individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Development of a Whole-Virus ELISA for Serological Evaluation of Domestic Livestock as Possible Hosts of Human Coronavirus NL63. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010043. [PMID: 30634419 PMCID: PMC6356407 DOI: 10.3390/v11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Known human coronaviruses are believed to have originated in animals and made use of intermediate hosts for transmission to humans. The intermediate hosts of most of the human coronaviruses are known, but not for HCoV-NL63. This study aims to assess the possible role of some major domestic livestock species as intermediate hosts of HCoV-NL63. We developed a testing algorithm for high throughput screening of livestock sera with ELISA and confirmation with recombinant immunofluorescence assay testing for antibodies against HCoV-NL63 in livestock. Optimization of the ELISA showed a capability of the assay to significantly distinguish HCoV-NL63 from HCoV-229E (U = 27.50, p < 0.001) and HCoV-OC43 (U = 55.50, p < 0.001) in coronavirus-characterized sera. Evaluation of the assay with collected human samples showed no significant difference in mean optical density values of immunofluorescence-classified HCoV-NL63-positive and HCoV-NL63-negative samples (F (1, 215) = 0.437, p = 0.509). All the top 5% (n = 8) most reactive human samples tested by ELISA were HCoV-NL63 positive by immunofluorescence testing. In comparison, only a proportion (84%, n = 42) of the top 25% were positive by immunofluorescence testing, indicating an increased probability of the highly ELISA reactive samples testing positive by the immunofluorescence assay. None of the top 5% most ELISA reactive livestock samples were positive for HCoV-NL63-related viruses by immunofluorescence confirmation. Ghanaian domestic livestock are not likely intermediate hosts of HCoV-NL63-related coronaviruses.
Collapse
|
92
|
Sozzi E, Moreno A, Lelli D, Perulli S, Prosperi A, Brocchi E, Capucci L, Papetti A, Giacomini E, Alborali GL, Lavazza A. Development and validation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:106-110. [PMID: 30384140 PMCID: PMC7111896 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae and causes severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in seronegative newborn piglets. Thus, a precise and rapid diagnosis of PEDV infection is important for the application of control measures to limit viral dissemination. In this investigation, a monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against PEDV was developed and validated. The diagnostic performance of the test was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis using a panel of 829 known sera collected from different commercial pig farms, with or without a history of PED presence and from experimentally infected pigs. The competitive ELISA showed excellent diagnostic performance and discriminatory power with high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) values (Se = 96.5%, 95% IC 94.1-98.1; Sp = 98.2%, 95% IC 96.3-99.3). Moreover, this competitive ELISA method has other properties, such as high feasibility of testing sera without pre-treatment and automatic and instrument-mediated revealing, that makes it appropriate for large-scale screenings of affected pig farms in endemic regions or for monitoring plans in PEDV-free areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Perulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Papetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Boniotti MB, Papetti A, Bertasio C, Giacomini E, Lazzaro M, Cerioli M, Faccini S, Bonilauri P, Vezzoli F, Lavazza A, Alborali GL. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus in Italy: Disease spread and the role of transportation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1935-1942. [PMID: 30094946 PMCID: PMC7169760 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (PEDV) causes watery diarrhoea, dehydration, and a high mortality rate among suckling pigs. Recently, PEDV had a large negative economic impact on the swine industries in Asia and North America. In 2014, PEDV re-emerged in many European countries, but most countries only reported a few sporadic cases. Here, we report the epidemic wave that occurred in Italy from 2015 to 2017. During this time, PEDV was detected by real-time PCR in 438 farms located mainly in the high-density pig production area in Northern Italy. Most of the outbreaks were in farrow-to-finish, farrow-to-wean and finisher farms. Clinical signs were observed mainly in suckling and fattening animals, while mortality rates were higher in piglets, reaching 50%. A sequence analysis showed that a PEDV strain, similar to the OH851 S-INDEL strain isolated in the USA in January 2014, was responsible for the outbreaks in Italy in 2015 and 2016. However, from January 2017, a recombinant variant strain, containing a portion of the Swine Enteric Coronavirus in the S1 gene, spread and almost completely outcompeted the previous nonrecombinant strain. In total, 14.1% of the environmental swabs collected from trucks at slaughterhouses after animals were unloaded tested positive for PEDV before the trucks were cleaned and disinfected, and 46% remained positive after cleaning and disinfection processes were performed. Moreover, environmental swabs indicated that 17.3% of the empty trucks arriving at the farms to load animals were PEDV-positive. This study indicates that trucks can have an important role in the spread of PEDV in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Papetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Enrico Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Massimiliano Lazzaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Monica Cerioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Silvia Faccini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Fausto Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Yuan L, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Yang Q. Surfactin Inhibits Membrane Fusion during Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Enveloped Viruses. J Virol 2018; 92:e00809-18. [PMID: 30068648 PMCID: PMC6189506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00809-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Because membrane fusion is a crucial step in the process by which enveloped viruses invade host cells, membrane fusion inhibitors can be effective drugs against enveloped viruses. We found that surfactin from Bacillus subtilis can suppress the proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in epithelial cells at a relatively low concentration range (15 to 50 μg/ml), without cytotoxicity or viral membrane disruption. Membrane fusion inhibition experiments demonstrate that surfactin treatment significantly reduces the rate at which the virus fuses to the cell membrane. Thermodynamic experiments show that the incorporation of small amounts of surfactin hinders the formation of negative curvature by lamellar-phase lipids, suggesting that surfactin acts a membrane fusion inhibitor. A fluorescent lipopeptide similar to surfactin was synthesized, and its ability to insert into the viral membrane was confirmed by spectroscopy. In vivo experiments have shown that oral administration of surfactin to piglets protects against PEDV infection. In conclusion, our study indicates that surfactin is a membrane fusion inhibitor with activity against enveloped viruses. As the first reported naturally occurring wedge lipid membrane fusion inhibitor, surfactin is likely to be a prototype for the development of a broad range of novel antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCE Membrane fusion inhibitors are a rapidly emerging class of antiviral drugs that inhibit the infection process of enveloped viruses. They can be classified, on the basis of the viral components targeted, as fusion protein targeting or membrane lipid targeting. Lipid-targeting membrane fusion inhibitors have a broader antiviral spectrum and are less likely to select for drug-resistant mutations. Here we show that surfactin is a membrane fusion inhibitor and has a strong antiviral effect. The insertion of surfactin into the viral envelope lipids reduces the probability of viral fusion. We also demonstrate that oral administration of surfactin protects piglets from PEDV infection. Surfactin is the first naturally occurring wedge lipid membrane fusion inhibitor that has been identified and may be effective against many viruses beyond the scope of this study. Understanding its mechanism of action provides a foundation for the development of novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lvfeng Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University. Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Salamunova S, Jackova A, Mandelik R, Novotny J, Vlasakova M, Vilcek S. Molecular detection of enteric viruses and the genetic characterization of porcine astroviruses and sapoviruses in domestic pigs from Slovakian farms. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:313. [PMID: 30340595 PMCID: PMC6194665 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance and characterization of pig enteric viruses such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), rotavirus, astrovirus (PAstV), sapovirus (PSaV), kobuvirus and other agents is essential to evaluate the risks to animal health and determination of economic impacts on pig farming. This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of PAstV, PSaV in healthy and diarrheic domestic pigs and PEDV and TGEV in diarrheic pigs of different age groups. Results The presence of PAstV and PSaV was studied in 411 rectal swabs collected from healthy (n = 251) and diarrheic (n = 160) pigs of different age categories: suckling (n = 143), weaned (n = 147) and fattening (n = 121) animals on farms in Slovakia. The presence of TGEV and PEDV was investigated in the diarrheic pigs (n = 160). A high presence of PAstV infections was detected in both healthy (94.4%) and diarrheic (91.3%) pigs. PSaV was detected less often, but also equally in clinically healthy (8.4%) and diarrheic (10%) pigs. Neither TGEV nor PEDV was detected in any diarrheic sample. The phylogenetic analysis of a part of the RdRp region revealed the presence of all five lineages of PAstV in Slovakia (PAstV-1 – PAstV-5), with the most frequent lineages being PAstV-2 and PAstV-4. Analysis of partial capsid genome sequences of the PSaVs indicated that virus strains belonged to genogroup GIII. Most of the PSaV sequences from Slovakia clustered with sequences originating from neighbouring countries. Conclusions Due to no significant difference between healthy and diarrheic pigs testing of the presence of PAstV and PSaV provides no diagnostic value. Genetic diversity of PAstV was very high as all five lineages were identified in pig farms in Slovakia. PSaV strains were genetically related to the strains circulating in Central European region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slavomira Salamunova
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Anna Jackova
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Rene Mandelik
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Novotny
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Vlasakova
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Vilcek
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 040 00, Kosice, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Mandelik R, Sarvas M, Jackova A, Salamunova S, Novotny J, Vilcek S. First outbreak with chimeric swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) on pig farms in Slovakia - lessons to learn. Acta Vet Hung 2018; 66:488-492. [PMID: 30264613 DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the first disease outbreak caused by chimeric swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) on two pig farms in Slovakia in early 2015. The infection was introduced by import of two breeding boars which were placed in provisional quarantine in a unit not strictly separated from other healthy pigs in the same building. Subsequently, loss of appetite and diarrhoea were observed in both boars during the first three days in the isolation unit. The infection gradually spread to the farrowing area and throughout the farm in two weeks and later to another nearby farm. Yellow watery diarrhoea accompanied by dehydration and death was observed in piglets with a mortality ranging from 30 to 35%. In the absence of an available vaccine, the pregnant sows were dosed by mouth with a 10% suspension prepared from the intestine and faeces of infected piglets in warm water. Three weeks after dosing, new litters of piglets were born which remained healthy with no development of diarrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Mandelik
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Anna Jackova
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Slavomira Salamunova
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Novotny
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Vilcek
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Guo J, Fang L, Ye X, Chen J, Xu S, Zhu X, Miao Y, Wang D, Xiao S. Evolutionary and genotypic analyses of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:111-118. [PMID: 30102851 PMCID: PMC7168555 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which re-emerged in China in October 2010, has spread rapidly worldwide. Detailed analyses of the complete genomes of different PEDV strains are essential to understand the relationships among re-emerging and historic strains worldwide. Here, we analysed the complete genomes of 409 strains from different countries, which were classified into five subgroup strains (i.e., GI-a, GI-b, GII-a, GII-b, and GII-c). Phylogenetic study of different genes in the PEDV strains revealed that the newly discovered subgroup GII-c exhibited inconsistent topologies between the spike gene and other genes. Furthermore, recombination analysis indicated that GII-c viruses evolved from a recombinant virus that acquired the 5' part of the spike gene from the GI-a subgroup and the remaining genomic regions from the GII-a subgroup. Molecular clock analysis showed that divergence of the GII-c subgroup spike gene occurred in April 2010, suggesting that the subgroup originated from recombination events before the PEDV re-emergence outbreaks. Interestingly, Ascaris suum, a large roundworm occurring in pigs, was found to be an unusual PEDV host, providing potential support for cross-host transmission. This study has significant implications for understanding ongoing global PEDV outbreaks and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventative measures against PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yimin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Wang XN, Wang L, Zheng DZ, Chen S, Shi W, Qiao XY, Jiang YP, Tang LJ, Xu YG, Li YJ. Oral immunization with a Lactobacillus casei-based anti-porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) vaccine expressing microfold cell-targeting peptide Co1 fused with the COE antigen of PEDV. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:368-378. [PMID: 29178509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to develop an effective M cell-targeting oral vaccine, involving Lactobacillus casei to deliver the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) core neutralizing epitope (COE) antigen conjugated with M cell-targeting peptide Co1 as an adjuvant, against PEDV infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetically engineered L. casei 393 (L393) strains expressing PEDV COE antigen only (pPG-COE/L393) or fused-expressing COE and M cell-targeting peptide Co1 (pPG-COE-Co1/L393) were constructed, and the immunogenicity upon administration as an oral vaccine was evaluated. The results showed that higher anti-PEDV serum IgG and mucosal SIgA antibody responses were induced in mice orally immunized with strain pPG-COE-Co1/L393 as compared to the mice immunized with strain L393 expressing COE alone or carrying the empty plasmid. In addition, the use of the Co1 ligand elicited a splenocyte proliferative response more effectively in comparison with the COE antigen alone and supported a skewed T helper 2 type of immune response against PEDV. CONCLUSIONS pPG-COE-Co1/L393 can effectively induce mucosal, humoural and Th2-type cellular immune responses against PEDV infection via oral administration. Furthermore, M cell-targeting peptide ligand Co1 is a good mucosal adjuvant. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus casei delivering the COE antigen of PEDV conjugated with a M cell-targeting peptide Co1 as an immune adjuvant is a promising oral vaccine candidate for PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X N Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - L Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - D Z Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - S Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - W Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - X Y Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Y P Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - L J Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Y G Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Y J Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Pizzurro F, Cito F, Zaccaria G, Spedicato M, Cerella A, Orsini M, Forzan M, D'Alterio N, Lorusso A, Marcacci M. Outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Abruzzi region, central-Italy. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:73-79. [PMID: 29851308 PMCID: PMC5979762 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report and characterize a porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreak which occurred in a swine fattening farm in the province of Teramo, Abruzzi region (central Italy), in January 2016. PED virus (PEDV) identification was determined by real-time RT-PCR performed on RNAs purified from fecal samples collected from two symptomatic pigs. Whole genome sequence (PEDV 1842/2016) was also obtained by next generation sequencing straight from RNA purified from one fecal sample. Genome comparison with extant global PEDV strains revealed a high nucleotide identity with recently reported European and American S-INDEL PEDVs. Efficient sequencing, share of genomic data combined with the implementation of epidemiological tools would be the ideal approach for study and analysis of transboundary infectious diseases as PED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pizzurro
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze VeterinarieUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Francesca Cito
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Guendalina Zaccaria
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Angelo Cerella
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Mario Forzan
- Dipartimento di Scienze VeterinarieUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of microbial pathogens‐ Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM)TeramoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Mesonero-Escuredo S, Strutzberg-Minder K, Casanovas C, Segalés J. Viral and bacterial investigations on the aetiology of recurrent pig neonatal diarrhoea cases in Spain. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 29632701 PMCID: PMC5885353 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal diarrhoea represents a major disease problem in the early stages of animal production, increasing significantly pre-weaning mortality and piglets weaned below the target weight. Enteric diseases in newborn piglets are often of endemic presentation, but may also occur as outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of different pathogens involved in cases of recurrent neonatal diarrhoea in Spain. Results A total of 327 litters from 109 sow farms located in Spain with neonatal recurrent diarrhoea were sampled to establish a differential diagnosis against the main enteric pathogens in piglets. In total, 105 out of 109 (96.3%) case submissions were positive to one of the examined enteric organisms considered potentially pathogenic (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens types A and C, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus [TGEV], Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus [PEDV] or Rotavirus A [RVA]). Fifty-eight out of 109 (53.2%) submissions were positive for only one of these pathogens, 47 out of 109 (43.1%) were positive for more than one pathogen and, finally, 4 out of 109 (3.7%) were negative for all these agents. Escherichia coli strains were isolated from all submissions tested, but only 11 of them were classified into defined pathotypes. Clostridium perfringens type A was detected in 98 submissions (89.9%) and no C. perfringens type C was found. Regarding viruses, 47 (43.1%) submissions were positive for RVA, 4 (3.7%) for PEDV and none of them for TGEV. Conclusion In conclusion, C. perfringens type A, E. coli and RVA were the main pathogens found in faeces of neonatal diarrheic piglets in Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Casanovas
- IDT Biologika SL, Gran Vía Carles III, 84, 3°, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- 3Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,4UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|