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Yauch LM, Ennis-Czerniak K, Frey WH, Tkac I, Rao RB. Intranasal Insulin Attenuates the Long-Term Adverse Effects of Neonatal Hyperglycemia on the Hippocampus in Rats. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:590-602. [PMID: 36041414 PMCID: PMC9928603 DOI: 10.1159/000526627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia due to relative hypoinsulinism is common in extremely preterm infants and is associated with hippocampus-mediated long-term cognitive impairment. In neonatal rats, hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress, altered neurochemistry, microgliosis, and abnormal synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. Intranasal insulin (INS) bypasses the blood-brain barrier, targets the brain, and improves synaptogenesis in rodent models, and memory in adult humans with Alzheimer's disease or type 2 diabetes, without altering the blood levels of insulin or glucose. To test whether INS improves hippocampal development in neonatal hyperglycemia, rat pups were subjected to hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 80 mg/kg i.p. on postnatal day (P) 2 and randomized to INS, 0.3U twice daily from P3-P6 (STZ + INS group), or no treatment (STZ group). The acute effects on hippocampal neurochemical profile and transcript mRNA expression of insulin receptor (Insr), glucose transporters (Glut1, Glut4, and Glut8), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp1, a marker of oxidative stress) were determined on P7 using in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS) and qPCR. The long-term effects on the neurochemical profile, microgliosis, and synaptogenesis were determined at adulthood using 1H MRS and histochemical analysis. Relative to the control (CONT) group, mean blood glucose concentration was higher from P3 to P6 in the STZ and STZ + INS groups. On P7, MRS showed 10% higher taurine concentration in both STZ groups. qPCR showed 3-folds higher Insr and 5-folds higher Glut8 expression in the two STZ groups. Parp1 expression was 18% higher in the STZ group and normal in the STZ + INS group. At adulthood, blood glucose concentration in the fed state was higher in the STZ and STZ + INS groups. MRS showed 59% higher brain glucose concentration and histochemistry showed microgliosis in the hippocampal subareas in the STZ group. Brain glucose was normal in the STZ + INS group. Compared with the STZ group, phosphocreatine and phosphocreatine/creatine ratio were higher, and microglia in the hippocampal subareas fewer in the STZ + INS group (p < 0.05 for all). Neonatal hyperglycemia was associated with abnormal glucose metabolism and microgliosis in the adult hippocampus. INS administration during hyperglycemia attenuated these adverse effects and improved energy metabolism in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McClure Yauch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen Ennis-Czerniak
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - William H. Frey
- HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, HealthPartners Neurosciences, St. Paul, MN, 55130, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Raghavendra B. Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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52
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Zhang Q, Jin K, Chen B, Liu R, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Lu J. Overnutrition Induced Cognitive Impairment: Insulin Resistance, Gut-Brain Axis, and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884579. [PMID: 35873818 PMCID: PMC9298971 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition-related obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and its prevalence is expected to steadily rise in the future. It is widely recognized that obesity exerts negative impacts on metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. However, relatively fewer reports exist on the impairment of brain structure and function, in the form of memory and executive dysfunction, as well as neurogenerative diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that besides obesity, overnutrition diets independently induce cognitive impairments via multiple mechanisms. In this study, we reviewed the clinical and preclinical literature about the detrimental effects of obesity or high-nutrition diets on cognitive performance and cerebral structure. We mainly focused on the role of brain insulin resistance (IR), microbiota-gut-brain axis, and neuroinflammation. We concluded that before the onset of obesity, short-term exposure to high-nutrition diets already blunted central responses to insulin, altered gut microbiome composition, and activated inflammatory mediators. Overnutrition is linked with the changes in protein expression in brain insulin signaling, leading to pathological features in the brain. Microbiome alteration, bacterial endotoxin release, and gut barrier hyperpermeability also occur to trigger mental and neuronal diseases. In addition, obesity or high-nutrition diets cause chronic and low-grade systematic inflammation, which eventually spreads from the peripheral tissue to the central nervous system (CNS). Altogether, a large number of unknown but potential routes interact and contribute to obesity or diet-induced cognitive impairment. The challenge for future research is to identify effective interventions involving dietary shifts and personalized therapy targeting the underlying mechanisms to prevent and improve cognition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ripeng Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangping Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Guo X, Guo J, Du Z, He M, Liu Q, Xu D, Liu T, Zhang J, Yuan H, Wang M, Li S. Causal Structural Covariance Network Suggesting Structural Alterations Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:936943. [PMID: 35911591 PMCID: PMC9336220 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.936943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose According to reports, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease. However, no known research has examined the progressive brain structural changes associated with T2D. The purpose of this study was to determine whether T2D patients exhibit progressive brain structural alterations and, if so, how the alterations progress. Materials and Methods Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected for 81 T2D patients and 48 sex-and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and causal structural covariance network (CaSCN) analyses were applied to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) alterations and the likely chronological processes underlying them in T2D. Two sample t-tests were performed to compare group differences, and the differences were corrected using Gaussian random field (GRF) correction (voxel-level p < 0.001, cluster-level p < 0.01). Results Our findings demonstrated that GMV alterations progressed in T2D patients as disease duration increased. In the early stages of the disease, the right temporal pole of T2D patients had GMV atrophy. As the diseases duration prolonged, the limbic system, cerebellum, subcortical structures, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, and occipital cortex progressively exhibited GMV alterations. The patients also exhibited a GMV alterations sequence exerting from the right temporal pole to the limbic-cerebellum-striatal-cortical network areas. Conclusion Our results indicate that the progressive GMV alterations of T2D patients manifested a limbic-cerebellum-striatal-cortical sequence. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the progression and an improvement of current diagnosis and intervention strategies for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jing Guo
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengcong Du
- School of Information Science and Technology, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Muyuan He
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihong Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dundi Xu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiyuan Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Junran Zhang
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Huijuan Yuan
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Meiyun Wang
| | - Shasha Li
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Liao F, Zhou P, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiang H, Alinejad T, Shan G, Wu S. Deletion of serine racemase reverses neuronal insulin signaling inhibition by amyloid-β oligomers. J Neurochem 2022; 163:8-25. [PMID: 35839294 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin signaling in the Alzheimer's (AD) brain has been extensively reported. Serine racemase(SR) modulates insulin secretion in pancreatic islets. Similarly, we wonder whether or not SR regulates insulin synthesis and secretion in neurons, thereby modulating insulin signaling in the AD brain. Srr-knockout (Srr-/- ) mice generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique were used. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the levels of insulin protein and insulin(ins2) mRNA significantly increased in the hippocampal but not in the hypothalamic sections of Srr-/- mice compared with WT mice. Using real-time quantitative PCR, ins2 mRNA from primary hippocampal neuronal cultures of Srr-/- mice significantly increased compared with the cultured neurons from WT mice. Notably, the secretion of proinsulin C-peptide increased in Srr-/- neurons relative to WT neurons. By examining the membrane fractional proteins with immunoblotting, Srr-/- neurons retained ATP-dependent potassium channel on plasmalemma and correspondingly contained higher levels of p-AMPK. Under treatment by Aβ42, the phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate at serine 616,636 (p-IRS1ser616,636 ) were significantly lower whereas p-AKT308 and p-AKT473 were higher in Srr-/- neurons, compared with WT neurons, respectively. The phosphorylated form of c-Jun N-terminal kinase decreased in the cultured Srr-/- neurons relative to the WT neurons upon Aβ42 treatment. In contrast, the phosphorylated protein kinase R remained at the same levels. Further, reactive oxygen species reduced in the cultured Srr-/- neurons under Aβ42 treatment relative to the WT neurons. Altogether, our study indicated that Srr deletion promoted insulin synthesis and secretion of proinsulin C-peptide, thereby reversing insulin resistance by Aβ42. This study suggests that targeting the neuronal SR may be utilized to enhance insulin signaling which is inhibited at the early stage of the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong Yang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liao
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Piansi Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tahereh Alinejad
- The Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, South Baixiang, Ouhai District, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ge Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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55
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Sener H, Gulmez Sevim D, Erkilic K, Oner A, Gunay Sener AB. Evaluation of Ring Amplitude and Factors Affecting Ring Amplitude in Multifocal Electroretinography in Diabetic Eyes. Semin Ophthalmol 2022; 37:895-901. [PMID: 35834721 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ring amplitudes in diabetic patients and to evaluate the effect of the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy on the ring amplitudes. We also aimed to investigate the success of ring amplitudes in classifying diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The study included 32 eyes of 32 diabetic patients without retinopathy (DM), 34 eyes of 34 patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without macular edema, and 62 eyes of 62 age- and sex-matched controls (CG). All subjects were evaluated using mfERG. The relationship between age, diabetes duration, HbA1c and ring amplitudes and the effect of diabetes and hypertension on ring amplitudes were evaluated. Three-way ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the discrimination power of the ring amplitudes. RESULTS In the comparison of the ring amplitudes, the amplitudes of the DM and NPDR groups were statistically significantly decreased compared to the CG (p < .05). A moderate to strong correlation was found between the duration of diabetes, HbA1c and ring amplitudes (p < .05). The effect of diabetes decreased towards the peripheral rings and hypertension did not affect ring amplitudes. Volume under the ROC surface of R1 = 0.65 had p < .05 and 95% CI [0.50-0.72], and the best cut-off point pair to differentiate the three classes was found to be c1 = 217.3, c2 = 151.2 in three-way ROC analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the effects of diabetes are unevenly distributed on the retina topographically. Diabetes affects the central rings more than peripheral rings in multifocal ERG. Both ring densities and ring ratios are effective ways to identify early changes in retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayet Sener
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cukurca State Hospital, Hakkari, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gulmez Sevim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kuddusi Erkilic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Oner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Busra Gunay Sener
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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56
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Barloese MCJ, Bauer C, Petersen ET, Hansen CS, Madsbad S, Siebner HR. Neurovascular Coupling in Type 2 Diabetes With Cognitive Decline. A Narrative Review of Neuroimaging Findings and Their Pathophysiological Implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:874007. [PMID: 35860697 PMCID: PMC9289474 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.874007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes causes substantial long-term damage in several organs including the brain. Cognitive decline is receiving increased attention as diabetes has been established as an independent risk factor along with the identification of several other pathophysiological mechanisms. Early detection of detrimental changes in cerebral blood flow regulation may represent a useful clinical marker for development of cognitive decline for at-risk persons. Technically, reliable evaluation of neurovascular coupling is possible with several caveats but needs further development before it is clinically convenient. Different modalities including ultrasound, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance are used preclinically to shed light on the many influences on vascular supply to the brain. In this narrative review, we focus on the complex link between type 2 diabetes, cognition, and neurovascular coupling and discuss how the disease-related pathology changes neurovascular coupling in the brain from the organ to the cellular level. Different modalities and their respective pitfalls are covered, and future directions suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads C. J. Barloese
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Imaging, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Bauer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Radiography, Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Thade Petersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Fredriksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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57
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Patel VN, Chorawala MR, Shah MB, Shah KC, Dave BP, Shah MP, Patel TM. Emerging Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Old Wine in a New Bottle. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:349-357. [PMID: 35891636 PMCID: PMC9277673 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic immuno-inflammatory and metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance with corresponding hyperinsulinemia. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease involving cognitive impairment, neuronal dysfunction, and memory loss. Several recently published literatures suggest a causal relationship between T2DM and AD. In this review, we have discussed several potential mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced cognitive impairment which include, abnormal insulin signaling, amyloid-β accumulation, oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, advanced lipid peroxidation products, and apolipoprotein E. All these interconnected mechanisms may act either individually or synergistically which eventually leads to neurodegeneration and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishvas N. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R. Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavarth P. Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Manal P. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tanvi M. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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58
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Xu SM, Pan BL, Gao D, Zhang YW, Huan JP, Han X, Song J, Wang LP, Zhang HF, Niu Q, Lu XT. Blood glucose mediated the effects of cognitive function impairment related to aluminum exposure in Chinese aluminum smelting workers. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:282-289. [PMID: 35679993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To explore the effects of occupational aluminum exposure on workers' cognitive function and blood glucose concentration, and to analyze whether blood glucose concentration can mediate the cognitive changes caused by aluminum. METHOD Our study recruited 375 workers from an aluminum factory in northern China. We collected the fasting elbow venous blood of the workers, measured their fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG), and used ICP-MS to determine plasma aluminum concentration (P-Al) as an indicator of internal exposure. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), was used to assess the cognitive function of workers. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the association of P-Al with cognitive function and blood glucose concentration, and the restricted cubic spline model was used to fit the dose-response relationship. We also conducted a mediation effect analysis. RESULT We observed the dose-response relationship, that is, as the P-Al increased, sum of MoCA, visuospatial/executive, naming, language, and abstraction scores decreased, and the blood glucose concentration increased. For every e-fold increase in P-Al, sum of MoCA, visuospatial/executive, naming, language, and abstraction scores decreased by 0.328 points, 0.120 points, 0.059 points, 0.060 points, and 0.083 points, respectively, and FBG rose by 0.109 mmol/L. FBG has a significant mediating effect between P-Al and sum of MoCA (P for mediator=0.042), and it could explain 10.7% of the effect of cognitive level related to P-Al. CONCLUSION Occupational aluminum exposure negatively affected the cognitive function of workers and positively affected FBG. FBG may partially explain the impact of occupational aluminum exposure on workers' cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Meng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Peace Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, China
| | - Bao-Long Pan
- Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (General hospital of Tisco), China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yun-Wei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jia-Ping Huan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lin-Ping Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Jeong JH, Lee DH, Song J. HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetes-related dementia: Blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ accumulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112933. [PMID: 35413600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes contributes to the onset of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the similarities and relationship between diabetes and dementia as an important issue for treating diabetes-related cognitive deficits. Diabetes-related dementia exhibits several features, including blood-brain barrier disruption, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ over-accumulation. High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a protein known to regulate gene transcription and cellular mechanisms by binding to DNA or chromatin via receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 can impact both neuropathology and diabetic alterations. Herein, we review the recent research regarding the roles of HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 axis in diabetes-related dementia from several perspectives and emphasize the importance of the influence of HMGB1 in diabetes-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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Yang JJ. Brain insulin resistance and the therapeutic value of insulin and insulin-sensitizing drugs in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:1135-1142. [PMID: 35482277 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-01907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly higher in people with diabetes. Insulin and insulin receptor (IR) signaling intermediates are expressed in the brain. Insulin exerts multiple function in the brain. The role of compromised IR signaling in AD pathogenesis and the therapeutic value of insulin attract broad attention. This review summarizes the collective insulin action in the brain related to key factors of AD pathogenesis, updates the key features of insulin resistance in the AD brain and assesses the therapeutic potential of insulin and insulin-sensitizing drugs. Insulin stimulates neural growth and survival, suppresses amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) and inhibits the Tau phosphorylation kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Central nervous IR signaling regulates systemic metabolism and increases glucose availability to neurons. The expression of IR and its downstream effectors is reduced in AD brain tissues. Insulin and insulin-sensitizing drugs can improve cognitive function in AD patients and AD animal models. Systemic insulin delivery is less effective than intranasal insulin treatment. The penetrance of insulin-sensitizing drugs to the blood brain barrier is problematic and new brain-prone drugs need be developed. Insulin resistance manifested by the degradation and the altered phosphorylation of IR intermediates precedes overt AD syndrome. Type 3 diabetes as a pure form of brain insulin resistance without systemic insulin resistance is proposed as a causal factor in AD. Further research is needed for the identification of critical factors leading to impaired IR signaling and the development of new molecules to stimulate brain IR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Yang
- Marriotts Ridge High School, 12100 Woodford Dr, Marriottsville, MD, 21104, USA.
- , 3060 Seneca Chief Trail, Ellicott City, MD, 21042, USA.
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Chronic exposure of bisphenol-A impairs cognitive function and disrupts hippocampal insulin signaling pathway in male mice. Toxicology 2022; 472:153192. [PMID: 35489422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), a well-known estrogenic endocrine disruptor, is generally applied to turn out plastic consumer products. Available data have manifested that exposure to BPA can trigger insulin resistance. Hence, the purpose of the actual study was to consider the impacts of BPA exposure on cognitive function and insulin signaling pathway in the hippocampus of male offspring mice. For this purpose, the pregnant female mice were treated either vehicle (0.1% ethanol) or BPA (0.01, 0.1, and 1µg/mL) via drinking water from day 1 of gestation until delactation (D1-PND21, newborn exposure). Afterward, the three-week-old male offspring mice took orally with the same doses of BPA for nine weeks (PND84). The behavioral tests, blood sugar level, histological observation, transcriptome sequencing, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and hippocampal insulin signaling pathway were checked for the male offspring mice at 13 weeks of age (PND91). Our data indicated that BPA exposure impaired cognitive function, disrupted the hippocampal regular cell arrangement, increased blood glucose levels, disturbed the insulin signaling pathway including phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate1 (p-IRS1), protein kinase B (p-AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β). At the same time, the mRNA and protein expressions of GLUT4 were markedly down-regulated in the BPA-exposed groups. To sum up, it has been suggested from these results that BPA has detrimental effects on the insulin signaling pathway, which might subsequently be conducive to the impairment of cognitive function in the adult male offspring mice. Therefore, BPA exposure might in part be an element of risk for the long-term neurodegeneration in male offspring mice.
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Mietelska-Porowska A, Domańska J, Want A, Więckowska-Gacek A, Chutorański D, Koperski M, Wojda U. Induction of Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Molecular Changes by Western Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094744. [PMID: 35563135 PMCID: PMC9102094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term Western diet (WD) describes the consumption of large amounts of highly processed foods, rich in simple sugars and saturated fats. Long-term WD feeding leads to insulin resistance, postulated as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the main cause of progressive dementia characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of the hyperphosphorylated tau (p-Tau) protein in the brain, starting from the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. In this study, we report that WD-derived impairment in insulin signaling induces tau and Aβ brain pathology in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and that the entorhinal cortex is more sensitive than the hippocampus to the impairment of brain insulin signaling. In the brain areas developing WD-induced insulin resistance, we observed changes in p-Tau(Thr231) localization in neuronal subcellular compartments, indicating progressive tauopathy, and a decrease in amyloid precursor protein levels correlating with the appearance of Aβ peptides. These results suggest that WD promotes the development of AD and may be considered not only a risk factor, but also a modifiable trigger of AD.
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Michailidis M, Tata DA, Moraitou D, Kavvadas D, Karachrysafi S, Papamitsou T, Vareltzis P, Papaliagkas V. Antidiabetic Drugs in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4641. [PMID: 35563031 PMCID: PMC9102472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The public health burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease is steadily increasing worldwide, especially in the population of older adults. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a possible shared pathophysiology between the two diseases and an increased risk of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a substantial interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in Alzheimer's disease. Human studies in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease have shown that administration of some antidiabetic medications, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins, and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognition and memory. This review aims to examine the latest evidence on antidiabetic medications as a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Despina A. Tata
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.A.T.); (D.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Kavvadas
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Sofia Karachrysafi
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.K.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Patroklos Vareltzis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Park SK, Lee HL, Kang JY, Kim JM, Heo HJ. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) sprout prevents high-fat diet-induced cognitive impairment by improving mitochondrial function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6213. [PMID: 35418581 PMCID: PMC9008020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the improvement effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from peanut (Arachis hypogaea) sprout (EFPS) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive deficits in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were randomly divided four groups (n = 13) as control (normal chow), HFD, EFPS 20 (20 mg/kg of body weight; intragastric administration) and EFPS 50 (50 mg/kg of body weight; intragastric administration) groups. HFD was provide for 15 weeks excepting control group. EFPS ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in Y-maze, passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. EFPS significantly improved glucose tolerance and serum lipid profile, and reduced body weight. EFPS ameliorated oxidative stress by regulating MDA levels and SOD activity in liver and brain tissues. In addition, EFPS restored brain mitochondrial dysfunction related to energy metabolism. Moreover, the bioactive compounds of EFPS were identified as di-caffeic acid, caffeic acid, dihydrokaempferol-hexoside, di-p-coumaroyl tartaric acid isomer and group B soyasaponins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry. These results show that EFPS can improve cognitive functions in HFD-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Kyeong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Process Technology and Fermentation Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Abdominal Obesity: An Independent Influencing Factor of Visuospatial and Executive/Language Ability and the Serum Levels of Aβ40/Aβ42/Tau Protein. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:3622149. [PMID: 35401883 PMCID: PMC8993554 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3622149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Although obesity affects human health and cognitive function, the influence of abdominal obesity on cognitive function is still unclear. Methods The MoCA scale was used to evaluate the overall cognitive function and the function of each subitem of 196 subjects, as well as the SDMT and TMT-A scales for evaluating the attention and information processing speed. In addition, radioimmunoassay was used to detect the serum levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, and tau protein in 45 subjects. Subjects were divided into abdominal and nonabdominal obesity groups. Before and after correcting confounding factors, the differences in cognitive scale evaluation indexes and three protein levels between the two groups were compared. We also explore further the correlation between various cognitive abilities and the waist circumference/levels of the three proteins. Linear regression was used to identify the independent influencing factors of various cognitive functions and three protein levels. Results After correcting for multiple factors, we observed the lower scores of visuospatial function, execution, and language in the MoCA scale, as well as higher levels of Aβ40 and tau protein in the abdominal obesity group, supported by the results of correlation analysis. Abdominal obesity was identified as an independent negative influencing factor of MoCA visual space, executive power, and language scores and an independent positive influencing factor of Aβ40, Aβ42, and tau protein levels. Conclusion Abdominal obesity may play a negative role in visuospatial, executive ability, and language function and a positive role in the Aβ40, Aβ42, and tau protein serum levels.
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Mao Y, Zhong W. Insulin resistance is associated with cognitive decline in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:571-573. [PMID: 34984560 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Mao
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Parks Hall 148, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Endocrinology Clinic, OhioHealth Castrop Health Center, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Wenjun Zhong
- Merck Research Labs, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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Dysmetabolism and Neurodegeneration: Trick or Treat? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071425. [PMID: 35406040 PMCID: PMC9003269 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the existence of a strong link between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Indeed, epidemiologic studies have described solid associations between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration, whereas animal models contributed for the clarification of the mechanistic underlying the complex relationships between these conditions, having the development of an insulin resistance state a pivotal role in this relationship. Herein, we review in a concise manner the association between metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. We start by providing concepts regarding the role of insulin and insulin signaling pathways as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms that are in the genesis of metabolic diseases. Then, we focus on the role of insulin in the brain, with special attention to its function in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, feeding, and cognition. Moreover, we extensively report on the association between neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases, with a particular emphasis on the evidence observed in animal models of dysmetabolism induced by hypercaloric diets. We also debate on strategies to prevent and/or delay neurodegeneration through the normalization of whole-body glucose homeostasis, particularly via the modulation of the carotid bodies, organs known to be key in connecting the periphery with the brain.
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Peripheral Aβ acts as a negative modulator of insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117723119. [PMID: 35290109 PMCID: PMC8944757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117723119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be a risk factor for AD, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that plasma Aβ is produced from glucose- and insulin-susceptible peripheral tissues, such as the pancreas, adipose tissues, skeletal muscles, and liver, to inhibit insulin secretion from islet β-cells. Our findings suggest a physiological role of peripheral Aβ in glucose and insulin metabolism and a possible mechanism linking diabetes to AD. In addition, although plasma Aβ levels are currently used as a diagnostic biomarker of AD, our data suggest they should be used with caution. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is known to be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In AD, the cerebral accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) triggers a pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration. Plasma Aβ levels are thought to reflect the brain amyloid pathology and currently used as a diagnostic biomarker of AD. However, amyloid precursor protein and Aβ-generating enzymes, β- and γ-secretases, are widely expressed in various peripheral tissues. Previous reports have shown that glucose and insulin loading cause a transient increase of plasma Aβ in mice and humans. These findings led us to speculate that plasma Aβ is produced from glucose- and insulin-susceptible peripheral tissues to play a role in glucose and insulin metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of glucose and insulin on Aβ secretion and the effect of Aβ on insulin secretion in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Aβ was found to be secreted from β-cells of the pancreas along with insulin upon glucose stimulation. Upon insulin stimulation, Aβ was secreted from cells of insulin-targeted organs, such as adipose tissues, skeletal muscles, and the liver, along with their organokines. Furthermore, Aβ inhibited the glucose-triggered insulin secretion from β-cells, slowing down glucose clearance from the blood. These results suggest that peripheral Aβ acts as a negative modulator of insulin secretion. Our findings provide a possible mechanism linking diabetes to AD and call attention to how plasma Aβ levels are used in AD diagnosis.
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Del Moro L, Rota E, Pirovano E, Rainero I. Migraine, Brain Glucose Metabolism and the "Neuroenergetic" Hypothesis: A Scoping Review. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1294-1317. [PMID: 35296423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that migraine may be the result of an impaired brain glucose metabolism. Several studies have reported brain mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired brain glucose metabolism and gray matter volume reduction in specific brain areas of migraineurs. Furthermore, peripheral insulin resistance, a condition demonstrated in several studies, may extend to the brain, leading to brain insulin resistance. This condition has been proven to downregulate insulin receptors, both in astrocytes and neurons, triggering a reduction in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, mainly during high metabolic demand. This scoping review examines the clinical, epidemiologic and pathophysiologic data supporting the hypothesis that abnormalities in brain glucose metabolism may generate a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and metabolic expenditure, triggering migraine attacks. Moreover, alteration in glucose homeostasis could generate a chronic brain energy deficit promoting migraine chronification. Lastly, insulin resistance may link migraine with its comorbidities, like obesity, depression, cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular diseases. PERSPECTIVE: Although additional experimental studies are needed to support this novel "neuroenergetic" hypothesis, brain insulin resistance in migraineurs may unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, explaining the migraine chronification and connecting migraine with comorbidities. Therefore, this hypothesis could elucidate novel potential approaches for migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Del Moro
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy.
| | - Eugenia Rota
- Neurology Unit, ASL AL, San Giacomo Hospital, Novi Ligure, Italy
| | - Elenamaria Pirovano
- Foundation Allineare Sanità and Salute, Scientific Committee, Milan, Italy; LUMEN APS, European Salus Network, Scientific Committee, San Pietro in Cerro (PC), Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Italy
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Alves SR, da Cruz e Silva C, Martins I, Henriques AG, da Cruz e Silva OA. A Bioinformatics Approach Toward Unravelling the Synaptic Molecular Crosstalk Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1917-1933. [PMID: 35253743 PMCID: PMC9108712 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence links impaired brain insulin signaling and insulin resistance to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: This evidence prompted a search for molecular players common to AD and diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The work incorporated studies based on a primary care-based cohort (pcb-Cohort) and a bioinformatics analysis to identify central nodes, that are key players in AD and insulin signaling (IS) pathways. The interactome for each of these key proteins was retrieved and network maps were developed for AD and IS. Synaptic enrichment was performed to reveal synaptic common hubs. Results: Cohort analysis showed that individuals with DM exhibited a correlation with poor performance in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) cognitive test. Additionally, APOE ɛ2 allele carriers appear to potentially be relatively more protected against both DM and cognitive deficits. Ten clusters were identified in this network and 32 key synaptic proteins were common to AD and IS. Given the relevance of signaling pathways, another network was constructed focusing on protein kinases and protein phosphatases, and the top 6 kinase nodes (LRRK2, GSK3B, AKT1, EGFR, MAPK1, and FYN) were further analyzed. Conclusion: This allowed the elaboration of signaling cascades directly impacting AβPP and tau, whereby distinct signaling pathway play a major role and strengthen an AD-IS link at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Alves
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Ilka Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A.B. da Cruz e Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Michailidis M, Moraitou D, Tata DA, Kalinderi K, Papamitsou T, Papaliagkas V. Alzheimer's Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms between Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2687. [PMID: 35269827 PMCID: PMC8910482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) epidemics is increasing rapidly and has huge financial and emotional costs. The purpose of the current review article is to discuss the shared pathophysiological connections between AD and T2DM. Research findings are presented to underline the vital role that insulin plays in the brain's neurotransmitters, homeostasis of energy, as well as memory capacity. The findings of this review indicate the existence of a mechanistic interplay between AD pathogenesis with T2DM and, especially, disrupted insulin signaling. AD and T2DM are interlinked with insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. Beta-amyloid, tau protein and amylin can accumulate in T2DM and AD brains. Given that the T2DM patients are not routinely evaluated in terms of their cognitive status, they are rarely treated for cognitive impairment. Similarly, AD patients are not routinely evaluated for high levels of insulin or for T2DM. Studies suggesting AD as a metabolic disease caused by insulin resistance in the brain also offer strong support for the hypothesis that AD is a type 3 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.M.); (D.M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.M.); (D.M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Despina A. Tata
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.M.); (D.M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Niyasti P, Saberi A, Hatamyain H, Ajamian F, Shirkouhi SG, Mirzanejad L, Andalib S. Association of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene Polymorphism (rs1801278) with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/adr-210060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD is also the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to dementia worldwide. It has been shown that AD is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and brain insulin resistance. Rs1801278 is a polymorphism in insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene which changes the amino acid Arg972. This polymorphism has been found to be associated with susceptibility to AD in some populations. Objective: In the present study, our aim was to investigate the association of Arg972 IRS-1 (rs1801278) gene polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) in an Iranian population. Methods: In this case-control study, 150 patients with LOAD and 150 unrelated healthy controls were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a DNA segment of 263 base-pair (bp) length containing the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The PCR product was then incubated with MvaI restriction enzyme to undergo enzymatic cleavage. Electrophoresis was thereafter carried out using agarose gel and DNA safe stain. The gel was ultimately visualized under a UV trans-illuminator. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were then compared. Results: A allele (mutant) of the gene was significantly associated with the risk of AD after adjustment for sex and age (p = 0.04, adjusted OR:1.77, 95% CI:1.00–3.11). Only AA genotype (mutant homozygote) was significantly associated with the risk of AD after adjustment for sex and age (p = 0.01, adjusted OR:2.39, 95% CI:1.22–4.66). Conclusion: SNP rs1801278 is significantly associated with the risk of developing AD in the studied Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Niyasti
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alia Saberi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hatamyain
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farzam Ajamian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghorbani Shirkouhi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of MedicalSciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Laleh Mirzanejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Tacad DKM, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Horn WF, Keim NL, Krishnan GP, Krishnan S. Satiety Associated with Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Central Neuroendocrine Integration. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:758-791. [PMID: 35134815 PMCID: PMC9156369 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on how time-restricted feeding (TRF) and continuous caloric restriction (CR) affect central neuroendocrine systems involved in regulating satiety. Several interconnected regions of the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cortical areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of satiety. Following CR and TRF, the increase in hunger and reduction in satiety signals of the melanocortin system [neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)] appear similar between CR and TRF protocols, as do the dopaminergic responses in the mesocorticolimbic circuit. However, ghrelin and leptin signaling via the melanocortin system appears to improve energy balance signals and reduce hyperphagia following TRF, which has not been reported in CR. In addition to satiety systems, CR and TRF also influence circadian rhythms. CR influences the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or the primary circadian clock as seen by increased clock gene expression. In contrast, TRF appears to affect both the SCN and the peripheral clocks, as seen by phasic changes in the non-SCN (potentially the elusive food entrainable oscillator) and metabolic clocks. The peripheral clocks are influenced by the primary circadian clock but are also entrained by food timing, sleep timing, and other lifestyle parameters, which can supersede the metabolic processes that are regulated by the primary circadian clock. Taken together, TRF influences hunger/satiety, energy balance systems, and circadian rhythms, suggesting a role for adherence to CR in the long run if implemented using the TRF approach. However, these suggestions are based on only a few studies, and future investigations that use standardized protocols for the evaluation of the effect of these diet patterns (time, duration, meal composition, sufficiently powered) are necessary to verify these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra K M Tacad
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William F Horn
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giri P Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Labandeira CM, Fraga-Bau A, Arias Ron D, Alvarez-Rodriguez E, Vicente-Alba P, Lago-Garma J, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus: common mechanisms and treatment repurposing. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1652-1658. [PMID: 35017411 PMCID: PMC8820685 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, attention has become greater to the relationship between neurodegeneration and abnormal insulin signaling in the central nervous system, as insulin in the brain is implicated in neuronal survival, plasticity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s disease are both aging-associated diseases that are turning into epidemics worldwide. Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance not only increase the possibility of developing Parkinson’s disease but can also determine the prognosis and progression of Parkinsonian symptoms. Today, there are no available curative or disease modifying treatments for Parkinson’s disease, but the role of insulin and antidiabetic medications in neurodegeneration opens a door to treatment repurposing to fight against Parkinson’s disease, both in diabetic and nondiabetic Parkinsonian patients. Furthermore, it is essential to comprehend how a frequent and treatable disease such as diabetes can influence the progression of neurodegeneration in a challenging disease such as Parkinson’s disease. Here, we review the present evidence on the connection between Parkinson’s disease and diabetes and the consequential implications of the existing antidiabetic molecules in the severity and development of Parkinsonism, with a particular focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Labandeira
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arturo Fraga-Bau
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Arias Ron
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Complex, Ourense, Spain
| | - Elena Alvarez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Alba
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Javier Lago-Garma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Meixoeiro, University Hospital Complex, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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75
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Tong XW, Zhang YT, Yu ZW, Pu SD, Li X, Xu YX, Shan YY, Gao XY. Triglyceride Glucose Index is Related with the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3577-3587. [PMID: 36426213 PMCID: PMC9680968 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s389327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index reflects insulin resistance; the latter being associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical value of the TyG index to identify MCI in patients living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a cross-sectional study. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 517 patients with T2D. The diagnosis of MCI was based on criteria established by the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroup, and patients were divided into the MCI group and the normal cognitive function (NCF) group. The logistic regression analysis determines whether the TyG index is related to MCI. Subsequently, we constructed the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculated the area under the curve (AUC). The nomogram model of the influence factor was established and verified. RESULTS Compared to the type 2 diabetes-normal cognitive function (T2D-NCF) group, the MCI subjects were olderand had higher TyG indexes, lower cognitive scores, and lower education levels (p < 0.01). After adjusting for the confounders, the TyG index was associated with MCI (OR = 7.37, 95% CI = 4.72-11.50, p < 0.01), and TyG-BMI was also associated with MCI (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01-1.02, p<0.01). The TyG index AUC was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.76-0.83). The consistency index of the nomogram was 0. 83[95% CI (0. 79, 0. 86)]. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the TyG index and TyG-BMI are associated with MCI in T2D patients, and the TyG index is an excellent indicator of the risk of MCI in T2D patients. The nomogram incorporating the TyG index is useful to predict MCI risk in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Tong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Wei Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Dan Pu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xin Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yan Shan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xin-Yuan Gao, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18846030512, Email
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76
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Chandarana CV, Roy S. Comprehensive Review on Neuro-degenerative Type 3 DM. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e131221198790. [PMID: 34961464 DOI: 10.2174/1573399818666211213103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to research, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a metabolic illness caused by defective insulin signaling, insulin resistance, and low insulin levels in the brain. Type 3 diabetes has been postulated for AD because reduced insulin signaling has molecular and physiological consequences that are comparable to type I and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively. The similarities between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease suggest that these clinical trials might yield therapeutic benefits. However, it is important to note that lowering your risk of Alzheimer's dementia, whether you have diabetes or not, is still a multidimensional process involving factors like exercise, smoking, alcohol, food, and mental challenges. The current aim is to show that the relationship between T3D and AD is based on both the processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein toxicity and the clearance of Aβ, which are the results of impaired insulin signaling. The brain's metabolism, with its high lipid content and energy needs, places excess demands on mitochondria and appears more susceptible to oxidative damage than the rest of the body. Current data suggests that increased oxidative stress relates to amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology and the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandani V Chandarana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, SSR College of Pharmacy, Sayli, Silvassa-396230, India
| | - Salona Roy
- SSR College of Pharmacy, Silvassa, India
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77
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Blázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, LeBaut-Ayuso Y, Velázquez E, García-García L, Gómez-Oliver F, Ruiz-Albusac J, Ávila J, Pozo MÁ. Significance of Brain Glucose Hypometabolism, Altered Insulin Signal Transduction, and Insulin Resistance in Several Neurological Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873301. [PMID: 35615716 PMCID: PMC9125423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurological diseases share pathological alterations, even though they differ in their etiology. Neuroinflammation, altered brain glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloidosis are biological events found in those neurological disorders. Altered insulin-mediated signaling and brain glucose hypometabolism are characteristic signs observed in the brains of patients with certain neurological diseases, but also others such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular diseases. Thus, significant reductions in insulin receptor autophosphorylation and Akt kinase activity, and increased GSK-3 activity and insulin resistance, have been reported in these neurological diseases as contributing to the decline in cognitive function. Supporting this relationship is the fact that nasal and hippocampal insulin administration has been found to improve cognitive function. Additionally, brain glucose hypometabolism precedes the unmistakable clinical manifestations of some of these diseases by years, which may become a useful early biomarker. Deficiencies in the major pathways of oxidative energy metabolism have been reported in patients with several of these neurological diseases, which supports the hypothesis of their metabolic background. This review remarks on the significance of insulin and brain glucose metabolism alterations as keystone common pathogenic substrates for certain neurological diseases, highlighting new potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Blázquez,
| | | | - Yannick LeBaut-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Velázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-García
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Gómez-Oliver
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Ruiz-Albusac
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
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78
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SantaCruz-Calvo S, Bharath L, Pugh G, SantaCruz-Calvo L, Lenin RR, Lutshumba J, Liu R, Bachstetter AD, Zhu B, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive immune cells shape obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and less prominent comorbidities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:23-42. [PMID: 34703027 PMCID: PMC11005058 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasing in prevalence owing to decreases in physical activity levels and a shift to diets that include addictive and/or high-calorie foods. These changes are associated with the adoption of modern lifestyles and the presence of an obesogenic environment, which have resulted in alterations to metabolism, adaptive immunity and endocrine regulation. The size and quality of adipose tissue depots in obesity, including the adipose tissue immune compartment, are critical determinants of overall health. In obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation can occur in adipose tissue that can progress to systemic inflammation; this inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance, T2DM and other comorbidities. An improved understanding of adaptive immune cell dysregulation that occurs during obesity and its associated metabolic comorbidities, with an appreciation of sex differences, will be critical for repurposing or developing immunomodulatory therapies to treat obesity and/or T2DM-associated inflammation. This Review critically discusses how activation and metabolic reprogramming of lymphocytes, that is, T cells and B cells, triggers the onset, development and progression of obesity and T2DM. We also consider the role of immunity in under-appreciated comorbidities of obesity and/or T2DM, such as oral cavity inflammation, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Finally, we discuss previous clinical trials of anti-inflammatory medications in T2DM and consider the path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Leena Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Gabriella Pugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucia SantaCruz-Calvo
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenny Lutshumba
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences and the Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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79
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Ravipati K, Chen Y, Manns JR. Reassessing Diabetes and APOE Genotype as Potential Interacting Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175211070912. [PMID: 35041557 PMCID: PMC10623968 DOI: 10.1177/15333175211070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess whether diabetes alone or in association with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype increases the risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 33,456 participants from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database. Results: Participants with one or two APOE ε4 alleles had 2.71 (CI:2.55-2.88) and 9.37 (CI:8.14-10.78) times higher odds of AD diagnosis, respectively, relative to those with zero ε4 alleles. In contrast, diabetic participants showed 1.07 (CI:0.96-1.18) times higher odds of AD relative to nondiabetics. Diabetes did not exacerbate the odds of AD in APOE ε4 carriers. APOE ε4 carriage was correlated with declines in long-term memory and verbal fluency, which were strongly correlated with conversion to AD. However, diabetes was correlated with working memory decline, which had a relatively weak correlation with AD. Conclusions: Unlike APOE ε4, there was little evidence that diabetes was a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Ravipati
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Yunxiao Chen
- Department of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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80
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Chavoshinezhad S, Zibaii MI, Seyed Nazari MH, Ronaghi A, Asgari Taei A, Ghorbani A, Pandamooz S, Salehi MS, Valian N, Motamedi F, Haghparast A, Dargahi L. Optogenetic stimulation of entorhinal cortex reveals the implication of insulin signaling in adult rat's hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110344. [PMID: 33964323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory. Projections originating from entorhinal cortex, known as the perforant pathway, provide the main input to the dentate gyrus and promote neurogenesis. However, neuromodulators and molecular changes mediating neurogenic effects of this pathway are not yet fully understood. Here, by means of an optogenetic approach, we investigated neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of adult rats induced by stimulation of the perforant pathway. The lentiviruses carrying hChR2 (H134R)-mCherry gene under the control of the CaMKII promoter were injected into the medial entorhinal cortex region of adult rats. After 21 days, the entorhinal cortex region was exposed to the blue laser (473 nm) for five consecutive days (30 min/day). The expression of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis markers in the hippocampus were evaluated using molecular and histological approaches. In parallel, the changes in the gene expression of insulin and its signaling pathway, trophic factors, and components of mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. Our results showed that optogenetic stimulation of the entorhinal cortex promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity concomitant with the increased levels of insulin mRNA and its signaling markers, neurotrophic factors, and activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings suggest that effects of perforant pathway stimulation on the hippocampus, at least in part, are mediated by insulin increase in the dentate gyrus and subsequently activation of its downstream signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Abdolaziz Ronaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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81
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Vickers MH. Early life nutrition and neuroendocrine programming. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108921. [PMID: 34902348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the nutritional environment in early life can significantly increase the risk for obesity and a range of development of metabolic disorders in offspring in later life, effects that can be passed onto future generations. This process, termed development programming, provides the framework of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) paradigm. Early life nutritional compromise including undernutrition, overnutrition or specific macro/micronutrient deficiencies, results in a range of adverse health outcomes in offspring that can be further exacerbated by a poor postnatal nutritional environment. Although the mechanisms underlying programming remain poorly defined, a common feature across the phenotypes displayed in preclinical models is that of altered wiring of neuroendocrine circuits that regulate satiety and energy balance. As such, altered maternal nutritional exposures during critical early periods of developmental plasticity can result in aberrant hardwiring of these circuits with lasting adverse consequences for the offspring. There is also increasing evidence around the role of an altered epigenome and the gut-brain axis in mediating some of the central programming effects observed. Further, although such programming was once considered to result in a permanent change in developmental trajectory, there is evidence, at least from preclinical models, that programming can be reversed via targeted nutritional manipulations during early development. Further work is required at a mechanistic level to allow for identification for early markers of later disease risk, delineation of sex-specific effects and pathways to implementation of strategies aimed at breaking the transgenerational transmission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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82
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Lin KJ, Wang TJ, Chen SD, Lin KL, Liou CW, Lan MY, Chuang YC, Chuang JH, Wang PW, Lee JJ, Wang FS, Lin HY, Lin TK. Two Birds One Stone: The Neuroprotective Effect of Antidiabetic Agents on Parkinson Disease-Focus on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121935. [PMID: 34943038 PMCID: PMC8750793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease affecting more than 1% of the population over 65 years old. The etiology of the disease is unknown and there are only symptomatic managements available with no known disease-modifying treatment. Aging, genes, and environmental factors contribute to PD development and key players involved in the pathophysiology of the disease include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic-lysosomal imbalance, and neuroinflammation. Recent epidemiology studies have shown that type-2 diabetes (T2DM) not only increased the risk for PD, but also is associated with PD clinical severity. A higher rate of insulin resistance has been reported in PD patients and is suggested to be a pathologic driver in this disease. Oral diabetic drugs including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been shown to provide neuroprotective effects in both PD patients and experimental models; additionally, antidiabetic drugs have been demonstrated to lower incidence rates of PD in DM patients. Among these, the most recently developed drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors may provide neuroprotective effects through improving mitochondrial function and antioxidative effects. In this article, we will discuss the involvement of mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in the development of PD and potential benefits provided by antidiabetic agents especially focusing on sglt2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jer Lee
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Urolithins: Diet-Derived Bioavailable Metabolites to Tackle Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124285. [PMID: 34959837 PMCID: PMC8705976 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes remains one of the leading causes of deaths and co-morbidities in the world, with tremendous human, social and economic costs. Therefore, despite therapeutics and technological advancements, improved strategies to tackle diabetes management are still needed. One of the suggested strategies is the consumption of (poly)phenols. Positive outcomes of dietary (poly)phenols have been pointed out towards different features in diabetes. This is the case of ellagitannins, which are present in numerous foodstuffs such as pomegranate, berries, and nuts. Ellagitannins have been reported to have a multitude of effects on metabolic diseases. However, these compounds have high molecular weight and do not reach circulation at effective concentrations, being metabolized in smaller compounds. After being metabolized into ellagic acid in the small intestine, the colonic microbiota hydrolyzes and metabolizes ellagic acid into dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives, known as urolithins. These low molecular weight compounds reach circulation in considerable concentrations ranging until micromolar levels, capable of reaching target tissues. Different urolithins are formed throughout the metabolization process, but urolithin A, isourolithin A, and urolithin B, and their phase-II metabolites are the most frequent ones. In recent years, urolithins have been the focus of attention in regard to their effects on a multiplicity of chronic diseases, including cancer and diabetes. In this review, we will discuss the latest advances about the protective effects of urolithins on diabetes.
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84
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Peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance: Role in metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology 2021; 203:108877. [PMID: 34762922 PMCID: PMC8642294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, insulin and leptin resistance can occur both peripherally and centrally. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity share several key features including insulin and leptin resistance. While the peripheral effects of these disorders are well-known (i.e. cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, etc.), the CNS complications of leptin and insulin resistance have come into sharper focus. Both preclinical and clinical findings have indicated that insulin and leptin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Importantly, these studies also suggest that these deficits in neuroplasticity can be reversed by restoration of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In view of these observations, this review will describe, in detail, the peripheral and central functions of insulin and leptin and explain the role of insulin and leptin resistance in various metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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85
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Tanaka T, Betkekar VV, Ohmori K, Suzuki K, Shigemori H. Evaluation of Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation Inhibition and Disaggregation Activity of A-Type Procyanidins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111118. [PMID: 34832900 PMCID: PMC8623168 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of people worldwide suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is on the rise. Amyloid polypeptides are thought to be associated with the onset of both diseases. Amyloid-β (Aβ) that aggregates in the brain and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) that aggregates in the pancreas are considered cytotoxic and the cause of the development of AD and T2D, respectively. Thus, inhibiting amyloid polypeptide aggregation and disaggregation existing amyloid aggregates are promising approaches in the therapy and prevention against both diseases. Therefore, in this research, we evaluated the Aβ/hIAPP anti-aggregation and disaggregation activities of A-type procyanidins 1–7 and their substructures 8 and 9, by conducting structure–activity relationship studies and identified the active site. The thioflavin-T (Th-T) assay, which quantifies the degree of aggregation of amyloid polypeptides based on fluorescence intensity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), employed to directly observe amyloid polypeptides, were used to evaluate the activity. The results showed that catechol-containing compounds 1–6 exhibited Aβ/hIAPP anti-aggregation and disaggregation activities, while compound 7, without catechol, showed no activity. This suggests that the presence of catechol is important for both activities. Daily intake of foods containing A-type procyanidins may be effective in the prevention and treatment of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Vipul V. Betkekar
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan; (V.V.B.); (K.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Ken Ohmori
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan; (V.V.B.); (K.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan; (V.V.B.); (K.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Hideyuki Shigemori
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-4603
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86
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Głombik K, Detka J, Budziszewska B. Hormonal Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Brain in Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112937. [PMID: 34831160 PMCID: PMC8616269 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing and adult brain is a target organ for the vast majority of hormones produced by the body, which are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and bind to their specific receptors on neurons and glial cells. Hormones ensure proper communication between the brain and the body by activating adaptive mechanisms necessary to withstand and react to changes in internal and external conditions by regulating neuronal and synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis and metabolic activity of the brain. The influence of hormones on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in the brain has gained much attention since mitochondrial dysfunctions are observed in many different pathological conditions of the central nervous system. Moreover, excess or deficiency of hormones is associated with cell damage and loss of function in mitochondria. This review aims to expound on the impact of hormones (GLP-1, insulin, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids) on metabolic processes in the brain with special emphasis on oxidative phosphorylation dysregulation, which may contribute to the formation of pathological changes. Since the brain concentrations of sex hormones and neurosteroids decrease with age as well as in neurodegenerative diseases, in parallel with the occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction and the weakening of cognitive functions, their beneficial effects on oxidative phosphorylation and expression of antioxidant enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głombik
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-662-33-94
| | - Jan Detka
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.); (B.B.)
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.); (B.B.)
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Chair of Toxicology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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87
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Komleva YK, Potapenko IV, Lopatina OL, Gorina YV, Chernykh A, Khilazheva ED, Salmina AB, Shuvaev AN. NLRP3 Inflammasome Blocking as a Potential Treatment of Central Insulin Resistance in Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111588. [PMID: 34769018 PMCID: PMC8583950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder. In recent years, attention of researchers has increasingly been focused on studying the role of brain insulin resistance (BIR) in the AD pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation makes a significant contribution to the BIR due to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This study was devoted to the understanding of the potential therapeutic roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegeneration occurring concomitant with BIR and its contribution to the progression of emotional disorders. METHODS To test the impact of innate immune signaling on the changes induced by Aβ1-42 injection, we analyzed animals carrying a genetic deletion of the Nlrp3 gene. Thus, we studied the role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in health and neurodegeneration in maintaining brain insulin signaling using behavioral, electrophysiological approaches, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and real-time PCR. RESULTS We revealed that NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for insulin-dependent glucose transport in the brain and memory consolidation. Conclusions NLRP3 knockout protects mice against the development of BIR: Taken together, our data reveal the protective role of Nlrp3 deletion in the regulation of fear memory and the development of Aβ-induced insulin resistance, providing a novel target for the clinical treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia K. Komleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (O.L.L.); (Y.V.G.); (E.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilia V. Potapenko
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Olga L. Lopatina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (O.L.L.); (Y.V.G.); (E.D.K.)
- Shared Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Technologies, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yana V. Gorina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (O.L.L.); (Y.V.G.); (E.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anatoly Chernykh
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Elena D. Khilazheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University Named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (O.L.L.); (Y.V.G.); (E.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Brain Cytology, Division of Brain Sciences, Research Center of Neurology, 125367 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton N. Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (I.V.P.); (A.C.); (A.B.S.); (A.N.S.)
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Nitchingham A, Milne A, Toson B, Tuch B, Agar M, Close J, Caplan G. Intranasal insulin for treatment of delirium in older hospitalised patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050765. [PMID: 34667006 PMCID: PMC8527126 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delirium is one of the most common conditions diagnosed in hospitalised older people and is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, yet there are no proven pharmacological treatments. Recent research has identified cerebral glucose hypometabolism as a pathophysiological mechanism offering a therapeutic target in delirium. Insulin, delivered via the intranasal route, acts directly on the central nervous system and has been shown to enhance cerebral metabolism and improve cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. This trial will determine whether intranasal insulin can reduce the duration of delirium in older hospitalised patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a prospective randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study with 6 months follow-up. One hundred patients aged 65 years or older presenting to hospital with delirium admitted under geriatric medicine will be recruited. Participants will be randomised to intranasal insulin detemir or placebo administered twice daily until delirium resolves, defined as Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) negative for 2 days, or discharge from hospital. The primary outcome measure will be duration of delirium using the CAM. Secondary outcome measures will include length of hospital stay, severity of delirium, adherence to treatment, hospital complications, new admission to nursing home, mortality, use of antipsychotic medications during hospital stay and cognitive and physical function at 6 months postdischarge. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial has been approved by the South Eastern Sydney Human Research and Ethics Committee. Dissemination plans include submission to a peer-reviewed journal for publication and presentation at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618000318280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Nitchingham
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Milne
- Rural Clinical School, Coffs Harbour Health Campus, University of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bernard Tuch
- Department of Molecular & Translational Science, Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meera Agar
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Close
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gideon Caplan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Samant NP, Gupta GL. Adiponectin: a potential target for obesity-associated Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1565-1572. [PMID: 34047927 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and dementia are two growing problems worldwide. Obesity act as a crucial risk factor for various diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several preclinical studies showed that middle-age obesity can be act as a possible feature of mild cognitive impairment in later years. Some studies have also demonstrated that a high-fat diet causes AD pathology, including extracellular amyloid-beta accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and cognition impairment. The correlation and molecular mechanism related to obesity-associated AD needs to be better evaluated. Presently, obesity results in an altered expression of several hormones, growth factors, and adipokines. Multiple signaling pathways such as leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and glutamate are involved to regulate vital functions in the brain and act as neuroprotective mediators for AD in a normal state. In obesity, altered adiponectin (APN) level and its associated downstream pathway could result in multiple signaling pathway disruption. Presently, Adiponectin and its inducers or agonist are considered as potential therapeutics for obesity-associated AD. This review mainly focuses on the pleiotropic effects of adiponectin and its potential to treat obesity-associated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Patil Samant
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, Maharashtra, India.
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur Campus, Shirpur, 425 405, Maharashtra, India.
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90
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Oxidative Stress and Beta Amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease. Which Comes First: The Chicken or the Egg? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091479. [PMID: 34573112 PMCID: PMC8468973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease involves β amyloid (Aβ) accumulation known to induce synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The brain's vulnerability to oxidative stress (OS) is considered a crucial detrimental factor in Alzheimer's disease. OS and Aβ are linked to each other because Aβ induces OS, and OS increases the Aβ deposition. Thus, the answer to the question "which comes first: the chicken or the egg?" remains extremely difficult. In any case, the evidence for the primary occurrence of oxidative stress in AD is attractive. Thus, evidence indicates that a long period of gradual oxidative damage accumulation precedes and results in the appearance of clinical and pathological AD symptoms, including Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. Moreover, oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many risk factors for AD. Alzheimer's disease begins many years before its symptoms, and antioxidant treatment can be an important therapeutic target for attacking the disease.
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91
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Insulin and Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189987. [PMID: 34576151 PMCID: PMC8472298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose production. Insulin influences cell growth, differentiation and protein synthesis, and inhibits catabolic processes such as glycolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are expressed on all cell types in the central nervous system. Widespread distribution in the brain confirms that insulin signaling plays important and diverse roles in this organ. Insulin is known to regulate glucose metabolism, support cognition, enhance the outgrowth of neurons, modulate the release and uptake of catecholamine, and regulate the expression and localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Insulin is also able to freely cross the blood–brain barrier from the circulation. In addition, changes in insulin signaling, caused inter alia insulin resistance, may accelerate brain aging, and affect plasticity and possibly neurodegeneration. There are two significant insulin signal transduction pathways: the PBK/AKT pathway which is responsible for metabolic effects, and the MAPK pathway which influences cell growth, survival and gene expression. The aim of this study is to describe the role played by insulin in the CNS, in both healthy people and those with pathologies such as insulin resistance and Alzheimer’s disease.
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92
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Hefner M, Baliga V, Amphay K, Ramos D, Hegde V. Cardiometabolic Modification of Amyloid Beta in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:721858. [PMID: 34497507 PMCID: PMC8419421 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.721858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have suggested that cardiometabolic disorders, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, share strong connections with the onset of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, establishing a definitive link between medical disorders with coincident pathophysiologies is difficult due to etiological heterogeneity and underlying comorbidities. For this reason, amyloid β (Aβ), a physiological peptide derived from the sequential proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP), serves as a crucial link that bridges the gap between cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Aβ normally regulates neuronal synaptic function and repair; however, the intracellular accumulation of Aβ within the brain has been observed to play a critical role in AD pathology. A portion of Aβ is believed to originate from the brain itself and can readily cross the blood-brain barrier, while the rest resides in peripheral tissues that express APP required for Aβ generation such as the liver, pancreas, kidney, spleen, skin, and lungs. Consequently, numerous organs contribute to the body pool of total circulating Aβ, which can accumulate in the brain and facilitate neurodegeneration. Although the accumulation of Aβ corresponds with the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, the direct function of periphery born Aβ in AD pathophysiology is currently unknown. This review will highlight the contributions of individual cardiometabolic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in elevating concentrations of circulating Aβ within the brain, as well as discuss the comorbid association of Aβ with AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleigh Hefner
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Vineet Baliga
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kailinn Amphay
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daniela Ramos
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Vijay Hegde
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Guerra JVS, Dias MMG, Brilhante AJVC, Terra MF, García-Arévalo M, Figueira ACM. Multifactorial Basis and Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolism-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082830. [PMID: 34444990 PMCID: PMC8398524 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, has been increasing worldwide. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns, along with genetic conditions, are the main factors that modulate the metabolism of individuals, leading to the development of NCDs. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are classified in this group of chronic diseases. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of these diseases leads us to develop more accurate and effective treatments to reduce or mitigate their prevalence in the population. Given the global relevance of NCDs and ongoing research progress, this article reviews the current understanding about NCDs and their related risk factors, with a focus on obesity, diabetes, MAFLD, and CVDs, summarizing the knowledge about their pathophysiology and highlighting the currently available and emerging therapeutic strategies, especially pharmacological interventions. All of these diseases play an important role in the contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as in the progression and severity of the symptoms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we briefly explore the relationship between NCDs and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V. S. Guerra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli M. G. Dias
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Anna J. V. C. Brilhante
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Maiara F. Terra
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Marta García-Arévalo
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Figueira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia—R. Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil; (J.V.S.G.); (M.M.G.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Correspondence: or (M.G.-A.); (A.C.M.F.)
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94
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Brain Glucose Transporters: Role in Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158142. [PMID: 34360906 PMCID: PMC8348194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of dementia, especially in elderly people, is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with aging as its main risk factor. AD is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. There are several factors increasing the risk of AD development. One of the main features of Alzheimer’s disease is impairment of brain energy. Hypometabolism caused by decreased glucose uptake is observed in specific areas of the AD-affected brain. Therefore, glucose hypometabolism and energy deficit are hallmarks of AD. There are several hypotheses that explain the role of glucose hypometabolism in AD, but data available on this subject are poor. Reduced transport of glucose into neurons may be related to decreased expression of glucose transporters in neurons and glia. On the other hand, glucose transporters may play a role as potential targets for the treatment of AD. Compounds such as antidiabetic drugs, agonists of SGLT1, insulin, siRNA and liposomes are suggested as therapeutics. Nevertheless, the suggested targets of therapy need further investigations.
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95
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Intranasal insulin rescues repeated anesthesia-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory and prevents apoptosis in neonatal mice via mTORC1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15490. [PMID: 34326413 PMCID: PMC8322102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting cognitive impairment in juveniles undergoing repeated general anesthesia has been observed in numerous preclinical and clinical studies, yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown and no preventive treatment is available. We found that daily intranasal insulin administration to juvenile mice for 7 days prior to repeated isoflurane anesthesia rescues deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory and synaptic plasticity in adulthood. Moreover, intranasal insulin prevented anesthesia-induced apoptosis of hippocampal cells, which is thought to underlie cognitive impairment. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a major intracellular effector of insulin receptor, blocked the beneficial effects of intranasal insulin on anesthesia-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this finding, mice lacking mTORC1 downstream translational repressor 4E-BP2 showed no induction of repeated anesthesia-induced apoptosis. Our study demonstrates that intranasal insulin prevents general anesthesia-induced apoptosis of hippocampal cells, and deficits in synaptic plasticity and memory, and suggests that the rescue effect is mediated via mTORC1/4E-BP2 signaling.
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96
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Oliveira WH, Braga CF, Lós DB, Araújo SMR, França MR, Duarte-Silva E, Rodrigues GB, Rocha SWS, Peixoto CA. Metformin prevents p-tau and amyloid plaque deposition and memory impairment in diabetic mice. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2821-2839. [PMID: 34283253 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency or resistance can promote dementia and hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The formation of neurofibrillary tangles of p-TAU protein, extracellular Aβ plaques, and neuronal loss is related to the switching off insulin signaling in cognition brain areas. Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug used worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Some studies have demonstrated that metformin exerts neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and nootropic effects. This study aimed to evaluate metformin's effects on long-term memory and p-Tau and amyloid β modulation, which are hallmarks of AD in diabetic mice. Swiss Webster mice were distributed in the following experimental groups: control; treated with streptozotocin (STZ) that is an agent toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells; STZ + metformin 200 mg/kg (M200). STZ mice showed significant augmentation of time spent to reach the target box in the Barnes maze, while M200 mice showed a significant time reduction. Moreover, the M200 group showed reduced GFAP immunoreactivity in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 compared with the STZ group. STZ mice showed high p-Tau levels, reduced p-CREB, and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque in hippocampal areas and corpus callosum. In contrast, all these changes were reversed in the M200 group. Protein expressions of p-Tau, p-ERK, pGSK3, iNOS, nNOS, PARP, Cytochrome c, caspase 3, and GluN2A were increased in the parietal cortex of STZ mice and significantly counteracted in M200 mice. Moreover, M200 mice also showed significantly high levels of eNOS, AMPK, and p-AKT expression. In conclusion, metformin improved spatial memory in diabetic mice, which can be associated with reducing p-Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque load and inhibition of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Helena Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.,Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Figueiredo Braga
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Deniele Bezerra Lós
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology/Northeast Network in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Shyrlene Meiry Rocha Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil
| | - MariaEduarda Rocha França
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.,Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology/Northeast Network in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barros Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil.,Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Sura Wanessa Santos Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, CEP 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego S/N, Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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97
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Flintoff J, Kesby JP, Siskind D, Burne TH. Treating cognitive impairment in schizophrenia with GLP-1RAs: an overview of their therapeutic potential. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:877-891. [PMID: 34213981 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1951702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1% of individuals worldwide. There are no available medications to treat cognitive impairment in this patient population currently. Preclinical evidence suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) improve cognitive function. There is a need to evaluate how GLP-1 RAs alter specific domains of cognition and whether they will be of therapeutic benefit in individuals with schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED This paper summarizes the effects of GLP-1 RAs on metabolic processes in the brain and how these mechanisms relate to improved cognitive function. We provide an overview of preclinical studies that demonstrate GLP-1 RAs improve cognition and comment on their potential therapeutic benefit in individuals with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION To understand the benefits of GLP-1 RAs in individuals with schizophrenia, further preclinical research with rodent models relevant to schizophrenia symptomology are needed. Moreover, preclinical studies must focus on using a wider range of behavioral assays to understand whether important aspects of cognition such as executive function, attention, and goal-directed behavior are improved using GLP-1 RAs. Further research into the specific mechanisms of how GLP-1 RAs affect cognitive function and their interactions with antipsychotic medication commonly prescribed is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Flintoff
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James P Kesby
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Hj Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
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98
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Diabetes, insulin and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease: Focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100914. [PMID: 33845041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and diabetes mellitus are two chronic disorders associated with aging that are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Parkinson is a multifactorial progressive condition with no available disease modifying treatments at the moment. Over the last few years there is growing interest in the relationship between diabetes (and impaired insulin signaling) and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the possible benefit of antidiabetic treatments as neuroprotectors, even in non-diabetic patients. Insulin regulates essential functions in the brain such as neuronal survival, autophagy of toxic proteins, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. We review the existing epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence that supports the interplay between insulin and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, as well as the role of antidiabetic treatments in this disease.
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99
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Saunders AM, Burns DK, Gottschalk WK. Reassessment of Pioglitazone for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666958. [PMID: 34220427 PMCID: PMC8243371 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a quintessential 'unmet medical need', accounting for ∼65% of progressive cognitive impairment among the elderly, and 700,000 deaths in the United States in 2020. In 2019, the cost of caring for Alzheimer's sufferers was $244B, not including the emotional and physical toll on caregivers. In spite of this dismal reality, no treatments are available that reduce the risk of developing AD or that offer prolonged mitiagation of its most devestating symptoms. This review summarizes key aspects of the biology and genetics of Alzheimer's disease, and we describe how pioglitazone improves many of the patholophysiological determinants of AD. We also summarize the results of pre-clinical experiments, longitudinal observational studies, and clinical trials. The results of animal testing suggest that pioglitazone can be corrective as well as protective, and that its efficacy is enhanced in a time- and dose-dependent manner, but the dose-effect relations are not monotonic or sigmoid. Longitudinal cohort studies suggests that it delays the onset of dementia in individuals with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus, which small scale, unblinded pilot studies seem to confirm. However, the results of placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials have not borne this out, and we discuss possible explanations for these discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Saunders
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Daniel K. Burns
- Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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100
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Bautista J, Ortega Á, Nava M, Salazar J, Díaz-Camargo E, Medina O, Rojas-Quintero J, Bermúdez V. Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapeutics links. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:745-766. [PMID: 34168725 PMCID: PMC8192246 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two highly prevalent disorders worldwide, especially among elderly individuals. T2DM appears to be associated with cognitive dysfunction, with a higher risk of developing neurocognitive disorders, including AD. These diseases have been observed to share various pathophysiological mechanisms, including alterations in insulin signaling, defects in glucose transporters (GLUTs), and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms implicated in the association of these pathologies as well as recent therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles have been associated with the dysfunction of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nervous tissues as well as the decrease in the expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in the different areas of the brain, increase in reactive oxygen species, and production of mitochondrial alterations that occur in T2DM. These findings have contributed to the implementation of overlapping pharmacological interventions based on the use of insulin and antidiabetic drugs, or, more recently, azeliragon, amylin, among others, which have shown possible beneficial effects in diabetic patients diagnosed with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Ángel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Oscar Medina
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, United States
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
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