51
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Gao Y, Shah K, Kwok I, Wang M, Rome LH, Mahendra S. Immobilized fungal enzymes: Innovations and potential applications in biodegradation and biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 57:107936. [PMID: 35276253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes catalyze various reactions inside and outside living cells. Among the widely studied enzymes, fungal enzymes have been used for some of the most diverse purposes, especially in bioremediation, biosynthesis, and many nature-inspired commercial applications. To improve their stability and catalytic ability, fungal enzymes are often immobilized on assorted materials, conventional as well as nanoscale. Recent advances in fungal enzyme immobilization provide effective and sustainable approaches to achieve improved environmental and commercial outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of commonly studied fungal enzymes and immobilization technologies. It also summarizes recent advances involving immobilized fungal enzymes for the degradation or assembly of compounds used in the manufacture of products, such as detergents, food additives, and fossil fuel alternatives. Furthermore, challenges and future directions are highlighted to offer new perspectives on improving existing technologies and addressing unexplored fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kshitjia Shah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ivy Kwok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Meng L, Ma J, Liu C, Mao X, Li J. The microbial stress responses of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus induced by chitooligosaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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53
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Vu THN, Morozkina SN, Uspenskaya MV. Study of the Nanofibers Fabrication Conditions from the Mixture of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Chitosan by Electrospinning Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:811. [PMID: 35215724 PMCID: PMC8963080 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofiber fabrication is attracting great attention from scientists and technologists due to its applications in many fields of life. In order to design a nanosized polymer-based drug delivery system, we studied the conditions for the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers from poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS), which are well-known as biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic polymers that are widely used in the medical field. Aiming to develop nanofibers that can directly target diseased cells for treatment, such as cancerous cells, the ideal choice would be a system that contains the highest CS content as well as high quality fibers. In the present manuscript, it is expected to become the basis for improving the low bioavailability of medicinal drugs limited by poor solubility and low permeability. PVA-CS nanofibers were obtained by electrospinning at a PVA:CS ratio of 5:5 in a 60% (w/w) acetic acid solution under the following parameters: voltage 30 kV, feed rate 0.2 mL/h, needle-collector distance 14 cm. The obtained fibers were relatively uniform, with a diameter range of 77-292 nm and average diameter of 153 nm. The nanofiber system holds promise as a potential material for the integration of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Nhung Vu
- Chemical Engineering Centre, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49A, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.N.M.); (M.V.U.)
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Chen M, Jin J, Ji X, Chang K, Li J, Zhao L. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution of chitobiose and chitotriose in rats. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:13. [PMID: 38647841 PMCID: PMC10991139 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have various physiological activities and broad application prospects; however, their pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution remain unclear. In this study, a sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method for determining chitobiose (COS 2) and chitotriose (COS 3) in rat serum and tissues was developed. This method was successfully validated based on FDA guidelines in terms of selectivity, calibration curves (lower limit of quantification was 0.002 µg/mL for COS 2 and 0.02 µg/mL for COS 3), precision (intra-day relative standard deviation of 0.04%-3.55% and inter-day relative standard deviation of 1.94%-11.63%), accuracy (intra-day relative error of - 1.81%-11.06% and inter-day relative error of - 9.41%-8.63%), matrix effects, recovery (97.10%-101.29%), stability, dilution integrity, and carry-over effects. Then, the method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of COS 2 and COS 3 after intragastric and intravenous administration. After intragastric administration, COS 2 and COS 3 were rapidly absorbed, reached peak concentrations in the serum after approximately 0.45 h, and showed rapid elimination with clearances greater than 18.82 L/h/kg and half-lives lower than 6 h. The absolute oral bioavailability of COS 2 and COS 3 was 0.32%-0.52%. COS 2 and COS 3 were widely distributed in Wistar rat tissues and could penetrated the blood-brain barrier without tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chen
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiayang Jin
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoguo Ji
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kunlin Chang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chang-Zheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Ling M, Wu Y, Tian R, Liu Y, Yu W, Tao G, Lv X, Li J, Du G, Amaro RL, Liu L. Combinatorial pathway engineering of Bacillus subtilis for production of structurally defined and homogeneous chitooligosaccharides. Metab Eng 2022; 70:55-66. [PMID: 35033656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have a widespread range of biological functions and an incredible potential for various pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Although several physical, chemical, and biological techniques have been reported for COSs production, it is still a challenge to obtain structurally defined COSs with defined polymerization (DP) and acetylation patterns, which hampers the specific characterization and application of COSs. Herein, we achieved the de novo production of structurally defined COSs using combinatorial pathway engineering in Bacillus subtilis. Specifically, the COSs synthase NodC from Azorhizobium caulinodans was overexpressed in B. subtilis, leading to 30 ± 0.86 mg/L of chitin oligosaccharides (CTOSs), the homo-oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) with a well-defined DP lower than 6. Then introduction of a GlcNAc synthesis module to promote the supply of the sugar acceptor GlcNAc, reduced CTOSs production, which suggested that the activity of COSs synthase NodC and the supply of sugar donor UDP-GlcNAc may be the limiting steps for CTOSs synthesis. Therefore, 6 exogenous COSs synthase candidates were examined, and the nodCM from Mesorhizobium loti yielded the highest CTOSs titer of 560 ± 16 mg/L. Finally, both the de novo pathway and the salvage pathway of UDP-GlcNAc were engineered to further promote the biosynthesis of CTOSs. The titer of CTOSs in 3-L fed-batch bioreactor reached 4.82 ± 0.11 g/L (85.6% CTOS5, 7.5% CTOS4, 5.3% CTOS3 and 1.6% CTOS2), which was the highest ever reported. This is the first report proving the feasibility of the de novo production of structurally defined CTOSs by synthetic biology, and provides a good starting point for further engineering to achieve the commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixi Ling
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaokang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Rongzhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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56
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Gu YF, Chen YP, Jin R, Wang C, Wen C, Zhou YM. Dietary chitooligosaccharide supplementation alleviates intestinal barrier damage, and oxidative and immunological stress in lipopolysaccharide-challenged laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101701. [PMID: 35150943 PMCID: PMC8844238 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of chitooligosaccharide (COS) on intestinal barrier, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged laying hens. A total of 360 Hy-line Brown laying hens (80-wk-old) were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 12 birds. Hens were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with different COS levels (0; 5; 10; 15; 20 mg/kg) for 8 wk. The results showed that 15 mg/kg COS administration elevated albumen height and Haugh unit (P < 0.05), and numerically optimized productive performance (P > 0.05), therefore, the dosage of 15 mg/kg was chosen for the subsequent experiment. Thereafter, 12 birds from non-supplemented group were randomly selected and assigned into 2 groups, and birds in each group were administered (1.5 mg/kg BW, i.p.) with saline (control group) or LPS (challenge group). Another 6 hens from 15 mg/kg COS-supplemented group were selected and injected with LPS in the same way. Compared with the control group, LPS-challenged birds exhibited elevated circulating diamine oxidase activity, and reduced jejunal villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and these indices were reversed to control levels by COS (P < 0.05). Also, LPS increased malondialdehyde accumulation and reduced several antioxidant enzyme activities in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). Additionally, LPS increased jejunal secretory IgA and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and ileal secretory IgA, IgM, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations, whereas COS reduced jejunal IFN-γ and IL-1β, and ileal IgM levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS down-regulated mRNA abundance of jejunal occludin and claudin 2, and upregulated expression of jejunal nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, superoxide dismutase 1, and IFN-γ as well as ileal IL-1β (P < 0.05). Besides, COS increased jejunal occludin and ileal claudin 2, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 expression, and decreased jejunal IFN-γ and IL-1β abundance (P < 0.05). These results suggested that COS could alleviate LPS-induced intestinal barrier impairment, and oxidative and immunological stress in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y P Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - R Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - C Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Y M Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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57
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Cord-Landwehr S, Moerschbacher BM. Deciphering the ChitoCode: fungal chitins and chitosans as functional biopolymers. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:19. [PMID: 34893090 PMCID: PMC8665597 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitins and chitosans are among the most widespread and versatile functional biopolymers, with interesting biological activities and superior material properties. While chitins are evolutionary ancient and present in many eukaryotes except for higher plants and mammals, the natural distribution of chitosans, i.e. extensively deacetylated derivatives of chitin, is more limited. Unequivocal evidence for its presence is only available for fungi where chitosans are produced from chitin by the action of chitin deacetylases. However, neither the structural details such as fraction and pattern of acetylation nor the physiological roles of natural chitosans are known at present. We hypothesise that the chitin deacetylases are generating chitins and chitosans with specific acetylation patterns and that these provide information for the interaction with specific chitin- and chitosan-binding proteins. These may be structural proteins involved in the assembly of the complex chitin- and chitosan-containing matrices such as fungal cell walls and insect cuticles, chitin- and chitosan-modifying and -degrading enzymes such as chitin deacetylases, chitinases, and chitosanases, but also chitin- and chitosan-recognising receptors of the innate immune systems of plants, animals, and humans. The acetylation pattern, thus, may constitute a kind of 'ChitoCode', and we are convinced that new in silico, in vitro, and in situ analytical tools as well as new synthetic methods of enzyme biotechnology and organic synthesis are currently offering an unprecedented opportunity to decipher this code. We anticipate a deeper understanding of the biology of chitin- and chitosan-containing matrices, including their synthesis, assembly, mineralisation, degradation, and perception. This in turn will improve chitin and chitosan biotechnology and the development of reliable chitin- and chitosan-based products and applications, e.g. in medicine and agriculture, food and feed sciences, as well as cosmetics and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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58
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Zhong WC, Li EC, Hao RR, Zhang JF, Jin HT, Lin S. Anti-anaphylactic potential of benzoylpaeoniflorin through inhibiting HDC and MAPKs from Paeonia lactiflora. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:825-835. [PMID: 34844721 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Guided by cell-based anti-anaphylactic assay, eighteen cage-like monoterpenoid glycosides (1-18) were obtained from the bioactive fraction of P. lactiflora extract. Among these, compounds 1, 5, 6, 11, 12, 15, and 17 significantly reduced the release rate of β-HEX and HIS without or with less cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the most potent inhibitor benzoylpaeoniflorin (5) was selected as the prioritized compound for the study of action of mechanism, and its anti-anaphylactic activity was medicated by dual-inhibiting HDC and MAPK signal pathway. Moreover, molecular docking simulation explained that benzoylpaeoniflorin (5) blocked the conversion of L-histidine to HIS by occupying the HDC active site. Finally, in vivo on PCA using BALB/c mice, benzoylpaeoniflorin (5) suppressed the IgE-mediated PCA reaction in antigen-challenged mice. These findings indicated that cage-like monoterpenoid glycosides, especially benzoylpaeoniflorin (5), mainly contribute to the anti-anaphylactic activity of P. lactiflora by dual-inhibiting HDC and MAPK signal pathway. Therefore, benzoylpaeoniflorin (5) may be considered as a novel drug candidate for the treatment of anaphylactic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - En-Can Li
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui-Rui Hao
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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59
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Kısadere İ, Karaman M, Aydın MF, Donmez N, Usta M. The protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 77:755-763. [PMID: 34842077 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.2008852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on some antioxidant and cytokine levels in the rat hippocampus as well as synaptophysin (SYP) immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex of the cadmium (Cd) exposed rats. Thirty-two male albino Wistar rats were divided randomly into four equal groups as control (C; n = 8), Cd (n = 8), COS (n = 8), and Cd + COS (CdCOS; n = 8). The rats in the Cd and CdCOS groups received Cd chloride (CdCl2) (2 mg/kg/d) orally by gastric gavage three times a week for 4 weeks. Besides, COS (200 mg/kg/d) was administered to COS and CdCOS groups five times a week for 4 weeks. Then, they were decapitated and hippocampal/cerebral cortex tissue samples were taken for measurement of GSH levels, CAT and SOD activities, MDA values, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels as well as SYP immunoreactivity. Although tissue GSH levels were determined the lowest in the Cd group, these values were attenuated with COS treatment in the CdCOS group (p < .01). In addition, TNF-α levels were alleviated by COS treatment in the CdCOS group when compared to Cd (p < .01). SYP-positive cells were investigated in the cerebral cortex and found mild in the CdCOS group. COS exhibits potential protective effects on Cd-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- İhsan Kısadere
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balıkesir, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Musa Karaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balıkesir, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Faruk Aydın
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balıkesir, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Donmez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Usta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Balıkesir, Balikesir, Turkey
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Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Nakamura M, Kobayashi S, Matsuda K, Takasaki C, Kimura M, Kida Y, Uehara M, Tabata E, Hiraoka K, Seki S, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Mouse Acidic Chitinase Effectively Degrades Random-Type Chitosan to Chitooligosaccharides of Variable Lengths under Stomach and Lung Tissue pH Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216706. [PMID: 34771117 PMCID: PMC8587675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides exhibit several biomedical activities, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis reduction in mammals. The mechanism of the chitooligosaccharides’ formation in vivo has been, however, poorly understood. Here we report that mouse acidic chitinase (Chia), which is widely expressed in mouse tissues, can produce chitooligosaccharides from deacetylated chitin (chitosan) at pH levels corresponding to stomach and lung tissues. Chia degraded chitin to produce N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers. The block-type chitosan (heterogenous deacetylation) is soluble at pH 2.0 (optimal condition for mouse Chia) and was degraded into chitooligosaccharides with various sizes ranging from di- to nonamers. The random-type chitosan (homogenous deacetylation) is soluble in water that enables us to examine its degradation at pH 2.0, 5.0, and 7.0. Incubation of these substrates with Chia resulted in the more efficient production of chitooligosaccharides with more variable sizes was from random-type chitosan than from the block-type form of the molecule. The data presented here indicate that Chia digests chitosan acquired by homogenous deacetylation of chitin in vitro and in vivo. The degradation products may then influence different physiological or pathological processes. Our results also suggest that bioactive chitooligosaccharides can be obtained conveniently using homogenously deacetylated chitosan and Chia for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Syunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Kazuhisa Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiro Seki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Reprint of: Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107820. [PMID: 34462167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Zivarpour P, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Sadoughi F, Sharifi M. Chitosan as possible inhibitory agents and delivery systems in leukemia. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:544. [PMID: 34663339 PMCID: PMC8524827 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a lethal cancer in which white blood cells undergo proliferation and immature white blood cells are seen in the bloodstream. Without diagnosis and management in early stages, this type of cancer can be fatal. Changes in protooncogenic genes and microRNA genes are the most important factors involved in development of leukemia. At present, leukemia risk factors are not accurately identified, but some studies have pointed out factors that predispose to leukemia. Studies show that in the absence of genetic risk factors, leukemia can be prevented by reducing the exposure to risk factors of leukemia, including smoking, exposure to benzene compounds and high-dose radioactive or ionizing radiation. One of the most important treatments for leukemia is chemotherapy which has devastating side effects. Chemotherapy and medications used during treatment do not have a specific effect and destroy healthy cells besides leukemia cells. Despite the suppressing effect of chemotherapy against leukemia, patients undergoing chemotherapy have poor quality of life. So today, researchers are focusing on finding more safe and effective natural compounds and treatments for cancer, especially leukemia. Chitosan is a valuable natural compound that is biocompatible and non-toxic to healthy cells. Anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant effects are examples of chitosan biopolymer properties. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of this compound in medical treatments and the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, we take a look at the latest advances in the use of chitosan in the treatment and improvement of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Zivarpour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehran Sharifi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Seyyed Al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Behera HT, Mojumdar A, Das SR, Ray L. Biodegradation of Chitin Extracted from Labeo catla Fish Scales and Production of Chitooligosaccharides by Novel Chitinolytic Bacteria Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.1988018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhik Mojumdar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Ranjan Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lopamudra Ray
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
- School of Law, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Safina VR, Melentiev AI, Galimzianova NF, Gilvanova EA, Kuzmina LY, Lopatin SA, Varlamov VP, Baymiev AH, Aktuganov GE. Efficiency of Chitosan Depolymerization by Microbial Chitinases and Chitosanases with Respect to the Antimicrobial Activity of Generated Chitooligomers. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193256. [PMID: 34641071 PMCID: PMC8512059 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has garnered much interest due to its properties and possible applications. Every year the number of publications and patents based on this polymer increase. Chitosan exhibits poor solubility in neutral and basic media, limiting its use in such conditions. Another serious obstacle is directly related to its natural origin. Chitosan is not a single polymer with a defined structure but a family of molecules with differences in their composition, size, and monomer distribution. These properties have a fundamental effect on the biological and technological performance of the polymer. Moreover, some of the biological properties claimed are discrete. In this review, we discuss how chitosan chemistry can solve the problems related to its poor solubility and can boost the polymer properties. We focus on some of the main biological properties of chitosan and the relationship with the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Then, we review two polymer applications related to green processes: the use of chitosan in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and its use as support for biocatalysts. Finally, we briefly describe how making use of the technological properties of chitosan makes it possible to develop a variety of systems for drug delivery.
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Uzieliene I, Bironaite D, Bernotas P, Sobolev A, Bernotiene E. Mechanotransducive Biomimetic Systems for Chondrogenic Differentiation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9690. [PMID: 34575847 PMCID: PMC8469886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-term chronic joint disease characterized by the deterioration of bones and cartilage, which results in rubbing of bones which causes joint stiffness, pain, and restriction of movement. Tissue engineering strategies for repairing damaged and diseased cartilage tissue have been widely studied with various types of stem cells, chondrocytes, and extracellular matrices being on the lead of new discoveries. The application of natural or synthetic compound-based scaffolds for the improvement of chondrogenic differentiation efficiency and cartilage tissue engineering is of great interest in regenerative medicine. However, the properties of such constructs under conditions of mechanical load, which is one of the most important factors for the successful cartilage regeneration and functioning in vivo is poorly understood. In this review, we have primarily focused on natural compounds, particularly extracellular matrix macromolecule-based scaffolds and their combinations for the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and chondrocytes. We also discuss different mechanical forces and compression models that are used for In Vitro studies to improve chondrogenic differentiation. Summary of provided mechanical stimulation models In Vitro reviews the current state of the cartilage tissue regeneration technologies and to the potential for more efficient application of cell- and scaffold-based technologies for osteoarthritis or other cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Uzieliene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paulius Bernotas
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
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Ganan M, Lorentzen SB, Gaustad P, Sørlie M. Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Chito-Oligosaccharides and Commercial Antifungals on Biofilms of Clinical Candida Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:718. [PMID: 34575756 PMCID: PMC8464920 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of yeast biofilms is a major problem due to their increased antifungal resistance, which leads to persistent infections with severe clinical implications. The high antifungal activity of well-characterized chitosan polymers makes them potential alternatives for treating yeast biofilms. The activity of a chito-oligosaccharide with a depolymerization degree (DPn) of 32 (C32) and a fraction of acetylation (FA) of 0.15 on Candida sp. biofilms was studied. The results showed a concentration-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells present in C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii preformed biofilms in the presence of C32, especially on intermediate and mature biofilms. A significant decrease in the metabolic activity of yeast biofilms treated with C32 was also observed. The antifungals fluconazole (Flu) and miconazole (Mcz) decreased the number of viable cells in preformed early biofilms, but not in the intermediate or mature biofilms. Contrary to Flu or Mcz, C32 also reduced the formation of new biofilms. Interestingly, a synergistic effect on yeast biofilm was observed when C32 and Flu/Mcz were used in combination. C32 has the potential to become an alternative therapeutic agent against Candida biofilms alone or in combination with antifungal drugs and this will reduce the use of antifungals and decrease antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ganan
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Silje B. Lorentzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Fürst Medical Laboratory, 0154 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Aas, Norway; (M.G.); (S.B.L.)
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Tao W, Wang G, Wei J. The Role of Chitosan Oligosaccharide in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Possible Mechanisms. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090501. [PMID: 34564163 PMCID: PMC8465579 DOI: 10.3390/md19090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It is of great significance to develop natural products to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, which is the second most abundant polymer in nature. In recent years, COS has received widespread attention due to its various biological activities. The present review will summarize the evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies of the beneficial effects of COS on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, and focus attention on possible mechanisms of the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome by COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Geng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jintao Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;
- Correspondence:
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Itoh T. Structures and functions of carbohydrate-active enzymes of chitinolytic bacteria Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1314-1323. [PMID: 33792636 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and its derivatives have valuable potential applications in various fields that include medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7 is one of the most potent chitin-degrading bacteria identified. This review introduces the chitin degradation system of P. str. FPU-7. In addition to extracellular chitinases, P. str. FPU-7 uses a unique multimodular chitinase (ChiW) to hydrolyze chitin to oligosaccharides on the cell surface. Chitin oligosaccharides are converted to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine by β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (PsNagA) in the cytosol. The functions and structures of ChiW and PsNagA are also summarized. The genome sequence of P. str. FPU-7 provides opportunities to acquire novel enzymes. Genome mining has identified a novel alginate lyase, PsAly. The functions and structure of PsAly are reviewed. These findings will inform further improvement of the sustainable conversion of polysaccharides to functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan
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Hosaka H, Shirai S, Fujita S, Tashiro M, Hirano T, Hakamata W, Nishio T. Enzymatic Synthesis and Structural Confirmation of Novel Oligosaccharide, D-Fructofuranose-linked Chitin Oligosaccharide. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 67:129-135. [PMID: 34354539 PMCID: PMC8116863 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by β- N -acetylhexosaminidase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-α- N , N ´diacetylchitobioside (GlcNAc 2 -Fru) was synthesized from N -acetylsucrosamine and N , N ´-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNAc 2 ), and β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-α- N , N ´, N ´´-triacetylchitotrioside (GlcNAc 3 -Fru) was synthesized from GlcNAc 2 -Fru and GlcNAc 2 . Through purification by charcoal column chromatography, pure GlcNAc 2 -Fru and GlcNAc 3 -Fru were obtained in molar yields of 33.0 % and 11.7 % from GlcNAc 2 , respectively. The structures of these oligosaccharides were confirmed by comparing instrumental analysis data of fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis of them with known data of these fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hosaka
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Sayaka Shirai
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Sora Fujita
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Mitsuru Tashiro
- 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science and technology, Meisei University
| | - Takako Hirano
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University.,3 Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Wataru Hakamata
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University.,3 Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Toshiyuki Nishio
- 1 Bioresource Utilization Science Course, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University.,3 Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Jafari H, Delporte C, Bernaerts KV, De Leener G, Luhmer M, Nie L, Shavandi A. Development of marine oligosaccharides for potential wound healing biomaterials engineering. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Mathew GM, Huang CC, Sindhu R, Binod P, Sirohi R, Awsathi MK, Pillai S, Pandey A. Enzymatic approaches in the bioprocessing of shellfish wastes. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:367. [PMID: 34290950 PMCID: PMC8260653 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tonnes of shellfish wastes are generated globally due to the mass consumption of shellfish meat from crustaceans like prawn, shrimp, lobster, crab, Antarctic krill, etc. These shellfish wastes are a reservoir of valuable by-products like chitin, protein, calcium carbonate, and pigments. In the present scenario, these wastes are treated chemically to recover chitin by the chitin and chitosan industries, using hazardous chemicals like HCl and NaOH. Although this process is efficient in removing proteins and minerals, the unscientific dumping of harmful effluents is hazardous to the ecosystem. Stringent environmental laws and regulations on waste disposal have encouraged researchers to look for alternate strategies to produce near-zero wastes on shellfish degradation. The role of enzymes in degrading shellfish wastes is advantageous yet has not been explored much, although it produces bioactive rich protein hydrolysates with good quality chitin. The main objective of the review is to discuss the potential of various enzymes involved in shellfish degradation and their opportunities and challenges over chemical processes in chitin recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy Marina Mathew
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Chieh Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City, 402 Taiwan
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum, 695019 India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713 Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awsathi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
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74
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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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75
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Bezrodnykh EA, Berezin BB, Kulikov SN, Zelenikhin PV, Vyshivannaya OV, Blagodatskikh IV, Tikhonov VE. Unusual Compatibility of N‐Reacetylated Oligochitosan with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Aqueous Solution with a Wide Range of the Solution pH. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A. Bezrodnykh
- Polymer Department A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Vavilova st. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Boris B. Berezin
- Polymer Department A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Vavilova st. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kulikov
- Department of Immunology Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology Bolshaya Krasnaya st. 67 Kazan 420015 Russia
- Department of Microbiology Kazan Federal University Kremlyovskaya st. 18 Kazan 420008 Russia
| | - Pavel V. Zelenikhin
- Department of Microbiology Kazan Federal University Kremlyovskaya st. 18 Kazan 420008 Russia
| | - Oxana V. Vyshivannaya
- Polymer Department A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Vavilova st. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Inesa V. Blagodatskikh
- Polymer Department A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Vavilova st. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Tikhonov
- Polymer Department A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Vavilova st. 28 Moscow 119991 Russia
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76
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Lorentzen SB, Arntzen MØ, Hahn T, Tuveng TR, Sørlie M, Zibek S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH. Genomic and Proteomic Study of Andreprevotia ripae Isolated from an Anthill Reveals an Extensive Repertoire of Chitinolytic Enzymes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4041-4052. [PMID: 34191517 PMCID: PMC8802321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chitin is an abundant natural polysaccharide
that is hard to degrade
because of its crystalline nature and because it is embedded in robust
co-polymeric materials containing other polysaccharides, proteins,
and minerals. Thus, it is of interest to study the enzymatic machineries
of specialized microbes found in chitin-rich environments. We describe
a genomic and proteomic analysis of Andreprevotia ripae, a chitinolytic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from an anthill.
The genome of A. ripae encodes four secreted
family GH19 chitinases of which two were detected and upregulated
during growth on chitin. In addition, the genome encodes as many as
25 secreted GH18 chitinases, of which 17 were detected and 12 were
upregulated during growth on chitin. Finally, the single lytic polysaccharide
monooxygenase (LPMO) was strongly upregulated during growth on chitin.
Whereas 66% of the 29 secreted chitinases contained two carbohydrate-binding
modules (CBMs), this fraction was 93% (13 out of 14) for the upregulated
chitinases, suggesting an important role for these CBMs. Next to an
unprecedented multiplicity of upregulated chitinases, this study reveals
several chitin-induced proteins that contain chitin-binding CBMs but
lack a known catalytic function. These proteins are interesting targets
for discovery of enzymes used by nature to convert chitin-rich biomass.
The MS proteomic data have been deposited in the PRIDE database with
accession number PXD025087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje B Lorentzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1433 Ås, Norway
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77
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Zhan J, Qin Y, Gao K, Fan Z, Wang L, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Efficacy of a Chitin-Based Water-Soluble Derivative in Inducing Purpureocillium lilacinum against Nematode Disease ( Meloidogyne incognita). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6870. [PMID: 34206764 PMCID: PMC8268436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause severe economic losses annually which has been a persistent problem worldwide. As current nematicides are highly toxic, prone to drug resistance, and have poor stability, there is an urgent need to develop safe, efficient, and green strategies. Natural active polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan with good biocompatibility and biodegradability and inducing plant disease resistance have attracted much attention, but their application is limited due to their poor solubility. Here, we prepared 6-oxychitin with good water solubility by introducing carboxylic acid groups based on retaining the original skeleton of chitin and evaluated its potential for nematode control. The results showed that 6-oxychitin is a better promoter of the nematicidal potential of Purpureocillium lilacinum than other water-soluble chitin derivatives. After treatment, the movement of J2s and egg hatching were obviously inhibited. Further plant experiments found that it can destroy the accumulation and invasion of nematodes, and has a growth-promoting effect. Therefore, 6-oxychitin has great application potential in the nematode control area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kun Gao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqian Fan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Linsong Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (J.Z.); (K.G.); (Z.F.); (L.W.); (R.X.); (S.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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He W, Huang X, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Liu B, Wang Q, Huang X, He D. CaCO 3-Chitosan Composites Granules for Instant Hemostasis and Wound Healing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3350. [PMID: 34204347 PMCID: PMC8234285 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excessive bleeding induces a high risk of death and is a leading cause of deaths that result from traffic accidents and military conflict. In this paper, we developed a novel porous chitosan-CaCO3 (CS-CaCO3) composite material and investigated its hemostatic properties and wound healing performance. The CS-CaCO3 composites material was prepared via a wet-granulation method. Granulation increases the infiltrating ability of the CS-CaCO3 composites material. The improved water absorption ability was enhanced to 460% for the CS-CaCO3 composites material compared to the CaCO3 or chitosan with only one single component. The coagulation studies in vivo illustrated that the blood clotting time was greatly reduced from 31 s for CaCO3 to 16 s for the CS-CaCO3 composite material. According to the results of the wound healing experiments in rats, it was found that the CS-CaCO3 composite material can promote wound healing. The CS-CaCO3 composite material could accelerate wound healing to a rate of 9 days, compared with 12 days for the CaCO3. The hemostatic activity, biocompatibility, and low cost of CS-CaCO3 composite material make it a potential agent for effective hemostatic and wound healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Xicheng District, Xinjiekou No. 31 East Street, Beijing 100035, China; (W.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510150, China;
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing 100035, China;
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Xicheng District, Xinjiekou No. 31 East Street, Beijing 100035, China; (W.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Xicheng District, Xinjiekou No. 31 East Street, Beijing 100035, China; (W.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Xicheng District, Xinjiekou No. 31 East Street, Beijing 100035, China; (W.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xiaonan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Haidian District, Beijing 100035, China;
| | - Da He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing JiShuiTan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Xicheng District, Xinjiekou No. 31 East Street, Beijing 100035, China; (W.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.); (Q.W.)
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Itoh T, Yaguchi M, Nakaichi A, Yoda M, Hibi T, Kimoto H. Structural characterization of two solute-binding proteins for N,N'-diacetylchitobiose/ N,N',N''-triacetylchitotoriose of the gram-positive bacterium, Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7. J Struct Biol X 2021; 5:100049. [PMID: 34195603 PMCID: PMC8233162 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The chitinolytic bacterium Paenibacillus sp. str. FPU-7 efficiently degrades chitin into oligosaccharides such as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and disaccharides (GlcNAc)2 through multiple secretory chitinases. Transport of these oligosaccharides by P. str. FPU-7 has not yet been clarified. In this study, we identified nagB1, predicted to encode a sugar solute-binding protein (SBP), which is a component of the ABC transport system. However, the genes next to nagB1 were predicted to encode two-component regulatory system proteins rather than transmembrane domains (TMDs). We also identified nagB2, which is highly homologous to nagB1. Adjacent to nagB2, two genes were predicted to encode TMDs. Binding experiments of the recombinant NagB1 and NagB2 to several oligosaccharides using differential scanning fluorimetry and surface plasmon resonance confirmed that both proteins are SBPs of (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3. We determined their crystal structures complexed with and without chitin oligosaccharides at a resolution of 1.2 to 2.0 Å. The structures shared typical SBP structural folds and were classified as subcluster D-I. Large domain motions were observed in the structures, suggesting that they were induced by ligand binding via the "Venus flytrap" mechanism. These structures also revealed chitin oligosaccharide recognition mechanisms. In conclusion, our study provides insight into the recognition and transport of chitin oligosaccharides in bacteria.
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Key Words
- ABC transporter
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- Chitin oligosaccharide
- DSF, differential scanning fluorimetry
- GH, glycoside hydrolase
- GlcN, D-glucosamine
- GlcNAc, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- OD600, optical density at 600 nm
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PTS, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system
- Paenibacillus
- RU, response unit
- SBP, solute binding protein
- Se-Met, selenomethionine
- Solute binding protein
- TMD, transmembrane domain
- Two-component regulatory system
- a.a., amino acid
- r.m.s.d., root mean-square deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Misaki Yaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Akari Nakaichi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Moe Yoda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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80
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Recent advances in biotechnology for marine enzymes and molecules. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:308-315. [PMID: 34116375 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment is the most biologically and chemically diverse habitat on Earth, and provides numerous marine-derived products, including enzymes and molecules, for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Marine biotechnology provides important biological resources from marine habitat conservation to applied science. In recent years, advances in techniques in interdisciplinary research fields, including metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have significantly improved the production of marine-derived commodities. In this review, we outline the recent progress in the use or marine enzymes and molecules in biotechnology, including newly discovered products, function optimization of enzymes, and production improvement of small molecules.
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81
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Waste-Derived NPK Nanofertilizer Enhances Growth and Productivity of Capsicum annuum L. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061144. [PMID: 34199718 PMCID: PMC8227464 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Waste generation is a global issue that necessitates effective management for both human and animal health as well as environment. There are several ways to reduce waste, but recycling appears to be the best choice. By recycling, not only will the problem of pollution be resolved, but valuable compounds could be generated to be used as nutrients for plants. In this study, eco-friendly methods were established to produce α- and β-chitosan (CS) (as a source of nitrogen) with different degrees of deacetylation from shrimp shells and squid pin waste, phosphorous through degreasing and calcination of bovine bone and potassium from evaporation of banana peels Kolakhar. The waste bulk products were physically characterized and dry-milled into nano-powders. Different concentrations of the produced nano-NPK fertilizer (10%, 25%, 50% and 100%) were foliar-applied to Capsicum annum L. cv. Cordoba plants and compared to commercial chemical fertilizer and untreated control plants. The obtained results revealed that the nano-composite NPK with 25% concentration significantly promoted growth, yield and harvest of C. annuum as compared with the control and chemical fertilizer-treated plants. This study demonstrated that the use of an eco-friendly preparation of waste NPK composites, with a low concentration, could be applied as foliar fertilizer over chemical fertilizer to enhance the growth and productivity of Capsicum.
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82
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Zhou J, Wen B, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the preparation and assessment of the biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides with different structural characteristics. Food Funct 2021; 12:926-951. [PMID: 33434251 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely used biopolymers that have been studied in relation to a variety of abnormal biological activities in the food and biomedical fields. Since different COS preparation technologies produce COS compounds with different structural characteristics, it has not yet been possible to determine whether one or more chito-oligomers are primarily responsible for the bioactivity of COSs. The inherent biocompatibility, mucosal adhesion and nontoxic nature of COSs are well documented, as is the fact that they are readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, but their structure-activity relationship requires further investigation. This review summarizes the methods used for COS preparation, and the research findings with regard to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, bacteriostatic and antitumour activity of COSs with different structural characteristics. The correlation between the molecular structure and bioactivities of COSs is described, and new insights into their structure-activity relationship are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510310), China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan (528458), China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou (510663), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
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83
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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84
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Optimizing Chitin Depolymerization by Lysozyme to Long-Chain Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060320. [PMID: 34072871 PMCID: PMC8229320 DOI: 10.3390/md19060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (COs) hold high promise as organic fertilizers in the ongoing agro-ecological transition. Short- and long-chain COs can contribute to the establishment of symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms, facilitating the uptake of soil nutrients by host plants. Long-chain COs trigger plant innate immunity. A fine investigation of these different signaling pathways requires improving the access to high-purity COs. Here, we used the response surface methodology to optimize the production of COs by enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble chitin (WSC) with hen egg-white lysozyme. The influence of WSC concentration, its acetylation degree, and the reaction time course were modelled using a Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, water-soluble COs up to the nonasaccharide were formed in 51% yield and purified to homogeneity. This straightforward approach opens new avenues to determine the complex roles of COs in plants.
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85
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Qu T, Zhang C, Qin Z, Fan L, Jiang L, Zhao L. A Novel GH Family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase With Both Chitosanase and Chitinase Activity From Aspergillus oryzae. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:684086. [PMID: 34095233 PMCID: PMC8170477 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.684086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminooligosaccharides possess various biological activities and can exploit wide applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Commercial aminooligosaccharides are often prepared by the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan. In this study, a novel GH family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases gene named AoNagase was cloned from Aspergillus oryzae and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified AoNagase had maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 65°C. It exhibited good pH stability in the range of pH 6.0–7.5 and at temperatures below 50°C. AoNagase was capable of hydrolyzing not only colloidal chitosan (508.26 U/mg) but also chitin (29.78 U/mg). The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of AoNagase were 1.51 mM, 1106.02 U/mg for chitosan and 0.41 mM, 40.31 U/mg for colloidal chitin. To our knowledge, AoNagase is the first GH family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase capable of hydrolyzing both chitosan and chitin. AoNagase is an endo-type β-N-acetylhexosaminidases and can potentially be used for the manufacturing of aminooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Qu
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Fan
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai, China
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86
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Kopplin G, Lervik A, Draget KI, Aachmann FL. Alginate gels crosslinked with chitosan oligomers - a systematic investigation into alginate block structure and chitosan oligomer interaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13780-13798. [PMID: 35423937 PMCID: PMC8697632 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three alginates with fundamentally different block structures, poly-M, poly-G, and poly-MG, have been investigated upon ionic crosslinking with chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS), using circular dichroism (CD), rheology, and computer simulations, supporting the previously proposed gelling principle of poly-M forming zipper-like junction zones with chitosan (match in charge distance along the two polyelectrolytes) and revealing a unique high gel strength poly-MG chitosan gelling system. CD spectroscopy revealed an increased chiroptical activity exclusively for the poly-M chitosan gelling system, indicative of induced conformational changes and higher ordered structures. Rheological measurement revealed gel strengths (G' < 900 Pa) for poly-MG (1%) CHOS (0.3%) hydrogels, magnitudes of order greater than displayed by its poly-M analogue. Furthermore, the ionically crosslinked poly-MG chitosan hydrogel increased in gel strength upon the addition of salt (G' < 1600 at 50 mM NaCl), suggesting a stabilization of the junction zones through hydrophobic interactions and/or a phase separation. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to further investigate these findings, comparing interaction energies, charge distances and chain alignments. These alginates are displaying high gel strengths, are known to be fully biocompatible and have revealed a broad range of tolerance to salt concentrations present in biological systems, proving high relevance for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kopplin
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Anders Lervik
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Kurt I Draget
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
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87
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Wang Y, Wen R, Liu D, Zhang C, Wang ZA, Du Y. Exploring Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on the DSS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Impairment In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:2199. [PMID: 33920375 PMCID: PMC8070450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction is an essential pathological change in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mucus layer and the intestinal epithelial tight junction act together to maintain barrier integrity. Studies showed that chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) had a positive effect on gut health, effectively protecting the intestinal barrier in IBD. However, these studies usually focused on its impact on the intestinal epithelial tight junction. The influence of COS on the intestinal mucus layer is still poorly understood. In this study, we explored the effect of COS on intestinal mucus in vitro using human colonic mucus-secreted HT-29 cells. COS relieved DSS (dextran sulfate sodium)-induced mucus defects. Additionally, the structural characteristics of COS greatly influenced this activity. Finally, we evaluated the protective effect of COS on intestinal barrier function in mice with DSS-induced colitis. The results indicated that COS could manipulate intestinal mucus production, which likely contributed to its intestinal protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Zhuo A. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.W.); (R.W.); (D.L.)
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88
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107733. [PMID: 33781890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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89
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Wang Y, Li D, Liu M, Xia C, Fan Q, Li X, Lan Z, Shi G, Dong W, Li Z, Cui Z. Preparation of Active Chitooligosaccharides with a Novel Chitosanase AqCoA and Their Application in Fungal Disease Protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3351-3361. [PMID: 33688732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that degrade fungal cell walls and the resulting oligosaccharides are promising weapons to combat plant fungal disease. In this study, we identified a novel endo-chitosanase, AqCoA, from Aquabacterium sp. A7-Y. The enzyme showed a specific activity of 18 U/mg toward 95% deacetylated chitosan at pH 5.0 and 40 °C. AqCoA also showed activity toward sodium carboxymethylcellulose, indicating substrate promiscuity. AqCoA hydrolyzed chitosan into chitooligosaccharides (CoA-COSs) with degrees of polymerization (DPs) of 3-5 but showed no activity toward CoA-COSs with DPs <6, indicating an endo-type activity. At 2.5 μg/mL, AqCoA inhibited appressorium formation of Magnaporthe oryzae; the produced CoA-COSs also inhibited the growth of M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, CoA-COSs acted as immune elicitors in rice by inducing the reactive oxygen species burst and the expression of defense genes. These results demonstrated that AqCoA and its resulting CoA-COSs might be effective tools for protecting plants against pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Muxing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chengyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Lan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guolong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211800 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, P. R. China
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90
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Li J, Wang D, Chang SC, Liang PH, Srivastava V, Guu SY, Shie JJ, Khoo KH, Bulone V, Hsieh YSY. Production of Structurally Defined Chito-Oligosaccharides with a Single N-Acetylation at Their Reducing End Using a Newly Discovered Chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3371-3379. [PMID: 33688734 PMCID: PMC8041281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications. Their biological activities are largely dependent on their structural properties, in particular their degree of polymerization (DP) and the position of the acetyl groups along the glycan chain. The production of structurally defined paCOSs in a purified form is highly desirable to better understand the structure/bioactivity relationship of these oligosaccharides. Here, we describe a newly discovered chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli (PpChi) and demonstrate by mass spectrometry that it essentially produces paCOSs with a DP of three and four that carry a single N-acetylation at their reducing end. We propose that this specific composition of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, as in GlcN(n)GlcNAc1, is due to a subsite specificity toward GlcN residues at the -2, -3, and -4 positions of the partially acetylated chitosan substrates. In addition, the enzyme is stable, as evidenced by its long shelf life, and active over a large temperature range, which is of high interest for potential use in industrial processes. It exhibits a kcat of 67.2 s-1 on partially acetylated chitosan substrates. When PpChi was used in combination with a recently discovered fungal auxilary activity (AA11) oxidase, a sixfold increase in the release of oligosaccharides from the lobster shell was measured. PpChi represents an attractive biocatalyst for the green production of highly valuable paCOSs with a well-defined structure and the expansion of the relatively small library of chito-oligosaccharides currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College
of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 220234, PR China
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, 250
Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Damao Wang
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- College
of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
| | - Shih-Yun Guu
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University
of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei
Medical University, 250
Wuxing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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91
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Recent advances in the bioprospection and applications of chitinolytic bacteria for valorization of waste chitin. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1953-1969. [PMID: 33710379 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most abundant natural polymers on earth, chitin is a fibrous and structural polysaccharide, composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The biopolymer is the major structural constituent of fungi, arthropods, mollusks, nematodes, and some algae. The biodegradation of chitin is largely manifested by chitinolytic enzyme secreting organisms including bacteria, insects, and plants. Among them, bacterial chitinases represent the most promising, inexpensive, and sustainable source of proteins that can be employed for industrial-scale applications. To this end, the presented review comes at a timely moment to highlight the major sources of chitinolytic bacteria. It also discusses the potential pros and cons of prospecting bacterial chitinases that can be easily manipulated through genetic engineering. Additionally, we have elaborated the recent applications of the chitin thereby branding chitinases as potential candidates for biorefinery and biomedical research for eco-friendly and sustainable management of chitin waste in the environment.
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92
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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93
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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94
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Jitprasertwong P, Khamphio M, Petsrichuang P, Eijsink VGH, Poolsri W, Muanprasat C, Rangnoi K, Yamabhai M. Anti-inflammatory activity of soluble chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) on VitD3-induced human THP-1 monocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246381. [PMID: 33534833 PMCID: PMC7857634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS) are oligomers of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine. Anti-inflammatory activities of a wide variety of CHOS mixtures have previously been reported, mainly based on studies with mouse models and murine macrophages. Since the mouse and human immune systems are quite different, gaining insight into the activity of CHOS on human cell lines, using well-characterized CHOS mixtures, is of considerable interest. Bacillus subtilis chitosanase (BsCsn46A) can efficiently convert chitosan to mixtures of water soluble low molecular weight CHOS. Here, the anti-inflammatory activity of a properly characterized CHOS mixture was studied, using human THP-1 cells that were differentiated to mature monocytes using vitamin D3. Addition of CHOS reduced the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with bacterial lipopolyssacharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation, in a dose-dependent manner and without affecting cell viability. Interestingly, only minimal effects of CHOS were observed in similar experiments with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- (PMA-) differentiated, macrophage-like, THP-1 cells. Altogether, in addition to showing promising biological effects of well-characterized low molecular weight soluble CHOS in a human system, the present study also points at Vitamin D3-stimulated THP-1 cells as a favorable system for assessing the anti-inflammatory activity of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Munthipha Khamphio
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Phornsiri Petsrichuang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Wanangkan Poolsri
- Faculty of Medicine, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Faculty of Medicine, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand
| | - Kuntalee Rangnoi
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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95
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Muthu M, Gopal J, Chun S, Devadoss AJP, Hasan N, Sivanesan I. Crustacean Waste-Derived Chitosan: Antioxidant Properties and Future Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:228. [PMID: 33546282 PMCID: PMC7913366 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from chitin that in turn is recovered from marine crustacean wastes. The recovery methods and their varying types and the advantages of the recovery methods are briefly discussed. The bioactive properties of chitosan, which emphasize the unequivocal deliverables contained by this biopolymer, have been concisely presented. The variations of chitosan and its derivatives and their unique properties are discussed. The antioxidant properties of chitosan have been presented and the need for more work targeted towards harnessing the antioxidant property of chitosan has been emphasized. Some portions of the crustacean waste are being converted to chitosan; the possibility that all of the waste can be used for harnessing this versatile multifaceted product chitosan is projected in this review. The future of chitosan recovery from marine crustacean wastes and the need to improve in this area of research, through the inclusion of nanotechnological inputs have been listed under future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Muthu
- Laboratory of Neo Natural Farming, Chunnampet, Tamil Nadu 603 401, India;
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.G.); (S.C.)
| | | | - Nazim Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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96
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ÇERİĞ S. IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ASSESSMENT OF CHITOSAN OLIGOSACCHARIDE LACTATE ON HUMAN BLOOD AND LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.18036/estubtdc.798520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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97
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Begum S, Yuhana NY, Md Saleh N, Kamarudin NHN, Sulong AB. Review of chitosan composite as a heavy metal adsorbent: Material preparation and properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117613. [PMID: 33673980 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of wastewater is typically discharged into water bodies and has extremely harmful effects to aquatic environments. The removal of heavy metals from water bodies is necessary for the safe consumption of water and human activities. The demand for seafood has considerably increased, and millions of tons of crustacean waste are discarded every year. These waste products are rich in a natural biopolymer known as chitin. The deacetylated form of chitin, chitosan, has attracted attention as an adsorbent. It is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be modified and converted to various derivatives. This review paper focuses on relevant literature on strategies for chemically modifying the biopolymer and its use in the removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater. The different aspects of chitosan-based derivatives and their preparation and application are elucidated. A list of chitosan-based composites, along with their adsorptivity and experimental conditions, are compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbah Begum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noorashikin Md Saleh
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hidayatul Nazirah Kamarudin
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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98
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Chitooligosaccharides for wound healing biomaterials engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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99
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Mukherjee S, Behera PK, Madhuprakash J. Efficient conversion of crystalline chitin to N-acetylglucosamine and N,N'-diacetylchitobiose by the enzyme cocktail produced by Paenibacillus sp. LS1. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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100
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Efficient conversion of α-chitin by multi-modular chitinase from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis with KOH and KOH-urea pretreatment. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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