A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Maternal and Cord Plasma Are Associated with Maternal Socioeconomic Status

Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role in fetal growth and neurodevelopment, while omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Previous studies have demonstrated that socioeconomic status (SES) influences dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, but few studies have evaluated the association between maternal and cord plasma biomarkers of PUFAs and socioeconomic markers. An IRB-approved study enrolled mother-infant pairs (n = 55) at the time of delivery. Maternal and cord plasma PUFA concentrations were analyzed using gas chromatography. Markers of SES were obtained from validated surveys and maternal medical records. Mann-Whitney U tests and linear regression models were utilized for statistical analysis. Maternal eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (p = 0.02), cord EPA (p = 0.04), and total cord n-3 PUFA concentrations (p = 0.04) were significantly higher in college-educated mothers vs. mothers with less than a college education after adjustment for relevant confounders. Insurance type and household income were not significantly associated with n-3 or n-6 PUFA plasma concentrations after adjustment. Our findings suggest that mothers with lower educational status may be at risk of lower plasma concentrations of n-3 PUFAs at delivery, which could confer increased susceptibility to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.

Dietary Patterns in Acne and Rosacea Patients-A Controlled Study and Comprehensive Analysis

As the relationship between exposome factors and inflammatory skin diseases is gaining increasing attention, the objective of this study was to investigate dietary patterns among acne and rosacea patients and to establish the disease risk attributable to nutrition. In this cross-sectional, controlled study, patients' dietary habits were assessed via subjective ratings of beneficial and trigger foods, followed by standardized food frequency surveys (FFS). Scores for disease-specific risk stratification based on dietary habits were proposed. Clinical assessments, dermatologic examinations, and laboratory analyses were performed. A total of 296 patients (acne group (AG) n = 120, control group (ACG) n = 32; rosacea group (RG) n = 105, control group (RCG) n = 39) were included. The significant impact of diet on disease severity was self-reported by 80.8% of the AG and 70.5% of the RG. Leading dietary triggers were found in both groups, while beneficial food items were identified more clearly by the AG. FFS revealed significant dietary differences between the AG, RG, and control groups. Disease-specific scores showed greater precision for acne (odds ratio 14.5 AG, 5.5 RG). The AG had higher insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels correlating with dairy intake (p = 0.006). Overall, this study underlines the influence of diet on acne and rosacea, providing valuable disease-specific scores for dietary risk stratification. Consuming vegetables, legumes, oily fish, olive oil, and nuts, and limiting meat, cheese, and alcohol appear to be beneficial for both acne and rosacea. Future studies can build on these data to further improve preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Urinary Metabolite Profiling to Non-Invasively Monitor the Omega-3 Index: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Young Adults

The Omega-3 Index (O3I) reflects eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in erythrocytes. While the O3I is associated with numerous health outcomes, its widespread use is limited. We investigated whether urinary metabolites could be used to non-invasively monitor the O3I in an exploratory analysis of a previous placebo-controlled, parallel arm randomized clinical trial in males and females (n = 88) who consumed either ~3 g/d olive oil (OO; control), EPA, or DHA for 12 weeks. Fasted blood and first-void urine samples were collected at baseline and following supplementation, and they were analyzed via gas chromatography and multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS), respectively. We tentatively identified S-carboxypropylcysteamine (CPCA) as a novel urinary biomarker reflecting O3I status, which increased following both EPA and DHA (p < 0.001), but not OO supplementation, and was positively correlated to the O3I (R = 0.30, p < 0.001). Additionally, an unknown dianion increased following DHA supplementation, but not EPA or OO. In ROC curve analyses, CPCA outperformed all other urinary metabolites in distinguishing both between OO and EPA or DHA supplementation groups (AUC > 80.0%), whereas the unknown dianion performed best in discriminating OO from DHA alone (AUC = 93.6%). Candidate urinary biomarkers of the O3I were identified that lay the foundation for a non-invasive assessment of omega-3 status.

Soft-capsule formulation of a re-esterified triglyceride omega-3 employing self-emulsifying technology and bioavailability evaluation in healthy volunteers

Despite the superior clinical efficacy of the re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) form compared to the ethylester form, few studies have been conducted on improving the bioavailability of the rTG form of omega-3 oil. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of self emulsifying formulation on the improvement of bioavailability of rTG form of omega-3 oil. To develop a re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) soft capsule, an rTG-loaded self-emulsifying delivery system (SEDS) was designed using coconut oil, polysorbate 80, and lecithin. Candidate formulations were designed from a phase-diagram study and optimal SEDS formulations containing 85% of high omega-3 (ω-3) oils were screened from the evaluation of droplet size distribution, measurement of oil floating area and emulsion turbidity. The selected, optimized rTG SEDS formulation was filled into a soft capsule (NOVASEDS) and applied to a sequence-randomized, double-blind, single-dose, and two-way crossover clinical study (n = 44), and the the bioavailability of NOVASEDS was compared with that of a 'raw' rTG capsule (rTG OMEGA3) as control. The droplet size (D50) formed from the candidate formulations was approximately 30-45 μm, and the optimal formulation showed a unimodal particle distribution with the smallest oil floating area and small changes in turbidity after 24 h. Cmax and AUC from 0 to 24 h for NOVASEDS, calculated from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and as the sum of DHA and EPA, were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than corresponding values for rTG OMEGA3. In conclusion, NOVASEDS formulated by SEDS technology enabled the manufacture of a high rTG payload soft capsule with improved bioavailability in human subjects.

Beyond Autoxidation and Lipoxygenases: Fatty Acid Oxidation Products in Plant Oils

For decades, research on oxidation of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n3) in plant oils has focused on autoxidatively formed and lipoxygenase-derived 9-hydro(pero)xy- and 13-hydro(pero)xy-LA and -ALA. Here, using a non-targeted approach, we show that other hydroxy fatty acids are more abundant in plant oils. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses unveiled highly abundant peaks in flaxseed and rapeseed oils. Using authentic reference standards, seven of the peaks were identified as 9-, 10-, 12-, 13-, and 15-HODE as well as 9- and 13-HOTrE. Additionally, six peaks were characterized based on the retention time, the exact mass of the [M-H]- ion, and its fragment ions as 16-OH-C18:3, 18-OH-C18:3, three isomers of 12-OH-C18:2, and one of 15-OH-C18:2. 16-OH-C18:3 and 18-OH-C18:3 were tentatively identified as 16-OH-ALA and 18-OH-ALA, respectively, based on autoxidation and terminal hydroxylation of ALA using CYP4F2. Investigation of formation pathways suggests that fatty acid desaturase 3 is involved in the formation of the 12-OH-C18:2 isomers, 15-HODE, and its isomer. The dominantly occurring 12-OH-C18:2 isomer was identified as 12R,S-OH-9Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid (densipolic acid) based on a synthetic standard. The characterized oxylipins occurred in cold-pressed flaxseed and rapeseed oils at concentrations of up to 0.1 g/100 g and thus about sixfold higher than the well-known 9-hydro(pero)xy- and 13-hydro(pero)xy-LA and -ALA. Concentrations in sunflower oil were lower but increased when oil was pressed from preheated seeds. Overall, this study provides fundamental new information about the occurrence of oxidized fatty acids in plant oils, having the potential to characterize their quality and authenticity.

Fatty Acid Composition of a Maternal Diet and Erythrocyte Phospholipid Status in Latvian Pregnant Women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors-dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors-in Latvian pregnant women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography.

RESULTS

Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = -0.140, p = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, p = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = -0.143, p = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs.

CONCLUSIONS

There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A.

Preoperative Nutritional Status and Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Prior to Radical Cystectomy: A Review of the Literature

Preoperative nutritional status is an important and modifiable risk factor of a patient's recovery and outcome after radical cystectomy. There are multiple malnutrition screening tools and treatment options. In this review, we discuss the best indicators of this condition and how to optimize nutrition status prior to radical cystectomy.

n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Oxidative Stress Marker Levels in Patients with Type II Intestinal Failure: A Randomized Double Blind Trial

Type II intestinal failure (IF-II) is a condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is compromised. Liver complications may occur because of the pathology and/or prolonged use of parenteral nutrition (PN); oxidative stress has been implicated as one of the causes. Lipid emulsions containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been proposed for the treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of 7-day n-3 PUFA supplementation on oxidative stress in IF-II patients receiving PN. This was a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, pilot trial of adult patients with IF-II, receiving either conventional PN (control) or PN enriched with n-3 PUFAs (intervention). Twenty patients were included (14 men, 49 ± 16.9 years), with the ANCOVA analysis the glucose (p = 0.003), and direct bilirubin (p = 0.001) levels reduced; whereas the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (p = 0.017). In the random-effect linear regression analysis, a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was found in the intervention group when the covariables age, HDL-C level, and alanine aminotransferase activity were considered. After 1 week of PN supplementation with n-3 PUFAs, the marker levels of some oxidative stress, blood lipids, and hepatic biomarkers improved in patients with IF-II.

The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Sarcopenia: Mechanism of Action and Potential Efficacy

Sarcopenia, a progressive disease characterized by a decline in muscle strength, quality, and mass, affects aging population worldwide, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Besides resistance exercise, various nutritional strategies, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation, have been sought to prevent this condition. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on the effect and mechanism of n-3 PUFA on musculoskeletal health. Despite conflicting evidence, n-3 PUFA is suggested to benefit muscle mass and volume, with more evident effects with higher supplementation dose (>2 g/day). n-3 PUFA supplementation likely improves handgrip and quadriceps strength in the elderly. Improved muscle functions, measured by walking speed and time-up-to-go test, are also observed, especially with longer duration of supplementation (>6 months), although the changes are small and unlikely to be clinically meaningful. Lastly, n-3 PUFA supplementation may positively affect muscle protein synthesis response to anabolic stimuli, alleviating age-related anabolic resistance. Proposed mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA supplementation improves muscle health include 1. anti-inflammatory properties, 2. augmented expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, 3. decreased intracellular protein breakdown, 4. improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function, 5. enhanced amino acid transport, and 6. modulation of neuromuscular junction activity. In conclusion, n-3 PUFAs likely improve musculoskeletal health related to sarcopenia, with suggestive effect on muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and muscle protein synthesis. However, the interpretation of the findings is limited by the small number of participants, heterogeneity of supplementation regimens, and different measuring protocols.

Chemical Characteristics and Thermal Oxidative Stability of Novel Cold-Pressed Oil Blends: GC, LF NMR, and DSC Studies

Plant oils contain a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. Studies of food products have revealed a considerable disproportion in the ratio of ω6 to ω3. This article presents information on the healthful qualities of eight new oil blends that contain a beneficial proportion of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids (5:1), as well as their degradation during heating at 170 and 200 °C. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), content of polar compounds and polymers of triacylglycerols by liquid chromatography (LC), water content was measured by the Karl Fischer method, and oxidative stability was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF NMR) methods. The results showed that during heating, the polar fraction content increased in samples heated at both analyzed temperatures compared to unheated oils. This was mainly due to the polymerization of triacylglycerols forming dimers. In some samples that were heated, particularly those heated to 200 °C, trimers were detected, however, even with the changes that were observed, the polar fraction content of the blends did not go beyond the limit. Despite the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, the analyzed blends of oils are characterized by high oxidative stability, confirmed by thermoanalytical and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The high nutritional value as well as the oxidative stability of the developed oil blends allow them to be used in the production of food, in particular products that ensure an adequate supply of ω3 fatty acids.

Designing healthier plant-based foods: Fortification, digestion, and bioavailability

Many consumers are incorporating more plant-based foods into their diets as a result of concerns about the environmental, ethical, and health impacts of animal sourced foods like meat, seafood, egg, and dairy products. Foods derived from animals negatively impact the environment by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, pollution, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. The livestock industry confines and slaughters billions of livestock animals each year. There are concerns about the negative impacts of some animal sourced foods, such as red meat and processed meat, on human health. The livestock industry is a major user of antibiotics, which is leading to a rise in the resistance of several pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics. It is often assumed that a plant-based diet is healthier than one containing more animal sourced foods, but this is not necessarily the case. Eating more fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grain cereals has been linked to improved health outcomes but it is unclear whether next-generation plant-based foods, such as meat, seafood, egg, and dairy analogs are healthier than the products they are designed to replace. Many of these new products are highly processed foods that contain high levels of saturated fat, sugar, starch, and salt, and low levels of micronutrients, nutraceuticals, and dietary fibers. Moreover, they are often rapidly digested in the gastrointestinal tract because processing disrupts plant tissues and releases the macronutrients. Consequently, it is important to formulate plant-based foods to reduce the levels of nutrients linked to adverse health effects and increase the levels linked to beneficial health effects. Moreover, it is important to design the food matrix so that the macronutrients are not digested and absorbed too quickly, but the micronutrients are highly bioavailable. In this article, we discuss how next-generation plant-based foods can be made healthier by controlling their nutrient profile, digestibility, and bioavailability.

Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Their End Metabolites Associate With Acute Pancreatitis Risk

INTRODUCTION

Diet and decreased gut microbiome diversity has been associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) risk. However, differences in dietary intake, gut microbiome, and their impact on microbial end metabolites have not been studied in AP. We aimed to determine differences in (i) dietary intake (ii) gut microbiome diversity and sulfidogenic bacterial abundance, and (iii) serum short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) concentrations in AP and control subjects.

METHODS

This case-control study recruited 54 AP and 46 control subjects during hospitalization. Clinical and diet data and stool and blood samples were collected. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to determine gut microbiome alpha diversity and composition. Serum SCFA and H 2 S levels were measured. Machine learning (ML) model was used to identify microbial targets associated with AP.

RESULTS

AP patients had a decreased intake of vitamin D 3 , whole grains, fish, and beneficial eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. AP patients also had lower gut microbiome diversity ( P = 0.021) and a higher abundance of sulfidogenic bacteria including Veillonella sp. and Haemophilus sp., which were associated with AP risk. Serum acetate and H 2 S concentrations were significantly higher in the AP group ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.043, respectively). ML model had 96% predictive ability to distinguish AP patients from controls.

DISCUSSION

AP patients have decreased beneficial nutrient intake and gut microbiome diversity. An increased abundance of H 2 S-producing genera in the AP and SCFA-producing genera in the control group and predictive ability of ML model to distinguish AP patients indicates that diet, gut microbiota, and their end metabolites play a key role in AP.

Fatty acid-mediated signaling as a target for developing type 1 diabetes therapies

INTRODUCTION

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic signaling drive the death of the insulin-producing β cells. This complex signaling is regulated in part by fatty acids and their bioproducts, making them excellent therapeutic targets.

AREAS COVERED

We provide an overview of the fatty acid actions on β cells by discussing how they can cause lipotoxicity or regulate inflammatory response during insulitis. We also discuss how diet can affect the availability of fatty acids and disease development. Finally, we discuss development avenues that need further exploration.

EXPERT OPINION

Fatty acids, such as hydroxyl fatty acids, ω-3 fatty acids, and their downstream products, are druggable candidates that promote protective signaling. Inhibitors and antagonists of enzymes and receptors of arachidonic acid and free fatty acids, along with their derived metabolites, which cause pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic responses, have the potential to be developed as therapeutic targets also. Further, because diet is the main source of fatty acid intake in humans, balancing protective and pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic fatty acid levels through dietary therapy may have beneficial effects, delaying T1D progression. Therefore, therapeutic interventions targeting fatty acid signaling hold potential as avenues to treat T1D.

The Association of Metabolomic Profiles of a Healthy Lifestyle with Heart Failure Risk in a Prospective Study

Lifestyle has been linked to the incidence of heart failure, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Using the metabolomic, lifestyle, and heart failure data of the UK Biobank, we identified and validated healthy lifestyle-related metabolites in a matched case-control and cohort study, respectively. We then evaluated the association of healthy lifestyle-related metabolites with heart failure (HF) risk and the added predictivity of these healthy lifestyle-associated metabolites for HF. Of 161 metabolites, 8 were identified to be significantly related to healthy lifestyle. Notably, omega-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) positively associated with a healthy lifestyle score (HLS) and exhibited a negative association with heart failure risk. Conversely, creatinine negatively associated with a HLS, but was positively correlated with the risk of HF. Adding these three metabolites to the classical risk factor prediction model, the prediction accuracy of heart failure incidence can be improved as assessed by the C-statistic (increasing from 0.806 [95% CI, 0.796-0.816] to 0.844 [95% CI, 0.834-0.854], p-value < 0.001). A healthy lifestyle is associated with significant metabolic alterations, among which metabolites related to healthy lifestyle may be critical for the relationship between healthy lifestyle and HF. Healthy lifestyle-related metabolites might enhance HF prediction, but additional validation studies are necessary.

The Relationship of Omega-3 Fatty Acids with Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Evidence from Prospective Cohort Studies of Supplementation, Dietary Intake, and Blood Markers

Previous data have linked omega-3 fatty acids with risk of dementia. We aimed to assess the longitudinal relationships of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake as well as blood biomarkers with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, or cognitive decline. Longitudinal data were derived from 1135 participants without dementia (mean age = 73 y) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort to evaluate the associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and blood biomarkers with incident AD during the 6-y follow-up. A meta-analysis of published cohort studies was further conducted to test the longitudinal relationships of dietary intake of omega-3 and its peripheral markers with all-cause dementia or cognitive decline. Causal dose-response analyses were conducted using the robust error meta-regression model. In the ADNI cohort, long-term users of omega-3 fatty acid supplements exhibited a 64% reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio: 0.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.72; P = 0.004). After incorporating 48 longitudinal studies involving 103,651 participants, a moderate-to-high level of evidence suggested that dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids could lower risk of all-cause dementia or cognitive decline by ∼20%, especially for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake (relative risk [RR]: 0.82, I2 = 63.6%, P = 0.001) and for studies that were adjusted for apolipoprotein APOE ε4 status (RR: 0.83, I2 = 65%, P = 0.006). Each increment of 0.1 g/d of DHA or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake was associated with an 8% ∼ 9.9% (Plinear < 0.0005) lower risk of cognitive decline. Moderate-to-high levels of evidence indicated that elevated levels of plasma EPA (RR: 0.88, I2 = 38.1%) and erythrocyte membrane DHA (RR: 0.94, I2 = 0.4%) were associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline. Dietary intake or long-term supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce risk of AD or cognitive decline.

Co-Microencapsulation of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana) Oil with Natural Antioxidants Extracts

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana) oil was co-microencapsulated with natural antioxidant extracts (NAE), such as camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh) fruit, Añil variety Andean potato (Solanum tuberosum andigenum, and elderberry fruit (Sambucus peruviana). Gum Arabic and the ternary combination of gum Arabic (GA) + maltodextrin (MD) + whey protein isolate (WPI) at different formulations were used as coating materials for the encapsulation process using spray-drying. The moisture content, particle size distribution and morphology, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, fatty acid and sterol composition, oxidative stability, and shelf-life were evaluated. Co-microcapsules of sacha inchi (P. huayllabambana) oil with camu camu skin extract (CCSE) at 200 ppm encapsulated with GA + MD + WPI had the highest total polyphenol content (4239.80 µg GAE/g powder), antioxidant activity (12,454.00 µg trolox/g powder), omega-3 content (56.03%), β-sitosterol (62.5%), greater oxidative stability (Oxidation Onset temperature of 189 °C), higher shelf-life (3116 h), and smaller particle sizes (6.42 μm). This research enhances the knowledge to obtain microcapsules containing sacha inchi (P. huayllabambana) oil with natural antioxidant extracts that could be used for the development of functional foods. Further research is needed to study the potential interactions and their influence between the bioactive components of the microcapsules and the challenges that may occur during scale-up to industrial production.

PUFAs and Their Derivatives as Emerging Players in Diagnostics and Treatment of Male Fertility Disorders

About 15% of couples worldwide are affected by infertility, with the male factor responsible for approximately 50% of reproductive failures. Male fertility can be influenced by various factors, including an unhealthy lifestyle and diet, often associated with oxidative stress. These changes are frequently the reason for spermatozoan dysfunction, malformations, and lowered count. However, sometimes even with proper semen parameters, fertilization does not occur, and this is referred to as idiopathic infertility. Of particular importance may be molecules contained in the spermatozoan membrane or seminal plasma, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 (docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) and omega-6 (arachidonic acid) fatty acids and their derivatives (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, endocannabinoids, isoprostanes), which are vulnerable to the effects of oxidative stress. In the present review, we discuss the influence of these molecules on human male reproductive health and its possible causes, including disrupted oxidative-antioxidative balance. The review also discusses the potential use of these molecules in the diagnostics and treatment of male infertility, with a particular focus on the innovative approach to isoprostanes as biomarkers for male infertility. Given the high occurrence of idiopathic male infertility, there is a need to explore new solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

The Role of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Oxylipins in Human Cardiovascular Diseases

α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential C-18 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), which can be elongated to longer n-3 PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These long-chain n-3 PUFAs have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects either directly or through their oxylipin metabolites. However, there is evidence that the conversion of ALA to the long-chain PUFAs is limited. On the other hand, there is evidence in humans that supplementation of ALA in the diet is associated with an improved lipid profile, a reduction in the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) and a reduction in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and all-cause mortality. Studies investigating the cellular mechanism for these beneficial effects showed that ALA is metabolized to oxylipins through the Lipoxygenase (LOX), the Cyclooxygenase (COX) and the Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathways, leading to hydroperoxy-, epoxy-, mono- and dihydroxylated oxylipins. In several mouse and cell models, it has been shown that ALA and some of its oxylipins, including 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acids (9-HOTrE and 13-HOTrE), have immunomodulating effects. Taken together, the current literature suggests a beneficial role for diets rich in ALA in human CVDs, however, it is not always clear whether the described effects are attributable to ALA, its oxylipins or other substances present in the supplemented diets.

Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Serum Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) supplementation on serum lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane library from database inception to 30 April 2022. This meta-analysis included eight trials with 387 participants. We found that supplementation of n-3 PUFAs has no significant reduction in TC level (SMD = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.22 ~ 0.18, I² = 23.7%) and LDL-c level in serum (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.18 ~ 0.53, I² = 54.9%) of patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, we found no significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (SMD = 0.02; 95% CI: -0.21 ~ 0.25, I² = 0%) in patients with metabolic syndrome after consuming n-3 PUFAs. In addition, we found that n-3 PUFAs can significantly decrease serum triglyceride levels (SMD= -0.39; 95% CI: -0.59 ~ -0.18, I² = 17.2%), systolic blood pressure (SMD = -0.54; 95% CI: -0.86 ~ -0.22, I² = 48.6%), and diastolic blood pressure (SMD = -0.56; 95% CI: -0.79 ~ 0.33, I² = 14.0%) in patients with metabolic syndrome. The results from the sensitivity analysis confirmed that our results were robust. These findings suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation may serve as a potential dietary supplement for improving lipids and blood pressure in metabolic syndrome. Given the quality of the included studies, further studies are still needed to verify our findings.

The influence of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on the omega-3 index: A scoping review

Introduction

The majority of the population do not consume adequate omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), leading to global deficiencies, as evidenced by poor omega-3 status. An indicator of overall n-3 FA status, omega3-index (O3i) ≥8% has been associated with reduced risk of chronic disease, most notably cardiovascular disease. Thus, a synthesis of current research summarizing the effects of n-3 FA intake on O3i is warranted to develop and refine clinical recommendations. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA interventions and estimate sufficient n-3 FA intake to improve O3i to meet recommendations.

Methods

Search criteria were human studies published in English from 2004 to 2022 that assessed O3i at baseline and following an n-3 FA intervention.

Results

Fifty-eight studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. Protocols included fish consumption, fortified foods, combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements, supplements of single n-3 FA (alpha linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, etc.), and supplements providing multiple n-3 FA. Dietary supplements varied in chemical composition; the most common were triglycerides or ethyl esters. The lowest supplementation protocol was 100 mg/d, and the largest was 4,400 mg/d EPA and DHA. Supplementation time period ranged from 3 weeks to 1 year. At baseline, three study samples had mean O3i >8%, although many intervention protocols successfully increased O3i.

Discussion

Generally, the lowest doses shown to be effective in raising O3i to recommended levels were >1,000 mg/d of combination DHA plus EPA for 12 weeks or longer. Supplements composed of triglycerides were more bioavailable and thus more effective than other formulas. Based on the data evaluated, practical recommendations to improve O3i to ≥8% are consumption of 1,000-1,500 mg/d EPA plus DHA as triglycerides for at least 12 weeks.

Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Whole Blood Long-Chain ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Its Relationship with Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Measures of Strength and Power in Collegiate Athletes

ObjectiveLong-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC ω-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have received widespread interest from the athletic community for their potential roles in physical performance and recovery. The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to evaluate the dietary intake and whole blood ω-3 PUFAs and their relationship with body composition, strength, and power in collegiate athletes.MethodThirty-six athletes completed a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan for body composition analysis (n = 35), ω-3 PUFAs food frequency questionnaire (n = 27), provided dried blood spot samples (n = 30) to quantify the Omega-3 Index (O3I) and total ω-3 PUFAs content, handgrip strength (n = 17), and countermovement jump (n = 26) testing.ResultsThe mean daily intake of LC ω-3 PUFAs and O3I was 140 mg and 4.6% ± 0.96, respectively, for all athletes. Dietary LC ω-3 PUFAs were positively correlated with the O3I (r = 0.635, p < .01), whole blood EPA (r = 0.778, p < .01), and DHA (r = 0.515, p < .01). Dietary LC ω-3 PUFA intake, whole blood EPA (%), and the EPA:AA ratio was positively associated with HGS (p < .05). Dietary or blood LC ω-3 PUFAs were not correlated with any other measures.Conclusions:Collegiate athletes consume low amounts of LC ω-3 PUFAs and have sub-optimal O3I status. Sports dietitians should encourage the intake of fatty fish and educate athletes about ω-3 PUFAs potential role on performance- and recovery-based outcomes.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.): A therapeutic weapon in metabolic disorders

The growth of functional components containing agricultural foods is enhancing because these components aid the human body against different chronic diseases. Currently, chia seeds basically belong to the mint family and are edible seeds of Salvia hispanica. These seeds are composed of different functional components including fiber, polyphenols, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acid vitamins, minerals, and peptides. Besides, these seeds are also a good source of vegetable protein, unsaturated fat, carbohydrates, and ash. Chia seed components are helpful in cardiovascular disease (CVD) by reducing blood pressure, platelet aggregation, cholesterol, and oxidation. In GI-tract-related diseases like diabetes and constipation, chia fiber reduces the blood glucose level and provides bulk to stool. However, antioxidants and polyphenols are protected beta cells of the pancreas from inflammation. These components are protected from the cell damage of the different body parts, which can provide help in different types of cancer including breast, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic. Conclusively, some pervious studies approved that chia seed components are played important role in chronic diseases.

New alternative sources of omega-3 fish oil

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids play an important role in brain growth and development, as well as in the health of the body. These fatty acids are traditionally found in seafood, such as fish, fish oils, and algae. They can also be added to food or consumed through dietary supplements. Due to a lack of supply to meet current demand and the potential for adverse effects from excessive consumption of fish and seafood, new alternatives are being sought to achieve the recommended levels in a safe and sustainable manner. New sources have been studied and new production mechanisms have been developed. These new proposals, as well as the importance of these fatty acids, are discussed in this paper.

A point of view on human fat olfaction - do fatty derivatives serve as cues for awareness of dietary fats?

Fat (triglycerides) consumption is critical for the survival of animals, including humans. Being able to smell fat can be advantageous in judging food value. However, fat has poor volatility; thus, olfaction of fat seems impossible. What about fatty acids that comprise fat? Humans smell and discriminate medium-chain fatty acids. However, no conclusive evidence has been provided for the olfactory sense of long-chain fatty acids, including essential acids such as linoleic acid (LA). Instead, humans likely perceive the presence of essential fatty acids through the olfaction of volatile compounds generated by their oxidative breakdown (e.g., hexanal and γ-decalactone). For some people, such scents are pleasing, especially when they come from fruit. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether the olfaction of these volatiles leads to the recognition of fat per se. Nowadays, people often smell LA-borne aldehydes such as E,E-2,4-decadienal that occur appreciably, for example, from edible oils during deep frying, and are pronely captivated by their characteristic "fatty" note, which can be considered a "pseudo-perception" of fat. However, our preference for such LA-borne aldehyde odors may be a potential cause behind the modern overdose of n-6 fatty acids. This review aims to provide a view of whether and, if any, how we olfactorily perceive dietary fats and raises future purposes related to human fat olfaction, such as investigating sub-olfactory systems for detecting long-chain fatty acids.

Fatty Acids of Echinoderms: Diversity, Current Applications and Future Opportunities

The phylum Echinodermata comprising the classes Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinodeia, is one of the important invertebrate groups. Members of this phylum live exclusively in marine habitats and are distributed in almost all depths and latitudes. Some of them, such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, are commercially valuable and constitute a major fishery resource. Echinoderms are increasingly recognized as a unique source of various metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. The importance of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, in human health has drawn attention to echinoderms as a promising source of essential fatty acids (FAs). Extensive information on the FAs of the phylum has been accumulated to date. The biosynthetic capabilities and feeding habits of echinoderms explain the findings of the unusual FAs in them. Certain common and unusual FAs may serve as chemotaxonomic markers of the classes. The main goal of the review was to gather the relevant information on the distribution of FAs among the echinoderm classes, describe the structures, distribution, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivity, with an emphasis on the FAs specific for echinoderms. A large part of the review is devoted to the FAs derived from echinoderms that exhibit various biological activities promising for potential therapeutic applications.

Effect of dietary flaxseed oil on the prognosis of acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore whether dietary flaxseed oil has effects on acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture prognosis after surgical reconstruction.

METHODS

Patients with primary acute ACL rupture diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and clinical examination were recruited at Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University and randomized to either the placebo group or the flaxseed oil group by computer-generated random numbers. Patients in the placebo group took six corn oil capsules daily, while patients in the flaxseed oil group took six flaxseed oil capsules daily. The outcomes were evaluated by specific scales.

RESULTS

Compared to the placebo group, the flaxseed oil group showed significantly higher International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score (P = 0.007) and total Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) (P = 0.0003) after two-year administration. Patients treated with flaxseed oil exhibited a significantly higher rate of return to sporting level before injury (P = 0.04) and a lower rate of occurrence of giving way (P = 0.04) than those in the placebo group. Patients with flaxseed oil showed significantly less severe adverse events on index knee (P = 0.047).

CONCLUSION

The administration of dietary flaxseed oil enhanced the prognosis of acute ACL rupture.

Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Non-Photic Zeitgebers and Circadian Clock Synchronizers

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) are well-known for their actions on immune/inflammatory and neurological pathways, functions that are also under circadian clock regulation. The daily photoperiod represents the primary circadian synchronizer ('zeitgeber'), although diverse studies have pointed towards an influence of dietary FAs on the biological clock. A comprehensive literature review was conducted following predefined selection criteria with the aim of updating the evidence on the molecular mechanisms behind circadian rhythm regulation by ω-3 FAs. We collected preclinical and clinical studies, systematic reviews, and metanalyses focused on the effect of ω-3 FAs on circadian rhythms. Twenty animal (conducted on rodents and piglets) and human trials and one observational study providing evidence on the regulation of neurological, inflammatory/immune, metabolic, reproductive, cardiovascular, and biochemical processes by ω-3 FAs via clock genes were discussed. The evidence suggests that ω-3 FAs may serve as non-photic zeitgebers and prove therapeutically beneficial for circadian disruption-related pathologies. Future work should focus on the role of clock genes as a target for the therapeutic use of ω-3 FAs in inflammatory and neurological disorders, as well as on the bidirectional association between the molecular clock and ω-3 FAs.

High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Facilitates Cancer Growth-Currently Marketed Drugs Tadalafil, Isotretinoin, Colchicine, and Omega-3 to Reduce It: The TICO Regimen

Simple Summary

Several elements that are composed of, or related to, neutrophils, have been shown to inhibit strong immune responses to cancer and promote cancers’ growth. This paper presents the collected data showing these elements and how their coordinated actions as an ensemble facilitate growth in the common cancers. The paper goes on to present a drug regimen, TICO, designed to reduce the cancer growth enhancing effects of the neutrophil related elements. TICO uses four already marketed, readily available generic drugs, repurposed to inhibit neutrophil centered growth facilitation of cancer.

Abstract

This paper presents remarkably uniform data showing that higher NLR is a robust prognostic indicator of shorter overall survival across the common metastatic cancers. Myeloid derived suppressor cells, the NLRP3 inflammasome, neutrophil extracellular traps, and absolute neutrophil count tend to all be directly related to the NLR. They, individually and as an ensemble, contribute to cancer growth and metastasis. The multidrug regimen presented in this paper, TICO, was designed to decrease the NLR with potential to also reduce the other neutrophil related elements favoring malignant growth. TICO is comprised of already marketed generic drugs: the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor tadalafil, used to treat inadequate erections; isotretinoin, the retinoid used for acne treatment; colchicine, a standard gout (podagra) treatment; and the common fish oil supplement omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These individually impose low side effect burdens. The drugs of TICO are old, cheap, well known, and available worldwide. They all have evidence of lowering the NLR or the growth contributing elements related to the NLR when clinically used in general medicine as reviewed in this paper.

Preoperative Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Could Predict Postoperative Outcomes in Patients with Surgically Resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative nutritional status and inflammatory status, specifically polyunsaturated acids and the omega 6/3 ratio, would affect postoperative outcomes and complications in patients with lung cancer undergoing lung resection. Methods: This prospective observational study included 68 patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer who were candidates for radical surgery. A complete nutritional assessment was performed. The primary study variable was postoperative complications and mortality in the first 30 days. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results: A total of 50 men (73.53%) and 18 women (26.47%) underwent surgery, with a median age of 64.2 (±9.74) years. The mean omega 6/3 ratio was 17.39 (±9.45). A complication occurred in 39.7% of the study sample (n = 27), the most common being persistent air leak in 23.53% (n = 16). After performing the bivariate analysis, the only variable that remained significant was the omega 6/3 ratio; we observed that it had a prognostic value for persistent air leak (p = 0.001) independent of age, sex, comorbidity, preoperative respiratory function, and approach or type of surgery. The remaining nutritional and inflammatory markers did not have a statistically significant association (p > 0.05) with postoperative complications. However, this significance was not maintained in the multivariate analysis by a small margin (p = 0.052; 95% CI: 0.77-1.41). Conclusions: Omega 6/3 ratio may be a prognostic factor for air leak, independent of the patient's clinical and pathological characteristics.

Metagenomic insights into the modulatory effects of kelp powder (Thallus laminariae)-Treated dairy milk on growth performances and physiological lipometabolic processes of kunming mice

Kelp powder, supplemented with a dairy cow diet, effectively improved the milk polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content. However, little information exists on the downstream effects of the kelp-treated milk on body health, gut microbiota, and nutrient metabolism. For this purpose, 48 3-week old Kunming (KM) male mice with an average body weight of 16.1 g ± 0.2 g were randomly divided into the control treatment (CON, fed with standard chow), the common milk supplement treatment (Milk), and the kelp powder-treated milk supplement treatment (KPM). The experiment lasted for 35 days, with a 7-day long adaptive period and a 28-day long main trial. Phenotypic parameters including growth performances and serum lipids-related parameters were first measured, and results indicated that Milk and KPM supplement significantly promoted the total body weight gain (P < 0.05), while significantly decreasing the feed conversion ratio compared with CON (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the blood lipids content among all three treatments, however, the triglyceride content showed a decreasing trend after KPM supplement treatment. Further, activities of liver lipometabolic-related enzymes were investigated to determine the underlying factors that impacted physiological lipid metabolism. KPM treatment showed a significant reductive effect on the activity of lipogenesis-related enzymes, such as FAS and ACC, while a significant stimulative effect on the activity of lipolysis-related enzymes included the ATGL and CPT1 compared with CON (P < 0.05). Finally, gastrointestinal tract development and cecal microbiota community that correlated with body lipid degradation and absorption were measured to determine the underlying mechanism of KPM supplementation on physiological lipid metabolism. Results indicated that supplementation with KPM significantly enhanced cecal bacteria diversity which was reflected in the significant increase of Chao1 and ACE indexes. Besides, starch-degraded bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Streptococcus are significant decreased (P < 0.05), while cellulose-degraded bacteria including Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium are significantly increased (P < 0.05) after KPM supplement, which may further restrict the energy generation and therefore reduce the lipid deposition. In summary, kelp supplement helped increase the milk PUFAs content, enhance the bacterial diversity and relative abundances of probiotics, which finally modulated physiological lipid metabolism, and promote growth performances.

Glucosinolates and Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Mustard Seeds: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Seeds from mustard (genera Brassica spp. and Sinapsis spp.), are known as a rich source of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids. These compounds are widely known for their health benefits that include reducing inflammation and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This review presented a synthesis of published literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Sci Finder, and Web of Science regarding the different glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids isolated from mustard seeds. We presented an overview of extraction, isolation, purification, and structure elucidation of glucosinolates from the seeds of mustard plants. Moreover, we presented a compilation of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies showing the potential health benefits of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids. Previous studies showed that glucosinolates have antimicrobial, antipain, and anticancer properties while omega-3 fatty acids are useful for their pharmacologic effects against sleep disorders, anxiety, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Further studies are needed to investigate other naturally occurring glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids, improve and standardize the extraction and isolation methods from mustard seeds, and obtain more clinical evidence on the pharmacological applications of glucosinolates and omega-3 fatty acids from mustard seeds.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and infertility among American women aged 20-44 years

Background

Infertility is a nationwide public health priority in the U.S. However, few studies have investigated the effects of dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on female infertility. This study explored the association between PUFA intake and risk of infertility.

Methods

A total of 1,785 women aged 20-44 years from three National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (2013-2018) were included in this cross-sectional study. The intake of PUFAs was obtained from a 24-h dietary interview on two separate days with a 3-10-day interval, and nutrient residue models were used. Fertility status was assessed by positive response to two relative questions via a questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used and some covariates were adjusted.

Results

Among all the participants, 340 (19.05%) women suffered from infertility. The intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (OR = 0.998, 95% CI 0.998, 0.009) was slightly related to the risk of infertility. In contrast, women with higher α-linolenic acid (ALA) (OR = 1.416, 95% CI 1.138, 1.763) and linoleic acid (LA) intake (OR = 1.020, 95% CI 1.002, 1.038) presented with a relatively higher risk of primary infertility. Furthermore, in 20-34-year-old women, higher omega-6/omega-3 was significant associated with the risk of infertility (OR = 1.002, 95%CI 1.000, 1.005).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that PUFA intake is only slightly associated with infertility. The higher the DHA intake, the lower the risk of infertility regardless of age. In women with primary infertility, ALA and LA has negative effect.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease which results in degeneration of cartilage within joints and affects approximately 13.6% of adults over 20 years of age in Canada and the United States of America. OA is characterized by a state of low-grade inflammation which leads to a greater state of cellular catabolism disrupting the homeostasis of cartilage synthesis and degradation. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been postulated as a potential therapeutic treatment option for individuals with OA. Omega-3 PUFAs are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial in the context of OA to moderate pro-inflammatory markers and cartilage loss. The purpose of this narrative review is to outline recent pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the use of omega-3 in the management of OA.

The High ‘Lipolytic Jump’ of Immobilized Amano A Lipase from Aspergillus niger in Developed ‘ESS Catalytic Triangles’ Containing Natural Origin Substrates

Lipase Amano A from Aspergillus niger (AA-ANL) is among the most commonly applied enzymes in biocatalysis processes, making it a significant scientific subject in the pharmaceutical and medical disciplines. In this study, we investigated the lipolytic activity of AA-ANL immobilized onto polyacrylic support IB-150A in 23 oils of natural origin containing various amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The created systems were expressed as an ‘ESS catalytic triangle’. A distinct ‘jump’ (up to 2400%) of lipolytic activity of immobilized AA-ANL compared to free lipase and hyperactivation in mostly tested substrates was observed. There was a ‘cutoff limit’ in a quantitative mutual ratio of ω-PUFAs/MUFAs, for which there was an increase or decrease in the activity of the immobilized AA-ANL. In addition, we observed the beneficial effect of immobilization using three polyacrylic supports (IB-150A, IB-D152, and IB-EC1) characterized by different intramolecular interactions. The developed substrate systems demonstrated considerable hyperactivation of immobilized AA-ANL. Moreover, a ‘lipolytic jump’ in the full range of tested temperature and pH was also observed. The considerable activity of AA-ANL-IB-150A after four reuse cycles was demonstrated. On the other hand, we observed an essential decrease in stability of immobilized lipase after 168 h of storage in a climate chamber. The tested kinetic profile of immobilized AA-ANL confirmed the increased affinity to the substrate relative to lipase in the free form.

Review of Associated Health Benefits of Algal Supplementation in Cattle with Reference to Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Feedlot Systems

Within the Australian beef industry bovine respiratory disease is considered one of the most common disease and costs the industry an average net loss of $1647.53 Australian dollars per animal death to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). This is due to the disease overwhelming the animal’s immune system during a period where they experience multiple stressors that consequently increase the animal’s susceptivity to disease. Research into the bioactive compounds commonly found in marine algae is rapidly increasing due to its positive health benefits and potential immune modulating properties. Algal supplementation within previous studies has resulted in improved reproduction potential, growth performance, increases antioxidant activity and decreased proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Additional research is required to further understand the aetiology of BRD and complete analysis of the bioavailability of these bioactive compounds within marine algae to fully explore the potential of marine algae supplementation.

Correlation of Body Mass Index and Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization

This study investigated the correlation of body mass index (BMI) and proinflammatory cytokine levels with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization triggered by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Stem cell donors (n = 309) were recruited between August 2015 and January 2018 and grouped into four groups according to their BMI: underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, n = 10), normal (18.5 kg/m2 ≦ BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 156), overweight (25 kg/m2 ≦ BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 102), and obese (BMI ≧ 30 kg/m2, n = 41). The participants were then administered with five doses of G-CSF and categorized as good mobilizers (CD34 ≧ 180/μL, n = 15, 4.85%) and poor mobilizers (CD34 ≦ 25/μL, n = 14, 4.53%) according to the number of CD34+ cells in their peripheral blood after G-CSF administration. The correlation between BMI and HSC mobilization was then analyzed, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the plasma from good and poor mobilizers were examined by ProcartaPlex Immunoassay. Results showed that BMI was highly correlated with G-CSF-triggered HSC mobilization (R2 = 0.056, p < 0.0001). Compared with poor mobilizers, good mobilizers exhibited higher BMI (p < 0.001) and proinflammatory cytokine [interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (p < 0.05), interleukin-22 (IL-22) (p < 0.05), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels (p < 0.05)]. This study indicated that BMI and proinflammatory cytokine levels are positively correlated with G-CSF-triggered HSC mobilization.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biomarkers and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Considerable attention has focused on the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, which has led to dietary recommendations to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake. A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize evidence from prospective studies regarding associations between omega-3 PUFA biomarkers and risk of developing major chronic diseases.

METHODS

Four electronic databases were searched for articles from inception to March 1, 2022. Random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of omega-3 PUFAs, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, cancer, and mortality. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation assessment tool was used to rates the confidence in estimates.

RESULTS

A total of 67 prospective studies comprised of 310,955 participants were identified. Individual omega-3 PUFAs showed divergent associations with the study outcomes of interest. A significant inverse association with T2D risk was observed across categories of ALA (relative risk [RR]: 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.96), EPA (RR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-0.99) and DPA (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.96) biomarkers. The marine-origin omega-3 fatty acids biomarkers but not ALA was significantly associated with lower risks of total CVD, CHD, and overall mortality, with RRs ranging from 0.70 for DHA-CHD association to 0.85 for EPA-CHD association. A lower risk of colorectal cancer was observed at higher levels of DPA (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.98) and DHA (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.65-0.99), whereas no association was noted for other outcomes. In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed between an increasing level of EPA, DPA, or DHA biomarker and lower risk of CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher concentrations of marine-derived omega-3 PUFA biomarkers were associated with a significantly reduced risk of total CVD, CHD, and total mortality. Levels of ALA were inversely associated with a lower risk of T2D but not CVD-related outcomes. These data support the dietary recommendations advocating the role of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining an overall lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease and premature deaths.

Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke

BACKGROUND

Currently, with stroke burden increasing, there is a need to explore therapeutic options that ameliorate the acute insult. There is substantial evidence of a neuroprotective effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in animal models of stroke, leading to a better functional outcome.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of administration of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs on functional outcomes and dependence in people with stroke.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register (last searched 31 May 2021), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2021, Issue 5), MEDLINE Ovid (from 1948 to 31 May 2021), Embase Ovid (from 1980 to 31 May 2021), CINAHL EBSCO (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; from 1982 to 31 May 2021), Science Citation Index Expanded ‒ Web of Science (SCI-EXPANDED), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science - Web of Science (CPCI-S), and BIOSIS Citation Index. We also searched ongoing trial registers, reference lists, relevant systematic reviews, and used the Science Citation Index Reference Search.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing marine-derived n-3 PUFAs to placebo or open control (no placebo) in people with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or both.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

At least two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the body of evidence. We contacted study authors for clarification and additional information on stroke/TIA participants. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis or narrative synthesis, as appropriate. The primary outcome was efficacy (functional outcome) assessed using a validated scale, for example, the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) dichotomised into poor or good clinical outcome, the Barthel Index (higher score is better; scale from 0 to 100), or the Rivermead Mobility Index (higher score is better; scale from 0 to 15). Our secondary outcomes were vascular-related death, recurrent events, incidence of other type of stroke, adverse events, quality of life, and mood.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 30 RCTs; nine of them provided outcome data (3339 participants). Only one study included participants in the acute phase of stroke (haemorrhagic). Doses of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs ranged from 400 mg/day to 3300 mg/day. Risk of bias was generally low or unclear in most trials, with a higher risk of bias in smaller studies. We assessed results separately for short (up to three months) and longer (more than three months) follow-up studies. Short follow-up (up to three months) Functional outcome was reported in only one pilot study as poor clinical outcome assessed with the GOSE (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 1.68, P = 0.52; 40 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Mood (assessed with the GHQ-30, lower score better) was reported by only one study and favoured control (mean difference (MD) 1.41, 95% CI 0.07 to 2.75, P = 0.04; 102 participants; low-certainty evidence). We found no evidence of an effect of the intervention for the remainder of the secondary outcomes: vascular-related death (two studies, not pooled due to differences in population, RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.00, P = 0.50, and RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.72, P = 0.49; 142 participants; low-certainty evidence); recurrent events (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.02 to 8.84, P = 0.57; 18 participants; very low-certainty evidence); incidence of other type of stroke (two studies, not pooled due to different type of index stroke, RR 6.11, 95% CI 0.33 to 111.71, P = 0.22, and RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.58, P = 0.32; 58 participants; very low-certainty evidence); and quality of life (physical component, MD -2.31, 95% CI -4.81 to 0.19, P = 0.07, and mental component, MD -2.16, 95% CI -5.91 to 1.59, P = 0.26; 1 study; 102 participants; low-certainty evidence). Adverse events were reported by two studies (57 participants; very low-certainty evidence), one trial reporting extracranial haemorrhage (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.73, P = 0.16) and the other one reporting bleeding complications (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.35, P = 0.47). Longer follow-up (more than three months) One small trial assessed functional outcome with both the Barthel Index for activities of daily living (MD 7.09, 95% CI -5.16 to 19.34, P = 0.26), and the Rivermead Mobility Index for mobility (MD 1.30, 95% CI -1.31 to 3.91, P = 0.33) (52 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We carried out meta-analysis for vascular-related death (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.35, P = 0.86; 5 studies; 2237 participants; low-certainty evidence) and fatal recurrent events (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.55, P = 0.37; 3 studies; 1819 participants; low-certainty evidence). We found no evidence of an effect of the intervention for mood (MD 1.00, 95% CI -2.07 to 4.07, P = 0.61; 1 study; 14 participants; low-certainty evidence). Incidence of other type of stroke and quality of life were not reported. Adverse events (all combined) were reported by only one study (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.58, P = 0.82; 1455 participants; low-certainty evidence).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

We are very uncertain of the effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs therapy on functional outcomes and dependence after stroke as there is insufficient high-certainty evidence. More well-designed RCTs are needed, specifically in acute stroke, to determine the efficacy and safety of the intervention. Studies assessing functional outcome might consider starting the intervention as early as possible after the event, as well as using standardised, clinically relevant measures for functional outcomes, such as the modified Rankin Scale. Optimal doses remain to be determined; delivery forms (type of lipid carriers) and mode of administration (ingestion or injection) also need further consideration.

Health Benefits, Food Applications, and Sustainability of Microalgae-Derived N-3 PUFA

Today's consumers are increasingly aware of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in preventing, delaying, and intervening various diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and many other ailments. The role of n-3 PUFA on aging and cognitive function is also one of the hot topics in basic research, product development, and clinical applications. For decades, n-3 PUFA, especially EPA and DHA, have been supplied by fish oil and seafood. With the continuous increase of global population, awareness about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, and socioeconomic improvement worldwide, the supply chain is facing increasing challenges of insufficient production. In this regard, microalgae have been well considered as promising sources of n-3 PUFA oil to mitigate the supply shortages. The use of microalgae to produce n-3 PUFA-rich oils has been explored for over two decades and some species have already been used commercially to produce n-3 PUFA, in particular EPA- and/or DHA-rich oils. In addition to n-3 PUFA, microalgae biomass contains many other high value biomolecules, which can be used in food, dietary supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and feedstock. The present review covers the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA, with particular attention given to the various approaches attempted in the nutritional interventions using EPA and DHA alone or combined with other nutrients and bioactive compounds towards improved health conditions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. It also covers the applications of microalgae n-3 PUFA in food and dietary supplement sectors and the economic and environmental sustainability of using microalgae as a platform for n-3 PUFA-rich oil production.

Link between Omega 3 Fatty Acids Carried by Lipoproteins and Breast Cancer Severity

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) more than 10% of cancers can be explained by inadequate diet and excess body weight. Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women. The goal of our study is to clarify the relationship between ω3 fatty acids (FA) carried by different lipoproteins and breast cancer (BC) severity, according to two approaches: through clinic-biological data and through in vitro breast cancer cell models. The clinical study has been performed in sera from a cohort of BC women (n = 140, ICO, France) whose tumors differed by their hormone receptors status (HR− for tumors negative for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, HR+ for tumors positive for either estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors) and the level of proliferation markers (Ki-67 ≤ 20% Prolif− and Ki-67 ≥ 30% Prolif+). Lipids and ω3FA have been quantified in whole serum and in apoB-containing lipoproteins (Non-HDL) or free of it (HDL). Differences between Prolif− and Prolif+ were compared by Wilcoxon test in each sub-group HR+ and HR−. Results are expressed as median [25th−75th percentile]. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and Non-HDL cholesterol did not differ between Prolif− and Prolif+ sub-groups of HR− and HR+ patients. Plasma EPA and DHA concentrations did not differ either. In the HR− group, the distribution of EPA and DHA between HDL and Non-HDL differed significantly, as assessed by a higher ratio between the FA concentration in Non-HDL and HDL in Prolif− vs. Prolif+ patients (0.20 [0.15−0.36] vs. 0.04 [0.02−0.08], p = 0.0001 for EPA and 0.08 [0.04−0.10] vs. 0.04 [0.01−0.07], p = 0.04 for DHA). In this HR− group, a significant increase in Non-HDL EPA concentration was also observed in Prolif− vs. Prolif+ (0.18 [0.13−0.40] vs. 0.05 [0.02−0.07], p = 0.001). A relative enrichment on Non-HDL in EPA and DHA was also observed in Prolif− patients vs. Prolif+ patients, as assessed by a higher molar ratio between FA and apoB (0.12 [0.09−0.18] vs. 0.02 [0.01−0.05], p < 0.0001 for EPA and 1.00 [0.73−1.69 vs. 0.52 [0.14−1.08], p = 0.04 for DHA). These data were partly confirmed by an in vitro approach of proliferation of isolated lipoproteins containing EPA and DHA on MDA-MB-231 (HR−) and MCF-7 (HR+) cell models. Indeed, among all the studied fractions, only the correlation between the EPA concentration of Non-HDL was confirmed in vitro, although with borderline statistical significance (p = 0.07), in MDA-MB-231 cells. Non-HDL DHA, in the same cells model was significantly correlated to proliferation (p = 0.04). This preliminary study suggests a protective effect on breast cancer proliferation of EPA and DHA carried by apo B-containing lipoproteins (Non-HDL), limited to HR− tumors.

A comparative study between olive oil and corn oil on oxidative metabolism

Fats are an important part of diet, but not all lipids have the same structure and chemical properties. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their structure and can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, respectively. Most vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, contain significant amounts of these fatty acids. The presence of double bonds in the molecule of a fatty acid constitutes vulnerable sites for oxidation reactions generating lipid peroxides, potentially toxic compounds that can cause cellular damage. In response to this oxidative damage, aerobic organisms have intracellular enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. The aim of the present investigation was to study comparatively the effects of control liquid diets, of a defined composition, containing olive oil or corn oil as a lipid source respectively of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the oxidative metabolism of rats. Rats were divided into three groups which received a control animal feed diet (A.F.), olive oil liquid diet (O.O) and corn oil liquid diet (C.O) for 30 days. It was observed that the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased in the liver and white fat tissue of rats fed with olive oil when compared to the corn oil group. However, in brown fat tissue and blood cells, the enzyme activities showed a tendency to decrease in the olive oil group. In addition, the effect of olive oil and corn oil on several glucose metabolism parameters (pyruvate, lactate, LDH, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) showed that corn oil impairs to a greater extent the cellular metabolism. All these results helped in concluding that some body tissues are more adversely affected than others by the administration of corn oil or olive oil, and their antioxidant defenses and cellular metabolism respond differently too.

Fish Oil Nanoemulsion Supplementation Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis BALB/c Mice

Diets rich in omega-3 or -6 fatty acids will produce different profiles for cell membranes phospholipid constitutions. Omegas 3 and 6 are part of the diet and can modulate the inflammatory profile. We evaluated the effects of the oral absorption of fish oil, when associated with a lipid nanoemulsion in an experimental pulmonary inflammatory model. Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease associated with excessive extracellular matrix deposition. We determined to investigate the morphophysiological mechanisms in mice that were pretreated after induction with bleomycin (BLM). The pretreatment was for 21 days with saline solution, sunflower oil (SO), fish oil (FO), and fish oil nanoemulsion (NEW3). The animals received a daily dose of 50 mg/Kg of docosahexaenoic acid DHA and 10 mg/Kg eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (100 mg/Kg), represented by a daily dose of 40 µL of NEW3. The blank group was treated with the same amount daily (40 µL) during the 21 days of pretreatment. The animals were treated with SO and FO, 100 mg/Kg (containing 58 mg/Kg of polyunsaturated fats/higher% linoleic acid) and 100 mg/Kg (50 mg/Kg of DHA and 10 mg/Kg EPA), respectively. A single dose of 5 mg/mL (50 μL) bleomycin sulfate, by the intratracheal surgical method in BALB/cAnNTac (BALB/c). NEW3 significantly reduced fibrotic progression, which can be evidenced by the protection from loss of body mass, increase in respiratory incursions per minute, decreased spacing of alveolar septa, decreased severity of fibrosis, and changes in the respiratory system. NEW3 attenuated the inflammatory changes developed in the experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis, while group SO showed a significant increase in inflammatory changes. This concluded that the presented results demonstrated that is possible to positively modulate the immune and inflamamtory response to an external agressor, by changing the nutitional intake of specific fatty acids, such as omega-3 placed in fish oil. Moreover, these benefits can be improved by the nanoencapsulation of fish oil in lipid nanoemulsions.