51
|
Lu TF, Sun B, Yu TY, Wu YJ, Zhou J, Wu SG. Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses: Quantification of the Viral Copy Number for the Four Miniature Pig Breeds in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840347. [PMID: 35369498 PMCID: PMC8965148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic pigs has served not only as one of the most important economy livestock but also as ideal organ-source animals owing to similarity in anatomy, physiology, and organ size to humans. Howerer, the barrier of the cross-species transmission risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERVs) blocked the pig-to-human xenotransplantation. PERVs are integrated into pigs’ genomes and cannot be eliminated by designated or specified pathogen-free breeding. PERVs are an important biosafety issue in xenotransplantation because they can be released from normal pig cells and infect human cells in vitro under certain conditions. Screening and analyzing the presence of PERVs in pig genome will provide essential parameters for pig breed sources. In China, four miniature pig breeds, such as Guizhou miniature pig (GZ), Bama miniature pig (BM), Wuzhishan miniature pig (WZS), and Juema miniature pig (JM), were the main experimental miniature pig breeds, which were widely used. In this study, PCR was performed to amplify env-A, env-B, and env-C for all individuals from the four breeds. The results revealed that PERV env-A and env-B were detected in all individuals and the lowest ratios of PERV env-C was 17.6% (3/17) in the GZ breed. Then, PERV pol and GAPDH were detected using the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method. As the reference of GAPDH copy number, the copy numbers of PERVs were at the median of 12, 16, 14, and 16 in the four miniature pig breeds (GZ, BM, WZS, and JM), respectively. Furthermore, the copy number of the PERV pol gene in many organs from the GZ breed was analyzed using ddPCR. The copy numbers of PERV pol gene were at the median of 7 copies, 8 copies, 8 copies, 11 copies, 5 copies, 6 copies, and 7 copies in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle, and skin, and the maximum number was 11 copies in the lung. The minimum number was 5 copies in the kidney as the reference of GAPDH. These data suggest that GZ breed has the lower PERVs copy number in the genome, and may be an ideal organ-source miniature pig breed for the study of the pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Feng Lu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tai-Yong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Guang Wu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Ishikawa K, Nagashima T, Machida Y, Yasuda A, Yoshida K, Fujita M, Ochiai K, Azakami D, Michishita M. Primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with feline leukaemia virus infection in a young cat. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221074240. [PMID: 35173973 PMCID: PMC8841923 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221074240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 4-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat with a continuous cough was brought to a private veterinary clinic for detailed examination. Radiography of the thoracic cavity revealed a severe radiopaque region in the caudal lobe of the right lung. At 108 days after the initial visit, CT showed a mass of 27 × 23 × 18 mm in the caudal lobe of the right lung. At that time, no abnormalities in other organs except for the lung were detected on CT and peripheral blood and blood biochemistry tests. The mass in the caudal lobe of the right lung was resected by lobectomy; it had a white surface and was firm. Histopathologically, the mass was non-encapsulated, showing an unclear boundary with surrounding tissues. The mass comprised large, round or polygonal neoplastic cells arranged in a diffuse pattern. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for CD20, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) p27 and FeLV glycoprotein 70 but negative for CD3, CD204 and E-cadherin. Based on these findings, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with FeLV infection was diagnosed. Although the cat showed no clinical signs of gastrointestinal or respiratory injury, a routine ultrasonography revealed thickening in the jejunum wall 196 days after lobectomy, and subsequent fine-needle aspiration examination confirmed high-grade lymphoma. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with FeLV infection in a young cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ishikawa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Nagashima
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Veterinary Medical Center, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Machida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yasuda
- Veterinary Medical Center, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Yoshida
- Veterinary Medical Center, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Fujita
- Division of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Could Phylogenetic Analysis Be Used for Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Classification? Viruses 2022; 14:v14020249. [PMID: 35215842 PMCID: PMC8876432 DOI: 10.3390/v14020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface envelope (SU) protein determines the cell tropism and consequently the pathogenesis of the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in felids. Recombination of exogenous FeLV (exFeLV) with endogenous retroviruses (enFeLV) allows the emergence of more pathogenic variants. Currently, phenotypic testing through interference assays is the only method to distinguish among subgroups-namely, FeLV-A, -B, -C, -E, and -T. This study proposes a new method for FeLV classification based on molecular analysis of the SU gene. A total of 404 publicly available SU sequences were used to reconstruct a maximum likelihood tree. However, only 63 of these sequences had available information about phenotypic tests or subgroup assignments. Two major clusters were observed: (a) clade FeLV-A, which includes FeLV-A, FeLV-C, FeLV-E, and FeLV-T sequences, and (b) clade enFeLV, which includes FeLV-B and enFeLV strains. We found that FeLV-B, FeLV-C, FeLV-E, and FeLV-T SU sequences share similarities to FeLV-A viruses and most likely arose independently through mutation or recombination from this strain. FeLV-B and FeLV-C arose from recombination between FeLV-A and enFeLV viruses, whereas FeLV-T is a monophyletic subgroup that has probably originated from FeLV-A through combined events of deletions and insertions. Unfortunately, this study could not identify polymorphisms that are specifically linked to the FeLV-E subgroup. We propose that phylogenetic and recombination analysis together can explain the current phenotypic classification of FeLV viruses.
Collapse
|
54
|
Jaroensong T, Piamwaree J, Sattasathuchana P. Effects of Chemotherapy on Hematological Parameters and CD4+/CD8+ Ratio in Cats with Mediastinal Lymphoma and Seropositive to Feline Leukemia Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030223. [PMID: 35158547 PMCID: PMC8833558 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mediastinal lymphoma is the most commonly diagnosed tumor in cats with feline leukemia virus infection (FeLV). The cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone (COP) chemotherapeutic protocol is widely used and has achieved high complete-response (CR) rates with a long disease-free interval (DFI), and a long median survival time (MST), with low toxicity. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio is used to assess immunity in retroviral infected cats. This study was performed on 18 FeLV-infected cats with mediastinal lymphoma. The complete blood count, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were measured four times before treating with chemotherapy in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks. The white blood cell (WBC) counts, neutrophils, packed cell volume (PCV), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) changed, while the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was not found to be significantly different. These results suggested that COP chemotherapy is safe as a treatment for FeLV-infected cats with mediastinal lymphoma. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the COP chemotherapeutic protocol on hematological parameters, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the mortality of 18 client-owned FeLV-infected cats with mediastinal lymphoma. The complete blood count, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were measured four times before treating with chemotherapy in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks. The white blood cell (WBC) counts at the 1st week were significantly different from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th inductions (p = 0.0075, p = <0.0001, and p = 0.0271, respectively). The neutrophils at the 1st week were significantly different from the 2nd and 3rd inductions (p = 0.0179, and p < 0.0001, respectively). The packed cell volume (PCV) at the 1st week was significantly differed from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th induction times (p = 0.0029, p = 0.0006, and p = 0.0029, respectively. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at the 1st week was significantly different from the 4th week (p = 0.0145). We found that chemotherapy did not cause any significant change in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p-value 0.7407). The Kaplan–Meier curves showed the median survival time (MST) for the cats with a CD4+/CD8 ratio of less than 1 after the 1st week of chemotherapy was 134 days. This suggested that COP chemotherapy was a safe treatment for FeLV-infected cats with mediastinal lymphoma.
Collapse
|
55
|
Tinoco FV, Morelli S, de Farias Brito M, Oliveira Pereira G, Correia Oliveira M, Diakou A, Colombo M, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Traversa D. Hemorrhagic Meningoencephalomyelitis Due to Ectopic Localization of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in a Cat: First Case Report. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020128. [PMID: 35049752 PMCID: PMC8772558 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is the most important parasitic nematode affecting cat airways worldwide. The adult nematodes live in the lungs and cause pneumonia with typical respiratory clinical signs such as cough, nasal and ocular discharge, and difficulties in breathing. The localization of adult A. abstrusus in other organs than lungs is not common. This report describes, for the first time, an unusual and fatal localization of A. abstrusus within the central nervous system of a kitten displaying neurological signs. Abstract The lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is one of the main causes of respiratory diseases in cats worldwide. This report describes the unusual case of a kitten infected with A. abstrusus and presented to a veterinary clinic in Brazil with lethargy, dysphagia, non-ambulatory tetraplegia, and pelvic limbs bilateral myoclonus. The clinical picture of the kitten worsened with generalized flaccid tetraplegia and death a few days after hospitalization. At necropsy, hemorrhagic necrosis and subarachnoid hemorrhages were detected in several areas of the central nervous system. Nematode stages were found at post-mortem histological examinations in lungs, cerebellum, subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord. Microscopic and molecular (PCRs-coupled-sequencing protocols) examination showed the presence of A. abstrusus in histological samples. This study describes the first neurological aelurostrongylosis due to ectopic localization of adult worms in the central nervous system of a cat, causing acute hemorrhagic multifocal meningoencephalomyelitis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether unusual localizations and the migration of A. abstrusus are more frequent than expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marilene de Farias Brito
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil; (M.d.F.B.); (G.O.P.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Gabriela Oliveira Pereira
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil; (M.d.F.B.); (G.O.P.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Mariana Correia Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, Brazil; (M.d.F.B.); (G.O.P.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Michel AO, Donovan TA, Roediger B, Lee Q, Jolly CJ, Monette S. Chaphamaparvovirus antigen and nucleic acids are not detected in kidney tissues from cats with chronic renal disease or immunocompromised cats. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:120-126. [PMID: 34601998 PMCID: PMC9393070 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211045439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic cats, but the cause is still largely elusive. While some viruses have been associated with this disease, none have been definitively implicated as causative. Recently, Rodent chaphamaparvovirus 1 was recognized as the cause of murine inclusion body nephropathy, a disease reported for over 40 years in laboratory mice. A novel virus belonging to the same genus, Carnivore chaphamaparvovirus 2, was recently identified in the feces of cats with diarrhea. The goal of this study was to investigate the possible role of chaphamaparvoviruses including members of Rodent chaphamaparvovirus 1 and Carnivore chaphamaparvovirus 2 in the development of feline CKD. The presence of these viruses was retrospectively investigated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline kidney samples using polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Cats were divided into 3 groups: normal (N = 24), CKD (N = 26), and immunocompromised (N = 25). None of the kidney tissues from any of the 75 cats revealed the presence of chaphamaparvovirus DNA, RNA, or antigen. We conclude that viruses belonging to the chaphamaparvovirus genus are unlikely to contribute to the occurrence of feline CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam O Michel
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Drug Safety and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Taryn A Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Inflammation (ATI) Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:83-94. [PMID: 34466379 PMCID: PMC8385399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a pathogenic lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses that has been associated with AIDS-like pathologies in domestic and wild cats, as well as in hyenas. Despite known pathologies, progressive immunosuppression and ill health effects driven by these lentiviruses in association with other secondary infections remain understudied in free-ranging species. Here, the role of coinfections by gastrointestinal parasites and tick-borne hemoparasites for FIV disease progression was explored in 195 free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo) living in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Using statistical methodology, we evaluated the effects of FIV on a range of health indicators to explore how direct and indirect effects of FIV and associated coinfections align to determine lion health outcomes. Findings show direct negative effects of FIV on host immunity and nutritional status, and exacerbation of aggressive behaviors, conditions which may increase exposure/susceptibility to other secondary infections. When taken together, the contribution of coinfecting parasites to morbidity in lions is of similar magnitude as direct effects of FIV infection alone, suggesting that the particular coinfection assemblage may play a role in mediating disease progression within natural lion populations. Immunosuppression by FIV increases richness and abundance of secondary parasites. Infection by gastrointestinal parasites drives severe malnourishment in FIV hosts. Hemoparasite infection contributed to liver pathology and clinical wasting. Contributions of secondary infections to morbidity equal the direct effects of FIV.
Collapse
|
58
|
Causes of Death in Stray Cat Colonies of Milan: A Five-Year Report. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113308. [PMID: 34828042 PMCID: PMC8614475 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cats have been closely linked to humans for thousands of years. Nowadays, stray cats are frequently hosted in colonies, protected, and enrolled in programs of trap–neuter-–return to control population increase. Italian public veterinary services work in collaboration with voluntary colony caretakers and are responsible for neutering and monitoring the health of colony cats. This retrospective study, conducted by the Anatomical Pathology Unit of the Teaching Veterinary Hospital of Milan in collaboration with the public veterinary services, was undertaken because of the limited information available regarding causes of death of colony cats. The study reports on and statistically analyzes the causes of death of colony cats in the city of Milan as assessed by necropsy. Inflammatory processes including those consistent with the most relevant feline infectious diseases were most common in kittens and young cats. Trauma was more frequent in adult cats, while organ failure was the most common cause of death in aged cats. Considering the possible animal welfare issues deriving from colony cats, awareness of the most common causes of death and collaboration between university veterinary pathologists and public veterinary services represent an essential contribution to health monitoring of colony cats and can assist in the rapid detection of possible emerging animal welfare concerns. Abstract The presence of cats in urban environments has a long history. In Italy, stray cats are protected by national and regional laws, and programs of neutering and reintroduction to colonies are ongoing. Colony cats have been widely studied from a behavioral perspective, while surveys regarding their causes of death are limited, although they may provide relevant information related to public health and cat welfare. This retrospective study provides pathological descriptions and statistical analyses of the causes of death of 186 cats from 100 colonies in the city of Milan. Inflammatory processes represent the primary cause of death (37.7%) and include common feline infectious diseases such as feline panleukopenia (67.5%), particularly in kittens, and feline infectious peritonitis (32.5%), most common in adult cats. Trauma was found to be a common cause of death of young/adult cats (14%) with a generally good body condition, while severe parasitosis was less represented (2.6%). The death of old cats was statistically associated with organ failure (24.7%), particularly renal failure, and tumors (11.8%). Knowledge of the most common causes of death of colony cats could make an important contribution to the health monitoring of these cats and sanitary control of their habitats and provide information on possible related emerging animal welfare concerns.
Collapse
|
59
|
Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Marti I, Pisano SRR, Pewsner M, Wehrle M, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Origgi FC, Kübber-Heiss A, Knauer F, Posautz A, Eberspächer-Schweda M, Huder JB, Böni J, Kubacki J, Bachofen C, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. Management of Suspected Cases of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Eurasian Lynx ( Lynx lynx) During an International Translocation Program. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730874. [PMID: 34760956 PMCID: PMC8573149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population in Switzerland serves as a source for reintroductions in neighboring countries. In 2016–2017, three lynx from the same geographical area were found seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the framework of an international translocation program. This novel finding raised questions about the virus origin and pathogenicity to lynx, the emerging character of the infection, and the interpretation of serological results in other lynx caught for translocation. Archived serum samples from 84 lynx captured in 2001–2016 were retrospectively tested for FIV antibodies by Western blot. All archived samples were FIV-negative. The three seropositive lynx were monitored in quarantine enclosures prior to euthanasia and necropsy. They showed disease signs, pathological findings, and occurrence of co-infections reminding of those described in FIV-infected domestic cats. All attempts to isolate and characterize the virus failed but serological data and spatiotemporal proximity of the cases suggested emergence of a lentivirus with antigenic and pathogenic similarities to FIV in the Swiss lynx population. A decision scheme was developed to minimize potential health risks posed by FIV infection, both in the recipient and source lynx populations, considering conservation goals, animal welfare, and the limited action range resulting from local human conflicts. Development and implementation of a cautious decision scheme was particularly challenging because FIV pathogenic potential in lynx was unclear, negative FIV serological results obtained within the first weeks after infection are unpredictable, and neither euthanasia nor repatriation of multiple lynx was acceptable options. The proposed scheme distinguished between three scenarios: release at the capture site, translocation, or euthanasia. Until April 2021, none of the 40 lynx newly captured in Switzerland tested FIV-seropositive. Altogether, seropositivity to FIV was documented in none of 124 lynx tested at their first capture, but three of them seroconverted in 2016–2017. Diagnosis of FIV infection in the three seropositive lynx remains uncertain, but clinical observations and pathological findings confirmed that euthanasia was appropriate. Our experiences underline the necessity to include FIV in pathogen screenings of free-ranging European wild felids, the importance of lynx health monitoring, and the usefulness of health protocols in wildlife translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Marti
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone R R Pisano
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Pewsner
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco C Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Posautz
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Eberspächer-Schweda
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jon B Huder
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Kubacki
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Rapid characterization of feline leukemia virus infective stages by a novel nested recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and reverse transcriptase-RPA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22023. [PMID: 34764397 PMCID: PMC8586258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a major viral disease in cats, causing leukemia and lymphoma. The molecular detection of FeLV RNA and the DNA provirus are important for staging of the disease. However, the rapid immunochromatographic assay commonly used for antigen detection can only detect viremia at the progressive stage. In this study, nested recombinase polymerase amplification (nRPA) was developed for exogenous FeLV DNA provirus detection, and reverse transcriptase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) was developed for the detection of FeLV RNA. The approaches were validated using 108 cats with clinicopathologic abnormalities due to FeLV infection, and from 14 healthy cats in a vaccination plan. The nRPA and RT-RPA assays could rapidly amplify the FeLV template, and produced high sensitivity and specificity. The FeLV detection rate in regression cats by nRPA was increased up to 45.8% compared to the rapid immunochromatographic assay. Hence, FeLV diagnosis using nRPA and RT-RPA are rapid and easily established in low resource settings, benefiting FeLV prognosis, prevention, and control of both horizontal and vertical transmission.
Collapse
|
61
|
Nascimento LFJ, Cirilo TM, Gomes DS, Gomes ACA, Lima VFS, Scher R, Jain S, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of feline leishmaniasis with emphasis on Brazil: a narrative review. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:21-34. [PMID: 34761278 PMCID: PMC8580739 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In the New World, although dogs are considered the main parasite reservoir, in the last two decades, several studies have confirmed the role of cats (Felis catus) in the epidemiology of the disease and feline leishmaniasis (FeL) is now considered to be an emerging disease. The present review summarizes the current knowledge about FeL, focusing on important immunopathological aspects, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods applied for felines in Brazil. Cats are infected with the same species of Leishmania found in dogs (i.e., Leishmania infantum). Like dogs, skin lesions are the most common in cats with clinical FeL, mainly affecting the cephalic region and less frequently the legs which may be accompanied by generalized signs or visceral involvement. Information on the immune response of cats to Leishmania infection is scarce; however, efficient infection control is seen in most cases. For diagnosis, generally, the same methods as those in dogs are used, mainly serological tools. But there is a lack of studies focusing the performance of these methods for diagnosing FeL. The estimated overall prevalence of FeL in Brazil is 8%, with L. infantum being the most prevalent species. However, infections with Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis have also been reported. In conclusion, although there has been an increase in the publication related to FeL in Brazil in recent years, there is a lack of research relating immune response and diagnosis of these animals. Cats have been shown to be competent hosts for Leishmania parasites, and their role in the epidemiology of the disease cannot be underestimated, especially in areas of Brazil where the disease is historically endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F J Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Tatyane M Cirilo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Dharliton S Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina A Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victor F S Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - R Scher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - S Jain
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Hardas A, Priestnall SL, Pittaway R, Purzycka K, English K, Attipa C. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:853-856. [PMID: 34609181 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.8.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
63
|
Mendes-de-Almeida F, Alves LC, do Amaral Fernandes P, de Menezes Leivas R, Labarthe N. Infection with Dirofilaria immitis and Other Infections in Cats and Dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The Need for Prophylactic Enforcement. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:962-968. [PMID: 33733387 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito-borne nematode that primarily infects dogs, can equally infect cats. Although there have been numerous studies on canine heartworm prevalence in Brazil, there have been few studies on feline infections. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are both life-threatening retroviruses transmitted directly between cats. Infections with Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. are highly prevalent among dogs in Brazil, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus being the main vector for both bacteria. This study aimed to gather information on these infections among dogs and cats in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro by performing rapid point-of-care tests for prophylactic enforcement. METHODS Surplus samples of serum or plasma from private laboratories were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (SNAP Feline Triple Test or SNAP 4Dx Plus Test). RESULTS The prevalence of heartworm disease was 7% among dogs and 0.9% among cats, the latter being 12.9% of the former. The prevalence of FIV and FeLV was 4.3 and 11.9%, respectively. Among dogs, the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. was 27.1 and 9.8%, respectively, and Borrelia burgdorferi was not detected. CONCLUSION Given that such infections circulate among pets, prophylactic measures should be encouraged by small animal practitioners.
Collapse
|
64
|
Kulmer LM, Unterköfler MS, Fuehrer HP, Janovska V, Pagac M, Svoboda M, Venco L, Leschnik M. First Autochthonous Infection of a Cat with Dirofilaria immitis in Austria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091104. [PMID: 34578137 PMCID: PMC8466588 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This case report is about a seven-year-old male neutered European Shorthair cat infected by Dirofilaria immitis as the first reported autochthonous Dirofilaria immitis infection in Austria. There was no history of periods abroad. Echocardiography showed suspected D. immitis in the right cardiac chamber with increased pulmonary pressure and ascites. Surgical removal of the heartworms was performed. Twenty adult heartworms were removed by transvenous jugular approach under general anesthesia and stored in 4% formalin. Five out of 20 specimens were examined via light and stereomicroscopy and feline heartworm infection was confirmed. Amplification of a 203 bp or 724 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was unsuccessful. After surgery the cat developed acute renal failure but recovered quickly. One year later, the cat underwent a control examination including echocardiography and blood work. There were no more D. immitis detectable at echocardiography. Lung pressure was mildly increased. Complete blood count and creatinine were unremarkable. The Knott's test and Dirofilaria-Antigen-test produced negative results. The cat did not show any clinical signs during the follow-up period. The aim of this case report is to highlight the growing risk of acquiring infection with D. immitis not only for Austrian dogs, but also for cats. This case report represents the first report of autochthonous D. immitis infection in Austria. Moreover, even if the prognosis in cats with caval syndrome due to feline heartworm disease is guarded to poor, surgical removal of the filariae can be a successful treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Kulmer
- University Hospital for Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Sophia Unterköfler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.U.); (H.-P.F.)
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.U.); (H.-P.F.)
| | - Varvara Janovska
- Veterinary Hospital Parndorf, 7111 Burgenland, Austria; (V.J.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Matus Pagac
- Veterinary Hospital Parndorf, 7111 Burgenland, Austria; (V.J.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Svoboda
- Veterinary Hospital Parndorf, 7111 Burgenland, Austria; (V.J.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Luigi Venco
- Veterinary Hospital Città di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Michael Leschnik
- University Hospital for Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Cottingham E, Johnstone T, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. Use of feline herpesvirus as a vaccine vector offers alternative applications for feline health. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109210. [PMID: 34416538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are attractive vaccine vector candidates due to their large double stranded DNA genome and latency characteristics. Within the scope of veterinary vaccines, herpesvirus-vectored vaccines have been well studied and commercially available vectored vaccines are used to help prevent diseases in different animal species. Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) has been characterised as a vector candidate to protect against a range of feline pathogens. In this review we highlight the methods used to construct FHV-1 based vaccines and their outcomes, while also proposing alternative uses for FHV-1 as a viral vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cottingham
- The Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- U-Vet Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Carol A Hartley
- The Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- The Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Muz D, Can H, Karakavuk M, Döşkaya M, Özdemir HG, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Atalay Şahar E, Pektaş B, Karakuş M, Töz S, Özbel Y, Gürüz AY, Muz MN. The molecular and serological investigation of Feline immunodeficiency virus and Feline leukemia virus in stray cats of Western Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101688. [PMID: 34229197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) / Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection prevalence among looking healthy stray cats in Western Turkey by serologic and molecular-based tests. A total of 1008 blood samples from the stray cats were used in this study. All samples were tested for FIV antibodies / proviral DNA and FeLV antibodies / antigens / proviral DNA. The genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of FeLV and FIV were carried out in this study. These cats also tested for Leishmaniasis and Toxoplasmosis previously. FIV Ab and proviral DNA detected in 25.2 % and 25.5 % of samples, respectively. FeLV Ab, Ag, proviral DNA positivity was in 45.2 %, in 3.3 %, in 69.7 %, respectively. The molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of the current FeLV pol gene and FIV gag gene performed. The molecular characterization for the pol gene of FeLV (enFeLV and exFeLV) among Turkey's cat population was reported for the first time. The exFeLV pol sequences closer to the FeLV-A genotype, and the enFeLV pol sequences overlapped with other enFeLV. The current FIV gag sequences were clustered within the subtypes A, B, and C. The findings revealed FeLV subtype A and FIV subtype-A, subtype-B, subtype-C circulate among Turkish stray cats. Single and multiple co-infection positivity was found higher compared to previous reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Muz
- Department of Virology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey.
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey; Odemiş Training Collage, Ege University, Odemiş, İzmir, 35400, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | | | | | - Esra Atalay Şahar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Bayram Pektaş
- Izmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Yeşilyurt, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Necati Muz
- Department of Parasitology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Capozza P, Decaro N, Beikpour F, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Emerging Hepatotropic Viruses in Cats: A Brief Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061162. [PMID: 34204394 PMCID: PMC8233973 DOI: 10.3390/v13061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of viruses in feline liver disease has long remained neglected. However, in 2018, an analogue of human hepatitis B virus was identified in cats. Moreover, antibodies for human hepatitis E have been detected consistently at various prevalence rates in cats. Although the correlation between these viruses and the liver injury in cats must be clarified, hepatotropic viruses might represent an increasing risk for feline and public health.
Collapse
|
68
|
Abayli H, Can-Sahna K, Ozbek R, Aslan O, Tonbak S, Bulut H. Detection and molecular characterisation of feline viruses from swab samples. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:194-203. [PMID: 34138750 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV), feline alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) as well as retroviral agents such as feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are important viral pathogens of cats. The aim of this study was to detect and characterise FHV-1, FPLV, FeLV, FIV and feline foamy virus (FFV) in oropharyngeal, nasal and conjunctival swabs from 93 cats that had been screened for FCV previously. We wanted to determine the possible risk factors for infection with these viruses. The prevalence was found to be 12.9% for FHV-1 and 9.7% for FPLV. FIV was detected only in two samples and FeLV in one sample, whereas the presence of FFV was not demonstrated in any of the clinical samples. The statistical analysis of the results showed that breed, age, health status, and lifestyle are important predisposing factors to FHV-1 (P < 0.05). For FPLV, only clinically unhealthy animals were found to be at risk (P < 0.001). Sequence analysis revealed that the two FIV-positive samples in this study contained different (A and B) subtypes of the virus. This is the first report on the occurrence of subtype A FIV in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Abayli
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kezban Can-Sahna
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Remziye Ozbek
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Oznur Aslan
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sukru Tonbak
- 1Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23110 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hakan Bulut
- 3Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Nasry WHS, Martin CK. Intersecting Mechanisms of Hypoxia and Prostaglandin E2-Mediated Inflammation in the Comparative Biology of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:539361. [PMID: 34094895 PMCID: PMC8175905 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.539361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cancer was first proposed by Rudolph Virchow over 150 years ago, and our understanding of its significance has grown over decades of biomedical research. The arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation, including cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, PGE2 synthase enzymes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGE2 receptors has been extensively studied and has been associated with different diseases and different types of cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition to inflammation in the tumour microenvironment, low oxygen levels (hypoxia) within tumours have also been shown to contribute to tumour progression. Understandably, most of our OSCC knowledge comes from study of this aggressive cancer in human patients and in experimental rodent models. However, domestic animals develop OSCC spontaneously and this is an important, and difficult to treat, form of cancer in veterinary medicine. The primary goal of this review article is to explore the available evidence regarding interaction between hypoxia and the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation during malignant behaviour of OSCC. Overlapping mechanisms in hypoxia and inflammation can contribute to tumour growth, angiogenesis, and, importantly, resistance to therapy. The benefits and controversies of anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic therapies for human and animal OSCC patients will be discussed, including conventional pharmaceutical agents as well as natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Hamed Shaker Nasry
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kattner P, Zeiler K, Herbener VJ, Ferla-Brühl KL, Kassubek R, Grunert M, Burster T, Brühl O, Weber AS, Strobel H, Karpel-Massler G, Ott S, Hagedorn A, Tews D, Schulz A, Prasad V, Siegelin MD, Nonnenmacher L, Fischer-Posovszky P, Halatsch ME, Debatin KM, Westhoff MA. What Animal Cancers teach us about Human Biology. Theranostics 2021; 11:6682-6702. [PMID: 34093847 PMCID: PMC8171098 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers in animals present a large, underutilized reservoir of biomedical information with critical implication for human oncology and medicine in general. Discussing two distinct areas of tumour biology in non-human hosts, we highlight the importance of these findings for our current understanding of cancer, before proposing a coordinated strategy to harvest biomedical information from non-human resources and translate it into a clinical setting. First, infectious cancers that can be transmitted as allografts between individual hosts, have been identified in four distinct, unrelated groups, dogs, Tasmanian devils, Syrian hamsters and, surprisingly, marine bivalves. These malignancies might hold the key to improving our understanding of the interaction between tumour cell and immune system and, thus, allow us to devise novel treatment strategies that enhance anti-cancer immunosurveillance, as well as suggesting more effective organ and stem cell transplantation strategies. The existence of these malignancies also highlights the need for increased scrutiny when considering the existence of infectious cancers in humans. Second, it has long been understood that no linear relationship exists between the number of cells within an organism and the cancer incidence rate. To resolve what is known as Peto's Paradox, additional anticancer strategies within different species have to be postulated. These naturally occurring idiosyncrasies to avoid carcinogenesis represent novel potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kattner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Zeiler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena J. Herbener
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Grunert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, German Armed Forces Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan Republic
| | - Oliver Brühl
- Laboratorio Analisi Sicilia Catania, Lentini; SR, Italy
| | - Anna Sarah Weber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannah Strobel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sibylle Ott
- Animal Research Center, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Tews
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vikas Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus D. Siegelin
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Nonnenmacher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Taylor S, Spada E, Callan MB, Korman R, Leister E, Steagall P, Lobetti R, Seth M, Tasker S. 2021 ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Collection and Administration of Blood and Blood Products in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:410-432. [PMID: 33896248 PMCID: PMC10741281 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Blood and blood products are increasingly available for practitioners to use in the management of haematological conditions, and can be lifesaving and therapeutically useful for patients with anaemia and/or coagulopathies. It is important for feline healthcare that donors are selected appropriately, and transfusions of blood or blood products are given to recipients that will benefit from them. Complications can occur, but can be largely avoided with careful donor management and recipient selection, understanding of blood type compatibility, and transfusion monitoring. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline blood transfusion, while potentially a lifesaving procedure, can also be detrimental to donor and recipient without precautions. Cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies to red cell antigens and severe reactions can occur with type-mismatched transfusions. Blood transfusions can also transmit infectious agents to the recipient, so donor testing is essential. Finally, donors must be in good health, and sedated as appropriate, with blood collected in a safe and sterile fashion to optimise the benefit to recipients. Transfusion reactions are possible and can be mild to severe in nature. Autologous blood transfusions and xenotransfusions may be considered in certain situations. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a panel of authors convened by the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM), based on available literature. They are aimed at general practitioners to provide a practical guide to blood typing, cross-matching, and blood collection and administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory
(REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan,
Italy
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced
Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
USA
| | - Rachel Korman
- Cat Specialist Services, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Ellie Leister
- Pet Intensive Care Unit, Underwood, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Paulo Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Universite de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of
Bristol, Langford, UK; and Linnaeus Group, Shirley, UK
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sacristán I, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, José López M, Cabello J, Hidalgo‐Hermoso E, Sanderson J, Terio KA, Barrs V, Beatty J, Johnson WE, Millán J, Poulin E, Napolitano C. Cross-species transmission of retroviruses among domestic and wild felids in human-occupied landscapes in Chile. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1070-1082. [PMID: 33897821 PMCID: PMC8061269 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transformation of natural habitats facilitates pathogen transmission between domestic and wild species. The guigna (Leopardus guigna), a small felid found in Chile, has experienced habitat loss and an increased probability of contact with domestic cats. Here, we describe the interspecific transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) between domestic cats and guignas and assess its correlation with human landscape perturbation. Blood and tissue samples from 102 free-ranging guignas and 262 domestic cats were collected and analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Guigna and domestic cat FeLV and FIV prevalence were very similar. Phylogenetic analysis showed guigna FeLV and FIV sequences are positioned within worldwide domestic cat virus clades with high nucleotide similarity. Guigna FeLV infection was significantly associated with fragmented landscapes with resident domestic cats. There was little evidence of clinical signs of disease in guignas. Our results contribute to the understanding of the implications of landscape perturbation and emerging diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Barrs
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Julia Beatty
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Warren E. Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashintonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- The Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
The Walter Reed Biosystematics UnitSmithsonian InstitutionSuitlandMarylandUSA
| | - Javier Millán
- Universidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2University of Zaragoza‐CITAZaragozaSpain
- Fundación ARAIDZaragozaSpain
| | - Elie Poulin
- Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y BiodiversidadUniversidad de Los LagosOsornoChile
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
da Silva Serpa PB, Messick JB. A case of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL or AML-M5) in an adult FeLV/FIV-positive cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:158-163. [PMID: 33764584 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of decreased appetite and respiratory signs. A CBC run on presentation revealed severe nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis characterized by a prominent population of blasts, having morphologic features suggestive of a monocytic lineage. The cat tested positive for FIV, FeLV, Mycoplasma haemominutum, and only mild abnormalities were identified on the chemistry panel. Bone marrow biopsies were obtained to investigate the bicytopenia and the possibility of a hematopoietic neoplasm. Although the bone marrow aspirate was nondiagnostic, the core biopsy was markedly hypercellular with a population of blasts, largely replacing the normal hematopoietic tissue. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the blasts were CD3-negative, Pax5-negative, dimly CD18-positive, and moderately positive for Iba1. These findings, in addition to the prominent monocytic differentiation seen in peripheral blood, supported a diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. Palliative antiviral and antibiotic treatment and blood transfusion were performed. The patient was discharged on his fourth day of hospitalization. However, 15 days following discharge, the cat was euthanized due to the worsening of his systemic signs. This report discusses the classifications of myeloid leukemias, implications of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of neoplasia in cats, and the use of Iba1, a "pan-monocytic/histiocytic" marker, in the diagnosis of acute leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne B Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Maezawa M, Akiyama N, Tagawa M, Watanabe KI, Matsumoto K, Furuoka H, Inokuma H. A clinical case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a Holstein cow. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:819-823. [PMID: 33746152 PMCID: PMC8182308 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year, 3-month-old Holstein cow presented with anorexia and enlarged superficial lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the superficial lymph nodes
revealed large blast cells. Hematological examination revealed anemia, neutropenia, and blast cells in peripheral blood. Blast cells were the predominant cell
type in bone marrow aspirates. Of the non-erythroid cells, 26%, 58%, and 18% were positive for myeloperoxidase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, and naphthol AS-D
chloroacetate esterase, respectively. Pathological examination revealed the proliferation of neoplastic cells, which were positive for monocytic markers, in the
affected lymph nodes. The cow was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia based on these findings. This report highlights the importance of performing bone
marrow aspiration cytology and cytochemical staining when diagnosing bovine myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Maezawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nao Akiyama
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michihito Tagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Eosinophilic pericardial effusion in a cat with complex systemic disease and associated peripheral eosinophilia. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 35:55-62. [PMID: 33823336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of dry cough of 1-week duration and cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, and eosinophils were identified as the predominant cell type in fluid collected by pericardiocentesis. Thoracic computed tomography imaging and bronchoscopy were supportive of mild lower airway disease, while bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed eosinophilic inflammation and concurrent Mycoplasma felis infection. A few months after the initial presentation, there was clinical deterioration, and further investigation suggested intestinal lymphoma. It was hypothesized that pericardial effusion and lower airway inflammation were an early manifestation of hypereosinophilic syndrome, possibly as a paraneoplastic consequence of lymphoma.
Collapse
|
76
|
Parr YA, Beall MJ, Levy JK, McDonald M, Hamman NT, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Measuring the Humoral Immune Response in Cats Exposed to Feline Leukaemia Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030428. [PMID: 33800090 PMCID: PMC7998633 DOI: 10.3390/v13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses belong to an important and diverse family of RNA viruses capable of causing neoplastic disease in their hosts. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a gammaretrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats, causing immunodeficiency, cytopenia and neoplasia in progressively infected cats. The outcome of FeLV infection is influenced by the host immune response; progressively infected cats demonstrate weaker immune responses compared to regressively infected cats. In this study, humoral immune responses were examined in 180 samples collected from 123 domestic cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV, using a novel ELISA to measure antibodies recognizing the FeLV surface unit (SU) glycoprotein in plasma samples. A correlation was demonstrated between the strength of the humoral immune response to the SU protein and the outcome of exposure. Cats with regressive infection demonstrated higher antibody responses to the SU protein compared to cats belonging to other outcome groups, and samples from cats with regressive infection contained virus neutralising antibodies. These results demonstrate that an ELISA that assesses the humoral response to FeLV SU complements the use of viral diagnostic tests to define the outcome of exposure to FeLV. Together these tests could allow the rapid identification of regressively infected cats that are unlikely to develop FeLV-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-141-330-3444
| | | | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK;
| | | | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Beall MJ, Buch J, Clark G, Estrada M, Rakitin A, Hamman NT, Frenden MK, Jefferson EP, Amirian ES, Levy JK. Feline Leukemia Virus p27 Antigen Concentration and Proviral DNA Load Are Associated with Survival in Naturally Infected Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:302. [PMID: 33671961 PMCID: PMC7919025 DOI: 10.3390/v13020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are important for understanding disease outcomes. Levels of p27 antigen and copy numbers of proviral DNA have been associated with FeLV-infection courses. The purpose of this prospective study was to establish cutoff values for p27 antigen concentration and proviral DNA load that distinguished high positive from low positive groups of cats and to evaluate an association with survival. At enrollment, 254 cats were tested by point-of-care and microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for p27 antigen and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for proviral DNA. The 127 positive cats were retested monthly for six months and monitored for survival over the four-year study. A receiver operating characteristic-based analysis of samples with concordant or discordant qualitative results for p27 antigen and proviral DNA was used to establish cutoff values, and when applied to test results at enrollment for classifying cats as high positive or low positive, a significant difference in survival was observed. High positive cats had a median survival of 1.37 years (95% CI 0.83-2.02) from time of enrollment, while most low positive cats were still alive (93.1% survival). Quantitative results for p27 antigen concentration and proviral DNA load were highly correlated with survival times in FeLV-infected cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (J.B.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (J.B.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Genevieve Clark
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (J.B.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Marko Estrada
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (J.B.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrei Rakitin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA; (J.B.); (G.C.); (M.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Natascha T. Hamman
- Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.T.H.); (M.K.F.); (E.P.J.); (E.S.A.)
| | - Monica K. Frenden
- Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.T.H.); (M.K.F.); (E.P.J.); (E.S.A.)
| | - Ellen P. Jefferson
- Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.T.H.); (M.K.F.); (E.P.J.); (E.S.A.)
| | - E. Susan Amirian
- Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX 78703, USA; (N.T.H.); (M.K.F.); (E.P.J.); (E.S.A.)
| | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Feline leukemia virus in owned cats in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109008. [PMID: 33582484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in cats with infection in its progressive form. Although there are numerous reports on the occurrence of FeLV in the feline population worldwide, there is a paucity of data in Asia. In this study, we assessed the circulation of FeLV by ELISA and nested PCR in cats from different countries in Southeast Asia (i.e., Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam) and Taiwan during 2017-2018. Forty-seven cats were positive to FeLV by antigen or provirus detection, but 32 samples were considered truly positive on the basis of positive molecular testing. Frequency of occurrence of FeLV proviral DNA ranged from 0% (0/43 positive samples) in Indonesia to 18.5% (22/119 positive samples) in Thailand. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was found between country of cats origin, age, lifestyle, abnormal oral mucosa, and FeLV molecular positive results. In-depth studies are needed in other countries in Southeast Asia to elucidate the mosaic of knowledge about FeLV epidemiology.
Collapse
|
79
|
Anti-SU Antibody Responses in Client-Owned Cats Following Vaccination against Feline Leukaemia Virus with Two Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccines (Fel-O-Vax ® Lv-K and Fel-O-Vax ® 5). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020240. [PMID: 33546485 PMCID: PMC7913631 DOI: 10.3390/v13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study undertaken in Australia compared the antibody responses induced in client-owned cats that had been vaccinated using two inactivated whole feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccines, the monovalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K and the polyvalent vaccine Fel-O-Vax® 5. Serum samples from 428 FeLV-uninfected cats (118 FeLV-vaccinated and 310 FeLV-unvaccinated) were tested for anti-FeLV neutralising antibodies (NAb) using a live virus neutralisation assay to identify 378 FeLV-unexposed (NAb-negative) and 50 FeLV-exposed (NAb-positive; abortive infections) cats, following by anti-surface unit (SU) FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody ELISA testing. An additional 42 FeLV-infected cats (28 presumptively regressively infected, 14 presumptively progressively infected) were also tested for anti-SU antibodies. NAb-positive cats displayed significantly higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses compared to NAb-negative cats (p < 0.001). FeLV-unexposed cats (NAb-negative) that had been vaccinated less than 18 months after a previous FeLV vaccination using the monovalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K) displayed higher anti-SU antibody ELISA responses than a comparable group vaccinated with the polyvalent vaccine (Fel-O-Vax® 5) (p < 0.001 for both anti-FeLV-A and FeLV-B SU antibody responses). This difference in anti-SU antibody responses between cats vaccinated with the monovalent or polyvalent vaccine, however, was not observed in cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV (NAb-positive) (p = 0.33). It was postulated that vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® 5 primed the humoral response prior to FeLV exposure, such that antibody production increased when the animal was challenged, while vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® Lv-K induced an immediate preparatory antibody response that did not quantitatively increase after FeLV exposure. These results raise questions about the comparable vaccine efficacy of the different FeLV vaccine formulations and correlates of protection.
Collapse
|
80
|
Dumitrache MO, Györke A, D'Amico G, Mircean V. First case report of dermatitis associated with Leporacarus gibbus in cat. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:4. [PMID: 33407465 PMCID: PMC7786979 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leporacarus gibbus is a highly specific acarian parasitizing in rabbits, with a proven zoonotic potential. While the majority of cases of L. gibbus infestation are asymptomatic, several cases of pruritic cutaneous condition in both laboratory and pet rabbits were reported. Up to date, L. gibbus has not been linked with clinical signs in any other species than rabbits and humans. Case presentation This case report described the clinical case of a 14-month-old cat with a dermatitis linked to L. gibbus. Mites specimens were collected by brushing, followed by light microscopy examination and species identification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of L. gibbus-related dermatitis in cat. Conclusions L. gibbus infestation should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of pruritic skin conditions in cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela Oana Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Cluj, Romania.
| | - Adriana Györke
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Cluj, Romania
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Cluj, Romania
| | - Viorica Mircean
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Cluj, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Niu D, Ma X, Yuan T, Niu Y, Xu Y, Sun Z, Ping Y, Li W, Zhang J, Wang T, Church GM. Porcine genome engineering for xenotransplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:229-245. [PMID: 32275950 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extreme shortage of human donor organs for treatment of patients with end-stage organ failures is well known. Xenotransplantation, which might provide unlimited organ supply, is a most promising strategy to solve this problem. Domestic pigs are regarded as ideal organ-source animals owing to similarity in anatomy, physiology and organ size to humans as well as high reproductive capacity and low maintenance cost. However, several barriers, which include immune rejection, inflammation and coagulative dysfunctions, as well as the cross-species transmission risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus, blocked the pig-to-human xenotransplantation. With the rapid development of genome engineering technologies and the potent immunosuppressive medications in recent years, these barriers could be eliminated through genetic modification of pig genome together with the administration of effective immunosuppressants. A number of candidate genes involved in the regulation of immune response, inflammation and coagulation have been explored to optimize porcine xenograft survival in non-human primate recipients. PERV inactivation in pigs has also been accomplished to firmly address the safety issue in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Many encouraging preclinical milestones have been achieved with some organs surviving for years. Therefore, the clinical trials of some promising organs, such as islet, kidney and heart, are aimed to be launched in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, China-Australian Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Taoyan Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Yifan Niu
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211300, China
| | - Yibin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhongxin Sun
- Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery Department, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jufang Zhang
- Cosmetic & Plastic Surgery Department, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211300, China.
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Almeida IO, da Silva MAA, de Sena BV, da Paz JS, Jaretta TDA, Faria PCG, Horta RDS. Retrospective study of retroviruses by immunoenzymatic test on cats in Grande Vitória (ES, Brazil) and associated neoplasms. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e104220. [PMID: 35749085 PMCID: PMC9179204 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are among the leading causes of death in domestic cats. Retroviruses associate with the host cell in a persistent and permanent way, leading to diverse clinical conditions. The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is the most pathogenic retrovirus with the potential to cause both degenerative diseases and immunosuppression, as well as proliferative diseases, as its association with the cell may lead to a direct oncogenic effect. The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), in turn, can lead to the classic immunodeficiency syndrome, usually has a chronic, less aggressive course and has no direct oncogenic effect. The use of vaccines and control measures has resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of FeLV in the United States of America (USA) and Europe, however, in Brazil, statistics show prevalence rates above 50%. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of feline retroviruses, by immunoenzymatic assay testing, in the region of Grande Vitória, in Espírito Santo and also point out the frequency of neoplasms in these cats. A total of 388 cats were retrospectively evaluated (2014-2016). The prevalence of FIV was 2.3% and FeLV was 33.7%. Neoplasms were identified in the three cats seropositive for FIV and FeLV and in three cats infected only with FIV. Neoplasms were also found in 26.6% of cats that were seropositive only for FeLV, especially mediastinal lymphoma. The high prevalence of FeLV demonstrated in this study highlights the need for establishing effective control measures, with emphasis on vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Veterinarian, Dsc., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Mesa-Sanchez I, Ferreira RRF, Cardoso I, Morais M, Flamínio M, Vieira S, de Gopegui RR, de Matos AJF. Transfusion transmissible pathogens are prevalent in healthy cats eligible to become blood donors. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:107-113. [PMID: 33305378 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical infectious agents considered core pathogens for worldwide screening in healthy, client-owned, indoor cats eligible to become blood donors in Spain and Portugal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples of healthy, indoor, domestic cats selected to be potential blood donors were tested for feline leukaemia virus antigens, feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies and polymerase chain reactions for Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, feline leukaemia virus provirus, Leishmania spp. and Bartonella spp. Not all donors were tested for all agents. RESULTS Overall, 5105 healthy indoor cats were tested and 8.1% (414/5105) had at least one subclinical infectious agent that is transmissible through blood product transfusion. 1.5% (77/5105) were positive for feline leukaemia virus antigens and 2.9% (148/5105) were positive for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, therefore they were excluded as donors. The overall prevalence of haemoplasmas in feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus SNAP-negative feline blood donors was 3.7% (181/4880) [1.3% (63/4880) were positive for Mycoplasma haemofelis; 2.3% (112/4880) to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and 0.12% (6/4880) to Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis]. The prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus was 5.2% (9/173) and of Bartonella spp. was 0.2% (2/1122). None of the 173 cats were positive for Leishmania spp. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of many transfusion transmissible pathogens was relatively high in this healthy, client-owned, indoor cats eligible to become blood donors. Performing an extended screening panel that includes at least polymerase chain reactions for Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis, feline leukaemia virus provirus, and Bartonella spp., in addition to feline leukaemia virus antigens and feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies, is recommended in pet blood banks from analogous regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Mesa-Sanchez
- Animal Blood Bank, Passatge Rovira I Virgili No 9, Sabadell, 08205, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R R F Ferreira
- CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4050-083, Porto, Portugal.,Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Cardoso
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Morais
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Flamínio
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Vieira
- Animal Blood Bank, Rua de João de Deus, n°741 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - R R de Gopegui
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A J F de Matos
- CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, 4050-083, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-343, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Olagoke O, Quigley BL, Timms P. Koalas vaccinated against Koala retrovirus respond by producing increased levels of interferon-gamma. Virol J 2020; 17:168. [PMID: 33129323 PMCID: PMC7602773 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is believed to be in an active state of endogenization into the koala genome. KoRV is present as both an endogenous and exogenous infection in all koalas in northern Australia. KoRV has been linked to koala pathologies including neoplasia and increased susceptibility to Chlamydia. A KoRV vaccine recently trialled in 10 northern koalas improved antibody response and reduced viral load. This communication reports the expression of key immune genes underlining the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccination in these northern koalas. The results showed that prior to vaccination, IL-8 was expressed at the highest levels, with at least 200-fold greater expression compared to other cytokines, while CD8 mRNA expression was significantly higher than CD4 mRNA expression level. Interferon-γ was up-regulated at both 4- and 8-weeks post-vaccination while IL-8 was down-regulated at 8-weeks post-vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olagoke
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Bonnie L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Insights into the genetic diversity, recombination, and systemic infections with evidence of intracellular maturation of hepadnavirus in cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241212. [PMID: 33095800 PMCID: PMC7584178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen of global concern, while a high diversity of viruses related to HBV have been discovered in other animals during the last decade. Recently, the novel mammalian hepadnavirus, tentatively named domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), was detected in an immunocompromised cat. Herein, a collection of 209 cat sera and 15 hepato-diseased cats were screened for DCH using PCR, resulting in 12.4% and 20% positivity in the tested sera and necropsied cats, respectively. Among the DCH-positive sera, a significantly high level of co-detection with retroviral infection was found, with the highest proportion being co-detection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Full-length genome characterization of DCH revealed the genetic diversity between the nine Thai DCH sequences obtained, and that they phylogenetically formed three distinct monophyletic clades. A putative DCH recombinant strain was found, suggesting a possible role of recombination in DCH evolution. Additionally, quantitative PCR was used to determine the viral copy number in various organs of the DCH-moribund cats, while the pathological findings were compared to the viral localization in hepatocytes, adjacent to areas of hepatic fibrosis, by immunohistochemical (IHC) and western blot analysis. In addition to the liver, positive-DCH immunoreactivity was found in various other organs, including kidneys, lung, heart, intestine, brain, and lymph nodes, providing evidence of systemic infection. Ultrastructure of infected cells revealed electron-dense particles in the nucleus and cytoplasm of hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. We propose the intracellular development mechanism of this virus. Although the definitive roles of pathogenicity of DCH remains undetermined, a contributory role of the virus associated with systemic diseases is possible.
Collapse
|
86
|
Stavroulaki EM, Mylonakis ME, Papanikolaou E, Hatzis A, Xenoulis PG. Steroid‐responsive neutropenia in a cat with progressive feline leukemia virus infection. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:389-393. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Thessaly Karditsa Greece
- Animal Medical Center Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Marchand C, Lemay G, Archambault D. Identification of the nuclear and nucleolar localization signals of the Feline immunodeficiency virus Rev protein. Virus Res 2020; 290:198153. [PMID: 33010374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lentivirus genomes code for a regulatory protein essential for virus replication termed Rev. The Rev protein binds to partially spliced and unspliced viral RNAs and mediates their nuclear export. Therefore, Rev possesses functional domains that enable its shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus, can lead to an immunodeficiency syndrome after a long incubation period, similar to that associated with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The FIV Rev functional domains have been predicted only by homology with those of HIV-1 Rev. In the present study, the nuclear and nucleolar localization signals (NLS and NoLS, respectively) of the FIV Rev were examined. A series of FIV Rev deletion mutants fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were used to localize the NLS in a region spanning amino acids (aa) 81-100. By using alanine substitution mutants, basic residues present between the amino acids (aa) 84-99 of the FIV Rev protein sequence were identified to form the NLS, whereas those between aa 82-95 were associated with the NoLS function. These results further enhance our understanding of how Rev exerts its role in the replication cycle of lentiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Marchand
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Munis AM. Gene Therapy Applications of Non-Human Lentiviral Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101106. [PMID: 33003635 PMCID: PMC7599719 DOI: 10.3390/v12101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent commercialization of lentiviral vector (LV)-based cell therapies and successful reports of clinical studies have demonstrated the untapped potential of LVs to treat diseases and benefit patients. LVs hold notable and inherent advantages over other gene transfer agents based on their ability to transduce non-dividing cells, permanently transform target cell genome, and allow stable, long-term transgene expression. LV systems based on non-human lentiviruses are attractive alternatives to conventional HIV-1-based LVs due to their lack of pathogenicity in humans. This article reviews non-human lentiviruses and highlights their unique characteristics regarding virology and molecular biology. The LV systems developed based on these lentiviruses, as well as their successes and shortcomings, are also discussed. As the field of gene therapy is advancing rapidly, the use of LVs uncovers further challenges and possibilities. Advances in virology and an improved understanding of lentiviral biology will aid in the creation of recombinant viral vector variants suitable for translational applications from a variety of lentiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Biezus G, de Cristo TG, da Silva Schade MF, Ferian PE, Carniel F, Miletti LC, Maciel ADR, Casagrande RA. Plasma Cell Pododermatitis Associated With Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Concomitant Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in a Cat. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100475. [PMID: 32966900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This report aims to describe one case of plasma cell pododermatitis associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and concomitant feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in a cat. A 2-year-old, intact male, mixed-breed cat was presented with alopecia, skin peeling, and erythematous swelling in the left metacarpal paw pad. Swelling, softening, ulceration with secondary crusts, and erythematous to violaceous discoloration were observed in multiple metacarpal, metatarsal, and digital paw pads. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry were analyzed. FeLV antigenemia and FIV seropositivity were assessed by immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Nested-PCR was used to detect FIV and FeLV proviral DNA in blood cells. Histopathological examination and anti-FeLV and anti-FIV immunohistochemical were performed on paw pad biopsies. According to clinical and histopathological findings, a diagnosis of plasma cell pododermatitis was made. The cat was FIV and FeLV seropositive. The immunohistochemical of paw pad biopsies revealed FeLV positivity and FIV negativity. This study provides reference for further investigations about feline plasma cell pododermatitis and highlights retrovirus infection as a potential factor associated with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Biezus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thierry Grima de Cristo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Michele Ferraz da Silva Schade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Ferian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Carniel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline da Rosa Maciel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus of domestic cats worldwide. Cats lacking strong FeLV-specific immunity and undergoing progressive infection commonly develop fatal FeLV-associated disease. Many aspects of FeLV infection pathogenesis have been elucidated, some during more recent years using molecular techniques. It is recommended that the FeLV status of every cat is known, since FeLV infection can influence the prognosis and clinical management of every sick cat. Moreover, knowledge of a cat's FeLV status is of epidemiological importance to prevent further spread of the infection. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Diagnosing FeLV infection remains challenging due to different outcomes of infection, which can vary over time depending on the balance between the virus and the host's immune system. Furthermore, testing for FeLV infection has become more refined over the years and now includes diagnostic assays for different viral and immunological parameters. Knowledge of FeLV infection pathogenesis, as well as the particulars of FeLV detection methods, is an important prerequisite for correct interpretation of any test results and accurate determination of a cat's FeLV status. AIMS The current review presents recent knowledge on FeLV pathogenesis, key features to be determined in FeLV infection, and frequently used FeLV detection methods, and their characteristics and interpretation. An algorithm for the diagnosis of FeLV infection in a single cat, developed by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases, is included, and FeLV testing in specific situations is addressed. As well as increasing awareness of this deadly infection in domestic cats, the aim is to contribute diagnostic expertise to allow veterinarians in practice to improve their recognition, and further reduce the prevalence, of FeLV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Prof, Dr med vet, FVH Professor of Laboratory Medicine, Director of Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Head of Clinical Laboratory and Centre for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Prof, Dr med vet, Dr habil, Dip ECVIM-CA (Internal Medicine) Professor of Internal Medicine, Head of Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Clinical and Hematological Follow-Up of Long-Term Oral Therapy with Type-I Interferon in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Leukemia Virus or Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091464. [PMID: 32825496 PMCID: PMC7552327 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The viruses which produce feline leukemia (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency (FIV) attack cells involved in the immune response. As specific drugs are either nonexistent, produce secondary effects, or are expensive, a therapeutic possibility is using nonspecific immunostimulants, such as human interferon alpha. We used this drug to treat 27 cats infected by FeLV and 31 infected by FIV. All cats were naturally infected and treatment was administered orally by their owners for four months. Participating cats were evaluated in our clinics at mid-treatment (M2), end of treatment (M4), and 4–8 months after the end of treatment (M10). We observed that treatment was well tolerated by the cats (as it did not affect the liver or the kidney functions), and improved most of the parameters analyzed (clinic, anemia, white cell counts, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio) as long as it was administered. However, 4–8 months after it was discontinued, though most animals remained clinically healthy, many of these parameters had rebounded to initial values or values even worse than the initial values. Thus, more studies should be conducted with longer administration of this drug to evaluate tolerability and sustained improvement of diseases produced by these two viruses which may lead to death. Abstract Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), two of the most important pathogens of cats, produce chronic systemic diseases with progressive death of cells involved in the immune response, ultimately leading to death. Immunostimulants is one of the few alternatives to the symptomatic treatment. In this study, 27 naturally FeLV-infected (FeLV+) and 31 naturally FIV-infected (FIV+) cats were administered orally by their owners 60 IU/day of recombinant human interferon alpha (rHuIFN-α) for four months in alternate weeks. Clinical status was evaluated and blood samples collected at four different visits or months (M): pretreatment (M0), mid-treatment (M2), end of treatment (M4), and 4–8 months after end of treatment (M10). Most cats ostensibly improved their clinical status, and many became asymptomatic. rHuIFN-α treatment improved the anemic processes observed at M0 (at least in cats with mild or moderate anemia) and leukocyte counts, including a more favorable CD4+/CD8+ ratio. An increase in the serum gammaglobulin concentration was seen in 80% of the cats. Despite observing an obvious favorable progress in the clinical, biopathological, and CD4+/CD8+ values during treatment, almost invariably all the parameters analyzed worsened after treatment discontinuation (M10), which suggests that the interferon-α protocol should be either extended or include additional cycles for a long-lasting benefit in FeLV+ and FIV+ cats.
Collapse
|
92
|
Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. What's New in Feline Leukemia Virus Infection. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1013-1036. [PMID: 32680664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus with global impact on the health of domestic cats that causes tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow disorders, and immunosuppression. The importance of FeLV is underestimated due to complacency associated with previous decline in prevalence. However, with this comes lowered vigilance, which, along with potential for regressively infected cats to reactivate viremia and shed the virus or develop clinical signs, can pose a risk to feline health. This article summarizes knowledge on FeLV pathogenesis, courses of infection, and factors affecting prevalance, infection outcome, and development of FeLV-associated diseases, with special focus on regressive FeLV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Butler MD, Griffin K, Brewster CD, Kapuscinski ML, Stenglein MD, Tripp DW, Quackenbush SL, Fox KA. A Novel Retrovirus (Gunnison's Prairie Dog Retrovirus) Associated With Thymic Lymphoma in Gunnison's Prairie Dogs in Colorado, USA. Viruses 2020; 12:E606. [PMID: 32498297 PMCID: PMC7354474 DOI: 10.3390/v12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of research and wildlife disease surveillance efforts, we performed necropsy examinations of 125 free-ranging (n = 114) and captive (n = 11) prairie dogs in Colorado from 2009 to 2017. From these cases, we identified three cases of thymic lymphoma in free-ranging Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), and we identified a novel retroviral sequence associated with these tumors. The viral sequence is 7700 nucleotides in length and exhibits a genetic organization that is consistent with the characteristics of a type D betaretrovirus. The proposed name of this virus is Gunnison's prairie dog retrovirus (GPDRV). We screened all 125 prairie dogs for the presence of GPDRV using PCR with envelope-specific primers and DNA extracted from spleen samples. Samples were from Gunnison's prairie dogs (n = 59), black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) (n = 40), and white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus) (n = 26). We identified GPDRV in a total of 7/125 (5.6%) samples including all three of the prairie dogs with thymic lymphoma, as well as spleen from an additional four Gunnison's prairie dogs with no tumors recognized at necropsy. None of the GPDRV-negative Gunnison's prairie dogs had thymic lymphomas. We also identified a related, apparently endogenous retroviral sequence in all prairie dog samples. These results suggest that GPDRV infection may lead to development of thymic lymphoma in Gunnison's prairie dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly D. Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.D.B.); (C.D.B.); (M.L.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Karen Griffin
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; (K.G.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Connie D. Brewster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.D.B.); (C.D.B.); (M.L.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Marylee L. Kapuscinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.D.B.); (C.D.B.); (M.L.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.D.B.); (C.D.B.); (M.L.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Daniel W. Tripp
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; (K.G.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Sandra L. Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.D.B.); (C.D.B.); (M.L.K.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Karen A. Fox
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Health Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; (K.G.); (D.W.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Tagawa M, Shimbo G, Watanabe KI, Horiuchi N, Kobayashi Y, Maezawa M, Matsumoto K, Miyahara K. Acute monoblastic leukemia in a feline leukemia virus-negative cat. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1000-1005. [PMID: 32448817 PMCID: PMC7399316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old female domestic short-haired cat was presented due to weight loss, anorexia, and tachypnea. Complete blood count revealed severe anemia, leukocytosis with massive
undifferentiated blast cells, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration showed acute myeloid leukemia, subclassified as monoblastic leukemia (M5a) based on the outcomes of the
cytochemistry examinations. The SNAP feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) test using whole blood was negative. In addition, FeLV/FIV proviral
polymerase chain reaction test using bone marrow aspirate was also negative. Although the cat was treated with doxorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisolone, anemia did not
improve without blood transfusion. The owner declined further treatment after 2 months, and the cat died a few days later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Genya Shimbo
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Maezawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Duda NCB, Ortiz LC, Valle SF, da Costa FVA, Varela APM, Nunes NJS, Okano FY, Franco AC, Roehe PM, González FHD. Laboratory and clinical findings and their association with viral and proviral loads in cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101491. [PMID: 32450457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to correlate clinical, laboratory, and bone marrow (BM) changes in cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus and their association with viral loads in blood and BM and proviral loads in BM. Cats were classified into five groups based on antigenemia, clinical and/or laboratory findings and viral/proviral loads, according to a prospective study: symptomatic progressive (GI); asymptomatic progressive (GII); regressive (GIII); unclassified (GIV); or healthy (GV). |Correlations between these five groups and viral/proviral loads were evaluated. High viral and proviral loads were detected in GI and GII and viral loads were significantly associated with laboratory signs. Proviral loads detected in BM were significantly lower in GIII and GIV. GI cats were more likely to develop hematopoietic disorders than those from the other groups. Hematological and clinical disorders and disease severity are related to higher viral blood and proviral BM loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naila C B Duda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucía Cano Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stella Faria Valle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda V A da Costa
- Department of Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Yuji Okano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Félix H D González
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Prevalence and Genomic Diversity of Feline Leukemia Virus in Privately Owned and Shelter Cats in Aburrá Valley, Colombia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040464. [PMID: 32325926 PMCID: PMC7232207 DOI: 10.3390/v12040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) belongs to the family Retroviridae; it is the first feline retrovirus discovered and one of the agents that has a great impact on cats' health and the ecology of the feline population worldwide. It is associated with the occurrence of several syndromes of fatal diseases, including the development of lymphomas. Studies on FeLV have been reported in Colombia, and most of them have been approached from a clinical point of view. However, only a few studies have focused on the prevalence of the infection, while none have clarified which variant or FeLV viral subgroup is presently circulating in our country. Therefore, the present study investigated the prevalence of the infection associated with the molecular characterization of FeLV present in cats in Aburrá Valley, Colombia. The sampling of privately owned and shelter cats was performed in female (n = 54) and male (n = 46) felines; most of them were seemingly healthy according to the owner's report, with nonspecific clinical history. Immunoassay confirmed that 59.44% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 49.81-69.06%) of felines were FeLV seropositive. The molecular testing of felines using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing showed that 30% (30/100) of felines were positive, and the most prevalent subgroup in the Aburrá Valley was FeLV-A. In conclusion, the frequency of leukemia virus, as revealed by molecular and serological tests, is one of the highest reported frequencies to date, and a high molecular variation is shown in the Colombian population. More studies on the behaviour of the virus in feline populations in Columbia are warranted to determine its prevalence throughout the country.
Collapse
|
97
|
Szilasi A, Dénes L, Jakab C, Erdélyi I, Resende T, Vannucci F, Csomor J, Mándoki M, Balka G. In situ hybridization of feline leukemia virus in a primary neural B-cell lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:454-457. [PMID: 32274976 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720915449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-y-old castrated male, outdoor European shorthair cat was presented with a history of hindlimb weakness and paralysis. Disease progression was continuous from the onset; deep algesia disappeared at the final stage. Radiography of the vertebral column was unremarkable; along with patient history and physical examination results, magnetic resonance imaging suggested inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord, although neoplasia could not be ruled out. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positivity was confirmed by a serum ELISA prior to euthanasia. Upon postmortem examination, hemorrhages were present in the spinal cord at the level of vertebrae T7-8. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis revealed primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the spinal cord with multifocal myelomalacia and hemorrhages. To determine the presence of a pathogen within the lesion, we developed a novel in situ hybridization protocol for FeLV (RNAscope). The reaction revealed large amounts of FeLV viral RNA in the tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szilasi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Lilla Dénes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Csaba Jakab
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Ildikó Erdélyi
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Talita Resende
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Judit Csomor
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Míra Mándoki
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Szilasi, Dénes, Mándoki, Balka).,Private veterinarian, Budapest, Hungary (Jakab).,Mátrix Histopathology and Cytology Services, Budapest, Hungary (Erdélyi).,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Resende), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Vannucci), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (Csomor)
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Fabijan J, Sarker N, Speight N, Owen H, Meers J, Simmons G, Seddon J, Emes RD, Tarlinton R, Hemmatzadeh F, Woolford L, Trott DJ. Pathological Findings in Koala Retrovirus-positive Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) from Northern and Southern Australia. J Comp Pathol 2020; 176:50-66. [PMID: 32359636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) infection shows differences in prevalence and load between northern and southern Australian koala populations; however, the effect of this on diseases such as lymphoma and chlamydial disease is unclear. This study compared clinicopathological findings, haematology and splenic lymphoid area of KoRV-positive koalas from northern (Queensland [Qld], n = 67) and southern (South Australia [SA], n = 92) populations in order to provide further insight into KoRV pathogenesis. Blood was collected for routine haematology and for measurement of KoRV proviral load by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma samples were assessed for KoRV viral load by reverse transcriptase qPCR and conjunctival and cloacal swabs were collected for measurement of the load of Chlamydia pecorum (qPCR). During necropsy examination, spleen was collected for lymphoid area analysis. Lymphoma was morphologically similar between the populations and occurred in koalas with the highest KoRV proviral and viral loads. Severe ocular chlamydial disease was observed in both populations, but urinary tract disease was more severe in Qld, despite similar C. pecorum loads. No associations between KoRV and chlamydial disease severity or load were observed, except in SA where viral load correlated positively with chlamydial disease severity. In both populations, proviral and viral loads correlated positively with lymphocyte and metarubricyte counts and correlated negatively with erythrocyte and neutrophil counts. Splenic lymphoid area was correlated positively with viral load. This study has shown further evidence for KoRV-induced oncogenesis and highlighted that lymphocytes and splenic lymphoid tissue may be key sites for KoRV replication. However, KoRV infection appears to be highly complex and continued investigation is required to fully understand its pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fabijan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.
| | - N Sarker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - N Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - H Owen
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - G Simmons
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Seddon
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - R Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - F Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Leishmania infection in cats positive for immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in an endemic region of Iran. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 20:100387. [PMID: 32448520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
100
|
Molecular Detection of Feline Leukemia Virus in Oral, Conjunctival, and Rectal Mucosae Provides Results Comparable to Detection in Blood. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01233-19. [PMID: 31748326 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01233-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection causes immunosuppression, degeneration of the hematopoietic system, and fatal neoplasms. FeLV transmission occurs mainly by close social contact of infected and susceptible cats. Developing procedures for the diagnosis of feline retroviruses is crucial to reduce negative impacts on cat health and increase the number of animals tested. Blood collection requires physical or chemical restraint and is usually a stressful procedure for cats. Our objective was to evaluate the use of samples obtained from oral, conjunctival, and rectal mucosae for the molecular diagnosis of FeLV. Whole blood and oral, conjunctival, and rectal swabs were collected from a total of 145 cats. All samples were subjected to the amplification of a fragment of the gag gene of proviral DNA. Compared to blood samples used in this study as a reference, the accuracies for each PCR were 91.72, 91.23, and 85.50% for samples obtained by oral, conjunctival, and rectal swabs, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 86.11 and 97.26% for the oral swabs, 90 and 92.59% for the conjunctival swabs, and 74.24 and 95.77% for the rectal swabs, respectively. The kappa values for oral, conjunctival, and rectal swabs were 0.834, 0.824, and 0.705, respectively. The diagnosis of these samples showed the presence of proviral DNA of FeLV in oral and conjunctival mucosae. In conclusion, mucosal samples for the molecular diagnosis of FeLV are an excellent alternative to venipuncture and can be safely used. It is faster, less laborious, less expensive, and well received by the animal.
Collapse
|