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Schultz F, Swiatlowska P, Alvarez-Laviada A, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Song Q, de Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA, Ongstad E, Braga VMM, Entcheva E, Gourdie RG, Miragoli M, Gorelik J. Cardiomyocyte-myofibroblast contact dynamism is modulated by connexin-43. FASEB J 2019; 33:10453-10468. [PMID: 31253057 PMCID: PMC6704460 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802740rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Healthy cardiomyocytes are electrically coupled at the intercalated discs by gap junctions. In infarcted hearts, adverse gap-junctional remodeling occurs in the border zone, where cardiomyocytes are chemically and electrically influenced by myofibroblasts. The physical movement of these contacts remains unquantified. Using scanning ion conductance microscopy, we show that intercellular contacts between cardiomyocytes and myofibroblasts are highly dynamic, mainly owing to the edge dynamics (lamellipodia) of the myofibroblasts. Decreasing the amount of functional connexin-43 (Cx43) at the membrane through Cx43 silencing, suppression of Cx43 trafficking, or hypoxia-induced Cx43 internalization attenuates heterocellular contact dynamism. However, we found decreased dynamism and stabilized membrane contacts when cellular coupling was strengthened using 4-phenylbutyrate (4PB). Fluorescent-dye transfer between cells showed that the extent of functional coupling between the 2 cell types correlated with contact dynamism. Intercellular calcein transfer from myofibroblasts to cardiomyocytes is reduced after myofibroblast-specific Cx43 down-regulation. Conversely, 4PB-treated myofibroblasts increased their functional coupling to cardiomyocytes. Consistent with lamellipodia-mediated contacts, latrunculin-B decreases dynamism, lowers physical communication between heterocellular pairs, and reduces Cx43 intensity in contact regions. Our data show that heterocellular cardiomyocyte-myofibroblast contacts exhibit high dynamism. Therefore, Cx43 is a potential target for prevention of aberrant cardiomyocyte coupling and myofibroblast proliferation in the infarct border zone.-Schultz, F., Swiatlowska, P., Alvarez-Laviada, A., Sanchez-Alonso, J. L., Song, Q., de Vries, A. A. F., Pijnappels, D. A., Ongstad, E., Braga, V. M. M., Entcheva, E., Gourdie, R. G., Miragoli, M., Gorelik, J. Cardiomyocyte-myofibroblast contact dynamism is modulated by connexin-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Schultz
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Qianqian Song
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniël A. Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Ongstad
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Vania M. M. Braga
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy;,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy,Correspondence: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy. E-mail:
| | - Julia Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;,Correspondence: National Heart and Lung Institute, 4th Floor, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd., London W12 0NN, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Schwager SC, Bordeleau F, Zhang J, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Matrix stiffness regulates microvesicle-induced fibroblast activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C82-C92. [PMID: 31017799 PMCID: PMC6689748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00418.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by cancer cells have recently been implicated in the differentiation of stromal cells to their activated, cancer-supporting states. Microvesicles, a subset of extracellular vesicles released from the plasma membrane of cancer cells, contain biologically active cargo, including DNA, mRNA, and miRNA, which are transferred to recipient cells and induce a phenotypic change in behavior. While it is known that microvesicles can alter recipient cell phenotype, little is known about how the physical properties of the tumor microenvironment affect fibroblast response to microvesicles. Here, we utilized cancer cell-derived microvesicles and synthetic substrates designed to mimic the stiffness of the tumor and tumor stroma to investigate the effects of microvesicles on fibroblast phenotype as a function of the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. We show that microvesicles released by highly malignant breast cancer cells cause an increase in fibroblast spreading, α-smooth muscle actin expression, proliferation, cell-generated traction force, and collagen gel compaction. Notably, our data indicate that these phenotypic changes occur only on stiff matrices mimicking the stiffness of the tumor periphery and are dependent on the cell type from which the microvesicles are shed. Overall, these results show that the effects of cancer cell-derived microvesicles on fibroblast activation are regulated by the physical properties of the microenvironment, and these data suggest that microvesicles may have a more robust effect on fibroblasts located at the tumor periphery to influence cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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Kaphle P, Li Y, Yao L. The mechanical and pharmacological regulation of glioblastoma cell migration in 3D matrices. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:3948-3960. [PMID: 30132879 PMCID: PMC8006216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of glioblastoma is a complex process based on the interactions of tumor cells and the extracellular matrix. Tumors that are engineered using biomaterials are more physiologically relevant than a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture system. Matrix metalloproteinases and the plasminogen activator generated by tumor cells regulate a tumor's invasive behavior. In this study, microtumors were fabricated by encapsulating U87 glioma cells in Type I collagen and then glioma cell migration in the collagen hydrogels was investigated. Crosslinking of collagen with 8S-StarPEG increased the hydrogel viscosity and reduced the tumor cell migration speed in the hydrogels. The higher migration speed corresponded to the increased gene expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in glioma cells grown in non-crosslinked collagen hydrogels. Inhibitors of these molecules hindered U87 and A172 cell migration in collagen hydrogels. Aprotinin and tranexamic acid did not inhibit U87 and A172 migration on the culture dish. This study demonstrated the differential effect of pharmacologic molecules on tumor cell motility in either a 2D or three-dimensional culture environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita Kaphle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Fairmount 1845, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Fairmount 1845, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Fairmount 1845, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
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Si C, Wang J, Ma W, Hua H, Zhang M, Qian W, Zhou B, Luo D. Circular RNA expression profile in human fibroblast premature senescence after repeated ultraviolet B irradiations revealed by microarray. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18156-18168. [PMID: 30908647 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Si
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Hua
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Meijie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Wen Qian
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Bingrong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Dermatology Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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Armstrong JJ, Denstedt JT, Trelford CB, Li EA, Hutnik CML. Differential effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on Tenon's capsule fibroblasts: Implications for glaucoma surgery. Exp Eye Res 2019; 182:65-73. [PMID: 30910611 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated wound healing and subsequent fibrosis represents the most common cause of failure in glaucoma filtration surgery. Primary means to prevent this outcome are the anti-metabolite surgical adjuvants, however, topical corticosteroids are commonly used postoperatively to permit further control of wound healing and development of the filtration bleb. Unfortunately, they carry important side effects such as raised intraocular pressure, cataract and increased infection risk. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) show promising results in clinical trials as an alternative wound modulatory drug. NSAIDs exhibit non-inferiority to steroids in terms of post-operative intraocular pressure control and secondary IOP lowering interventions, however there is little known about the differing effects these drugs exert on human Tenon's capsule fibroblast (HTCF) mediated wound healing. The purpose of this study was to assess the individual effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on the extracellular matrix modifying actions of HTCFs in vitro. To this end, HTCFs were cultured in 3D collagen matrices as well as in 2D monolayers and exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of dexamethasone or indomethacin for up to seven days. HTCF-mediated wound healing functions were assayed through collagen matrix contraction, extracellular matrix morphology, estimation of HCTF proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts within the collagen matrices, as well as western blot. Both drugs significantly reduced HTCF-mediated collagen contraction relative to control however there was a significant trend towards greater inhibition with indomethacin exposure compared to dexamethasone. Indomethacin exposure significantly reduced HTCF-mediated collagen remodelling activity compared vehicle control, whereas dexamethasone was unable to reduce remodelling activity at any of the studied exposures. Both drugs reduced myofibroblast differentiation, however indomethacin alone demonstrated an inhibitory effect on final cell number relative to control whereas dexamethasone had no significant effect at any studied exposure. These findings demonstrate that both steroidal and NSAID treatment can mitigate HTCF-mediated collagen contraction and αSMA expression. However, NSAIDs may function to better impede HTCF proliferation and remodelling activity. Taken in the context of previous glaucoma surgical trials, NSAIDs appear to be a viable alternative to steroids for post-operative wound modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Armstrong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Ophthalmology, London, Ontario, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada; Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James T Denstedt
- Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles B Trelford
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica A Li
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy M L Hutnik
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Ophthalmology, London, Ontario, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada; Ivey Eye Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Osorio M, Ortiz I, Gañán P, Naranjo T, Zuluaga R, van Kooten TG, Castro C. Novel surface modification of three-dimensional bacterial nanocellulose with cell-derived adhesion proteins for soft tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:697-705. [PMID: 30948106 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a natural polymer composed of glucose units with an important application as a two and three-dimensional scaffold for tissue engineering. However, as a polysaccharide, BNC does not have the biological signals of protein biomaterials. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a novel methodology to biomimic soft extracellular matrix (ECM) chemistry on to 3D BNC using the bioengineering of fibroblasts (the cells responsible for producing and regenerating the ECM) to immobilise adhesion proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. Modified 3D BNC (Mod-BNC) biomaterials were morphologically, thermally, and chemically characterised, and furthermore, the cell response was analysed by adhesion studies using atomic force microscopy (AFM), XTT assay, and confocal microscopy. Cell-derived proteins were deposited on the BNC nanoribbon network to modify its surface. The contact angle was increased from 40° to 60°, reducing the wettability of the biomaterial, and during thermogravimetry, the proteins in Mod-BNC exhibited an enhanced thermal stability because of the interactions between themselves and BNC. Chemical and immunocytochemistry analyses confirmed the presence of collagen type I and fibronectin on 3D BNC. These proteins activate integrin adhesion pathways that generate stronger cell adhesions. AFM experiments showed higher forces and energies on modified biomaterials, and moreover, the cells that adhered on to Mod-BNC exhibited higher mitochondrial activity and higher cell populations per cubic millimetre than non-modified surfaces (NMod-BNC). Accordingly, it was established that this novel methodology is robust and able to biomimic the chemical surface of soft ECM and immobilise cell-derived adhesion proteins from fibroblast; moreover, the Mod-BNC exhibited better cell response than NMod-BNC because of the biological signals in 3D BNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osorio
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - I Ortiz
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B # 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P Gañán
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - T Naranjo
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B # 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia; Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Carrera 72 A # 78 B-141, Medellín, Colombia
| | - R Zuluaga
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - T G van Kooten
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Castro
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 # 70-01, Medellín, Colombia.
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Osorio M, Fernández-Morales P, Gañán P, Zuluaga R, Kerguelen H, Ortiz I, Castro C. Development of novel three-dimensional scaffolds based on bacterial nanocellulose for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Effect of processing methods, pore size, and surface area. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 107:348-359. [PMID: 30421501 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the efforts focused on manufacturing biological engineering scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, a biomaterial that meets the necessary characteristics for these applications has not been developed to date. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is an outstanding biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; however, BNC's applications have been focused on two-dimensional (2D) medical devices, such as wound dressings. Given the need for three-dimensional (3D) porous biomaterials, this work evaluates two methods to generate (3D) BNC scaffolds. The structural characteristics and physicochemical, mechanical, and cell behaviour properties were evaluated. Likewise, the effects of the pore size and surface area in the mechanical performance of BNC biomaterials and their cell response in a fibroblast cell line are discussed for the first time. In this study, a new method is proposed for the development of 3D BNC scaffolds using paraffin wax. This new method is less time-consuming, more robust in removing the paraffin and less aggressive toward the BNC microstructure. Moreover, the biomaterial had regular porosity with good mechanical behaviour; the cells can adhere and increase in number without overcrowding. Regarding the pore size and surface area, highly interconnected porosities (measuring approximately 60 μm) and high surface area are advantageous for the biomaterial's mechanical properties and cell behaviour. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 348-359, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Osorio
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 #, 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Piedad Gañán
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 #, 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Robín Zuluaga
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 #, 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Herbert Kerguelen
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 #, 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Isabel Ortiz
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B # 7, 2A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cristina Castro
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 #, 70-01, Medellín, Colombia
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Chummun I, Bhaw-Luximon A, Jhurry D. Modulating matrix-multicellular response using polysucrose-blended with poly-L-lactide or polydioxanone in electrospun scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3275-3291. [PMID: 30367544 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysucrose (PSuc) is hydrophilic, has excellent biocompatibility with cells as a density gradient and is resistant to enzymes. Its use in electrospun mats for tissue engineering applications has not been investigated due to its amorphous nature. For spinnability and robustness, polysucrose was blended with poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and polydioxanone (PDX) respectively and electrospun into nanofibrous mats. Interaction with cells was assessed using L929 mouse fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes separately and in co-culture. Effect of parameters such as porosity, fiber diameter, surface wettability and mechanical properties of mats on cell-scaffold interactions was studied. Depending on nature and composition of mats, fibroblasts showed dendritic, spindle or round cell morphologies along with the formation of lamellipodia, filopodia, fibrillar or fiber-like projections of 100 nm and 200-300 nm in diameter respectively from the periphery or center of cells. Granular extracellular matrix was formed on both PLLA-PSuc and PDX-PSuc 50-50 seeded with keratinocytes. Growth of keratinocytes was enhanced in co-culture with fibroblasts with the formation of a skin-like layer. Both cells showed the ability to form multilayer structures. The mats maintained their physical integrity during the period of study. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 3275-3291, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itisha Chummun
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Archana Bhaw-Luximon
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Dhanjay Jhurry
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Center for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), University of Mauritius, MSIRI Building, Réduit, Mauritius
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Kwak BS, Choi W, Jeon JW, Won JI, Sung GY, Kim B, Sung JH. In vitro 3D skin model using gelatin methacrylate hydrogel. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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60
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Damanik FFR, van Blitterswijk C, Rotmans J, Moroni L. Enhancement of synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins on retinoic acid loaded electrospun scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6468-6480. [PMID: 32254654 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01244j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a renowned technique for the generation of ultrafine, micro- and nanoscale fibres due to its simplicity, versatility and tunability. Owing to its adaptability to a wide selection of materials and scaffold architectures, electrospun meshes have been developed as biocompatible scaffolds and drug delivery systems for tissue engineering. Here, we developed a drug delivery scaffold by electrospinning poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) directly blended with a therapeutic agent, retinoic acid (RA), at different concentrations. The release profile, DNA, and elastin analysis of direct and transwell seeded RA-loaded PCL electrospun scaffolds showed desirable controlled release at 15 kV fabrication, with 0.01% RA as the optimum concentration. The selected 0.01% (w/v) RA-loaded PCL meshes were further analysed using five different seeding cultures to investigate and extensively distinguish the effects of RA release with or without cell contact to the PCL electrospun meshes for cell morphology, proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein secretion of collagen and elastin. Upon exposure to RA-loaded PCL scaffolds, an increase of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) proliferation was observed. In contrast, human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) cultures showed a decrease in cell proliferation. For both hMSC and HDF cultures, exposure to RA-loaded PCL scaffolds provided a significant increase in elastin production per cell. For collagen expression, a slight increase was measured and was outperformed by the 3D geometry stimulation from PCL scaffolds. In contrast to hMSCs, HDFs showed enhanced stress actin fibres in cultures with RA-loaded PCL scaffolds. Both cell types exhibited more vinculin expression when seeded to RA-loaded PCL scaffolds. Hence, electrospun scaffolds releasing RA in a controlled manner were able to regulate cell proliferation, morphology and ECM secretion, and present an attractive approach for optimizing tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febriyani F R Damanik
- University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Zuidhorst 145, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Pham QL, Rodrigues LN, Maximov MA, Chandran VD, Bi C, Chege D, Dijamco T, Stein E, Tong NAN, Basuray S, Voronov RS. Cell Sequence and Mitosis Affect Fibroblast Directional Decision-Making During Chemotaxis in Microfluidic Mazes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:483-494. [PMID: 31719895 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Directed fibroblast migration is central to highly proliferative processes in regenerative medicine and developmental biology. However, the mechanisms by which single fibroblasts affect each other's directional decisions, while chemotaxing in microscopic pores, are not well understood. Methods We explored effects of cell sequence and mitosis on fibroblast platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced migration in microfluidic mazes with two possible through paths: short and long. Additionally, image-based modeling of the chemoattractant's diffusion, consumption and decay, was used to explain the experimental observations. Results It both cases, the cells displayed behavior that is contradictory to expectation based on the global chemoattractant gradient pre-established in the maze. In case of the sequence, the cells tend to alternate when faced with a bifurcation: if a leading cell takes the shorter (steeper gradient) path, the cell following it chooses the longer (weaker gradient) path, and vice versa. Image-based modeling of the process showed that the local PDGF-BB consumption by the individual fibroblasts may be responsible for this phenomenon. Additionally, it was found that when a mother cell divides, its two daughters go in opposite directions (even if it means migrating against the chemoattractant gradient and overcoming on-going cell traffic). Conclusions It is apparent that micro-confined fibroblasts modify each other's directional decisions in a manner that is counter-intuitive to what is expected from classical chemotaxis theory. Consequently, accounting for these effects could lead to a better understanding of tissue generation in vivo, and result in more advanced engineered tissue products in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Long Pham
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Lydia N Rodrigues
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Max A Maximov
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Vishnu Deep Chandran
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - David Chege
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Timothy Dijamco
- Computer Science Dept., New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Elisabeth Stein
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Nhat Anh Nguyen Tong
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Roman S Voronov
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
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Basu S, Sutradhar S, Paul R. Substrate stiffness and mechanical stress due to intercellular cooperativity guides tissue structure. J Theor Biol 2018; 457:124-136. [PMID: 30144408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in cell and tissue morphogenesis is to understand how a crucial balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis maintains an evolving tissue structure. These processes are mutually non-exclusive and require stiffness monitoring of the host substrate. Adhered cells actively mechanosense the tension in the extracellular matrix (ECM). They collectively alter self-organization and generate a host of tissue patterns. Using an in silico elastic fiber-network in two dimensions, we simulate cell-ECM composite structures and characterize features of the emerging tissue patterns during successive cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our data reveals that, in general, cell viability is a function of the cell-induced effective ECM stiffness supported by intercellular cooperativity. Translating this into a remodeling tissue, we find that average cell cycle duration in concert with the locally stressed regions of the ECM promote heterogeneous proliferation and apoptosis inducing finger-like protrusions along the tissue periphery - a feature normally observed during tumorigenesis. Further, we find that recovery of a scratch wound is delayed for cells harbored on a compliant or (and) in a highly collagen depleted ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basu
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
| | - S Sutradhar
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - R Paul
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Topol H, Gou K, Demirkoparan H, Pence TJ. Hyperelastic modeling of the combined effects of tissue swelling and deformation-related collagen renewal in fibrous soft tissue. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1543-1567. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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64
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Mohan R, Mohan N, Vaikkath D. Hyaluronic Acid Dictates Chondrocyte Morphology and Migration in Composite Gels. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1481-1491. [PMID: 29681215 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue equivalent collagen-hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels are widely used for cartilage tissue engineering; however, not much importance has been given to investigate how cellular responses are altered with varying concentrations of hyaluronic acid in gels. In this study, different concentrations of hyaluronic acid dialdehyde (HAD) were combined with collagen to fabricate collagen-HAD composite (CH) gels, and the influence of HAD on cell shape, migration, viability, cytoskeletal organization, and gel contraction was examined. The microstructure and the mechanical strength of the composite gels were altered by varying HAD concentrations. Morphology of chondrocytes cultured on CH gels showed a significant increase in their aspect ratio and decrease in number of cell protrusions with increase in concentration of HAD. The organization of the cytoskeleton at the cellular protrusions was vimentin localized at the base, microtubules at the tip, and actin localized throughout the cell body. Changes in HAD concentrations altered hydrogel mechanical strength, cytoskeletal organization, and formation of cellular protrusions, all of which contributed to changes in cell morphology and migration. These changes were more evident in 3D cell-encapsulated gels than chondrocytes cultured over the 2D gels. However, viability of cells and matrix contraction, staining for adhesion protein vinculin, and hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 remained similar in all CH compositions. The changes in cell responses further influenced extracellular matrix deposition during in vitro culture. Cell responses in low HAD gels mimic the cellular behavior in damaged cartilage, whereas those in high HAD gels resembled the behavior in healthy cartilage tissue. Our study illustrates the importance of careful formulations of hydrogel compositions in designing biomimetic matrices that are used as in vitro models to study chondrocyte behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Mohan
- 1 Division of Bioceramics, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum, India
| | - Neethu Mohan
- 2 Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum, India
| | - Dhanesh Vaikkath
- 3 Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Trivandrum, India
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65
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Sapudom J, Wu X, Chkolnikov M, Ansorge M, Anderegg U, Pompe T. Fibroblast fate regulation by time dependent TGF-β1 and IL-10 stimulation in biomimetic 3D matrices. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1858-1867. [PMID: 28676875 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presentation of TGF-β1 during the early stage of wound healing is a prerequisite for extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and remodeling by activated fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts. At later stages, clearance of myofibroblasts is needed to avoid overshooting ECM production. Apoptosis of myofibroblasts and the macrophage-released anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 are controversially discussed as regulating cues in this context. To reveal the regulating cues, defined biomaterial scaffolds are needed to conduct in-depth in vitro studies in a physiologically relevant context. In this work, we used an in vitro biomimetic wound healing model. It consists of a 3D fibrillar matrix from collagen I and fibronectin and different temporal stimuli by TGF-β1 and IL-10. Human dermal fibroblast behavior was investigated in terms of myofibroblast differentiation (αSMA expression), matrix remodeling, proliferation and migration in the permanent or sequential presence of TGF-β1 and IL-10 over 4 days. We could show that removal of TGF-β1 after initial stimulation resulted in an increase of apoptosis of myofibroblasts. In contrast, TGF-β1 stimulation followed by IL-10 treatment did not result in increased cell apoptosis but instead led to a significant increase of cell motility and reduction of myofibroblasts. The findings suggest that myofibroblasts are a transiently "activated" fibroblastic phenotype and can be de-differentiated to fibroblasts in the presence of IL-10. Overall, our 3D ECM model allows mimicking the early and late stages of wound healing and highlights the temporal sequence of TGF-β1 and IL-10 as an important cue for completion of tissue formation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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66
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Sundarakrishnan A, Chen Y, Black LD, Aldridge BB, Kaplan DL. Engineered cell and tissue models of pulmonary fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:78-94. [PMID: 29269274 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis includes several lung disorders characterized by scar formation and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a particularly severe form of pulmonary fibrosis of unknown etiology with a mean life expectancy of 3years' post-diagnosis. Treatments for IPF are limited to two FDA approved drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Most lead candidate drugs that are identified in pre-clinical animal studies fail in human clinical trials. Thus, there is a need for advanced humanized in vitro models of the lung to improve candidate treatments prior to moving to human clinical trials. The development of 3D tissue models has created systems capable of emulating human lung structure, function, and cell and matrix interactions. The specific models accomplish these features and preliminary studies conducted using some of these systems have shown potential for in vitro anti-fibrotic drug testing. Further characterization and improvements will enable these tissue models to extend their utility for in vitro drug testing, to help identify signaling pathways and mechanisms for new drug targets, and potentially reduce animal models as standard pre-clinical models of study. In the current review, we contrast different in vitro models based on increasing dimensionality (2D, 2.5D and 3D), with added focus on contemporary 3D pulmonary models of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Lauren D Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
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67
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Nakyai W, Tissot M, Humbert P, Grandmottet F, Viyoch J, Viennet C. Effects of Repeated UVA Irradiation on Human Skin Fibroblasts Embedded in 3D Tense Collagen Matrix. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:715-724. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wongnapa Nakyai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Marion Tissot
- Engineering and Cutaneous Biology Laboratory (LIBC); UMR 1098 INSERM EFS BFC; University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - Philippe Humbert
- Engineering and Cutaneous Biology Laboratory (LIBC); UMR 1098 INSERM EFS BFC; University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital; Besancon France
| | - François Grandmottet
- Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Jarupa Viyoch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry; Naresuan University; Phitsanulok Thailand
| | - Céline Viennet
- Engineering and Cutaneous Biology Laboratory (LIBC); UMR 1098 INSERM EFS BFC; University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
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68
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Marumoto A, Milani R, da Silva RA, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Granjeiro JM, Ferreira CV, Peppelenbosch MP, Zambuzzi WF. Phosphoproteome analysis reveals a critical role for hedgehog signalling in osteoblast morphological transitions. Bone 2017. [PMID: 28633965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reciprocal and adaptive interactions between cells and substrates governing morphological transitions in the osteoblast compartment remain largely obscure. Here we show that osteoblast cultured in basement membrane matrix (Matrigel™) exhibits significant morphological changes after ten days of culture, and we decided to exploit this situation to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for guiding osteoblast morphological transitions. As almost all aspects of cellular physiology are under control of kinases, we generated more or less comprehensive cellular kinome profiles employing PepChip peptide arrays that contain over 1000 consensus substrates of kinase peptide. The results obtained were used to construct interactomes, and these revealed an important role for FoxO in mediating morphological changes of osteoblast, which was validated by Western blot technology when FoxO was significantly up-expressed in response to Matrigel™. As FoxO is a critical protein in canonical hedgehog signalling, we decided to explore the possible involvement of hedgehog signalling during osteoblast morphological changes. It appeared that osteoblast culture in Matrigel™ stimulates release of a substantial amounts Shh while concomitantly inducing upregulation of the expression of the bona fide hedgehog target genes Gli-1 and Patched. Functional confirmation of the relevance of these results for osteoblast morphological transitions came from experiments in which Shh hedgehog signalling was inhibited using the well-established pathway inhibitor cyclopamine (Cyc). In the presence of Cyc, culture of osteoblasts in Matrigel™ is not capable of inducing morphological changes but appears to provoke a proliferative response as evident from the upregulation of Cyclin D3 and cdk4. The most straightforward interpretation of our results is that hedgehog signalling is both necessary and sufficient for membrane matrix-based morphological transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Marumoto
- Lab. de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Milani
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Signal Transduction, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), C.P. 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A da Silva
- Lab. de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Lab. de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), Life Sciences Applied Metrology (Dimav)/Bioengineering Group, Xerém, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen V Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bioassays and Signal Transduction, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), C.P. 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willian F Zambuzzi
- Lab. de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto de Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, campus Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil.
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Colpitts C, Ektesabi AM, Wyatt RA, Crawford BD, Kiani A. Mammalian fibroblast cells avoid residual stress zone caused by nanosecond laser pulses. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017. [PMID: 28622607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of laser irradiation on crystalline silicon and its application in biomaterials. We used an analytical model to predict the ablation depth and pit size resulting from laser exposure of silicon samples. The temperatures generated are predicted correlate with laser power, and to result in the formation of a residual stress zone bordering the ablated groove. Different crystal orientations found in the substrate confirm that there was crystal distortion, which consequently induces these residual stress zones. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts avoid the stress areas and accumulate outside of these zones. Higher laser power results in broader residual stress zone and a larger zone of cellular exclusion. We argue that residual stress resulting from high-energy laser ablation of silicon may be a promising avenue to explore as a method for patterning cell growth on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Colpitts
- Silicon Hall: Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada
| | - Amin M Ektesabi
- Silicon Hall: Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada; Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada
| | - Rachael A Wyatt
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada
| | | | - Amirkianoosh Kiani
- Silicon Hall: Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, NB, Canada; Department of Automotive, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), ON, Canada.
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70
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Chen CL, Chen YH, Tai MC, Liang CM, Lu DW, Chen JT. Resveratrol inhibits transforming growth factor-β2-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by suppressing the Smad pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:163-173. [PMID: 28138219 PMCID: PMC5241127 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the main cause of failure following retinal detachment surgery. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the development of PVR, and EMT inhibition decreases collagen gel contraction and fibrotic membrane formation, resulting in prevention of PVR. Resveratrol is naturally found in red wine and has inhibitory effects on EMT. Resveratrol is widely used in cardioprotection, neuroprotection, chemotherapy, and antiaging therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on TGF-β2-induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells in vitro. We found that resveratrol suppressed the decrease of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and caused an increase of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells, assessed using Western blots; moreover, it also suppressed the decrease in ZO-1 and the increase of vimentin expression, observed using immunocytochemistry. Resveratrol attenuated TGF-β2-induced wound closure and cell migration in ARPE-19 cells in a scratch wound test and modified Boyden chamber assay, respectively. We also found that resveratrol reduced collagen gel contraction - assessed by collagen matrix contraction assay - and suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells. These results suggest that resveratrol mediates anti-EMT effects, which could be used in the prevention of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Long Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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71
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Cecilia A, Baecker A, Hamann E, Rack A, van de Kamp T, Gruhl FJ, Hofmann R, Moosmann J, Hahn S, Kashef J, Bauer S, Farago T, Helfen L, Baumbach T. Optimizing structural and mechanical properties of cryogel scaffolds for use in prostate cancer cell culturing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:465-472. [PMID: 27987733 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) currently is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most cause of cancer death after lung cancer in Western societies. This sets the necessity of modelling prostatic disorders to optimize a therapy against them. The conventional approach to investigating prostatic diseases is based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culturing. This method, however, does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment, therefore impeding a satisfying simulation of the prostate gland in which the PCa cells proliferate. Cryogel scaffolds represent a valid alternative to 2D culturing systems for studying the normal and pathological behavior of the prostate cells thanks to their 3D pore architecture that reflects more closely the physiological environment in which PCa cells develop. In this work the 3D morphology of three potential scaffolds for PCa cell culturing was investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed micro tomography (SXCμT) fitting the according requirements of high spatial resolution, 3D imaging capability and low dose requirements very well. In combination with mechanical tests, the results allowed identifying an optimal cryogel architecture, meeting the needs for a well-suited scaffold to be used for 3D PCa cell culture applications. The selected cryogel was then used for culturing prostatic lymph node metastasis (LNCaP) cells and subsequently, the presence of multi-cellular tumor spheroids inside the matrix was demonstrated again by using SXCμT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cecilia
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Baecker
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - E Hamann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T van de Kamp
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F J Gruhl
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Bldg 329, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Karlsruhe D-76344, Germany
| | - R Hofmann
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Moosmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - S Hahn
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J Kashef
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Bauer
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T Farago
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Helfen
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 6980, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Keshavarz M, Tan B, Venkatakrishnan K. Functionalized Stress Component onto Bio-template as a Pathway of Cytocompatibility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35425. [PMID: 27759054 PMCID: PMC5069693 DOI: 10.1038/srep35425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This in-vitro study introduces residual stress as a third dimension of cell stimulus to modulate the interaction between cells and bio-template, without the addition of either chemical or physical stimuli onto the bio-template surface. Ultrashort Pulsed Laser (USPL) irradiation of silicon-based bio-template causes recrystallization of silicon, which mismatches the original crystal orientation of the virgin silicon. Consequently, subsurface Induced Residual Stress (IRS) is generated. The IRS components demonstrated a strong cytocompatibility, whereas the peripheral of IRS, which is the interface between the IRS component and the virgin silicon surface, a significant directional cell alignment was observed. Fibroblast cells shown to be more sensitive to the stress component than Hela cancer cells. It revealed that cytocompatibility in terms of cell migration and directional cell alignment is directly proportional to the level of the IRS component. Higher stress level results in more cell alignment and border migration width. There is a stress threshold below which the stress component completely loses the functionality. These results pointed to a functionalized bio-template with tunable cytocompatibility. This study may lead to a new tool for the designing and engineering of bio-template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Keshavarz
- Micro/Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Bo Tan
- Micro/Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Ultrashort laser nanomanufacturing research facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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73
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Inhibitory Effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Retinal Pigment Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32182. [PMID: 27586653 PMCID: PMC5009382 DOI: 10.1038/srep32182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a serious vision-threatening complication of retinal detachment (RD), is characterized by the formation of contractile fibrotic membranes, in which epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a major event. Recent studies suggest an important role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in the suppression of fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of BMP4 in the pathological process of PVR, particularly in the EMT of RPE cells. We found that BMP4 and its receptors were co-labelled with cytokeratin and α-SMA positive cells within the PVR membrane. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of BMP4 were decreased whereas BMP4 receptors ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6 were increased during TGF-β-induced EMT in primary RPE cells. Exogenous BMP4 inhibited TGF-β-induced epithelial marker down-regulation, as well as mesenchymal marker up-regulation at both the mRNA and protein levels in RPE cells. In addition, BMP4 treatment attenuated the TGF-β-induced gel contraction, cell migration and Smad2/3 phosphorylation. However, knockdown of endogenous BMP4 stimulated changes in EMT markers. Our results confirm the hypothesis that BMP4 might inhibit TGF-β-mediated EMT in RPE cells via the Smad2/3 pathway and suppress contraction. This might represent a potential treatment for PVR.
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Abstract
Cell migration results from stepwise mechanical and chemical interactions between cells and their extracellular environment. Mechanistic principles that determine single-cell and collective migration modes and their interconversions depend upon the polarization, adhesion, deformability, contractility, and proteolytic ability of cells. Cellular determinants of cell migration respond to extracellular cues, including tissue composition, topography, alignment, and tissue-associated growth factors and cytokines. Both cellular determinants and tissue determinants are interdependent; undergo reciprocal adjustment; and jointly impact cell decision making, navigation, and migration outcome in complex environments. We here review the variability, decision making, and adaptation of cell migration approached by live-cell, in vivo, and in silico strategies, with a focus on cell movements in morphogenesis, repair, immune surveillance, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Peter Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; .,Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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75
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Rezapour-Lactoee A, Yeganeh H, Ostad SN, Gharibi R, Mazaheri Z, Ai J. Thermoresponsive polyurethane/siloxane membrane for wound dressing and cell sheet transplantation: In-vitro and in-vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:804-14. [PMID: 27612775 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane/siloxane based wound dressing for transferring fibroblast cell sheet to wounded skin and ability to provide an optimum condition for cellular activity at damaged tissue was prepared in this research. The dressing was made thermoresponsive, via the introduction of a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) copolymer into the backbone of dressing. The ability of membrane for adhesion, growth, and proliferation of fibroblast cells was improved via surface modification with gelatin. The optimized dressing exhibited appropriate tensile strength (4.5MPa) and elongation at break (80%) to protect wound against physical forces. Due to controlled equilibrium water absorption of about 89% and water vapor transmission rate of 2040g/m(2)day, the dressing could maintain the favorable moist environment over moderate to high exuding wounds. The grown cell sheet on dressing membrane could easily roll up from the surface just with lowering the temperature. The in vivo study of the wound dressed with cell loaded membrane confirmed the accelerated healing and production of tissue with complete re-epithelization, enhanced vascularization, and increased collagen deposition on the damaged area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezapour-Lactoee
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14177-55469 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Yeganeh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965/115, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14177-55469 Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar St, Enqelab Sq, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Reza Gharibi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14177-55469 Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14177-55469 Tehran, Iran
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76
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Abaci HE, Guo Z, Coffman A, Gillette B, Lee WH, Sia SK, Christiano AM. Human Skin Constructs with Spatially Controlled Vasculature Using Primary and iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1800-7. [PMID: 27333469 PMCID: PMC5031081 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of engineered human skin constructs is crucial for recapitulation of systemic drug delivery and for their long-term survival, functionality, and viable engraftment. In this study, the latest microfabrication techniques are used and a novel bioengineering approach is established to micropattern spatially controlled and perfusable vascular networks in 3D human skin equivalents using both primary and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells. Using 3D printing technology makes it possible to control the geometry of the micropatterned vascular networks. It is verified that vascularized human skin equivalents (vHSEs) can form a robust epidermis and establish an endothelial barrier function, which allows for the recapitulation of both topical and systemic delivery of drugs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of vHSEs for cutaneous wounds on immunodeficient mice is examined and it is demonstrated that vHSEs can both promote and guide neovascularization during wound healing. Overall, this innovative bioengineering approach can enable in vitro evaluation of topical and systemic drug delivery as well as improve the potential of engineered skin constructs to be used as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan E. Abaci
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Zongyou Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Abigail Coffman
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Brian Gillette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York
| | - Wen-han Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York
| | - Samuel K. Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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Apoptosis or senescence? Which exit route do epithelial cells and fibroblasts preferentially follow? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 156:17-24. [PMID: 27060261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescence and apoptosis constitute types of cellular responses that normally ensure homeostasis, when endogenous or exogenous signals occur. Their deregulation is often observed in various pathologies, such as age and non-age related diseases including cancer. Although epithelial cells and fibroblasts are capable to exert both functions, under a plethora of insults, the fact that they exhibit notable intrinsic differences in cell/tissue homeostasis properties, might be a crucial determinant of the mode of response to a certain stress signal. Sparse evidence in the literature reveals that in the same tissue/organ context and under the same conditions, the cell type seems to drive the differential counteraction between epithelia and fibroblasts. Based on the above notion we propose that, upon stress insults, human fibroblasts seem to predominantly respond via senescence, while epithelial cells prefer to exert apoptosis. We suggest that considering the tissue as a whole (epithelium and stroma) would benefit research into new therapeutic strategies for chronic diseases and cancer.
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78
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Dental Pulp Stem Cell Recruitment Signals within Injured Dental Pulp Tissue. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020008. [PMID: 29563450 PMCID: PMC5851269 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) is a prerequisite for the regeneration of dentin damaged by severe caries and/or mechanical injury. Understanding the complex process of DPSC recruitment will benefit future in situ tissue engineering applications based on the stimulation of endogenous DPSC for dentin pulp regeneration. The current known mobilization signals and subsequent migration of DPSC towards the lesion site, which is influenced by the pulp inflammatory state and the application of pulp capping materials, are reviewed. The research outcome of migration studies may be affected by the applied methodology, which should thus be chosen with care. Both the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used assays for investigating DPSC migration are discussed. This review highlights the fact that DPSC recruitment is dependent not only on the soluble chemotactic signals, but also on their interaction with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, which can be modified under pathological conditions. These are discussed to explain how these modifications lead to the stimulation of DPSC recruitment.
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Padilla-Martinez JP, Wang R, Franco W. Evaluation of cell and matrix mechanics using fluorescence excitation spectroscopy: Feasibility study in collagen gels containing fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48:377-84. [PMID: 26990874 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Collagen gels containing cells are commonly used in tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer research to investigate the interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), as changes in the density and stiffness of the microenvironment are known to play a role in many diseases or pathological conditions. In these gels, the stiffness is regularly determined using destructive methods, such as indentation and tensile tests. Certain molecules native to cells and the ECM display fluorescence upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using the endogenous, or innate, fluorescence of collagen gels containing fibroblasts as an optical marker to evaluate changes in the mechanical properties of the ECM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human foreskin fibroblasts cells at concentrations of 50,000 and 100,000 cells/ml were cultured in three-dimensional gels of type I collagen for 16 days. Fibroblast cells remodeled the ECM, contracting and increasing the stiffness of the gel. During this remodeling process, changes in mechanical properties and fluorescence were measured with an indentation test and a spectrofluorometer, respectively. Force and displacement measurements from the indentation test were used to calculate the elastic modulus of the gel. Maps of fluorescence intensity, at excitation/emission of 240-520/290-530 nm, were used to identify the wavelengths of interest. RESULTS Fluorescence excitation/emission maps exhibited two distinct excitation/emission bands whose intensities increased as the fibroblasts remodeled and increased the stiffness of the ECM: The 290/340 nm band ascribed to tryptophan and the 330/390 nm band ascribed to cross-links of collagen (pepsin-digestible cross-links). A Spearman correlation analysis, between the elastic modulus of the gel containing fibroblasts and the fluorescence of cross-links of collagen, resulted in R = 0.95 (P < 0.05) and R = 0.77 (P = 0.12) for 50,000 and 100,000 cells/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The endogenous fluorescence intensity ascribed to pepsin-digestible cross-links of collagen may serve as an optical marker to evaluate changes in the mechanical properties of the ECM; this is relevant to collagenous tissues for which pathological states are related to mechanical alterations, such as keratoconus in cornea and osteoarthritis in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Padilla-Martinez
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Walfre Franco
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu H, Zhou Z, Dai X, Cheng Y, Fang S, Zhang Y, Yao H, Chao J. MCPIP1 Regulates Alveolar Macrophage Apoptosis and Pulmonary Fibroblast Activation After in vitro Exposure to Silica. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:126-38. [PMID: 26865670 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicosis is a fatal and fibrotic pulmonary disease caused by the inhalation of silica. After arriving at the alveoli, silica is ingested by alveolar macrophages (AMOs), in which monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) plays an essential role in controlling macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of action of MCPIP1 in silicosis is poorly understood. METHODS Primary rat AMOs were isolated and treated with SiO2 (50 µg/cm(2)). MCPIP1 and AMO activation/apoptosis markers were detected by immunoblotting. MCPIP1 was down-regulated using siRNA in AMOs. The effects of AMOs on fibroblast activation and migration were evaluated using a gel contraction assay, a scratch assay, and a nested collagen matrix migration model. RESULTS After exposure to SiO2, MCPIP1 was significantly increased in rat AMOs. Activation and apoptosis markers in AMOs were up-regulated after exposure to SiO2 Following siRNA-mediated silencing of MCPIP1 mRNA, the markers of AMO activation and apoptosis were significantly decreased. Rat pulmonary fibroblasts (PFBs) cultured in conditional medium from AMOs treated with MCPIP1 siRNA and SiO2 showed significantly less activation and migration compared with those cultured in conditional medium from AMOs treated with control siRNA and SiO2 CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a vital role for MCPIP1 in AMO apoptosis and PFB activation/migration induced by SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Wang
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaoniu Dai
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Shencun Fang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jie Chao
- *Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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81
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The development of a tissue-engineered tracheobronchial epithelial model using a bilayered collagen-hyaluronate scaffold. Biomaterials 2016; 85:111-27. [PMID: 26871888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Today, chronic respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. Epithelial dysfunction can play a central role in its pathophysiology. The development of physiologically-representative in vitro model systems using tissue-engineered constructs might improve our understanding of epithelial tissue and disease. This study sought to engineer a bilayered collagen-hyaluronate (CHyA-B) scaffold for the development of a physiologically-representative 3D in vitro tracheobronchial epithelial co-culture model. CHyA-B scaffolds were fabricated by integrating a thin film top-layer into a porous sub-layer with lyophilisation. The film layer firmly connected to the sub-layer with delamination occurring at stresses of 12-15 kPa. Crosslinked scaffolds had a compressive modulus of 1.9 kPa and mean pore diameters of 70 μm and 80 μm, depending on the freezing temperature. Histological analysis showed that the Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell line attached and grew on CHyA-B with adoption of an epithelial monolayer on the film layer. Immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR studies demonstrated that the CHyA-B scaffolds facilitated Calu-3 cell differentiation, with enhanced mucin expression, increased ciliation and the formation of intercellular tight junctions. Co-culture of Calu-3 cells with Wi38 lung fibroblasts was achieved on the scaffold to create a submucosal tissue analogue of the upper respiratory tract, validating CHyA-B as a platform to support co-culture and cellular organisation reminiscent of in vivo tissue architecture. In summary, this study has demonstrated that CHyA-B is a promising tool for the development of novel 3D tracheobronchial co-culture in vitro models with the potential to unravel new pathways in drug discovery and drug delivery.
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Liu H, Dai X, Cheng Y, Fang S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Liao H, Yao H, Chao J. MCPIP1 mediates silica-induced cell migration in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L121-32. [PMID: 26608530 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00278.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a systemic disease caused by inhaling silicon dioxide (SiO2). Phagocytosis of SiO2 in the lungs initiates an inflammatory cascade that results in fibroblast proliferation and migration followed by fibrosis. According to previous data from our laboratory, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays a critical role in fibroblast proliferation and migration in conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. The present study aimed to explore the downstream cascade of MCP-1 in both 2D and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models of silicosis. Experiments using primary cultured adult human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF-a) demonstrated the following: 1) SiO2 treatment induces expression of MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP1) in a time- and dose-dependent manner in both 2D and 3D cultures; 2) the MAPK and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways are involved in SiO2-induced MCPIP1 expression; and 3) MCPIP1 induction mediates the SiO2-induced increase in cell migration in both 2D and 3D cultures. The effect of MCP-1 in silicosis occurs mainly through MCPIP1, which, in turn, mediates the observed SiO2-induced increase in pulmonary fibroblast migration. However, the time frame for MCPIP1 induction differed between 2D and 3D cultures, indicating that, compared with conventional 2D cell culture systems, 3D culture may be useful for analyses of fibroblast physiology under conditions that more closely resemble in vivo environments. Our study determined the link between fibroblast-derived MCPIP1 and SiO2-induced cell migration, and this finding provides novel evidence of the potential of MCPIP1 in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoniu Dai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shencun Fang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingming Zhang
- Nine Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, New Drug Screening Centre, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Htwe SS, Harrington H, Knox A, Rose F, Aylott J, Haycock JW, Ghaemmaghami AM. Investigating NF-κB signaling in lung fibroblasts in 2D and 3D culture systems. Respir Res 2015; 16:144. [PMID: 26619903 PMCID: PMC4666055 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory respiratory diseases are amongst major global health challenges. Lung fibroblasts have been shown to play a key role in lung inflammatory responses. However, their exact role in initiation and maintenance of lung diseases has remained elusive partly due to the limited availability of physiologically relevant in vitro models. Therefore, developing new tools that enable investigating the molecular pathways (e.g. nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation) that underpin inflammatory responses in fibroblasts could be a valuable resource for scientists working in this area of research. RESULTS In order to investigate NF-κB activation in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli in real-time, we first developed two detection systems based on nuclear localization of NF-κB by immunostaining and luciferase reporter assay system. Furthermore using electrospun porous scaffolds, with similar geometry to human lung extracellular matrix, we developed 3D cultures of lung fibroblasts allowing comparing NF-κB activation in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (i.e. TNF-α) in 2D and 3D. Our data clearly show that the magnitude of NF-κB activation in 2D cultures is substantially higher than 3D cultures. However, unlike 2D cultures, cells in the 3D model remained responsive to TNF-α at higher concentrations. The more subdued and wider dynamic range of NF-κB responses in 3D culture system was associated with a different expression pattern for TNF receptor I in 3D versus 2D cultures collectively reflecting a more in vivo like TNF receptor I expression and NF-κB activation pattern in the 3D system. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that lung fibroblasts are actively involved in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation by activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. The 3D culture detection system provides a sensitive and biologically relevant tool for investigating different pro-inflammatory events involving lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Su Htwe
- Cellular Immunology and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Helen Harrington
- Cellular Immunology and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Alan Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Felicity Rose
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Jonathan Aylott
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - John W Haycock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Cellular Immunology and Allergy Research Group, Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Liao Q, Liu W, Liu Y, Wang F, Wang C, Zhang J, Chu M, Jiang D, Xiao L, Shao W, Sheng Z, Tao X, Huo L, Yin CC, Zhang Y, Lee G, Huang J, Li Z, Qiu X. Aberrant high expression of immunoglobulin G in epithelial stem/progenitor-like cells contributes to tumor initiation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:40081-94. [PMID: 26472025 PMCID: PMC4741881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in many non-B cell malignancies and its non-conventional roles in promoting proliferation and survival of cancer cells have been demonstrated. However, the precise function of non-B IgG remains incompletely understood. Here we define the antigen specificity of RP215, a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the IgG in cancer cells. Using RP215, our study shows that IgG is overexpressed in cancer cells of epithelial lineage, especially cells with cancer stem/progenitor cell-like features. The RP215-recognized IgG is primarily localized on the cell surface, particularly lamellipodia-like structures. Cells with high IgG display higher migration, increased invasiveness and metastasis, and enhanced self-renewal and tumorgenecity ability in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, depletion of IgG in breast cancer leads to reduced adhesion, invasion and self-renewal and increased apoptosis of cancer cells. We conclude that high expression of IgG is a novel biomarker of tumor progression, metastasis and cancer stem cell maintenance and demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefits of RP215-recognized IgG targeted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Liao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dongyang Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenwei Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhengzuo Sheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xia Tao
- Department of Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Lei Huo
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - C. Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Youhui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Gregory Lee
- Andrology Lab, University of British Columbia Centre for Reproductive Health, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100191, China
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85
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p53/PUMA expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts mediates cell activation and migration in silicosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16900. [PMID: 26576741 PMCID: PMC4649630 DOI: 10.1038/srep16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of SiO2 into the lung causes an inflammatory cascade that results in fibroblast proliferation and migration, followed by fibrosis. Clinical evidence has indicated that the activation of alveolar macrophages by SiO2 produces rapid and sustained inflammation characterized by the generation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1, which, in turn, induces fibrosis. However, the details of events downstream of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 activity in pulmonary fibroblasts remain unclear. Here, to elucidate the role of p53 in fibrosis induced by silica, both the upstream molecular mechanisms and the functional effects on cell proliferation and migration were investigated. Experiments using primary cultured adult human pulmonary fibroblasts led to the following results: 1) SiO2 treatment resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in p53 and PUMA protein levels; 2) the MAPK and PI3K pathways were involved in the SiO2-induced alteration of p53 and PUMA expression; and 3) RNA interference targeting p53 and PUMA prevented the SiO2-induced increases in fibroblast activation and migration. Our study elucidated a link between SiO2-induced p53/PUMA expression in fibroblasts and cell migration, thereby providing novel insight into the potential use of p53/PUMA in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for silicosis treatment.
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Role of human pulmonary fibroblast-derived MCP-1 in cell activation and migration in experimental silicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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87
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Moreno-Arotzena O, Borau C, Movilla N, Vicente-Manzanares M, García-Aznar JM. Fibroblast Migration in 3D is Controlled by Haptotaxis in a Non-muscle Myosin II-Dependent Manner. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:3025-39. [PMID: 26014363 PMCID: PMC4623072 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration in 3D is a key process in many physiological and pathological processes. Although valuable knowledge has been accumulated through analysis of various 2D models, some of these insights are not directly applicable to migration in 3D. In this study, we have confined biomimetic hydrogels within microfluidic platforms in the presence of a chemoattractant (platelet-derived growth factor-BB). We have characterized the migratory responses of human fibroblasts within them, particularly focusing on the role of non-muscle myosin II. Our results indicate a prominent role for myosin II in the integration of chemotactic and haptotactic migratory responses of fibroblasts in 3D confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Moreno-Arotzena
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain
| | - C Borau
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain
| | - N Movilla
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain
| | - M Vicente-Manzanares
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain.
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88
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Cavalla F, Osorio C, Paredes R, Valenzuela MA, García-Sesnich J, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Hernández M. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate extracellular levels of SDF-1/CXCL12, IL-6 and VEGF in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Cytokine 2015; 73:114-21. [PMID: 25748833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease characterized by the progressive inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting structures, leading to tooth loss. The underling molecular mechanisms of the disease are incompletely understood, precluding the development of more efficient screening, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We investigated the interrelation of three known effector mechanisms of the cellular response to periodontal infection, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines in primary cell cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF). We demonstrated that ROS increase the activity/levels of gelatinolytic MMPs, and stimulate cytokine secretion in hPDLF. Additionally, we proved that MMPs possesses immune modulatory capacity, regulating the secreted levels of cytokines in ROS-stimulated hPDLF cultures. This evidence provides further insight in the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis, contributing to the future development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Cavalla
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Osorio
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Antonieta Valenzuela
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jocelyn García-Sesnich
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Institute of Dentistry University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Marcela Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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89
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Sapudom J, Rubner S, Martin S, Thoenes S, Anderegg U, Pompe T. The interplay of fibronectin functionalization and TGF-β1 presence on fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and migration in 3D matrices. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1291-301. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00140d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 dependent fibroblast behaviour in a wound healing context is mimicked by topologically and mechanically defined collagen matrices with fibronectin functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Stefan Rubner
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Steve Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
| | - Stephan Thoenes
- Department of Dermatology
- Venereology and Allergology
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
- Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology
- Venereology and Allergology
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
- Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biosciences
- Pharmacy and Psychology
- Universität Leipzig
- Leipzig 04103
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90
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Montani C, Steimberg N, Boniotti J, Biasiotto G, Zanella I, Diafera G, Biunno I, Caimi L, Mazzoleni G, Di Lorenzo D. Fibroblasts maintained in 3 dimensions show a better differentiation state and higher sensitivity to estrogens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:421-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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91
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The in vitro characterization of a gelatin scaffold, prepared by cryogelation and assessed in vivo as a dermal replacement in wound repair. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3156-66. [PMID: 24704695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A sheet gelatin scaffold with attached silicone pseudoepidermal layer for wound repair purposes was produced by a cryogelation technique. The resulting scaffold possessed an interconnected macroporous structure with a pore size distribution of 131 ± 17 μm at one surface decreasing to 30 ± 8 μm at the attached silicone surface. The dynamic storage modulus (G') and mechanical stability were comparable to the clinical gold standard dermal regeneration template, Integra®. The scaffolds were seeded in vitro with human primary dermal fibroblasts. The gelatin based material was not only non-cytotoxic, but over a 28 day culture period also demonstrated advantages in cell migration, proliferation and distribution within the matrix when compared with Integra®. When seeded with human keratinocytes, the neoepidermal layer that formed over the cryogel scaffold appeared to be more advanced and mature when compared with that formed over Integra®. The in vivo application of the gelatin scaffold in a porcine wound healing model showed that the material supports wound healing by allowing host cellular infiltration, biointegration and remodelling. The results of our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the gelatin based scaffold produced by a cryogelation technique is a promising material for dermal substitution, wound healing and other potential biomedical applications.
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92
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Chiu CL, Aguilar JS, Tsai CY, Wu G, Gratton E, Digman MA. Nanoimaging of focal adhesion dynamics in 3D. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99896. [PMID: 24959851 PMCID: PMC4069057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization and dynamics of focal adhesion proteins have been well characterized in cells grown on two-dimensional (2D) cell culture surfaces. However, much less is known about the dynamic association of these proteins in the 3D microenvironment. Limited imaging technologies capable of measuring protein interactions in real time and space for cells grown in 3D is a major impediment in understanding how proteins function under different environmental cues. In this study, we applied the nano-scale precise imaging by rapid beam oscillation (nSPIRO) technique and combined the scaning-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (sFCS) and the number and molecular brightness (N&B) methods to investigate paxillin and actin dynamics at focal adhesions in 3D. Both MDA-MB-231 cells and U2OS cells produce elongated protrusions with high intensity regions of paxillin in cell grown in 3D collagen matrices. Using sFCS we found higher percentage of slow diffusing proteins at these focal spots, suggesting assembling/disassembling processes. In addition, the N&B analysis shows paxillin aggregated predominantly at these focal contacts which are next to collagen fibers. At those sites, actin showed slower apparent diffusion rate, which indicated that actin is either polymerizing or binding to the scaffolds in these locals. Our findings demonstrate that by multiplexing these techniques we have the ability to spatially and temporally quantify focal adhesion assembly and disassembly in 3D space and allow the understanding tumor cell invasion in a more complex relevant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Chiu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jose S. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Connie Y. Tsai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - GuiKai Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Digman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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93
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Krontiras P, Gatenholm P, Hägg DA. Adipogenic differentiation of stem cells in three-dimensional porous bacterial nanocellulose scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:195-203. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Krontiras
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg SE-412 96 Sweden
| | - Paul Gatenholm
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg SE-412 96 Sweden
| | - Daniel A Hägg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg SE-412 96 Sweden
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94
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Smithmyer ME, Sawicki LA, Kloxin AM. Hydrogel scaffolds as in vitro models to study fibroblast activation in wound healing and disease. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:634-650. [PMID: 25379176 PMCID: PMC4217222 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing results from complex signaling between cells and their environment in response to injury. Fibroblasts residing within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of various connective tissues are critical for matrix synthesis and repair. Upon injury or chronic insult, these cells activate into wound-healing cells, called myofibroblasts, and repair the damaged tissue through enzyme and protein secretion. However, misregulation and persistence of myofibroblasts can lead to uncontrolled accumulation of matrix proteins, tissue stiffening, and ultimately disease. Extracellular cues are important regulators of fibroblast activation and have been implicated in their persistence. Hydrogel-based culture models have emerged as useful tools to examine fibroblast response to ECM cues presented during these complex processes. In this Mini-Review, we will provide an overview of these model systems, which are built upon naturally-derived or synthetic materials, and mimic relevant biophysical and biochemical properties of the native ECM with different levels of control. Additionally, we will discuss the application of these hydrogel-based systems for the examination of fibroblast function and fate, including adhesion, migration, and activation, as well as approaches for mimicking both static and temporal aspects of extracellular environments. Specifically, we will highlight hydrogels that have been used to investigate the effects of matrix rigidity, protein binding, and cytokine signaling on fibroblast activation. Last, we will describe future directions for the design of hydrogels to develop improved synthetic models that mimic the complex extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Smithmyer
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
| | - Lisa A. Sawicki
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
| | - April M. Kloxin
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , DE 19716 , USA .
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95
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Bhattacharyya S, Tamaki Z, Wang W, Hinchcliff M, Hoover P, Getsios S, White ES, Varga J. FibronectinEDA promotes chronic cutaneous fibrosis through Toll-like receptor signaling. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:232ra50. [PMID: 24739758 PMCID: PMC4414050 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma is a progressive autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs. Fibrosis, the hallmark of scleroderma, represents transformation of self-limited wound healing into a deregulated self-sustaining process. The factors responsible for maintaining persistent fibroblast activation in scleroderma and other conditions with chronic fibrosis are not well understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its damage-associated endogenous ligands are implicated in immune and fibrotic responses. We now show that fibronectin extra domain A (Fn(EDA)) is an endogenous TLR4 ligand markedly elevated in the circulation and lesional skin biopsies from patients with scleroderma, as well as in mice with experimentally induced cutaneous fibrosis. Synthesis of Fn(EDA) was preferentially stimulated by transforming growth factor-β in normal fibroblasts and was constitutively up-regulated in scleroderma fibroblasts. Exogenous Fn(EDA) was a potent stimulus for collagen production, myofibroblast differentiation, and wound healing in vitro and increased the mechanical stiffness of human organotypic skin equivalents. Each of these profibrotic Fn(EDA) responses was abrogated by genetic, RNA interference, or pharmacological disruption of TLR4 signaling. Moreover, either genetic loss of Fn(EDA) or TLR4 blockade using a small molecule mitigated experimentally induced cutaneous fibrosis in mice. These observations implicate the Fn(EDA)-TLR4 axis in cutaneous fibrosis and suggest a paradigm in which aberrant Fn(EDA) accumulation in the fibrotic milieu drives sustained fibroblast activation via TLR4. This model explains how a damage-associated endogenous TLR4 ligand might contribute to converting self-limited tissue repair responses into intractable fibrogenesis in chronic conditions such as scleroderma. Disrupting sustained TLR4 signaling therefore represents a potential strategy for the treatment of fibrosis in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharyya
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zenshiro Tamaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul Hoover
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Spiro Getsios
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric S. White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–5642, USA
| | - John Varga
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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96
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Meng X, Leslie P, Zhang Y, Dong J. Stem cells in a three-dimensional scaffold environment. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:80. [PMID: 24570851 PMCID: PMC3931863 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as important players in the generation and maintenance of many tissues. However, the accurate in vitro simulation of the native stem cell niche remains difficult due at least in part to the lack of a comprehensive definition of the critical factors of the stem cell niche based on in vivo models. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have allowed the development of useful models for investigating stem cell physiology particularly with respect to their ability to sense and generate mechanical force in response to their surrounding environment. We review the use of 3D culture systems for stem cell culture and discuss the relationship between stem cells and 3D growth matrices including the roles of the extracellular matrix, scaffolds, soluble factors, cell-cell interactions and shear stress effects within this environment. We also discuss the potential for novel methods that mimic the native stem cell niche in vitro as well as the current associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Patrick Leslie
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7512 USA
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Hospital & Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
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97
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Chao J, Peña T, Heimann DG, Hansen C, Doyle DA, Yanala UR, Guenther TM, Carlson MA. Expression of green fluorescent protein in human foreskin fibroblasts for use in 2D and 3D culture models. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:134-40. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chao
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Tiffany Peña
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Dean G. Heimann
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Chris Hansen
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - David A. Doyle
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Ujwal R. Yanala
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Timothy M. Guenther
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Mark A. Carlson
- Departments of Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System; Omaha Nebraska USA
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98
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Alge DL, Anseth KS. Thiol‐X Reactions in Tissue Engineering. THIOL‐X CHEMISTRIES IN POLYMER AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849736961-00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thiol‐based click reactions have played a key role in the synthesis of biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Of particular importance has been their use in creating cell‐laden hydrogel matrices for both fundamental and translational applications. Thiol‐X reactions are often exploited in biological applications as they allow for the facile incorporation of biofunctional components, which has led to many key advancements for the field of tissue engineering. In this chapter, we summarize the important considerations for cytocompatible macromolecular monomer design and subsequent cellular encapsulation in hydrogel formulations. Briefly, we review the main thiol‐X reactions that have been used to synthesize hydrogel cell scaffold systems; provide a generalized protocol for the preparation of cell‐laden hydrogels; present highlights that demonstrate specific advantages of thiol‐X reactions and advances in their application in regenerative medicine research; and conclude with a prospectus on future directions for the field in using thiol‐X chemistries to engineer more advanced hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Alge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303‐1904 USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303‐1904 USA
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99
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Misumi Y, Ando Y, Gonçalves NP, Saraiva MJ. Fibroblasts endocytose and degrade transthyretin aggregates in transthyretin-related amyloidosis. J Transl Med 2013; 93:911-20. [PMID: 23817086 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis is a fatal disorder characterized by systemic extracellular deposition of TTR amyloid fibrils. Mutations in the TTR gene cause an autosomal dominant form of the disease-familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Wild-type (WT) TTR can also form amyloid fibrils in elderly patients with senile systemic amyloidosis. Regression of amyloid deposits in FAP patients who undergo liver transplantation to remove the main source of mutant TTR suggests the existence of mechanisms for the clearance of TTR deposits from the extracellular matrix (ECM), but the precise mechanisms are largely unknown. Because fibroblasts are abundant, playing a central role in the maintenance of the ECM and because the skin is one of the major sites of soluble TTR catabolism, in the present study, we analyzed their role in clearance of TTR aggregates. In vitro studies with a fibroblast cell line revealed that fibroblasts endocytosed and degraded aggregated TTR. Subcutaneous injection of soluble and aggregated TTR into WT mice showed internalization and clearance over time by both fibroblasts and macrophages. Immunohistochemical studies of skin biopsies from V30M patients, asymptomatic carriers, recipients of domino FAP livers as well as transgenic mice for human V30M showed intracellular TTR immunoreactivity in fibroblasts and macrophages that increased with clinical status and with age in transgenic mice. Overall, the present in vitro and in vivo data show that fibroblasts endocytose and degrade TTR aggregates. The function or dysfunction of TTR clearance by fibroblasts may have important implications for the development, progression, and regression of TTR deposition in the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Misumi
- Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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100
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Brown RA. In the beginning there were soft collagen-cell gels: towards better 3D connective tissue models? Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2460-9. [PMID: 23856376 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the 40 years since Elsdale and Bard's analysis of fibroblast culture in collagen gels we have moved far beyond the concept that such 3D fibril network systems are better models than monolayer cultures. This review analyses key aspects of that progression of models, against a background of what exactly each model system tries to mimic. This story tracks our increasing understanding of fibroblast responses to soft collagen gels, in particularly their cytoskeletal contraction, migration and integrin attachment. The focus on fibroblast mechano-function has generated models designed to directly measure the overall force generated by fibroblast populations, their reaction to external loads and the role of the matrix structure. Key steps along this evolution of 3D collagen models have been designed to mimic normal skin, wound repair, tissue morphogenesis and remodelling, growth and contracture during scarring/fibrosis. As new models are developed to understand cell-mechanical function in connective tissues the collagen material has become progressively more important, now being engineered to mimic more complex aspects of native extracellular matrix structure. These have included collagen fibril density, alignment and hierarchical structure, controlling material stiffness and anisotropy. But of these, tissue-like collagen density is key in that it contributes to control of the others. It is concluded that across this 40 year window major progress has been made towards establishing a family of 3D experimental collagen tissue-models, suitable to investigate normal and pathological fibroblast mechano-functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brown
- University College London, UCL Centre for Tissue Regeneration Science, Institute of Orthopaedics, Division of Surgery, RNOH, Stanmore Campus, London, HA7 4LP. UK.
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