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Mulet-Cabero AI, Mackie AR, Brodkorb A, Wilde PJ. Dairy structures and physiological responses: a matter of gastric digestion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3737-3752. [PMID: 32056441 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1707159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Digestion and health properties of food do not solely rely on the sum of nutrients but are also influenced by food structure. Dairy products present an array of structures due to differences in the origin of milk components and the changes induced by processing. Some dairy structures have been observed to induce specific effects on digestion rates and physiological responses. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Gastric digestion plays a key role in controlling digestion kinetics. The main objective of this review is to expose the relevance of gastric phase as the link between dairy structures and physiological responses. The focus is on human and animal studies, and physiological relevant in vitro digestion models. Data collected showed that the structure of dairy products have a profound impact on rate of nutrient bioavailability, absorption and physiological responses, suggesting gastric digestion as the main driver. Control of gastric digestion can be a tool for delivering specific rates of nutrient digestion. Therefore, the design of food structure targeting specific gastric behavior could be of great interest for particular population needs e.g. rapid nutrient digestion will benefit elderly, and slow nutrient digestion could help to enhance satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Mackie
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Yamaguchi T, Ozato N, Katashima M, Sawada K, Katsuragi Y, Ihara K, Nakaji S. A Novel Method to Visualize the Dietary Macronutrient Composition of Smaller Visceral Fat Accumulation. Front Nutr 2020; 6:194. [PMID: 32039226 PMCID: PMC6992592 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of visceral fat is considered a potential cause of a clustering of metabolic disorders including hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. These disorders are some of the upstream determinants of serious diseases such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and dementia. In particular, the accumulation of visceral fat is considered to have a causal relationship with dietary habits. To clarify this relationship, we characterize dietary habits with dietary macronutrient composition and visceral fat accumulation with a measure of visceral fat area (VFA). We then employ a novel multiple regression model with VFA as the objective variable and macronutrient composition, gender, and age group as explanatory variables. The macronutrient composition is converted by the isometric log-ratio transformation since it is compositional data. The squared term of the transformed macronutrient composition is also included as an explanatory variable. To fit the data to the model, variable selection is performed based on Akaike's information criterion to exclude unnecessary interaction terms. The validity of the model is confirmed by a numerical simulation study. We then cross-sectionally analyze real-world data collected through community-wide health examinations of adults living in the Iwaki district in northern Japan. The macronutrient composition data is taken by the dietary history questionnaire and VFA is measured using a bioimpedance-type visceral fat meter. The main factors of macronutirent composition and their interactions with gender and age group are identified through analysis of variance and are significantly associated with VFA (p < 0.05). Moreover, the predicted VFA corresponding to the macronutrient composition stratified by gender and age group are obtained, and visualized seamlessly on a ternary plot. The results show that a diet with a high ratio of %protein to %fat generally corresponds to a lower VFA level. However, in middle-aged female subjects, higher VFA is found in lower %fat and higher %carbohydrate diets. In summary, the association between VFA and dietary macronutrient composition is significantly modulated depending on gender and age group in Iwaki district's adult population. The novel statistical analysis method in this study is useful in exploring favorable dietary macronutrient composition for lower level of visceral fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yamaguchi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ozato
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Katashima
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kaori Sawada
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Katsuragi
- Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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Elovaris RA, Hutchison AT, Lange K, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Plasma Free Amino Acid Responses to Whey Protein and Their Relationships with Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose- and Appetite-Regulatory Hormones and Energy Intake in Lean Healthy Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102465. [PMID: 31618863 PMCID: PMC6835323 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of increasing loads of whey protein on plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, and their relationships with gastric emptying, blood glucose- and appetite-regulatory hormones, blood glucose and energy intake. Eighteen healthy lean men participated in a double-blinded study, in which they consumed, on 3 separate occasions, in randomised order, 450-mL drinks containing either 30 g (L) or 70 g (H) of pure whey protein isolate, or control with 0 g of protein (C). Gastric emptying, serum concentrations of AAs, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), insulin, glucagon and blood glucose were measured before and after the drinks over 180 min. Then energy intake was quantified. All AAs were increased, and 7/20 AAs were increased more by H than L. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUC0-180 min) for CCK, GLP-1, insulin and glucagon were correlated positively with iAUCs of 19/20 AAs (p < 0.05). The strongest correlations were with the branched-chain AAs as well as lysine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan, and aspartic acid (all R2 > 0.52, p < 0.05). Blood glucose did not correlate with any AA (all p > 0.05). Ghrelin and energy intake correlated inversely, but only weakly, with 15/20 AAs (all R2 < 0.34, p < 0.05). There is a strong relationship between gluco-regulatory hormones with a number of (predominantly essential) AAs. However, the factors mediating the effects of protein on blood glucose and energy intake are likely to be multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Elovaris
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
- Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Nutrition and Health Program, P.O. Box 10097, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Beneficial effects of running and milk protein supplements on Sirtuins and risk factors of metabolic disorders in rats with low aerobic capacity. Metabol Open 2019; 4:100019. [PMID: 32812928 PMCID: PMC7424841 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity and dietary intake of dairy products are associated with improved metabolic health. Dairy products are rich with branched chain amino acids that are essential for energy production. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the benefit of the sub-chronic effects of running and intake of milk protein supplements, we studied Low Capacity Runner rats (LCR), a rodent exercise model with risk for metabolic disorders. We especially focused on the role of Sirtuins, energy level dependent proteins that affect many cellular metabolic processes. Methods Forty-seven adult LCR female rats sedentary or running voluntarily in wheels were fed normal chow and given supplements of either whey or milk protein drink (PD)-supplemented water, or water only for 21 weeks. Physiological responses were measured in vivo. Blood lipids were determined from serum. Mitochondrial markers and Sirtuins (Sirt1-7) including downstream targets were measured in plantaris muscle by western blotting. Results For the first 10 weeks whey-drinking rats ran about 50% less compared to other groups; still, in all runners glucose tolerance improved and triglycerides decreased. Generally, running induced a ∼six-fold increase in running capacity and a ∼8% decrease in % body fat. Together with running, protein supplements increased the relative lean mass of the total body weight by ∼11%. In comparison with sedentary controls, running and whey increased HDL (21%) and whey, with or without running, lowered LDL (−34%). Running increased mitochondrial biogenesis and Sirtuins 3 and 4. When combined with exercise, both whey and milk protein drink induced about a 4-fold increase in Sirt3, compared to runners drinking water only, and about a 2-fold increase compared to the respective sedentary group. Protein supplements, with or without running, enhanced the phosphorylation level of the acetyl-coA-carboxylase, suggesting increased fat oxidation. Both supplemented diets increased Sirt5 and Sirt7 without an additional effect from exercise. Running diminished and PD supplement increased Sirt6. Conclusion We demonstrate in rats new sub-chronic effects of milk proteins on metabolism that involve Sirtuins and their downstream targets in skeletal muscle. The results show that running and milk proteins act on reducing the risk factors of metabolic disorders and suggest that the underlying mechanisms may involve Sirtuins. Notably, we found that milk protein supplements have some favorable effects on metabolism even without running. Interactive effects of running and/or milk protein supplements were studied. Milk protein drink enhanced and whey diminished the amount of voluntary running. Despite less running whey-supplementation improved metabolic health. Almost all Sirtuins in muscle adapted to milk protein and running interventions.
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Grijalva-Avila J, Villanueva-Fierro I, Lares-Asseff I, Chairez-Hernández I, Rivera-Sanchez G, Martínez-Estrada S, Martínez-Rivera I, Quiñones LA, Loera-Castañeda V. Milk intake and IGF-1 rs6214 polymorphism as protective factors to obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:388-393. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1666805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ismael Lares-Asseff
- Instituto Politécnico, Nacional-CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Durango, México
- Latin-American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gildardo Rivera-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, México
| | | | | | - Luis A. Quiñones
- Latin-American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics (CQF), Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Loera-Castañeda
- Instituto Politécnico, Nacional-CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Durango, México
- Latin-American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
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Chen YC, Smith HA, Hengist A, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Mikkelsen UR, Carroll HA, Betts JA, Thompson D, Saunders J, Gonzalez JT. Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2449-2462. [PMID: 31531707 PMCID: PMC7413905 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine whether calcium type and co-ingestion with protein alter gut hormone availability. Methods Healthy adults aged 26 ± 7 years (mean ± SD) completed three randomized, double-blind, crossover studies. In all studies, arterialized blood was sampled postprandially over 120 min to determine GLP-1, GIP and PYY responses, alongside appetite ratings, energy expenditure and blood pressure. In study 1 (n = 20), three treatments matched for total calcium content (1058 mg) were compared: calcium citrate (CALCITR); milk minerals rich in calcium (MILK MINERALS); and milk minerals rich in calcium plus co-ingestion of 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN). In study 2 (n = 6), 50 g whey protein hydrolysate (PROTEIN) was compared to MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN. In study 3 (n = 6), MILK MINERALS was compared to the vehicle of ingestion (water plus sucralose; CONTROL). Results MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN increased GLP-1 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) by ~ ninefold (43.7 ± 11.1 pmol L−1 120 min; p < 0.001) versus both CALCITR and MILK MINERALS, with no difference detected between CALCITR (6.6 ± 3.7 pmol L−1 120 min) and MILK MINERALS (5.3 ± 3.5 pmol L−1 120 min; p > 0.999). MILK MINERALS + PROTEIN produced a GLP-1 iAUC ~ 25% greater than PROTEIN (p = 0.024; mean difference: 9.1 ± 6.9 pmol L−1 120 min), whereas the difference between MILK MINERALS versus CONTROL was small and non-significant (p = 0.098; mean difference: 4.2 ± 5.1 pmol L−1 120 min). Conclusions When ingested alone, milk minerals rich in calcium do not increase GLP-1 secretion compared to calcium citrate. Co-ingesting high-dose whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium increases postprandial GLP-1 concentrations to some of the highest physiological levels ever reported. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03232034, NCT03370484, NCT03370497. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-019-02092-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harry A Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | - Harriet A Carroll
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - John Saunders
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
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57
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Dietary gelatin enhances non-heme iron absorption possibly via regulation of systemic iron homeostasis in rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): potential mechanisms of action against risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res Rev 2019; 33:1-18. [PMID: 31358075 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of disorders dominated by abdominal obesity, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, low HDL-cholesterol, high blood pressure and high fasting glucose. Diet modification is a safe and effective way to treat the metabolic syndrome. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a dietary pattern rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, and low in meats and sweets. DASH provides good amounts of fibre, K, Ca and Mg, and limited quantities of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and Na. Although DASH was initially designed for the prevention or control of hypertension, using a DASH diet has other metabolic benefits. In the present review, the effect of each dietary component of DASH on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome is discussed. Due to limited fat and high fibre and Ca content, individuals on the DASH diet are less prone to overweight and obesity and possess lower concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol although changes in TAG and HDL-cholesterol have been less significant and available evidence in this regard is still inconclusive. Moreover, high amounts of fruit and vegetables in DASH provide great quantities of K, Mg and fibre, all of which have been shown to reduce blood pressure. K, Mg, fibre and antioxidants have also been effective in correcting glucose and insulin abnormalities. Evidence is provided from cross-sectional investigations, cohort studies and randomised controlled trials, and, where available, from published meta-analyses. Mechanisms are described according to human studies and, in the case of a lack of evidence, from animal and cell culture investigations.
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Fujitani M, Mizushige T, Kawabata F, Uozumi K, Yasui M, Hayamizu K, Uchida K, Okada S, Keshab B, Kishida T. Dietary Alaska pollack protein improves skeletal muscle weight recovery after immobilization-induced atrophy in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217917. [PMID: 31199814 PMCID: PMC6570023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The promotion of muscle recovery after immobilization is important to preserve an optimum health status. Here, we examined the effect of dietary Alaska pollack protein (APP) on skeletal muscle weight after atrophy induced by hind limb immobilization using plaster immobilization technique. Rat left limb was casted with a wetted plaster cast under anesthesia. After 2 weeks of feeding, the cast was removed and the rats were divided into three groups, namely, a baseline group, high-fat casein diet group, and high-fat APP diet group. After 3 weeks of feeding, the skeletal muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus [EDL], and gastrocnemius) were sampled. The estimated weight gains of soleus, gastrocnemius, and EDL muscle in the immobilized limbs were significantly larger in the rats fed with APP diet as compared with those fed with casein diet. In soleus muscle, dietary APP increased the expression of Igf1 and Myog genes in the immobilized limbs after the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fujitani
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Minemachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawabata
- Physiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uozumi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Machi Yasui
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Hayamizu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchida
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Food Function R&D Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bhattarai Keshab
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- Laboratory of Nutrition Science, Division of Applied bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Food and Health Sciences Research Centre, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Dougkas A, Barr S, Reddy S, Summerbell CD. A critical review of the role of milk and other dairy products in the development of obesity in children and adolescents. Nutr Res Rev 2019; 32:106-127. [PMID: 30477600 PMCID: PMC6536827 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Existing reviews suggest that milk and other dairy products do not play a role in the development of obesity in childhood, but they do make an important contribution to children's nutrient intake. It is thus curious that public health advice on the consumption of dairy products for children is often perceived as unclear. The present review aimed to provide an overview of the totality of the evidence on the association between milk and other dairy products, and obesity and indicators of adiposity, in children. Our search identified forty-three cross-sectional studies, thirty-one longitudinal cohort studies and twenty randomised controlled trials. We found that milk and other dairy products are consistently found to be not associated, or inversely associated, with obesity and indicators of adiposity in children. Adjustment for energy intake tended to change inverse associations to neutral. Also, we found little evidence to suggest that the relationship varied by type of milk or dairy product, or age of the children, although there was a dearth of evidence for young children. Only nine of the ninety-four studies found a positive association between milk and other dairy products and body fatness. There may be some plausible mechanisms underlying the effect of milk and other dairy products on adiposity that influence energy and fat balance, possibly through fat absorption, appetite or metabolic activity of gut microbiota. In conclusion, there is little evidence to support a concern to limit the consumption of milk and other dairy products for children on the grounds that they may promote obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anestis Dougkas
- Institut Paul Bocuse Research Centre, Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, BP 25, 69131 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Suzanne Barr
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Brown AF, Prado CM, Ghosh S, Leonard SM, Arciero PJ, Tucker KL, Ormsbee MJ. Higher-protein intake and physical activity are associated with healthier body composition and cardiometabolic health in Hispanic adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 30:145-151. [PMID: 30904215 PMCID: PMC6482843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher protein (HP) intake and physical activity (PA) have been associated with improved lean soft tissue (LST) and reduced fat mass (FM). Puerto Ricans have among the highest age-adjusted prevalence (42.5%) of obesity, which may be associated with inadequate protein consumption and PA. We examined the relationship between protein intake and PA with body composition and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in Puerto Rican adults. METHODS Participants included 959 Puerto Rican adults (71.4% women, 28.6% men) from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS), aged 46-79 y (Women: age, 60.4 ± 7.6 y, BMI, 32.9 ± 6.8 kg/m2; Men: age, 59.8 ± 7.9 y, BMI, 30.1 ± 5.2 kg/m2). Protein intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and expressed as g/kg body weight/day in energy intake-adjusted equal cut point tertile categories (lower, moderate, higher: LP < 0.91 g/kg/d, MP ≥ 0.91 ≤ 1.11 g/kg/d, and HP > 1.11 g/kg/d). PA was assessed by questionnaire and expressed in tertile categories (low, moderate and high; PA1: <0.8 km/d, PA2: ≥0.8 ≤ 3.2 km/d, PA3: >3.2 km/d). RESULTS Participants with energy-adjusted HP had lower appendicular LST (ALST: 16.2 ± 3.8 kg), LST (39.7 ± 8.0 kg) and FM (25.6 ± 8.1 kg) when compared to LP (ALST: 20.1 ± 4.5 kg; LST: 49.5 ± 10.0 kg; FM: 40.8 ± 12.3 kg; P < 0.001) and MP (ALST: 18.2 ± 4.3 kg; LST: 44.1 ± 8.8 kg; FM: 32.2 ± 9.8 kg; P < 0.001). However, when adjusted for total body weight (kg), relative LST was significantly greater in HP (58 ± 9%) when compared to LP (53 ± 9%; P < 0.001) and MP (56 ± 9%; P < 0.001). Participants in PA3 had greater ALST (19.5 ± 5.4 kg), and LST (58 ± 10%), compared to PA1 (ALST: 17.2 ± 4.3 kg; LST: 53 ± 9%; P < 0.001) or PA2 (ALST: 17.7 ± 4.7 kg; LST: 56 ± 9%; P < 0.05). Those in HP + PA3 or MP + PA2 had lower c-reactive protein (CRP; HP + PA3: 5.1 ± 6.8 mg/L; MP + PA2: 6.4 ± 10.0 mg/L), when compared to LP + PA1 (8.7 ± 8.8 mg/L; P < 0.05). Insulin concentration was lower for those in both the HP and PA3 (HP + PA3; 11.4 ± 7.9 IU/mL) compared to those in both the LP and PA1 (LP + PA1; 20.7 ± 16.3 UI/mL) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The highest tertiles of energy-adjusted protein intake (≥1.11 g/kg/d) and PA (>3.2 km/d) were associated with more desirable indicators of overall body composition and cardiometabolic health, when adjusted for body weight, than those in the lower protein intake and PA in Puerto Rican adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Brown
- College of Education, Health & Human Sciences, Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Human Nutrition and Performance Laboratory, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Shawn M Leonard
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Paul J Arciero
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA; Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Virgilio N, De Donno R, Bandini E, Napolitano A, Fogliano V, Vitaglione P. Milk protein enriched beverage reduces post-exercise energy intakes in women with higher levels of cognitive dietary restraint. Food Res Int 2019; 118:58-64. [PMID: 30898353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the satiating efficacy of milk proteins compared to carbohydrates in twenty women during post-exercise period. METHODS A milk protein-enriched beverage (MPB), and an isocaloric carbohydrate-enriched beverage (CB) containing respectively 9.3g and 0.3g of milk proteins per 100mL beverage, were developed and tested in a satiety study with 20 free-living healthy and normal weight women. The participants drank 250mL of the two beverages after an aerobic exercise session, filled daily food diaries and rated their appetite on visual analogue scale (VAS), in two days over three consecutive weeks. A psychometric evaluation of eating behaviour was obtained by three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ). RESULTS No differences in appetite feelings and energy intakes between MPB and CB were found in the study population. However, 9 participants were significantly less hungry (-9% vs+15%, p 0.03) and ate later (208min vs 127min, p 0.03) and less (-10% vs+8% daily energy intake, p 0.01) when they had MPB than CB. These women had a slightly higher BMI and were more restrained than the others. CONCLUSIONS Data showed that MPB compared to CB could modify daily eating habits by enhancing satiety in women with a stronger cognitive control of eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Virgilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta De Donno
- Research & Development, Parmalat Italia S.p.A, Collecchio, Italy
| | - Enrica Bandini
- Research & Development, Parmalat Italia S.p.A, Collecchio, Italy
| | - Aurora Napolitano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Italy.
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63
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Kang K, Sotunde OF, Weiler HA. Effects of Milk and Milk-Product Consumption on Growth among Children and Adolescents Aged 6-18 Years: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:250-261. [PMID: 30839054 PMCID: PMC6416041 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have suggested that milk and milk-product consumption may influence growth during childhood and puberty, results are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the available evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing whether milk and milk-product consumption could affect growth and body composition among children and adolescents aged 6-18 y. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for all RCTs published up to December 2017 that investigated milk and milk-product consumption (≥12 wk) on growth and body composition among participants (aged 6-18 y) without undernourishment or diseases. Study screening and data extraction by 2 reviewers followed established PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the quality of the trials. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Seventeen trials with 2844 children and adolescents were included. Milk and milk-product interventions resulted in a greater increase in body weight (0.48 kg; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.76 kg; P = 0.001), lean mass (0.21 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.41 kg; P = 0.04), and attenuated gain in percentage body fat (-0.27%; 95% CI: -0.45%, -0.09%; P = 0.003) compared with control groups. However, there were no significant changes in fat mass, height, or waist circumference in the intervention groups compared with the control groups (P ≥ 0.05). In subgroup analyses, the baseline weight and age, and the duration of intervention were associated with the efficacy of milk and milk-product intake on the change in lean mass, percentage body fat, and waist circumference, respectively (test for subgroup differences: P < 0.05). Children and adolescents aged 6-18 y consuming milk and milk products are more likely to achieve a lean body phenotype. This meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42018086850.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Research and Surveillance Evaluation, Shanghai Center for Health Promotion, Shanghai, China
| | - Olusola F Sotunde
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Address correspondence to HAW (e-mail: )
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64
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Whey-based cheese provides more postprandial plasma leucine than casein-based cheese: A pig study. Food Chem 2019; 277:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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Ohlsson B. An Okinawan-based Nordic diet improves glucose and lipid metabolism in health and type 2 diabetes, in alignment with changes in the endocrine profile, whereas zonulin levels are elevated. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2883-2893. [PMID: 30936958 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Okinawan-based Nordic diet has been developed to improve glucose metabolism. The aim of the present study was to summarize all anthropometric, subjective, and biochemical findings obtained following two different studies investigating this diet. The diet was administered i) as a single breakfast to healthy volunteers and ii) as a 12-week dietary intervention to patients with type 2 diabetes. The degree of satiety, sweet cravings, gastrointestinal symptoms, and health-related quality of life were estimated. Weight and blood pressures of participants were measured, and analyses including circulating levels of inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, hormones, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial diversity and amount of Enterobacteriaceae in feces, were performed. A single breakfast of the diet increased satiety (P<0.001), improved glucose homeostasis (P<0.001), and lowered levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (P=0.002), compared with a standard breakfast. A 12-week intervention in type 2 diabetes increased satiety and decreased sweet cravings, at the same time as health-related quality of life and gastrointestinal symptoms were improved. There were reductions in body mass index (P<0.001), waist circumference (P<0.001), and levels of glucose (P<0.001), cholesterol (P<0.001), and triglycerides (P=0.009), in alignment with the endocrine profile. These improvements were maintained at follow-up 16 weeks later, along with lower levels of ghrelin (P=0.012), polypeptide YY (P=0.002), and visfatin (P=0.021), compared with the parameters recorded at the study start. Levels of haptoglobin, interleukin-18 and thrombocytes were lowered, whereas some other inflammatory biomarkers were unaffected and zonulin levels elevated. Gut microbiota and SCFAs levels were mainly unaffected. The mechanisms governing the anthropometric and metabolic improvements appear to be mediated through alterations in the endocrine profile, yet not in the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund S-221 00, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö S-205 02, Sweden
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66
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Abstract
We provide an overview of studies on seafood intake in relation to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity development is for most individuals the result of years of positive energy balance. Evidence from intervention trials and animal studies suggests that frequent intake of lean seafood, as compared with intake of terrestrial meats, reduces energy intake by 4–9 %, sufficient to prevent a positive energy balance and obesity. At equal energy intake, lean seafood reduces fasting and postprandial risk markers of insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant adults. Energy restriction combined with intake of lean and fatty seafood seems to increase weight loss. Marine n-3 PUFA are probably of importance through n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids and oxylipins, but other constituents of seafood such as the fish protein per se, trace elements or vitamins also seem to play a largely neglected role. A high intake of fatty seafood increases circulating levels of the insulin-sensitising hormone adiponectin. As compared with a high meat intake, high intake of seafood has been reported to reduce plasma levels of the hepatic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein level in some, but not all studies. More studies are needed to confirm the dietary effects on energy intake, obesity and insulin resistance. Future studies should be designed to elucidate the potential contribution of trace elements, vitamins and undesirables present in seafood, and we argue that stratification into responders and non-responders in randomised controlled trials may improve the understanding of health effects from intake of seafood.
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67
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Whey Proteins Reduce Appetite, Stimulate Anorexigenic Gastrointestinal Peptides and Improve Glucometabolic Homeostasis in Young Obese Women. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020247. [PMID: 30678029 PMCID: PMC6412413 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Proteins, particularly whey proteins, represent the most satiating macronutrient in animals and humans. A dietetic regimen based on proteins enriched preload before eating might be a strategy to counteract obesity. Aims and Methods: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an isocaloric drink containing whey proteins or maltodextrins (preload) on appetite (satiety/hunger measured by a visual analogue scale or VAS), glucometabolic control (blood glucose/insulin), and anorexigenic gastrointestinal peptides (pancreatic polypeptide or PP, glucagon-like peptide 1 or GLP-1 and peptide YY or PYY) in a cohort of obese young women (n = 9; age: 18.1 ± 3.0 years; body mass index, BMI: 38.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2). After two and a half hours, they were administered with a mixed meal at a fixed dose; satiety and hunger were measured by VAS. Results: Each drink significantly augmented satiety and reduced hunger, and the effects were more evident with whey proteins than maltodextrins. Similarly, there were significant increases in GLP-1 and PYY levels (but not PP) after the ingestion of each drink; these anorexigenic responses were higher with whey proteins than maltodextrins. While insulinemia identically increased after each drink, whey proteins induced a lower glycemic response than maltodextrins. No differences in satiety and hunger were found after the meal, which is presumably due to the late administration of the meal test, when the hypophagic effect of whey proteins was disappearing. Conclusions: While whey proteins actually reduce appetite, stimulate anorexigenic gastrointestinal peptides, and improve glucometabolic homeostasis in young obese women, further additional studies are mandatory to demonstrate their hypophagic effects in obese subjects, when administered as preload before eating.
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68
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Fassina P, Quadros Nunes G, Scherer Adami F, Goettert MI, Volken de Souza CF. Importance of Cheese Whey Processing: Supplements for Sports Activities – a Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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69
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Geng T, Qi L, Huang T. Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Body Weight and Body Composition Among Adults: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 37 Randomized Control Trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 62. [PMID: 29058378 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Effects of dairy consumption on body weight and body composition have been inconsistently observed in randomized control trials (RCTs). Our meta-analysis aims to systematically evaluate the effects of dairy consumption on body weight and body composition among the adults. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a comprehensive search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases of the relevant studies from 1966 to Mar 2017 regarding dairy consumption on body weight and body composition including body fat, lean mass, and waist circumference (WC). The summary results are pooled by using a random-effects meta-analysis. Thirty-seven RCTs with 184 802 participants are included in this meta-analysis. High dairy intervention increased body weight (0.01, 95% CI: -0.25, 0.26, I2 = 78.3%) and lean mass (0.37, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.62, I2 = 83.4%); decreased body fat (-0.23, 95% CI: -0.48, 0.02, I2 = 78.2%) and WC (-1.37, 95% CI: -2.28, -0.46, I2 = 98.9%) overall. In the subgroup analysis, we found that consumption of dairy products increases body weight (0.36, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.70, I2 = 83.1%) among participants without energy restriction. Dairy consumption decreases body weight (-0.64, 95% CI: -1.05, -0.24, I2 = 60.2%), body fat (-0.56, 95%CI: -0.95, -0.17, I2 = 66.6%), and waist circumference (-2.18, 95%CI: -4.30, -0.06, I2 = 99.0%) among the adults with energy restriction. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests a beneficial effect of energy-restricted dairy consumption on body weight and body composition. However, high dairy consumption in the absence of caloric restriction may increase body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Geng
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Vilela S, Severo M, Moreira T, Oliveira A, Hetherington MM, Lopes C. Association between eating frequency and eating behaviours related to appetite from 4 to 7 years of age: Findings from the population-based birth cohort generation XXI. Appetite 2019; 132:82-90. [PMID: 30296505 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The examination of specific characteristics of eating habits in childhood and its influence on eating behaviours is needed to better understand the establishment of appetite-related eating behaviours. This study aimed to assess the association between eating frequency (EF) (main meals vs. snacks) at 4 and 7y and problematic eating behaviours and appetite-related eating behaviours at 7y. The analysis included 1359 children from the birth cohort Generation XXI who provided 3-day food diaries, at both ages, and complete information on the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, at 7y. Problematic eating behaviours were assessed using parental perception of child's poor eating (including not eating enough, eating too slow or overeating) at both ages. A time-of-day approach was used to distinguish main meals from snacks. A cross-lagged analysis was performed to check the direction of the association between EF and parental concerns regarding problematic eating behaviours. Associations between EF and appetite-related eating behaviours were evaluated through linear regression models. Between 4 and 7y a moderate tracking of EF was described as well as a strong tracking of parental concerns. We found a bidirectional relationship between EF and parental concerns. Prospectively, a higher frequency of snacks at 4y was independently associated with higher scores in 'Desire to Drink' at 7y (β = 0.051, 95%CI:0.009; 0.093). At 7y, a higher EF had a positive association with 'Satiety Responsiveness' but an inverse association with 'Enjoyment of Food'. A higher number of main meals had a positive association with 'Enjoyment of Food' and 'Food Responsiveness'. In conclusion, children who had more eating occasions seem to have more food-avoidance behaviours, traits that might protect these children from gaining excessive weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vilela
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Moreira
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Portugal, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
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71
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Melson CE, Nepocatych S, Madzima TA. The effects of whey and soy liquid breakfast on appetite response, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. Nutrition 2018; 61:179-186. [PMID: 30822749 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of animal-based protein (whey; WP) compared with plant-based protein (soy; SP) and carbohydrate (CHO) liquid breakfast on appetite, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. METHODS Seventeen healthy individuals consumed three isocaloric breakfast smoothies with whey, soy, or carbohydrate (no protein) in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Participants completed an 11-point rating scale of appetite profile (before, 0, 60, 120, and 180 min). Indirect calorimetry was used to determine the thermic effect of a meal (TEM; at 45-60, 105-120, and 165-180 min). An ad libitum lunch was offered at 180 min after breakfast and energy intake was assessed. RESULTS There was a significant difference in hunger (P = 0.033), fullness (P = 0.002), satiety (P = 0.001), desire to eat (P = 0.024), and prospective food consumption (P = 0.021) between the three breakfast meals. Fullness and SP compared with CHO. A higher (P < 0.001) TEM and lower (P < 0.05) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was observed after WP and SP compared with CHO. In addition, a higher (P = 0.022) energy intake at lunch was observed after CHO (769 ± 259 kcal) compared with WP (654 ± 252 kcal) and SP (664 ± 296 kcal), with no difference (P = 0.966) between WP and SP. Consuming SP at breakfast exerts comparable effects to WP on appetite profile, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake, suggesting that SP is a reasonable alternative to WP as a protein supplement source to aid in body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Melson
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
| | - Svetlana Nepocatych
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
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72
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The association between dietary protein intake, energy intake and physical frailty: results from the Rotterdam Study. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:393-401. [PMID: 30419973 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient protein intake has been suggested to be important for preventing physical frailty, but studies show conflicting results which may be explained because not all studies address protein source and intake of other macronutrients and total energy. Therefore, we studied 2504 subjects with data on diet and physical frailty, participating in a large population-based prospective cohort among subjects aged 45+ years (the Rotterdam Study). Dietary intake was assessed with a FFQ. Frailty was defined according to the frailty phenotype as the presence of at least three out of the following five symptoms: weight loss, low physical activity, weakness, slowness and fatigue. We used multinomial logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association between protein intake and frailty using two methods: nutrient residual models and energy decomposition models. With every increase in 10 g total, plant or animal protein per d, the odds to be frail were 1·06 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·15), 0·87 (95 % CI 0·71, 1·07) and 1·07 (95 % CI 0·99, 1·15), respectively, using the nutrient residual method. Using the energy partition model, we observed that the odds to be frail were lower with higher vegetable protein intake (OR per 418·4 kJ (100 kcal): 0·61, 95 % CI 0·39, 0·97), however, results disappeared when adjusting for physical activity. For energy intake from any source we observed that with every 418·4 kJ (100 kcal) increase, the odds to be frail were 5 % lower (OR: 0·95, 95 % CI 0·93, 0·97). Our results suggest that energy intake, but not protein specifically, is associated with less frailty. Considering other macronutrients, physical activity and diet quality seems to be essential for future studies on protein and frailty.
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Tindall AM, Petersen KS, Lamendella R, Shearer GC, Murray-Kolb LE, Proctor DN, Kris-Etherton PM. Tree Nut Consumption and Adipose Tissue Mass: Mechanisms of Action. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy069. [PMID: 30488045 PMCID: PMC6252345 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is concern that tree nuts may cause weight gain due to their energy density, yet evidence shows that tree nuts do not adversely affect weight status. Epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown a reduced risk of chronic diseases with tree nut consumption without an increased risk of weight gain. In fact, tree nuts may protect against weight gain and benefit weight-loss interventions. However, the relation between tree nut consumption and adiposity is not well understood at the mechanistic level. This review summarizes the proposed underlying mechanisms that might account for this relation. Evidence suggests that tree nuts may affect adiposity through appetite control, displacement of unfavorable nutrients, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, availability of metabolizable energy, antiobesity action of bioactive compounds, and improved functionality of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is a common factor among these mechanisms and may mediate, in part, the relation between tree nut consumption and reduced adiposity. Further research is needed to understand the impact of tree nuts on the gut microbiome and how the gut microbial environment affects the nutrient absorption and metabolism of tree nuts. The evidence to date suggests that tree nut consumption favorably affects body composition through different mechanisms that involve the gut microbiome. A better understanding of these mechanisms will contribute to the evolving science base that addresses the causes and treatments for overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Tindall
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - Gregory C Shearer
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - David N Proctor
- Departments of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Marangoni F, Pellegrino L, Verduci E, Ghiselli A, Bernabei R, Calvani R, Cetin I, Giampietro M, Perticone F, Piretta L, Giacco R, La Vecchia C, Brandi ML, Ballardini D, Banderali G, Bellentani S, Canzone G, Cricelli C, Faggiano P, Ferrara N, Flachi E, Gonnelli S, Macca C, Magni P, Marelli G, Marrocco W, Miniello VL, Origo C, Pietrantonio F, Silvestri P, Stella R, Strazzullo P, Troiano E, Poli A. Cow's Milk Consumption and Health: A Health Professional's Guide. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:197-208. [PMID: 30247998 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1491016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most recent scientific evidence supports the consumption of cow's milk and dairy products as part of a balanced diet. However, these days, the public and practicing physicans are exposed to a stream of inconsistent (and often misleading) information regarding the relationship between cow's milk intake and health in the lay press and in the media. The purpose of this article, in this context, is to facilitate doctor-patient communication on this topic, providing physicians with a series of structured answers to frequently asked patient questions. The answers range from milk and milk-derived products' nutritional function across the life span, to their relationship with diseases such as osteoporosis and cancer, to lactose intolerance and milk allergy, and have been prepared by a panel of experts from the Italian medical and nutritional scientific community. When consumed according to appropriate national guidelines, milk and its derivatives contribute essential micro- and macronutrients to the diet, especially in infancy and childhood where bone mass growth is in a critical phase. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests potentially protective effects of milk against overweight, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, while no clear data suggest a significant association between milk intake and cancer. Overall, current scientific literature suggests that an appropriate consumption of milk and its derivatives, according to available nutritional guidelines, may be beneficial across all age groups, with the exception of specific medical conditions such as lactose intolerance or milk protein allergy. Key teaching points: Milk and its derivatives contribute essential micro and macronutrients to the diet, when consumed according to appropriate national guidelines, especially in infancy and childhood where bone mass growth is in a critical phase. Preliminary evidence suggests potentially protective effects of milk against overweight, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease No clear data are available about the association between milk intake and cancer. Current scientific literature suggests that an appropriate consumption of milk and its derivatives may be beneficial at all ages, with the exception of specific medical conditions such as lactose intolerance or milk protein allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Pellegrino
- b Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- c Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital , ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano and SIP-Italian Society of Pediatrics , Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiselli
- d CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione, Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Roma and SISA-Italian Society of Nutritional Science , Roma , Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- e Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Roma , Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- e Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Roma , Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- f Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences , Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Vittore Buzzi , Milano , Italy
| | | | - Francesco Perticone
- h Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Vittore Buzzi , Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro and SIMI-Italian Society of Internal Medicine , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Luca Piretta
- i Alimentary Science and Human Nutrition, Università Campus Biomedico , Roma , Italy
| | - Rosalba Giacco
- j Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino and SID - Italian Diabetes Society , Avellino , Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- k Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Banderali
- n Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital , ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Università degli Studi di Milano and SINUPE-Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition , Milano , Italy
| | - Stefano Bellentani
- o SIGE-Italian Society of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy , Modena , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Canzone
- p Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit , San Cimino Hospital, Termini Imerese and SIGO-Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Termini Imerese , Italy
| | | | - Pompilio Faggiano
- r Cardiology Division , Spedali Civili and University of Brescia and GICR-Italian Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation , Brescia , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- s Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Naples 'Federico II' and SIGG-Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics , Naples , Italy
| | - Evelina Flachi
- t SIPREC-Italian Society for Cardiovascular Prevention , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Gonnelli
- u Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience , University of Siena and SIOMMS-Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases , Siena , Italy
| | - Claudio Macca
- v Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit , Spedali Civili Brescia and ADI - Italian Association of Dietetics , Brescia , Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- w Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano and SISA-Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis , Milano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marelli
- x Department of Diabetology Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition , ASST di Vimercate and AMD - Italian Association of Diabetologists , Vimercate , Italy
| | - Walter Marrocco
- y FIMMG-Italian Federation of General Medicine Doctors and SIMPeSV-Italian Society of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine , Rome , Italy
| | - Vito Leonardo Miniello
- z Department of Paediatrics , University of Bari and SIPPS-Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics , Bari , Italy
| | - Carlo Origo
- aa Department of Pediatric Orthoaedics , A.O. SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria and SITOP-Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Alessandria , Italy
| | - Filomena Pietrantonio
- ab Internal Medicine Unit , - H2-Albano Hospital Center, ASL Roma 6, Roma and FADOI-Federation of the Associations of Internist Hospital Managers , Manerbio , Italy
| | - Paolo Silvestri
- ac Interventional Cardiology-CCU Department , G. Rummo Hospital, Benevento and ANMCO-Italian National Association of Hospital Cardiologists , Benevento , Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- ad SNaMID-National Interdisciplinary Medical Society Primary Care , Milan , Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- ae Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples and SINU-Italian Society of Human Nutrition , Napoli , Italy
| | | | - Andrea Poli
- a NFI-Nutrition Foundation of Italy , Milano , Italy
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75
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Ménard O, Famelart MH, Deglaire A, Le Gouar Y, Guérin S, Malbert CH, Dupont D. Gastric Emptying and Dynamic In Vitro Digestion of Drinkable Yogurts: Effect of Viscosity and Composition. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1308. [PMID: 30223532 PMCID: PMC6163255 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying of food is mainly driven by the caloric concentration, the rheological properties of the chyme, and the physical state (liquid/solid) of food once in the stomach. The present work investigated: (1) The effect of the composition and the viscosity of drinkable yogurts on gastric emptying in pigs, and (2) the behavior of yogurts during dynamic in vitro digestion. Three isocaloric liquid yogurts were manufactured: Two enriched in protein and fiber showing either a low (LV) or high (HV) viscosity, one control enriched in sugar and starch (CT). They were labelled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and given to pigs (n = 11) to determine gastric emptying pattern by gamma scintigraphy. Then dynamic in vitro digestion of the yogurts was done using the parameters of gastric emptying determined in vivo. Gastric emptying half-times were significantly longer for LV than CT, whereas HV exhibited an intermediate behavior. In vitro gastric digestion showed a quick hydrolysis of caseins, whereas whey proteins were more resistant in the stomach particularly for LV and HV. During the intestinal phase, both whey proteins and caseins were almost fully hydrolyzed. Viscosity was shown to affect the behavior of yogurt in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ménard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Famelart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Amélie Deglaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Yann Le Gouar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut Nutrition-Métabolisme-Cancer, INRA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | | | - Didier Dupont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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76
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Lorieau L, Halabi A, Ligneul A, Hazart E, Dupont D, Floury J. Impact of the dairy product structure and protein nature on the proteolysis and amino acid bioaccessiblity during in vitro digestion. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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77
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Effects of protein quantity and type on diet induced thermogenesis in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:1570-1580. [PMID: 30269898 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Protein content of a meal is hypothesized to drive DIT dose-dependently. However, no single meal study exists comparing two different doses of protein on DIT. In addition, the source of protein, particularly whey protein, was shown to have a higher DIT than casein and soy in the acute setting, however the mechanism behind this difference is not yet clear. The aim of the present work is therefore to evaluate the efficacy of two different doses and types of protein (whey protein and casein) on DIT in overweight adults. METHODS Randomized, double blind crossover including seventeen overweight men and women assigned to four isocaloric study treatments where protein and carbohydrate were exchanged: control, 30 g of whey protein microgels (WPM30), 50 g WPM (WPM50) or 50 g micellar casein (MC50). Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Blood, breath and urine samples were collected in order to measure substrate oxidation, amino acid profile, glucose and insulin, protein turnover and other metabolic parameters. RESULTS DIT was 6.7 ± 3.7%, 13.0 ± 5.0%, 18.0 ± 5.0% and 16.0 ± 5.0% for control, WPM30, WPM50 and MC50, respectively. There was a significant difference between WPM50 and WPM30 (p < 0.005) and a trend was observed between WPM50 and MC50 (p = 0.06). WPM50 resulted in the highest total, essential, and branched-chain plasma amino acid concentrations when compared with the other study treatments (p < 0.005) and a higher insulin concentration than MC50 (p < 0.005). Protein oxidation was higher for WPM50 than MC50. Protein turnover was significantly correlated with DIT through total leucine oxidation (r = 0.52, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that DIT does increase at a dose beyond 30 g of WPM and that the type of dairy protein may have an effect on DIT with WPM tending towards a higher DIT than casein. Although further research is required to understand the mechanism behind the effect of different protein sources on thermogenesis, we suggest that amongst the components of protein turnover, protein oxidation may be an important driver of thermogenesis at doses higher than 30 g. These results have concrete implications when choosing a dose of protein to optimize its thermogenic effect. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT02303080 www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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78
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Dalziel J, Smolenski G, McKenzie C, Haines S, Day L. Differential effects of sheep and cow skim milk before and after fermentation on gastrointestinal transit of solids in a rat model. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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79
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O'Halloran F, Bruen C, McGrath B, Schellekens H, Murray B, Cryan JF, Kelly AL, McSweeney PL, Giblin L. A casein hydrolysate increases GLP-1 secretion and reduces food intake. Food Chem 2018; 252:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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80
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Bjørnshave A, Holst JJ, Hermansen K. A pre-meal of whey proteins induces differential effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over trial. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:755-764. [PMID: 29626232 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postprandial lipaemia (PPL), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is affected by composition and timing of meals. We evaluated if whey proteins (WP) consumed as a pre-meal before a fat-rich meal reduce postprandial triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) responses in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (MeS). METHODS An acute, randomised, cross-over trial was conducted. 20 subjects with MeS consumed a pre-meal of 0, 10 or 20 g WP 15 min prior to a fat-rich meal. The responses of TG and ApoB-48 were assessed. We also analysed postprandial responses of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and paracetamol (reflecting gastric emptying rates). RESULTS WP pre-meal did not alter the TG or ApoB-48 responses. In contrast, the insulin response was more pronounced after a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P = 0.0005) and placebo (P < 0.0001). Likewise, the postprandial glucagon response was greater with a pre-meal of 20 g WP than with 10 g WP (P < 0.0001) and 0 g WP (P < 0.0001). A pre-meal with 20 g of WP generated lower glucose (P = 0.0148) and S-paracetamol responses (P = 0.0003) and a higher GLP-1 response (P = 0.0086) than placebo. However, the pre-meal did not influence responses of GIP, FFA or appetite assessed by a Visual Analog Scale. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a WP pre-meal prior to a fat-rich meal did not affect TG and chylomicron responses. In contrast, the WP pre-meal stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion and reduces blood glucose as expected, and delays gastric emptying. Consequently, our study points to a differential impact of a WP pre-meal on lipid and glucose metabolism to a fat-rich meal in subjects with MeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Bjørnshave
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Danish Diabetes Academy, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and The Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, København N, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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81
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Kemmler W, Kohl M, Freiberger E, Sieber C, von Stengel S. Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation and / or protein supplementation on obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older men with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled FranSO trial. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29523089 PMCID: PMC5845205 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic Obesity (SO) is characterized by low lean and high fat mass; i.e. from a functional aspect a disproportion between engine (muscle) and mass to be moved (fat). At present, most research focuses on the engine, but the close "cross talk" between age-associated adipose and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation calls for comprehensive interventions that affect both components alike. Protein and exercise are likely candidates, however with respect to the latter, the enthusiasm for intense and frequent exercise is rather low, especially in functionally limited older people. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a time-efficient, joint-friendly and highly customizable exercise technology, on obesity parameters and cardiometabolic risk in men with SO. METHODS One-hundred community-dwelling (cdw) Bavarian men ≥70 years with SO were randomly assigned to either (a) whey protein supplementation (WPS), (b) WB-EMS and protein supplementation (WB-EMS&P) or (c) non-intervention control (CG). Protein supplementation contributed to an intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/body mass/d, WB-EMS consisted of 1.5 × 20 min/week (85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s of strain-4 s of rest) with moderate-high intensity. Using an intention to treat approach with multiple imputation, the primary study endpoint was total body fat mass (TBF), secondary endpoints were trunk fat mass (TF), waist circumference (WC) and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C). RESULTS After 16 weeks of intervention, TBF was reduced significantly in the WPS (- 3.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.005) and WB-EMS&P (- 6.7 ± 6.2%; p < 0.001), but not in the CG (+ 1.6 ± 7.1%; p = 0.191). Changes in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and the WPS group (p = 0.011) differ significantly from the CG. TF decreased in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and WPS (p = .117) and increased in the CG (p = .159); WC decreased significantly in the treatment groups and was maintained in the CG. Lastly, the TC/HDL-C ratio improved significantly in the WB-EMS&P and WPS group and was maintained in the CG. Significant differences between WB-EMS&P and WPS were determined for waist circumference only (p = 0.015; TBF: p = 0.073; TF: p = 0.087; TC/HDL-C: p = .773). CONCLUSION Moderate-high dosed whey protein supplementation, especially when combined with WB-EMS, may be a feasible choice to address obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older cdw men with SO unable or unmotivated to exercise conventionally. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02857660 ; registration date: 05/01/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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82
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Gratz SW, Hazim S, Richardson AJ, Scobbie L, Johnstone AM, Fyfe C, Holtrop G, Lobley GE, Russell WR. Dietary carbohydrate rather than protein intake drives colonic microbial fermentation during weight loss. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1147-1158. [PMID: 29464347 PMCID: PMC6499751 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose High protein weight loss diets are effective in aiding body weight management. However, high protein and low carbohydrate intakes can alter colonic fermentation profiles in humans and may impact on colonic health. This study aims to identify the most important dietary contributors to colonic fermentation during diet-controlled weight loss. Methods Overweight or obese male volunteers (n = 18) consumed a body weight maintenance diet (fed at 1.5× basic metabolic rate, BMR) followed by three weight loss diets (fed at 1× BMR) for 10 days each in a cross-over design. Weight loss diets were designed as normal protein (NPWL, 15% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate), normal protein enriched with free amino acids and moderate amounts of carbohydrate (NPAAWL, 15% of energy from protein, 15% from free AA, 40% from carbohydrate) or high protein containing moderate amounts of carbohydrate (HPWL, 30% of energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrate). Faecal samples collected at the end of each diet period were profiled for dietary metabolites using LC–MS/MS. Results This study shows that the NPWL diet only induced very minor changes in the faecal metabolome, whereas NPAAWL and HPWL diets decreased carbohydrate-related metabolites (butyrate, ferulic acid) and increased protein-related metabolites. Most faecal metabolites were correlated with dietary carbohydrate and not protein intake. Conclusion This study demonstrates that dietary carbohydrate is the main driver of colonic fermentation in humans and that a balance between dietary carbohydrate and protein should be maintained when designing safe, effective and healthy weight loss diets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1629-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Gratz
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - S Hazim
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - A J Richardson
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - L Scobbie
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - A M Johnstone
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - C Fyfe
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - G Holtrop
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - G E Lobley
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - W R Russell
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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83
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Anti-Hypertensive Peptides Derived from Caseins: Mechanism of Physiological Action, Production Bioprocesses, and Challenges for Food Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:884-908. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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84
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Dairy-Related Dietary Patterns, Dietary Calcium, Body Weight and Composition: A Study of Obesity in Polish Mothers and Daughters, the MODAF Project. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010090. [PMID: 29337863 PMCID: PMC5793318 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the family environment in regards to dairy products and dietary calcium in the context of obesity is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the association among dairy-related dietary patterns (DDPs), dietary calcium, body weight and composition in mothers and daughters. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey within the MODAF Project. A total sample of 712 pairs of mothers (<60 years) and daughters (12-21 years) was studied. This study included 691 pairs. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (ADOS-Ca) was used to collect dietary data. Waist circumference (WC), body fat, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were determined. Previously derived DDPs were used-three in mothers and three in daughters. In mothers, two of the DDPs were characterized by higher consumption of various dairy products with suboptimal calcium content (means: 703 or 796 mg/day) which decreased the chance of: z-WC > 1 standard deviation (SD), WC > 80 cm, body fat > 32%, WHtR > 0.5, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² by 44-67% when compared to low-dairy low-calcium DDP (288 mg/day). In mothers per 100 mg/day of dietary calcium, the chance of z-WC > 1SD, WC > 80 cm, z-WHtR > 1SD, WHtR > 0.5 cm, BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m² or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² decreased by 5-9%. In correspondence analysis, a clear association was found between mothers' and daughters' low-dairy low-calcium DDPs and upper categories of z-WC (>1 SDs). This study reinforces evidence of the similarity between mothers and daughters in dairy-related dietary patterns and provides a new insight on the adverse relation between low-dairy low-calcium dietary patterns and obesity. It was found that diets containing various dairy products with suboptimal dietary calcium content may be recommended in obesity prevention.
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85
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Kondrashina A, Papkovsky D, Giblin L. Physiological Gut Oxygenation Alters GLP-1 Secretion from the Enteroendocrine Cell Line STC-1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kondrashina
- Food for Health Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
| | - Dmitri Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food for Health Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Moorepark Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
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86
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Chelikani PK. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats. FASEB J 2018; 32:850-861. [PMID: 29042449 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy proteins-whey protein, in particular-are satiating and often recommended for weight control; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which whey protein and its components promote satiety and weight loss. We used diet-induced obese rats to determine whether the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey and its fractions, lactalbumin and lactoferrin, are mediated by the gut hormone, peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that high protein diets that contain whey, lactalbumin, and lactoferrin decreased food intake and body weight with a concurrent increase in PYY mRNA abundance in the colon and/or plasma PYY concentrations. Of importance, blockade of PYY neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 2 (Y2) receptors with a peripherally restricted antagonist attenuated the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey protein fractions. Diets that are enriched with whey fractions were less preferred; however, in a modified conditioned taste preference test, PYY Y2 receptor blockade induced hyperphagia of a lactoferrin diet, but caused a reduction in preference for Y2 antagonist-paired flavor, which suggested that PYY signaling is important for lactoferrin-induced satiety, but not essential for preference for lactoferrin-enriched diets. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the satiety of diets that are enriched with whey protein components is mediated, in part, via enhanced PYY secretion and action in obese male rats.-Zapata, R. C., Singh, A., Chelikani, P. K. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Drummen M, Tischmann L, Gatta-Cherifi B, Adam T, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Dietary Protein and Energy Balance in Relation to Obesity and Co-morbidities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:443. [PMID: 30127768 PMCID: PMC6087750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is effective for body-weight management, in that it promotes satiety, energy expenditure, and changes body-composition in favor of fat-free body mass. With respect to body-weight management, the effects of diets varying in protein differ according to energy balance. During energy restriction, sustaining protein intake at the level of requirement appears to be sufficient to aid body weight loss and fat loss. An additional increase of protein intake does not induce a larger loss of body weight, but can be effective to maintain a larger amount of fat-free mass. Protein induced satiety is likely a combined expression with direct and indirect effects of elevated plasma amino acid and anorexigenic hormone concentrations, increased diet-induced thermogenesis, and ketogenic state, all feed-back on the central nervous system. The decline in energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate as a result of body weight loss is less on a high-protein than on a medium-protein diet. In addition, higher rates of energy expenditure have been observed as acute responses to energy-balanced high-protein diets. In energy balance, high protein diets may be beneficial to prevent the development of a positive energy balance, whereas low-protein diets may facilitate this. High protein-low carbohydrate diets may be favorable for the control of intrahepatic triglyceride IHTG in healthy humans, likely as a result of combined effects involving changes in protein and carbohydrate intake. Body weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance usually shows favorable effects in relation to insulin sensitivity, although some risks may be present. Promotion of insulin sensitivity beyond its effect on body-weight loss and subsequent body-weight maintenance seems unlikely. In conclusion, higher-protein diets may reduce overweight and obesity, yet whether high-protein diets, beyond their effect on body-weight management, contribute to prevention of increases in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lea Tischmann
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tanja Adam
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Margriet Westerterp-Plantenga
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88
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Bendtsen LQ, Blædel T, Holm JB, Lorenzen JK, Mark AB, Kiilerich P, Kristiansen K, Astrup A, Larsen LH. High intake of dairy during energy restriction does not affect energy balance or the intestinal microflora compared with low dairy intake in overweight individuals in a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During weight loss, dairy calcium is proposed to accelerate weight and fat-mass loss through increased fecal fat excretion. The primary objective was to investigate if a high-dairy energy-restricted diet is superior to low dairy in terms of changes in body weight, body composition, and fecal fat excretion over 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included fecal energy and calcium excretion, resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota. In a randomized, parallel-arm intervention study, 11 men and 69 women (body mass index, 30.6 ± 0.3 kg/m2; age, 44 ± 1 years) were allocated to a 500-kcal (2100 kJ) –deficit diet that was either high (HD: 1500 mg calcium/day) or low (LD: 600 mg calcium/day) in dairy products for 24 weeks. Habitual calcium intake was ∼1000 mg/day. Body weight loss (HD: –6.6 ± 1.3 kg, LD: –7.9 ± 1.5 kg, P = 0.73), fat-mass loss (HD: –7.8% ± 1.3%, LD: –8.5% ± 1.1%, P = 0.76), changes in fecal fat excretion (HD: –0.57 ± 0.76 g, LD: 0.46 ± 0.70 g, P = 0.12), and microbiota composition were similar for the groups over 24 weeks. However, total fat-mass loss was positively associated with relative abundance of Papillibacter (P = 0.017) independent of diet group. Consumption of a high-dairy diet did not increase fecal fat or accelerate weight and fat-mass loss beyond energy restriction over 24 weeks in overweight and obese adults with a habitual calcium intake of ∼1000 mg/day. However, this study indicates that Papillibacter is involved in body compositional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Quist Bendtsen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Trine Blædel
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bak Holm
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Janne Kunchel Lorenzen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alicja Budek Mark
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lesli Hingstrup Larsen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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89
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Dalziel JE, Young W, McKenzie CM, Haggarty NW, Roy NC. Gastric Emptying and Gastrointestinal Transit Compared among Native and Hydrolyzed Whey and Casein Milk Proteins in an Aged Rat Model. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121351. [PMID: 29236034 PMCID: PMC5748801 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how milk proteins affect gastrointestinal (GI) transit, particularly for the elderly, in whom digestion has been observed to be slowed. We tested the hypothesis that GI transit is faster for whey than for casein and that this effect is accentuated with hydrolysates, similar to soy. Adult male rats (18 months old) were fed native whey or casein, hydrolyzed whey (WPH) or casein (CPH), hydrolyzed blend (HB; 60% whey:40% casein), or hydrolyzed soy for 14 days then treated with loperamide, prucalopride, or vehicle-control for 7 days. X-ray imaging tracked bead-transit for: gastric emptying (GE; 4 h), small intestine (SI) transit (9 h), and large intestine (LI) transit (12 h). GE for whey was 33 ± 12% faster than that for either casein or CPH. SI transit was decreased by 37 ± 9% for casein and 24 ± 6% for whey compared with hydrolyzed soy, and persisted for casein at 12 h. Although CPH and WPH did not alter transit compared with their respective intact counterparts, fecal output was increased by WPH. Slowed transit by casein was reversed by prucalopride (9-h), but not loperamide. However, rapid GE and slower SI transit for the HB compared with intact forms were inhibited by loperamide. The expected slower GI transit for casein relative to soy provided a comparative benchmark, and opioid receptor involvement was corroborated. Our findings provide new evidence that whey slowed SI transit compared with soy, independent of GE. Increased GI transit from stomach to colon for the HB compared with casein suggests that including hydrolyzed milk proteins in foods may benefit those with slowed intestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine M McKenzie
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Neill W Haggarty
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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90
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Designing added-protein yogurts: Relationship between in vitro digestion behavior and structure. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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91
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K. Effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids and some of metabolic risk factors in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:70. [PMID: 29061179 PMCID: PMC5654050 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on circulating endocannabinoids concentrations, the impact of other nutrients on these system is not known and, whether changes in plasma endocannabinoids levels correlated with changes in body composition and biochemical metabolic risk factors in obese individuals, however, still remains to be characterized. Methods We will conduct a 2 months’ open label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids, glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory factors, adipocytokines and body composition in 60 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet. Conclusion Due to strong relationship between endocannabinoids level and insulin resistance and obesity, in this trial, we will illustrate the other benefits of weight loss diet on health and metabolic risk factors. Also for the first, the effects of simultaneous weight loss diet and whey protein supplementation on these variables will be determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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92
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Sun FH, Si GY. Effect of carbohydrate and protein solutions consumed during a moderate-intensity exercise on post-exercise appetite. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:510-515. [PMID: 28778550 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether co-ingestion of carbohydrate and protein during exercise affect the post-exercise ad libitum food intake. Twelve healthy active male participants (mean±SD, age: 20±1; height: 176±6cm; weight: 63.6±5.3kg; VO2peak: 51.2±7.1ml/kg/min) completed three main experimental trials in a randomized cross-over design. In each trial, the participants completed 1h of ergometer cycling at 60% VO2peak, followed by 2h recovery. The participants were required to consume one of three solutions every 15min during exercise: distilled water (DW), carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE), and carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein solution (CEP). The energy was matched between the two latter solutions. The CHO-to-protein ratio in CEP was 2:1. At the end of recovery period, participants were provided with pizza lunch ad libitum, and the amount consumed was recorded. Several subjective feelings, appetite scores and blood glucose were determined during the experimental trials. No differences were found in either the amount of consumed pizza (DW vs. CE vs. CEP: 607±128 vs. 592±119 vs. 599±125g, P=0.845) or the appetite score before pizza was consumed (DW vs. CE vs. CEP: 14±9 vs. 12±14 vs. 14±10, P=0.357) among the three trials. The blood glucose concentrations during exercise were higher in the CE and CEP trials than in the DW trial. In conclusion, different solutions consumed during a 1h moderate-intensity exercise in the present study did not affect post-exercise appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gang-Yan Si
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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93
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, McClements DJ. Control of protein digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using biopolymer microgels. Food Res Int 2017; 100:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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94
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Whey protein-derived peptide sensing by enteroendocrine cells compared with osteoblast-like cells: Role of peptide length and peptide composition, focussing on products of β-lactoglobulin hydrolysis. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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95
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Chaudhari DD, Singh R, Mallappa RH, Rokana N, Kaushik JK, Bajaj R, Batish VK, Grover S. Evaluation of casein & whey protein hydrolysates as well as milk fermentates from Lactobacillus helveticus for expression of gut hormones. Indian J Med Res 2017; 146:409-419. [PMID: 29355150 PMCID: PMC5793478 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_802_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Milk proteins play a beneficial role in the regulation of food intake, postprandial glycaemia and enteroendocrine hormone secretions and thus are receiving considerable attention for the management of metabolic inflammatory disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of peptide/s obtained from milk proteins (casein and whey) as well as from the milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus as secretagogues for gut hormones and to purify and characterize the active peptides. METHODS Effect of hydrolysates of casein protein (CP) and whey protein (WP) and L. helveticus fermented milk on the expression of proglucagon, pro-gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) genes was monitored by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion was also quantitatively measured using ELISA. RESULTS Hydrolysates of CP and WP as well as fermentates of L. helveticus induced the proglucagon, pro-GIP and CCK expression and secretion of GLP-1 in STC-1 (pGIP/Neo) cells. However, intact casein exhibited maximum GLP-1 secretion and proglucagon expression. Two active peptides (F5 and F7) derived from CP1 and WP3 hydrolysates having the ability to upregulate the GLP-1 secretion by 1.6 and 1.8 folds were obtained, and the mass was found to be 786 and 824 Da, respectively, as determined by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. However, no single active peptide from L. helveticus fermented milk could be obtained. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Casein as well as fermentates obtained from L. helveticus fermented milk showed higher potential for GLP-1 induction. These can be explored as novel therapeutics to T2DM effectively after demonstrating their in vivo efficacy in appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Molecular Biology Unit, Karnal, India
| | | | - Namita Rokana
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Molecular Biology Unit, Karnal, India
| | | | - Rajesh Bajaj
- Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | | | - Sunita Grover
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Molecular Biology Unit, Karnal, India
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96
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Hruby A, Ma J, Rogers G, Meigs JB, Jacques PF. Associations of Dairy Intake with Incident Prediabetes or Diabetes in Middle-Aged Adults Vary by Both Dairy Type and Glycemic Status. J Nutr 2017; 147:1764-1775. [PMID: 28768835 PMCID: PMC5572495 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.253401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inconsistent evidence describes the association between dietary intake of dairy and milk-based products and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.Objective: Our objective was to assess associations between consumption of milk-based products, incident prediabetes, and progression to T2D in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort.Methods: Total dairy and milk-based product consumption was assessed by ≤4 food-frequency questionnaires across a mean of 12 y of follow-up in 2809 participants [mean ± SD age: 54.0 ± 9.7 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 27.1 ± 4.7; 54% female]. Prediabetes was defined as the first occurrence of fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 to <7.0 mmol/L (≥100 to <126 mg/dL), and T2D was defined as the first occurrence of fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL) or diabetes treatment. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of incident outcomes relative to dairy product intake in subsets of the cohort who were at risk of developing the outcomes. Spline regressions were used to examine potential nonlinear relations.Results: Of 1867 participants free of prediabetes at baseline, 902 (48%) developed prediabetes. Total, low-fat, and high-fat dairy consumptions were associated with a 39%, 32%, and 25% lower risk of incident prediabetes, respectively, in the highest compared with the lowest intakes (≥14 compared with <4 servings/wk). Total, low-fat and skim milk, whole-milk, and yogurt intakes were associated nonlinearly with incident prediabetes; moderate intake was associated with the greatest relative risk reduction. Neither cheese nor cream and butter was associated with prediabetes. Of 925 participants with prediabetes at baseline, 196 (21%) developed T2D. Only high-fat dairy and cheese showed evidence of dose-response, inverse associations with incident T2D, with 70% and 63% lower risk, respectively, of incident T2D between the highest and lowest intake categories (≥14 compared with <1 serving/wk for high-fat dairy, ≥4 compared with <1 serving/wk for cheese).Conclusion: Associations of dairy with incident prediabetes or diabetes varied both by dairy product and type and by baseline glycemic status in this middle-aged US population. Baseline glycemic status may partially underlie prior equivocal evidence regarding the role of dairy intake in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Hruby
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA;,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA; and
| | - Gail Rogers
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA;
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97
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Reimer RA, Willis HJ, Tunnicliffe JM, Park H, Madsen KL, Soto-Vaca A. Inulin-type fructans and whey protein both modulate appetite but only fructans alter gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28730743 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Independently, prebiotics and dietary protein have been shown to improve weight loss and/or alter appetite. Our objective was to determine the effect of combined prebiotic and whey protein on appetite, body composition and gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 12 week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 125 adults with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to receive isocaloric snack bars of: (1) Control; (2) Inulin-type fructans (ITF); (3) Whey protein; (4) ITF + Whey protein. Appetite, body composition and gut microbiota composition/genetic potential were assessed. Compared to Control, body fat was significantly reduced in the Whey protein group at 12 wks. Hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were all lower with ITF, Whey protein and ITF + Whey protein compared to Control at 12 wks. Microbial community structure differed from 0 to 12 wks in the ITF and ITF +Whey Protein groups (i.e. increased Bifidobacterium) but not Whey Protein or Control. Changes in microbial genetic potential were seen between Control and ITF-containing treatments. CONCLUSION Adding ITF, whey protein or both to snack bars improved several aspects of appetite control. Changes in gut microbiota may explain in part the effects of ITF but likely not whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Holly J Willis
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
| | | | - Heekuk Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adriana Soto-Vaca
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
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98
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Protein ingestion preserves proteasome activity during intense aseptic inflammation and facilitates skeletal muscle recovery in humans. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:189-200. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main cellular proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of normal and abnormal (e.g. oxidised) proteins. Under catabolic conditions characterised by chronic inflammation, the UPS is activated resulting in proteolysis, muscle wasting and impaired muscle function. Milk proteins provide sulphur-containing amino acid and have been proposed to affect muscle inflammation. However, the response of the UPS to aseptic inflammation and protein supplementation is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how milk protein supplementation affects UPS activity and skeletal muscle function under conditions of aseptic injury induced by intense, eccentric exercise. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures design, eleven men received either placebo (PLA) or milk protein concentrate (PRO, 4×20 g on exercise day and 20 g/d for the following 8 days), following an acute bout of eccentric exercise (twenty sets of fifteen eccentric contractions at 30°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. In each trial, muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle at baseline, as well as at 2 and 8 d post exercise, whereas blood samples were collected before exercise and at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d and 8 d post exercise. Muscle strength and soreness were assessed before exercise, 6 h post exercise and then daily for 8 consecutive days. PRO preserved chymotrypsin-like activity and attenuated the decrease of strength, facilitating its recovery. PRO also prevented the increase of NF-κB phosphorylation and HSP70 expression throughout recovery. We conclude that milk PRO supplementation following exercise-induced muscle trauma preserves proteasome activity and attenuates strength decline during the pro-inflammatory phase.
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99
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Rubio-Martín E, García-Escobar E, Ruiz de Adana MS, Lima-Rubio F, Peláez L, Caracuel AM, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Soriguer F, Rojo-Martínez G, Olveira G. Comparison of the Effects of Goat Dairy and Cow Dairy Based Breakfasts on Satiety, Appetite Hormones, and Metabolic Profile. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080877. [PMID: 28809789 PMCID: PMC5579670 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The satiating effects of cow dairy have been thoroughly investigated; however, the effects of goat dairy on appetite have not been reported so far. Our study investigates the satiating effect of two breakfasts based on goat or cow dairy and their association with appetite related hormones and metabolic profile. Healthy adults consumed two breakfasts based on goat (G-Breakfast) or cow (C-Breakfast) dairy products. Blood samples were taken and VAS tests were performed at different time points. Blood metabolites were measured and Combined Satiety Index (CSI) and areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated. Desire to eat rating was significantly lower (breakfast & time interaction p < 0.01) and hunger rating tended to be lower (breakfast & time interaction p = 0.06) after the G-breakfast. None of the blood parameters studied were different between breakfasts; however, AUCGLP-1 was inversely associated with the AUChunger and AUCdesire-to-eat after the G-Breakfast, whereas triglyceride levels were directly associated with AUCCSI after the C-Breakfast. Our results suggest a slightly higher satiating effect of goat dairy when compared to cow dairy products, and pointed to a potential association of GLP-1 and triglyceride levels with the mechanisms by which dairy products might affect satiety after the G-Breakfast and C-Breakfast, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elehazara Rubio-Martín
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Eva García-Escobar
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Maria-Soledad Ruiz de Adana
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Fuensanta Lima-Rubio
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Laura Peláez
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Angel-María Caracuel
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco-Javier Bermúdez-Silva
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Federico Soriguer
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Olveira
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERDEM CB07/08/0019), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 29009 Malaga, Spain.
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Campbell CL, Wagoner TB, Foegeding EA. Designing foods for satiety: The roles of food structure and oral processing in satiation and satiety. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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