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Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122862. [PMID: 31766592 PMCID: PMC6950569 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.
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Swegarden H, Stelick A, Dando R, Griffiths PD. Bridging Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Research for Strategic Leafy Brassica (Brassica oleracea) Improvement. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3746-3762. [PMID: 31681987 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant breeders working with new or underrepresented horticultural crops often have minimal sensory resources available to aid in the breeding and selection of new varieties. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a recently popularized horticultural crop in Western markets, however, plant breeding programs have little knowledge regarding the underlying sensory characteristics motivating this trend. We employed a multilayered, sensory-driven approach to understand the inherent consumer values, sensory attributes, and consumer preferences for kale types currently available on the market and novel genotypes from the Cornell AgriTech vegetable breeding program. Underlying consumer values related to storability, health and wellbeing, and sensory characteristics were identified through Qualitative Multivariate Analysis (QMA). A trained descriptive panel developed a lexicon of 44 sensory attributes common within kale germplasm, 21 of which exhibited significant differences among the 15 tested kale genotypes. Following a consumer test, four clusters of kale consumers were identified with agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and external preference mapping was used to connect consumer hedonic scores with descriptive data. Consumers demonstrated a preference for familiar kale types (that is, curly types), while new test hybrids scored favorably within flavor and appearance modalities. Preference mapping highlighted the utility of plant breeding in developing products to expand the existing sensory space. This work provides important resources for horticultural crop selection efforts, and it serves as a strategic model for breeding programs working with new or unfamiliar traits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Plant breeders are responsible for selecting and improving traits that influence consumer acceptance, including quality traits such as appearance and flavor. Understanding the relative importance of sensory characteristics and the variation of these sensory characteristics can help plant breeders prioritize these traits within their program. We have developed a standardized sensory lexicon for kale and related leafy Brassicas, identified variation for texture and flavor in our breeding program, and gained a better understanding of consumer preferences to guide future breeding efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Swegarden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at NYSAES, Cornell Univ., Geneva, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alina Stelick
- Sensory Evaluation Center, Dept. of Food Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Robin Dando
- Sensory Evaluation Center, Dept. of Food Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Phillip D Griffiths
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell AgriTech at NYSAES, Cornell Univ., Geneva, NY, U.S.A
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Shikany JM, Demmer RT, Johnson AJ, Fino NF, Meyer K, Ensrud KE, Lane NE, Orwoll ES, Kado DM, Zmuda JM, Langsetmo L. Association of dietary patterns with the gut microbiota in older, community-dwelling men. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1003-1014. [PMID: 31504105 PMCID: PMC6766444 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the gut microbiota is relatively stable through adulthood, its composition is influenced by various host and environmental factors, including changes in health, gastrointestinal processes (e.g., transit time, gastric acidity), medication use, and diet. The association of habitual diet, in the form of a posteriori-derived dietary patterns, and microbiota composition has not been adequately studied, particularly in older men. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the association of dietary patterns with the composition and diversity of the gut bacterial microbiota in community-dwelling, older men. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 517 men who were participants in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study (≥65 y of age at baseline in 2000-2002) and who provided a stool sample and completed an FFQ at MrOS Visit 4 in 2014-2016. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. 16S ribosomal RNA target gene sequencing was performed and taxonomy assignments were derived using the Greengenes database. Linear regression and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) considered variations in alpha and beta diversity by dietary pattern, and a model that implements a 0-inflated Gaussian distribution of mean group abundance for each taxa (metagenomeSeq) assessed taxonomic variations by dietary pattern. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, greater adherence to the Western pattern was positively associated with families Mogibacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae and genera Alistipes, Anaerotruncus, CC-115, Collinsella, Coprobacillus, Desulfovibrio, Dorea, Eubacterium, and Ruminococcus, while greater adherence to the prudent pattern was positively associated with order Streptophyta, family Victivallaceae, and genera Cetobacterium, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Paraprevotella, and Veillonella. The relative abundance of the dominant gut bacterial phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, did not differ between participants with greater adherence to the Western pattern, compared with those with greater adherence to the prudent pattern. Dietary patterns were not associated with measures of alpha diversity, but beta diversity measures were significantly associated with both Western and prudent patterns. CONCLUSIONS We observed significant associations between dietary patterns and measures of gut microbial composition in this sample of community-dwelling, older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ryan T Demmer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abigail J Johnson
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nora F Fino
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katie Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Zmuda
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Langsetmo
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Scott KP, Grimaldi R, Cunningham M, Sarbini SR, Wijeyesekera A, Tang MLK, Lee JCY, Yau YF, Ansell J, Theis S, Yang K, Menon R, Arfsten J, Manurung S, Gourineni V, Gibson GR. Developments in understanding and applying prebiotics in research and practice-an ISAPP conference paper. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:934-949. [PMID: 31446668 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The concept of using specific dietary components to selectively modulate the gut microbiota to confer a health benefit, defined as prebiotics, originated in 1995. In 2018, a group of scientists met at the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics annual meeting in Singapore to discuss advances in the prebiotic field, focussing on issues affecting functionality, research methodology and geographical differences. METHODS AND RESULTS The discussion ranged from examining scientific literature supporting the efficacy of established prebiotics, to the prospects for establishing health benefits associated with novel compounds, isolated from different sources. CONCLUSIONS While many promising candidate prebiotics from across the globe have been highlighted in preliminary research, there are a limited number with both demonstrated mechanism of action and defined health benefits as required to meet the prebiotic definition. Prebiotics are part of a food industry with increasing market sales, yet there are great disparities in regulations in different countries. Identification and commercialization of new prebiotics with unique health benefits means that regulation must improve and remain up-to-date so as not to risk stifling research with potential health benefits for humans and other animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This summary of the workshop discussions indicates potential avenues for expanding the range of prebiotic substrates, delivery methods to enhance health benefits for the end consumer and guidance to better elucidate their activities in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Scott
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R Grimaldi
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M Cunningham
- Metagenics (Aust) Pty Ltd., Virginia, Queensland, Australia
| | - S R Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Campus, Malaysia
| | - A Wijeyesekera
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M L K Tang
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J C-Y Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Y F Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J Ansell
- Zespri International Ltd, Mt Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - S Theis
- Beneo-Institute, Obrigheim, Germany
| | - K Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Menon
- The Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Arfsten
- Nestlé Product and Technology Center Dairy, Konolfingen, Switzerland
| | - S Manurung
- Reckitt Benckiser, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - V Gourineni
- Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - G R Gibson
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates formed from broccoli glucosinolates: effects of BMI and daily consumption in a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2019; 120:1370-1379. [PMID: 30499426 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulphoraphane originates from glucoraphanin in broccoli and is associated with anti-cancer effects. A preclinical study suggested that daily consumption of broccoli may increase the production of sulphoraphane and sulphoraphane metabolites available for absorption. The objective of this study was to determine whether daily broccoli consumption alters the absorption and metabolism of isothiocyanates derived from broccoli glucosinolates. We conducted a randomised cross-over human study (n 18) balanced for BMI and glutathione S-transferase μ 1 (GSTM1) genotype in which subjects consumed a control diet with no broccoli (NB) for 16 d or the same diet with 200 g of cooked broccoli and 20 g of raw daikon radish daily for 15 d (daily broccoli, DB) and 100 g of broccoli and 10 g of daikon radish on day 16. On day 17, all subjects consumed a meal of 200 g of broccoli and 20 g of daikon radish. Plasma and urine were collected for 24 h and analysed for sulphoraphane and metabolites of sulphoraphane and erucin by triple quadrupole tandem MS. For subjects with BMI >26 kg/m2 (median), plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates of total metabolites were higher on the NB diet than on the DB diet, whereas for subjects with BMI <26 kg/m2, plasma AUC and urinary excretion rates were higher on the DB diet than on the NB diet. Daily consumption of broccoli interacted with BMI but not GSTM1 genotype to affect plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glucosinolate-derived compounds believed to confer protection against cancer. This trial was registered as NCT02346812.
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Šrut M, Menke S, Höckner M, Sommer S. Earthworms and cadmium - Heavy metal resistant gut bacteria as indicators for heavy metal pollution in soils? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:843-853. [PMID: 30660978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of the soil resources stability is of high importance for ecosystems, particularly in the current era of environmental change, which presents a severe pollution burden (e.g. by heavy metals) to soil fauna. Gut microbiomes are becoming recognized as important players in organism health, with comprehension of their perturbations in the polluted environment offering new insights into the nature and extent of heavy metal effects on the health of soil biota. Our aim was to investigate the effect of environmentally relevant heavy metal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) on the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) gut microbiota. Our results revealed that Cd exposure led to perturbations of earthworm gut microbiota with an increase in bacteria previously described as heavy metal resistant or able to bind heavy metals, revealing the potential of the earthworm-gut microbiota system in overcoming human-caused heavy metal pollution. Furthermore, an 'indicator species analysis' linked the bacterial genera Paenibacillus, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas, with Cd treatment, suggesting these bacterial taxa as biomarkers of exposure in earthworms inhabiting Cd-stressed soils. The results of this study help to understand the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on soil fauna health and will have implications for environmental monitoring and protection of soil resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šrut
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sebastian Menke
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Helmholtzstr. 10/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Höckner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Sommer
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Helmholtzstr. 10/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Overall Dietary Quality Relates to Gut Microbiota Diversity and Abundance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081835. [PMID: 31013927 PMCID: PMC6515207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in gut microbiota homeostasis may have metabolic consequences with potentially serious clinical manifestations. Diet influences the host's metabolic health in several ways, either directly or indirectly by modulating the composition and function of gut microbiota. This study investigated the extent to which dietary quality is reflected in gut microbiota diversity in overweight and obese pregnant women at risk for metabolic complications. Dietary quality was measured by a validated index of diet quality (IDQ) and microbiota composition was analyzed using 16SrRNA gene sequencing from 84 women pregnant less than 18 weeks. The alpha diversity, measured as Chao1, observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), phylogenetic diversity, and the Shannon index were calculated. The IDQ score correlated positively with the Shannon index (rho = 0.319, p = 0.003), but not with the other indexes. The women who had the highest dietary quality (highest IDQ quartile) had higher gut microbiota diversity in all the investigated indexes, when compared to the women with the lowest dietary quality (lowest IDQ quartile; p < 0.032). Consequently, a higher dietary quality was reflected in a higher gut microbiota diversity. The presented approach may aid in devising new tools for dietary counseling aiming at holistic health, as well as in microbiome studies, to control for dietary variance.
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58
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Whisner CM, Athena Aktipis C. The Role of the Microbiome in Cancer Initiation and Progression: How Microbes and Cancer Cells Utilize Excess Energy and Promote One Another's Growth. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 8:42-51. [PMID: 30758778 PMCID: PMC6426824 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We use an ecological lens to understand how microbes and cancer cells coevolve inside the ecosystems of our bodies. We describe how microbe-cancer cell interactions contribute to cancer progression, including cooperation between microbes and cancer cells. We discuss the role of the immune system in preventing this apparent 'collusion' and describe how microbe-cancer cell interactions lead to opportunities and challenges in treating cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Microbiota influence many aspects of our health including our cancer risk. Since both microbes and cancer cells rely on incoming resources for their survival and replication, excess energy and nutrient input from the host can play a role in cancer initiation and progression. Certain microbes enhance cancer cell fitness by promoting proliferation and protecting cancer cells from the immune system. How diet influences these interactions remains largely unknown but recent evidence suggests a role for nutrients across the cancer continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - C Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology, Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
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59
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Ke X, Walker A, Haange SB, Lagkouvardos I, Liu Y, Schmitt-Kopplin P, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N, He X, Clavel T, Cheung PCK. Synbiotic-driven improvement of metabolic disturbances is associated with changes in the gut microbiome in diet-induced obese mice. Mol Metab 2019; 22:96-109. [PMID: 30792016 PMCID: PMC6437638 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota is an important influencing factor of metabolic health. Although dietary interventions with probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can be effective means to regulate obesity and associated comorbidities, the underlying shifts in gut microbial communities, especially at the functional level, have not been characterized in great details. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of synbiotics on the regulation of gut microbiota and the alleviation of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders in mice. METHODS Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male C57BL/6J mice were fed diets with either 10% (normal diet, ND) or 60% (high-fat diet, HFD) of total calories from fat (lard). Dietary interventions in the HFD-fed mice included (i) probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei DSM 46331), (ii) prebiotic (oat β-glucan), and (iii) synbiotic (a mixture of i and ii) treatments for 12 weeks. Besides detailed characterization of host metabolic parameters, a multi-omics approach was used to systematically profile the microbial signatures at both the phylogenetic and functional levels using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metaproteomics and targeted metabolomics analysis. RESULTS The synbiotic intervention significantly reduced body weight gain and alleviated features of metabolic complications. At the phylogenetic level, the synbiotic treatment significantly reversed HFD-induced changes in microbial populations, both in terms of richness and the relative abundance of specific taxa. Potentially important species such as Faecalibaculum rodentium and Alistipes putredinis that might mediate the beneficial effects of the synbiotic were identified. At the functional level, short-chain fatty acid and bile acid profiles revealed that all dietary interventions significantly restored cecal levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, while the synbiotic treatment reduced the bile acid pools most efficiently. Metaproteomics revealed that the effects of the synbiotic intervention might be mediated through metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that dietary intervention using the novel synbiotic can alleviate HFD-induced weight gain and restore gut microbial ecosystem homeostasis phylogenetically and functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ke
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60615, USA; Department of Pig Genomic Design and Breeding, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, HelmholtzZentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xin He
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60615, USA
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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60
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Cordoba G, Kim ML, Sharma S, Paniagua J, Folgarait G, Berger J. Septic shock caused by the under-recognized bacterium Eggerthella lenta in a 61-year-old male with a periurethral abscess: a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190081. [PMID: 31340368 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0081-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judith Berger
- Saint Barnabas Hospital Health System, USA; Saint Barnabas Hospital Health System, USA
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61
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Zhang J, Jing Y, Yang M, Du L, Gao F, Gong H, Chen L, Li J, Liu H, Qin C, Jia Y, Qiao J, Wei B, Yu Y, Zhou H, Liu Z, Yang D, Li J. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in male patients with chronic traumatic complete spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2018; 16:353. [PMID: 30545398 PMCID: PMC6293533 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is a major physical and psychological problem in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), and gut dysbiosis is commonly occurs in SCI. Here, we document neurogenic bowel management of male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI in our centre and perform comparative analysis of the gut microbiota between our patients and healthy males. METHODS A total of 43 male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI (20 with quadriplegia and 23 with paraplegia) and 23 healthy male adults were enrolled. Clinical data and fresh stool specimens were collected from all participants. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to survey the neurogenic bowel management of 43 patients with SCI. Gut microbiomes were analysed by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS NBD was common in adult male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI. Patients with quadriplegia exhibited a longer time to defecate than did those with paraplegia and had higher NBD scores and heavier neurogenic bowel symptoms. The diversity of the gut microbiota in the SCI group was reduced, and the structural composition was different from that of the healthy adult male group. The abundance of Veillonellaceae and Prevotellaceae increased, while Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides decreased in the SCI group. The abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides in the quadriplegia group and Acidaminococcaceae, Blautia, Porphyromonadaceae, and Lachnoclostridium in the paraplegia group were significantly higher than those in the healthy male group. Serum biomarkers (GLU, HDL, CR, and CRP), NBD defecation time and COURSE had significant correlations with microbial community structure. Microbial community structure was significantly associated with serum biomarkers (GLU, HDL, CR, and CRP), NBD defecation time, and COURSE. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive landscape of the gut microbiota in adult male patients with chronic traumatic complete SCI and documents their neurogenic bowel management. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in SCI patients was correlated with serum biomarkers and NBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yingli Jing
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Huiming Gong
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Chuan Qin
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yanmei Jia
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jiali Qiao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Bo Wei
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Laboratory Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Jiaomen North Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100068 China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Function Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100068 China
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, 100068 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100068 China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068 China
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Klurfeld DM, Davis CD, Karp RW, Allen-Vercoe E, Chang EB, Chassaing B, Fahey GC, Hamaker BR, Holscher HD, Lampe JW, Marette A, Martens E, O'Keefe SJ, Rose DJ, Saarela M, Schneeman BO, Slavin JL, Sonnenburg JL, Swanson KS, Wu GD, Lynch CJ. Considerations for best practices in studies of fiber or other dietary components and the intestinal microbiome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1087-E1097. [PMID: 30130151 PMCID: PMC6415710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A 2-day workshop organized by the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Agriculture included 16 presentations focused on the role of diet in alterations of the gastrointestinal microbiome, primarily that of the colon. Although thousands of research projects have been funded by U.S. federal agencies to study the intestinal microbiome of humans and a variety of animal models, only a minority addresses dietary effects, and a small subset is described in sufficient detail to allow reproduction of a study. Whereas there are standards being developed for many aspects of microbiome studies, such as sample collection, nucleic acid extraction, data handling, etc., none has been proposed for the dietary component; thus this workshop focused on the latter specific point. It is important to foster rigor in design and reproducibility of published studies to maintain high quality and enable designs that can be compared in systematic reviews. Speakers addressed the influence of the structure of the fermentable carbohydrate on the microbiota and the variables to consider in design of studies using animals, in vitro models, and human subjects. For all types of studies, strengths and weaknesses of various designs were highlighted, and for human studies, comparisons between controlled feeding and observational designs were discussed. Because of the lack of published, best-diet formulations for specific research questions, the main recommendation is to describe dietary ingredients and treatments in as much detail as possible to allow reproduction by other scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klurfeld
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Cindy D Davis
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert W Karp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George C Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Andre Marette
- Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University , Québec City, Québec , Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University , Québec City, Québec , Canada
| | - Eric Martens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen J O'Keefe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Devin J Rose
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Maria Saarela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo , Finland
| | | | - Joanne L Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
- Office of Nutrition Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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63
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Lee SM, Kim N, Yoon H, Nam RH, Lee DH. Microbial Changes and Host Response in F344 Rat Colon Depending on Sex and Age Following a High-Fat Diet. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2236. [PMID: 30298061 PMCID: PMC6160749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota, an important component that affects host health, change rapidly and directly in response to altered diet composition. Recently, the role of diet–microbiome interaction on the development of colon cancer has been the focus of interest. Colon cancer occurs more frequently in an aged population, and in males. However, the effect of dietary changes on the gut microbiome has been studied mainly in young males, even though it may vary with age and sex. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial changes and host response in the colons of male and female 6-week-old (young) and 2-year-old (old) Fisher-344 rats exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD). Our results showed that exposure to HFD for 8 weeks decreased the species richness of microbiota (Chao1) and increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio only in aged rats, and not in young rats. Sex differences underlying the alteration by HFD in the gut microbiome were observed in the microbiome of aged rats. For instance, the abundance ratio of Akkermansia muciniphila and Desulfovibrio spp. increased in response to HFD in young rats and female aged rats, but not in male aged rats. Histological inflammation and cell proliferation of colon mucosa (indexed by Ki67) were significantly increased by HFD even in young rats; aged rats showed significantly higher cell proliferation in the HFD group than in the control. The HFD-induced decrease of species richness and the increase in specific species (Desulfovibrio spp. and Clostridium lavalense), which produce carcinogenic compounds such as H2S and N-nitroso compounds, were significantly correlated with Ki67 index. In colon mucosa, the concentration of myeloperoxidase was increased by HFD only in males, and not in females. In conclusion, the results suggest a link between HFD-induced gut dysbiosis (particularly the low species richness and high abundance ratios of Desulfovibrio spp. and C. lavalense) and cell proliferation of colon mucosa (indicated by Ki67 IHC). In addition, sex differences influence the response of gut microbiome to HFD particularly in old age. Such sex differences in the gut microbiota might be related to sex differences in inflammation in the colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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64
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Kaczmarek JL, Liu X, Charron CS, Novotny JA, Jeffery EH, Seifried HE, Ross SA, Miller MJ, Swanson KS, Holscher HD. Broccoli consumption affects the human gastrointestinal microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 63:27-34. [PMID: 30317146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota is increasingly linked to health outcomes; however, our understanding of how specific foods alter the microbiota is limited. Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli are a good source of dietary fiber and phytonutrients, including glucosinolates, which can be metabolized by gastrointestinal microbes. This study aimed to determine the impact of broccoli consumption on the gastrointestinal microbiota of healthy adults. A controlled feeding, randomized, crossover study consisting of two 18-day treatment periods separated by a 24-day washout was conducted in healthy adults (n=18). Participants were fed at weight maintenance with the intervention period diet including 200 g of cooked broccoli and 20 g of raw daikon radish per day. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment period for microbial analysis. Beta diversity analysis indicated that bacterial communities were impacted by treatment (P=.03). Broccoli consumption decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes by 9% compared to control (P=.05), increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes by 10% compared to control (P=.03) and increased Bacteroides by 8% relative to control (P=.02). Furthermore, the effects were strongest among participants with body mass index <26 kg/m2, and within this group, there were associations between bacterial relative abundance and glucosinolate metabolites. Functional prediction revealed that broccoli consumption increased the pathways involved in the functions of the endocrine system (P=.05), transport and catabolism (P=.04), and energy metabolism (P=.01). These results reveal that broccoli consumption affects the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kaczmarek
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - Xiaoji Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - Craig S Charron
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, RM. 117, BLDG. 307C, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States.
| | - Janet A Novotny
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, RM. 117, BLDG. 307C, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States.
| | - Elizabeth H Jeffery
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - Harold E Seifried
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute/National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States.
| | - Sharon A Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute/National Institute of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States.
| | - Michael J Miller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 449 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
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65
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Fu BC, Randolph TW, Lim U, Monroe KR, Cheng I, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Lampe JW, Hullar MAJ. Temporal Variability and Stability of the Fecal Microbiome: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:154-162. [PMID: 30206059 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement reliability and biological stability need to be considered when developing sampling protocols for population-based fecal microbiome studies. METHODS Stool samples were collected biannually over a 2-year period and sequenced for the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene in 50 participants from the Multiethnic Cohort Study. We evaluated the temporal stability of the fecal microbiome on a community level with permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), as well as on taxa and diversity measures with intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS Interindividual differences were the predominant source of fecal microbiome variation, and variation within individual was driven more by changing abundances than by the complete loss or introduction of taxa. Phyla and diversity measures were reliable over the 2 years. Most genera were stable over time, although those with low abundances tended to be more dynamic. Reliability was lower among participants who used antibiotics, with the greatest difference seen in samples taken within 1 month of reported use. CONCLUSIONS The fecal microbiome as a whole is stable over a 2-year period, although certain taxa may exhibit more temporal variability. IMPACT When designing large epidemiologic studies, a single sample is sufficient to capture the majority of the variation in the fecal microbiome from 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while multiple samples may be needed for rare or less-abundant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Fu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Timothy W Randolph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meredith A J Hullar
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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66
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Narbad A, Rossiter JT. Gut Glucosinolate Metabolism and Isothiocyanate Production. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700991. [PMID: 29806736 PMCID: PMC6767122 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system in plants has been well studied over the years while relatively little research has been undertaken on the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates. The products of myrosinase-based glucosinolate hydrolysis in the human gut are important to health, particularly the isothiocyanates, as they are shown to have anticancer properties as well as other beneficial roles in human health. This review is concerned with the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates but is not restricted to the human gut. Isothiocyanate production and nitrile formation are discussed together with the mechanisms of the formation of these compounds. Side chain modification of the methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates is reviewed and the implications for bioactivity of the resultant products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Food Innovation and Health ISPNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UAUK
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67
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Kourosh A, Luna RA, Balderas M, Nance C, Anagnostou A, Devaraj S, Davis CM. Fecal microbiome signatures are different in food-allergic children compared to siblings and healthy children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:545-554. [PMID: 29624747 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbes have been shown to influence predisposition to atopic disease, including food allergy. The intestinal microbiome of food-allergic children may differ in significant ways from genetically similar non-allergic children and age-matched controls. The aim was to characterize fecal microbiomes to identify taxa that may influence the expression of food allergy. METHODS Stool samples were collected from children with IgE-mediated food allergies, siblings without food allergy, and non-allergic controls. Stool microbiome characterization was performed via next-generation sequencing (Illumina) of the V1V3 and V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial diversity, evenness, richness, and relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were evaluated using QIIME. ANOVA and Welch's t test were utilized to compare groups. RESULTS Sixty-eight children were included: food-allergic (n = 22), non-food-allergic siblings (n = 25), and controls (n = 21). When comparing fecal microbial communities across groups, differences were noted in Rikenellaceae (P = .035), Actinomycetaceae (P = .043), and Pasteurellaceae (P = .018), and nine other distinct OTUs. Food-allergic subjects had enrichment for specific microbes within the Clostridia class and Firmicutes phylum (Oscillobacter valericigenes, Lachnoclostridium bolteae, Faecalibacterium sp.) compared to siblings and controls. Identification of Clostridium sp. OTUs revealed differences in specific Clostridia drive the separation of the allergic from the siblings and controls. Alistipes sp. were enriched in non-allergic siblings. CONCLUSIONS Comparisons in the fecal microbiome of food-allergic children, siblings, and healthy children point to key differences in microbiome signatures, suggesting the role of both genetic and environmental contributors in the manifestation of food-allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atoosa Kourosh
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruth A Luna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miriam Balderas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Nance
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostou
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carla M Davis
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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68
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Kopf JC, Suhr MJ, Clarke J, Eyun SI, Riethoven JJM, Ramer-Tait AE, Rose DJ. Role of whole grains versus fruits and vegetables in reducing subclinical inflammation and promoting gastrointestinal health in individuals affected by overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2018; 17:72. [PMID: 30060746 PMCID: PMC6066923 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole grains (WG) and fruits and vegetables (FV) have been shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disease, possibly via modulation of the gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of increasing intake of either WG or FV on inflammatory markers and gut microbiota composition. METHODS A randomized parallel arm feeding trial was completed on forty-nine subjects with overweight or obesity and low intakes of FV and WG. Individuals were randomized into three groups (3 servings/d provided): WG, FV, and a control (refined grains). Stool and blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks. Inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)] were measured. Stool sample analysis included short/branched chain fatty acids (S/BCFA) and microbiota composition. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in LBP for participants on the WG (- 0.2 μg/mL, p = 0.02) and FV (- 0.2 μg/mL, p = 0.005) diets, with no change in those on the control diet (0.1 μg/mL, p = 0.08). The FV diet induced a significant change in IL-6 (- 1.5 pg/mL, p = 0.006), but no significant change was observed for the other treatments (control, - 0.009 pg/mL, p = 0.99; WG, - 0.29, p = 0.68). The WG diet resulted in a significant decrease in TNF-α (- 3.7 pg/mL; p < 0.001), whereas no significant effects were found for those on the other diets (control, - 0.6 pg/mL, p = 0.6; FV, - 1.4 pg/mL, p = 0.2). The treatments induced individualized changes in microbiota composition such that treatment group differences were not identified, except for a significant increase in α-diversity in the FV group. The proportions of Clostridiales (Firmicutes phylum) at baseline were correlated with the magnitude of change in LBP during the study. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that WG and FV intake can have positive effects on metabolic health; however, different markers of inflammation were reduced on each diet suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects were facilitated via different mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory effects were not related to changes in gut microbiota composition during the intervention, but were correlated with microbiota composition at baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02602496 , Nov 4, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne C. Kopf
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
| | - Mallory J. Suhr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
| | - Seong-il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
| | - Devin J. Rose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205 USA
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69
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Long C, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Wu SG, Qi GH. Effects of dietary rapeseed meal supplementation on cecal microbiota in laying hens with different flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 genotypes. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1748-1758. [PMID: 28339985 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of dietary rapeseed meal (RM) supplementation on cecal trimethylamine and bacteria in laying hens with different flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) genotypes, a 3 × 2 2-factorial arrangement was employed using FMO3 genotypes (AA, AT, and TT) and dietary RM (0 and 14% of diet) as the main effects. At 50 wk of age, 36 hens of AT genotype and 36 hens of TT genotype were randomly allotted to one of the 2 dietary treatments, and each dietary treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 6 birds each. A total of 12 hens with AA genotype were allotted to one of the 2 dietary treatments that consisted of 3 replicates with 2 hens. Hens were fed 0% RM in a corn-soybean (SM) diet for one wk before the 6-week feeding trial period. Dietary RM supplementation increased trimethylamine (TMA) concentrations in both egg yolks (P < 0.0001) and cecal chyme (P < 0.0001). Dietary RM supplementation increased bacterial abundance and diversity (P < 0.0001). Weighted UniFrac, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, and analysis of similarity (R-ANOSIM = 0.1516; P-value = 0.014) indicated distinct clustering was dependent on diets rather than FMO3 genotypes. Twenty-four phyla (most dominant, Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) and 229 genera were identified in the cecal samples. Compared with the SM diets, RM diets increased the proportion of Firmicutes (P = 0.004), Proteobacteria (P = 0.006), and Firmicutes:Bacteroides (P = 0.001), and some low-abundance phyla (P < 0.01), whereas the abundance of Bacteroides was lower (P = 0.0002). The abundance of 42 genera varied with dietary types. Six phyla and 35 genera were positively correlated with TMA concentration in the cecal chyme. In conclusion, the major TMA-producing bacteria in cecal were from Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. The major TMA-producing bacterial genera could be from the genera that positively correlated with TMA concentration.
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70
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Gerhauser C. Impact of dietary gut microbial metabolites on the epigenome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170359. [PMID: 29685968 PMCID: PMC5915727 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, epigenetic mechanisms and their modulation by natural products have gained increasing interest. Dietary bioactive compounds from various sources, including green tea, soya, fruit and berries, cruciferous vegetables, whole grain foods, fish and others, have been shown to target enzymes involved in epigenetic gene regulation, including DNA methyltransferases, histone acetyltransferases, deacetylases and demethylases in vitro and in cell culture. Also, many dietary agents were shown to alter miRNA expression. In vivo studies in animal models and humans are still limited. Recent research has indicated that the gut microbiota and gut microbial metabolites might be important mediators of diet-epigenome interactions. Inter-individual differences in the gut microbiome might affect release, metabolism and bioavailability of dietary agents and explain variability in response to intervention in human studies. Only a few microbial metabolites, including folate, phenolic acids, S-(-)equol, urolithins, isothiocyanates, and short- and long-chain fatty acids have been tested with respect to their potential to influence epigenetic mechanisms. Considering that a complex mixture of intermediary and microbial metabolites is present in human circulation, a more systematic interdisciplinary investigation of nutri-epigenetic activities and their impact on human health is called for.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Gerhauser
- Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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71
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Citronberg JS, Curtis KR, White E, Newcomb PA, Newton K, Atkinson C, Song X, Lampe JW, Hullar MA. Association of gut microbial communities with plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in premenopausal women. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1631-1641. [PMID: 29434315 PMCID: PMC6018759 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which obesity increases cancer risk are unclear, but some lines of evidence suggest that gut microbial communities (GMC) may contribute to chronic inflammation in obese individuals through raised systemic levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We evaluated associations of the GMC in stool with plasma LPS-binding protein (LBP, a measure of LPS) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in 110 premenopausal women in the United States. Diet was assessed using 3-day food records and GMCs were evaluated using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. OTUs were identified at 97% sequence similarity. Taxonomic classification and functional genes were imputed from 16S rRNA genes, and alpha and beta diversity were assessed using the Shannon index and MRPP, respectively. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess the relation between LBP, specific bacterial genera identified with indicator species analysis, and CRP. Dietary fat intake, particularly saturated fat, and CRP were positively associated with increased LBP. GMC beta diversity, but not alpha diversity, was statistically significantly different between groups using unweighted Unifrac. Several taxa, particularly those in the Clostridia class, were more prevalent in women with low LBP, while Bacteroides were more prevalent in those with high LBP. Genes associated with gram-negative cell wall material synthesis were also associated with LBP and CRP. In contrast, Phascolarctobacterium was associated with lower concentrations of LBP and CRP. We found distinct differences between tertiles of LBP regarding the diversity and composition of the microbiome, as well as differences in functional genes that potentially activate LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Citronberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Keith R Curtis
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Charlotte Atkinson
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme) at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meredith Aj Hullar
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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72
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Stone TW, McPherson M, Gail Darlington L. Obesity and Cancer: Existing and New Hypotheses for a Causal Connection. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:14-28. [PMID: 29526577 PMCID: PMC5952217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing explanations of obesity-associated cancer emphasise direct mutagenic effects of dietary components or hormonal imbalance. Some of these hypotheses are reviewed briefly, but recent evidence suggests a major role for chronic inflammation in cancer risk, possibly involving dietary content. These ideas include the inflammation-induced activation of the kynurenine pathway and its role in feeding and metabolism by activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and by modulating synaptic transmission in the brain. Evidence for a role of the kynurenine pathway in carcinogenesis then provides a potentially major link between obesity and cancer. A second new hypothesis is based on evidence that serine proteases can deplete cells of the tumour suppressors Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and neogenin. These enzymes include mammalian chymotryptic proteases released by pro-inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages. Blood levels of chymotrypsin itself increase in parallel with food intake. The mechanistically similar bacterial enzyme subtilisin is widespread in the environment, animal probiotics, meat processing and cleaning products. Simple public health schemes in these areas, with selective serine protease inhibitors and AHR antagonists and could prevent a range of intestinal and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Megan McPherson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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73
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Harkey MA, Villagran AM, Venkataraman GM, Leisenring WM, Hullar MAJ, Torok-Storb BJ. Associations between gastric dilatation-volvulus in Great Danes and specific alleles of the canine immune-system genes DLA88, DRB1, and TLR5. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:934-945. [PMID: 28738011 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether specific alleles of candidate genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and innate immune system were associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in Great Danes. ANIMALS 42 healthy Great Danes (control group) and 39 Great Danes with ≥ 1 GDV episode. PROCEDURES Variable regions of the 2 most polymorphic MHC genes (DLA88 and DRB1) were amplified and sequenced from the dogs in each group. Similarly, regions of 3 genes associated with the innate immune system (TLR5, NOD2, and ATG16L1), which have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease, were amplified and sequenced. Alleles were evaluated for associations with GDV, controlling for age and dog family. RESULTS Specific alleles of genes DLA88, DRB1, and TLR5 were significantly associated with GDV. One allele of each gene had an OR > 2 in the unadjusted univariate analyses and retained a hazard ratio > 2 after controlling for temperament, age, and familial association in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 3 GDV-associated alleles identified in this study may serve as diagnostic markers for identification of Great Danes at risk for GDV. Additional research is needed to determine whether other dog breeds have the same genetic associations. These findings also provided a new target for research into the etiology of, and potential treatments for, GDV in dogs.
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74
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Fouhse JM, Gänzle MG, Beattie AD, Vasanthan T, Zijlstra RT. Whole-Grain Starch and Fiber Composition Modifies Ileal Flow of Nutrients and Nutrient Availability in the Hindgut, Shifting Fecal Microbial Profiles in Pigs. J Nutr 2017; 147:2031-2040. [PMID: 28954838 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.255851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes in whole-grain chemical composition can affect the site of nutrient digestion, which may alter substrate availability and gut microbiota composition.Objective: This study elucidated the function of whole-grain fermentable fiber composition on ileal substrate flow, hindgut substrate availability, and subsequent gut microbial profiles in pigs.Methods: Five whole grains-1) high-fermentability, high-β-glucan hull-less barley (HFB); 2) high-fermentability, high-amylose hull-less barley (HFA); 3) moderate-fermentability hull-less barley (MFB); 4) low-fermentability hulled barley (LFB); or 5) low-fermentability hard red spring wheat (LFW)-were included at 800 g/kg into diets fed to ileal-cannulated growing pigs for 9 d in a 6 (periods) × 5 (diets) Youden square. Digesta were analyzed for nutrient flow and microbial composition via 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Results: The consumption of fermentable whole grains, HFB, and HFA increased (P < 0.05) ileal starch flow by 69% and dry matter flow by 37% compared with LFB and LFW intakes. The consumption of HFB and HFA increased (P < 0.05) fecal Firmicutes phylum abundance by 26% and 21% compared with LFB intake and increased (P < 0.05) fecal Dialister genus abundance, on average, by 98% compared with LFB and LFW intakes. Fecal Sharpea and Ruminococcus genera abundances increased (P < 0.05) with HFB intake compared with LFB and LFW intakes. In contrast, the consumption of LFB increased (P < 0.05) fecal Bacteroidetes phylum abundance by 43% compared with MFB intake. Ileal starch flow and fecal Firmicutes abundance were positively correlated and determined by using principal components analysis.Conclusions: Increasing dietary fermentable fiber from whole grains can increase ileal substrate flow and hindgut substrate availability, shifting the fecal microbiota toward Firmicutes phylum members. Thus, digesta substrate flow is important to shape gut microbial profiles in pigs, which indicates that the manipulation of substrate flow should be considered as a tool to modulate gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Aaron D Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thava Vasanthan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
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75
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Sulfonolipids as novel metabolite markers of Alistipes and Odoribacter affected by high-fat diets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11047. [PMID: 28887494 PMCID: PMC5591296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota generates a huge pool of unknown metabolites, and their identification and characterization is a key challenge in metabolomics. However, there are still gaps on the studies of gut microbiota and their chemical structures. In this investigation, an unusual class of bacterial sulfonolipids (SLs) is detected in mouse cecum, which was originally found in environmental microbes. We have performed a detailed molecular level characterization of this class of lipids by combining high-resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography analysis. Eighteen SLs that differ in their capnoid and fatty acid chain compositions were identified. The SL called “sulfobacin B” was isolated, characterized, and was significantly increased in mice fed with high-fat diets. To reveal bacterial producers of SLs, metagenome analysis was acquired and only two bacterial genera, i.e., Alistipes and Odoribacter, were revealed to be responsible for their production. This knowledge enables explaining a part of the molecular complexity introduced by microbes to the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and can be used as chemotaxonomic evidence in gut microbiota.
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76
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Kellingray L, Tapp HS, Saha S, Doleman JF, Narbad A, Mithen RF. Consumption of a diet rich in Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria: A randomised crossover study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600992. [PMID: 28296348 PMCID: PMC5600105 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE We examined whether a Brassica-rich diet was associated with an increase in the relative abundance of intestinal lactobacilli and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB), or alteration to the composition of the gut microbiota, in healthy adults. METHODS AND RESULTS A randomised crossover study was performed with ten healthy adults who were fed a high- and a low-Brassica diet for 2-wk periods, with a 2-wk washout phase separating the diets. The high-Brassica diet consisted of six 84 g portions of broccoli, six 84 g portions of cauliflower and six 300 g portions of a broccoli and sweet potato soup. The low-Brassica diet consisted of one 84 g portion of broccoli and one 84 g portion of cauliflower. Faecal microbiota composition was measured in samples collected following 2-wk Brassica-free periods (consumption of all Brassica prohibited), and after each diet, whereby the only Brassica consumed was that supplied by the study team. No significant changes to the relative abundance of lactobacilli were observed (p = 0.8019). The increased consumption of Brassica was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of SRB (p = 0.0215), and members of the Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Clostridium and unclassified Clostridiales (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The increased consumption of Brassica vegetables was linked to a reduced relative abundance of SRB, and therefore may be potentially beneficial to gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kellingray
- Food and Health ProgrammeInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Henri S. Tapp
- Analytical Sciences UnitInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Shikha Saha
- Food and Health ProgrammeInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Joanne F. Doleman
- Food and Health ProgrammeInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Health and Food Safety ProgrammeInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Richard F. Mithen
- Food and Health ProgrammeInstitute of Food ResearchNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
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77
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A comparative study of the antacid effect of some commonly consumed foods for hyperacidity in an artificial stomach model. Complement Ther Med 2017; 34:111-115. [PMID: 28917362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incorporation of certain alkalinizing vegetables, fruits, milk and its products in the diet has been known to alleviate hyperacidity. These foods help to restore the natural gastric balance and function, curb acid reflux, aid digestion, reduce the burning sensation due to hyperacidity and soothe the inflamed mucosa of the stomach. The present study evaluates and compares the antacid effect of broccoli, kale, radish, cucumber, lemon juice, cold milk and curd in an artificial stomach model. DESIGN The pH of the test samples and their neutralizing effect on artificial gastric acid was determined and compared with that of water, the active control sodium bicarbonate and a marketed antacid preparation ENO. A modified model of Vatier's artificial stomach was used to determine the duration of consistent neutralization of artificial gastric acid by the test samples. The neutralizing capacity of the test samples was determined in vitro using the classical titration method of Fordtran. RESULTS All test samples except lemon showed significantly higher (p<0.05 for cucumber and p<0.001 for the rest) acid neutralizing effect than water. All test samples also exhibited a significantly (p<0.001) higher duration of consistent neutralization and higher antacid capacity than water. Highest antacid activity was demonstrated by cold milk and broccoli which was comparable with ENO and sodium bicarbonate. CONCLUSION It may be concluded that the natural food ingredients used in this study exhibited significant antacid activity, justifying their use as essential dietary components to counter hyperacidity.
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78
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Wu F, Guo X, Zhang J, Zhang M, Ou Z, Peng Y. Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3122-3126. [PMID: 28912861 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phascolarctobacterium can produce short-chain fatty acids, including acetate and propionate, and can be associated with the metabolic state and mood of the host. The present study investigated the colonization characteristics of Phascolarctobacterium faecium in healthy individuals <1-80 years old in Southern China. A total of 150 fresh fecal samples were collected, and bacterial DNA was isolated from these samples for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Phascolarctobacterium faecium demonstrated a high colonization rate and abundant colonization in the human gastrointestinal tract. The colonization rate varied between 43.33-93.33%, and the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium faecium ranged between 3.22-5.76 log cells g-1 (<1 years old) and 3.06-9.33 log cells g-1 (>1 year old). The permillage of Phascolarctobacterium faecium in total bacteria ranged between 0.004-1.479. There was presence of Phascolarctobacterium faecium-like bacteria in younger individuals with a gradual increase in the number of bacteria maintained at a high level with increasing ages (between 1 and 60 years old), but with a decrease in elderly individuals (>60 years old). The results of the present study demonstrated that Phascolarctobacterium faecium is abundantly colonized in the human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changsha Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Jiachun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen SheKou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Ou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Yongzheng Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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79
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Wauters J, Van Meulebroek L, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. Discrimination between Synthetically Administered and Endogenous Thiouracil Based on Monitoring of Urine, Muscle, and Thyroid Tissue: An in Vivo Study in Young and Adult Bovines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6231-6239. [PMID: 28692258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiouracil (TU), synthesized for its thyroid-regulating capacities and alternatively misused in livestock for its weight-gaining effects, is acknowledged to have an endogenous origin. Discrimination between low-level abuse and endogenous occurrence is challenging and unexplored in an experimental setting. Therefore, cows (n = 16) and calves (n = 18) were subjected to a rapeseed-supplemented diet or treated with synthetic TU. Significant higher urinary TU levels were recorded after TU administration (<CCα, 15 642 μg L-1) compared to rapeseed supplementation (<CCα, 65.8 μg L-1), however, with overlapping values. TU was not detected in the edible meat; however, concentrations between the CCα and 10 μg kg-1 were noted in thyroid tissue of calves and cows following rapeseed supplementation. The latter concentrations were significantly higher in thyroid tissue of calves (22.9-41.8 μg kg-1) and cows (16.9-36.7 μg kg-1) after synthetic TU administration. These results strongly point toward thyroid analysis as a discriminatory tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wauters
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Fichant
- CER Groupe , Health Department, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - P Delahaut
- CER Groupe , Health Department, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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80
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Zweig A, Pohl D. [Not Available]. PRAXIS 2017; 106:1229-1235. [PMID: 29088970 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Funktionelle Magen-Darm-Beschwerden sind in der Allgemeinbevölkerung weit verbreitet, und das Reizdarmsyndrom (Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS) ist eines der häufigsten gastroenterologischen Krankheitsbilder. Trotz individuell sehr unterschiedlicher klinischer Präsentation berichtet ein Grossteil der Patienten über eine Abhängigkeit ihrer Beschwerden von der Nahrungsaufnahme bzw. von bestimmten Nahrungsmitteln. Die FODMAP-arme Diät, durch eine spezialisierte Ernährungsberatung instruiert, zeigt sich sehr wirksam zur Symptomreduktion bei IBS-Patienten. Sie basiert auf einer Reduktion fermentierbarer Kohlenhydrate. Ziel der Diät ist es, potenzielle nutritive Auslöser abdominaler Symptome zu identifizieren und diese in der täglichen Ernährung zu meiden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Zweig
- 1 Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich
| | - Daniel Pohl
- 1 Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich
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81
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Tea and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:4514687. [PMID: 27651790 PMCID: PMC5019912 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4514687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims. Studies have shown effects of diet on gut microbiota. We aimed to identify foods associated with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Methods. In this cross-sectional survey, consecutive patients diagnosed with CDI were identified by electronic medical records. Colitis symptoms and positive Clostridium difficile assay were confirmed. Health-care onset-health-care facility associated CDI was excluded. Food surveys were mailed to 411 patients. Survey responses served as the primary outcome measure. Spearman's rank correlation identified risk factors for CDI recurrence. Results. Surveys were returned by 68 patients. Nineteen patients experienced CDI recurrence. Compared to patients without CDI recurrence, patients with CDI recurrence had more antibiotics prescribed preceding their infection (p = 0.003). Greater numbers of the latter also listed tea (p = 0.002), coffee (p = 0.013), and eggs (p = 0.013), on their 24-hour food recall. Logistic regression identified tea as the only food risk factor for CDI recurrence (adjusted OR: 5.71; 95% CI: 1.26-25.89). Conclusion. The present results indicate a possible association between tea and CDI recurrence. Additional studies are needed to characterize and confirm this association.
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Nair MK, Augustine LF, Konapur A. Food-Based Interventions to Modify Diet Quality and Diversity to Address Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency. Front Public Health 2016; 3:277. [PMID: 26779472 PMCID: PMC4700276 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Global data indicate a high prevalence of hidden hunger among population. Deficiencies of certain micronutrients such as folic acid, iodine, iron, and vitamin A have long lasting effects on growth and development and therefore have been a National priority from many decades. The strategy implemented so far limits to the use of supplemental sources or fortified foods in alleviating the burden of deficiencies. These approaches however undermine the food-based strategies involving dietary diversification as the long-term sustainable strategy. There is lack of understanding on the level of evidence needed to implement such strategies and the level of monitoring required for impact evaluation. Dietary diversity concerns how to ensure access for each individual to a quality and safe diet with adequate macro- and micronutrients. The key to success in using dietary diversity as a strategy to tackle hidden hunger is in integrating it with the principles of bioavailability, translated to efficient food synergies with due emphasis on food accessibility, affordability, and outdoor physical activity/life style modifications. Promoting enabling environment and sustainable agriculture is crucial for practicing dietary diversification with behavior change communication as an integral segment. It can be concluded that food-based strategies require careful understanding of the factors associated with it and moderate it to form an effective strategy for controlling multiple micronutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan K. Nair
- Micronutrient Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Little Flower Augustine
- Micronutrient Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Archana Konapur
- Micronutrient Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
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83
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Cheng Y, Jin UH, Allred CD, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS, Safe S. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity of Tryptophan Metabolites in Young Adult Mouse Colonocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1536-43. [PMID: 25873348 PMCID: PMC4576676 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan microbiota metabolites indole-3-acetate, indole-3-aldehyde, indole, and tryptamine are aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, and in this study we investigated their AhR agonist and antagonist activities in nontransformed young adult mouse colonocyte (YAMC) cells. Using Cyp1a1 mRNA as an Ah-responsive end point, we observed that the tryptophan metabolites were weak AhR agonists and partial antagonists in YAMC cells, and the pattern of activity was different from that previously observed in CaCo2 colon cancer cells. However, expansion of the end points to other Ah-responsive genes including the Cyp1b1, the AhR repressor (Ahrr), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (TiParp) revealed a highly complex pattern of AhR agonist/antagonist activities that were both ligand- and gene-dependent. For example, the magnitude of induction of Cyp1b1 mRNA was similar for TCDD, tryptamine, and indole-3-acetate, whereas lower induction was observed for indole and indole-3-aldehyde was inactive. These results suggest that the tryptophan metabolites identified in microbiota are selective AhR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Clint D Allred
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (Y.C., U.-H.J., S.S.), Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.D.A., R.S.C.), Department of Chemical Engineering (A.J.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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84
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Oh H, Smith-Warner SA, Tamimi RM, Wang M, Xu X, Hankinson SE, Fuhrman BJ, Ziegler RG, Eliassen AH. Dietary Fat and Fiber Intakes Are Not Associated with Patterns of Urinary Estrogen Metabolites in Premenopausal Women. J Nutr 2015; 145:2109-16. [PMID: 26180245 PMCID: PMC4548163 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual differences in the bioavailability of potentially carcinogenic estrogen and estrogen metabolites (EMs) may play a role in the risk of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dietary intakes of fiber and fat influence premenopausal EM profiles through effects on estrogen synthesis, metabolism, or excretion. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 598 premenopausal women who participated in a reproducibility study (n = 109) or served as controls in a nested case-control study of breast cancer (n = 489) within the Nurses' Health Study II. Dietary intakes of fiber and fat were assessed via semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires in 1995 and 1999. Midluteal urine samples were collected between 1996 and 1999 and EMs were quantified with the use of HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear mixed models were used to estimate creatinine-adjusted geometric means for individual EMs and their pathway groups across categories of dietary intake while controlling for total energy intake and potential confounders. RESULTS Higher total dietary fiber intake (>25 g/d vs. ≤15 g/d) was associated with significantly higher concentrations of 4-methoxyestradiol (50% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.004) and lower concentrations of 17-epiestriol (-27% difference, P-difference = 0.03, P-trend = 0.03), but was not associated with any other EMs. The associations did not vary by fiber intake from different sources. Total fat intake (>35% energy vs. ≤25% energy) was suggestively positively associated with 17-epiestriol (22.6% difference, P-difference = 0.14, P-trend = 0.06); the association was significant for polyunsaturated fatty acid (37% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) and trans fat (36.1% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) intakes. CONCLUSION Fiber and fat intakes were not strongly associated with patterns of estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Our data suggest estrogen metabolism is not a major mechanism through which dietary fiber and fat may affect breast or other hormone-related cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| | | | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Epidemiology, Fay W Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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85
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Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Anti-Lipogenic/Adipogenic Effects of Allyl-Isothiocyanate Metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132151. [PMID: 26317351 PMCID: PMC4552636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) is an organosulfur phytochemical found in abundance in common cruciferous vegetables such as mustard, wasabi, and cabbage. Although AITC is metabolized primarily through the mercapturic acid pathway, its exact pharmacokinetics remains undefined and the biological function of AITC metabolites is still largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of AITC metabolites on lipid accumulation in vitro and elucidated the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of AITC metabolites in rats. We found that AITC metabolites generally conjugate with glutathione (GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and are distributed in most organs and tissues. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a rapid uptake and complete metabolism of AITC following oral administration to rats. Although AITC has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity in bladder cancer, the potential bioactivity of its metabolites has not been explored. We found that GSH-AITC and NAC-AITC effectively inhibit adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppress expression of PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, and FAS, which are up-regulated during adipogenesis. GSH-AITC and NAC-AITC also suppressed oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation and lipogenesis in hepatocytes. Our findings suggest that AITC is almost completely metabolized in the liver and rapidly excreted in urine through the mercapturic acid pathway following administration in rats. AITC metabolites may exert anti-obesity effects through suppression of adipogenesis or lipogenesis.
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86
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Padayachee A, Day L, Howell K, Gidley MJ. Complexity and health functionality of plant cell wall fibers from fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:59-81. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Padayachee
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L. Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - K. Howell
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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87
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Xu B, Xu W, Li J, Dai L, Xiong C, Tang X, Yang Y, Mu Y, Zhou J, Ding J, Wu Q, Huang Z. Metagenomic analysis of the Rhinopithecus bieti fecal microbiome reveals a broad diversity of bacterial and glycoside hydrolase profiles related to lignocellulose degradation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:174. [PMID: 25887697 PMCID: PMC4369366 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex community of microbes, whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host and the diet adopted by the host. Although the importance of gut microbiota of humans has been well demonstrated, there is a paucity of research regarding non-human primates (NHPs), especially herbivorous NHPs. RESULTS In this study, an analysis of 97,942 pyrosequencing reads generated from Rhinopithecus bieti fecal DNA extracts was performed to help better understanding of the microbial diversity and functional capacity of the R. bieti gut microbiome. The taxonomic analysis of the metagenomic reads indicated that R. bieti fecal microbiomes were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. The comparative analysis of taxonomic classification revealed that the metagenome of R. bieti was characterized by an overrepresentation of bacteria of phylum Fibrobacteres and Spirochaetes as compared with other animals. Primary functional categories were associated mainly with protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, DNA and RNA metabolism, cofactors, cell wall and capsule and membrane transport. Comparing glycoside hydrolase profiles of R. bieti with those of other animal revealed that the R. bieti microbiome was most closely related to cow rumen. CONCLUSIONS Metagenomic and functional analysis demonstrated that R. bieti possesses a broad diversity of bacteria and numerous glycoside hydrolases responsible for lignocellulosic biomass degradation which might reflect the adaptations associated with a diet rich in fibrous matter. These results would contribute to the limited body of NHPs metagenome studies and provide a unique genetic resource of plant cell wall degrading microbial enzymes. However, future studies on the metagenome sequencing of R. bieti regarding the effects of age, genetics, diet and environment on the composition and activity of the metagenomes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junjun Li
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Liming Dai
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Caiyun Xiong
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xianghua Tang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yuelin Mu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junpei Zhou
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Junmei Ding
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.
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88
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Hullar MAJ, Lancaster SM, Li F, Tseng E, Beer K, Atkinson C, Wähälä K, Copeland WK, Randolph TW, Newton KM, Lampe JW. Enterolignan-producing phenotypes are associated with increased gut microbial diversity and altered composition in premenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:546-54. [PMID: 25542830 PMCID: PMC4392386 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignans in plant foods are metabolized by gut bacteria to the enterolignans, enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL). Enterolignans have biologic activities important to the prevention of cancer and chronic diseases. We examined the composition of the gut microbial community (GMC) as a contributor to human enterolignan exposure. METHODS We evaluated the association between the GMC in stool, urinary enterolignan excretion, and diet from a 3-day food record in 115 premenopausal (ages 40-45 years) women in the United States. Urinary enterolignans were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The GMC was evaluated using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were aligned in SILVA (www.arb-silva.de). Operational taxonomic units were identified at 97% sequence similarity. Taxonomic classification was performed and alpha and beta diversity in relationship to ENL production were assessed. Multivariate analysis and regression were used to model the association between enterolignan excretion and the GMC. Bacteria associated with ENL production were identified using univariate analysis and ridge regression. RESULTS After adjusting for dietary fiber intake and adiposity, we found a significant positive association between ENL excretion and either the GMC (P = 0.0007), or the diversity of the GMC (P = 0.01). The GMC associated with high ENL production was distinct (UNIFRAC, P < 0.003, MRPP) and enriched in Moryella spp., Acetanaerobacterium spp., Fastidiosipila spp., and Streptobacillus spp. CONCLUSION Diversity and composition of the GMC are associated with increased human exposure to enterolignans. IMPACT Differences in gut microbial diversity and composition explain variation in gut metabolic processes that affect environmental exposures and influence human health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 546-54. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Lancaster
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Fei Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Karlyn Beer
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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89
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Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and colonic epithelial cell hyperproliferation by dietary α-mangostin is independent of mouse strain. Nutrients 2015; 7:764-84. [PMID: 25621505 PMCID: PMC4344559 DOI: 10.3390/nu7020764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Beverages and supplements prepared from mangosteen fruit are claimed to support gut health and immunity, despite the absence of supporting evidence from clinical trials. We recently reported that α-mangostin (α-MG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen fruit, altered the intestinal microbiome, promoted dysbiosis, and exacerbated colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The objective of this study was to determine whether induction of dysbiosis by dietary α-MG is limited to the C57BL/6J strain or represents a more generic response to chronic intake of the xanthone on the gut microbiota of mice. C3H, Balb/c, Nude FoxN1nu, and C57BL/6J mice, each demonstrating unique microbiomes, were fed standard diet or diet containing 0.1% α-MG for four weeks. Dietary α-MG significantly altered the cecal and colonic microbiota in all four strains of mice, promoting a reduction in generally assumed beneficial bacterial groups while increasing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Consumption of α-MG was associated with reduced abundance of Firmicutes and increased abundance of Proteobacteria. The abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobacillaceae was reduced in α-MG-fed mice, while that of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae was increased. Dietary α-MG also was associated with increased proliferation of colonic epithelial cells, infiltration of immune cells, infiltration of immune cells and increased fluid content in stool. These results suggest that ingestion of pharmacologic doses of xanthones in mangosteen-containing supplements may adversely alter the gut microbiota and should be used with caution.
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90
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Xu X, Zhang X. Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide alters the spatial structure of gut microbiota in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115037. [PMID: 25608087 PMCID: PMC4301806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharides possess many therapeutic characteristics, including anti-tumor and immuno-modulation. The gut microbes play a critical role in modulation of immune function. However, the impact of Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharides on the gut microbes have not yet been explored. In this study, high-throughput pyrosequencing technique was employed to investigate the effects of a new heteropolysaccharide L2 from Lentinula edodes on microbiota diversity and composition of small intestine, cecum, colon and distal end of colon (feces) in mice. The results demonstrated that along mouse intestine the microbiota exhibit distinctly different space distribution. L2 treatment reduced the diversity and evenness of gut microbiota along the intestine, especially in the cecum and colon. In the fecal microbial communities, the decrease of Bacteroidetes by significantly increasing Proteobacteria were observed, which were characterized by the increased Helicobacteraceae and reduced S24-7 at family level. Some OTUs, corresponding to Bacteroides acidifaciens, Alistipes and Helicobacter suncus, were found to be significantly increased in L2 treated-mice. In particular, 4 phyla Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes are exclusively present in L2-treated mice. This is helpful for further demonstrating healthy action mechanism of Lentinula edodes-derived polysaccharide L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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91
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Li S, Yingyi G, Chen L, Lijuan G, Ou S, Peng X. Lean rats gained more body weight from a high-fructooligosaccharide diet. Food Funct 2015; 6:2315-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lean rats gained more body weight from a high-FOS diet and increased more gut Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Gu Yingyi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Gao Lijuan
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Xichun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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92
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Abstract
The human microbiome is the ensemble of genes in the microbes that live inside and on the surface of humans. Because microbial sequencing information is now much easier to come by than phenotypic information, there has been an explosion of sequencing and genetic analysis of microbiome samples. Much of the analytical work for these sequences involves phylogenetics, at least indirectly, but methodology has developed in a somewhat different direction than for other applications of phylogenetics. In this article, I review the field and its methods from the perspective of a phylogeneticist, as well as describing current challenges for phylogenetics coming from this type of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Matsen
- Program in Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 91802, USA
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93
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Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Eggerthella lenta bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 53:626-35. [PMID: 25520446 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02926-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggerthella lenta is an emerging pathogen that has been underrecognized due to historical difficulties with phenotypic identification. Until now, its pathogenicity, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and optimal treatment have been poorly characterized. In this article, we report the largest cohort of patients with E. lenta bacteremia to date and describe in detail their clinical features, microbiologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. We identified 33 patients; the median age was 68 years, and there was no gender predominance. Twenty-seven patients (82%) had serious intra-abdominal pathology, often requiring a medical procedure. Of those who received antibiotics (28/33, 85%), the median duration of treatment was 21.5 days. Mortality from all causes was 6% at 7 days, 12% at 30 days, and 33% at 1 year. Of 26 isolates available for further testing, all were identified as E. lenta by both commercially available matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) systems, and none were found to harbor a vanA or vanB gene. Of 23 isolates which underwent susceptibility testing, all were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, metronidazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, ertapenem, and meropenem, 91% were susceptible to clindamycin, 74% were susceptible to moxifloxacin, and 39% were susceptible to penicillin.
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94
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The Effects of Conventional and Non-conventional Processing on Glucosinolates and Its Derived Forms, Isothiocyanates: Extraction, Degradation, and Applications. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-014-9104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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95
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Gut microbiota of humans, dogs and cats: current knowledge and future opportunities and challenges. Br J Nutr 2014; 113 Suppl:S6-17. [PMID: 25414978 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput DNA sequencing techniques allow for the identification and characterisation of microbes and their genes (microbiome). Using these new techniques, microbial populations in several niches of the human body, including the oral and nasal cavities, skin, urogenital tract and gastrointestinal tract, have been described recently. Very little data on the microbiome of companion animals exist, and most of the data have been derived from the analysis of the faeces of healthy laboratory animals. High-throughput assays provide opportunities to study the complex and dense populations of the gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Our laboratory and others have recently described the predominant microbial taxa and genes of healthy dogs and cats and how these respond to dietary interventions. In general, faecal microbial phylogeny (e.g. predominance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) and functional capacity (e.g. major functional groups related to carbohydrate, protein, DNA and vitamin metabolism; virulence factors; and cell wall and capsule) of the canine and feline gut are similar to those of the human gut. Initial sequencing projects have provided a glimpse of the microbial super-organism that exists within the canine and feline gut, but leaves much to be explored and discovered. As DNA provides information only about potential functions, studies that focus on the microbial transcriptome, metabolite profiles, and how microbiome changes affect host physiology and health are clearly required. Future studies must determine how diet composition, antibiotics and other drug therapies, breed and disease affect or are affected by the gut microbiome and how this information may be used to improve diets, identify disease biomarkers and develop targeted disease therapies.
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96
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Navarro SL, Schwarz Y, Song X, Wang CY, Chen C, Trudo SP, Kristal AR, Kratz M, Eaton DL, Lampe JW. Cruciferous vegetables have variable effects on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in a randomized controlled trial in healthy young adults. J Nutr 2014; 144:1850-7. [PMID: 25165394 PMCID: PMC4195422 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.197434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isothiocyanates in cruciferous vegetables modulate signaling pathways critical to carcinogenesis, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), a central regulator of inflammation. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 metabolize isothiocyanates; genetic variants may result in differences in biologic response. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test whether consumption of cruciferous or cruciferous plus apiaceous vegetables altered serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) I and II, and whether this response was GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype dependent. METHODS In a randomized crossover trial, healthy men (n = 32) and women (n = 31) aged 20-40 y consumed 4 14-d controlled diets: basal (vegetable-free), single-dose cruciferous (1xC) [7 g vegetables/kg body weight (BW)], double-dose cruciferous (2xC) (14 g/kg BW), and cruciferous plus apiaceous (carrot family) (1xC+A) vegetables (7 and 4 g/kg BW, respectively), with a 21-d washout period between each intervention. Urinary isothiocyanate excretion was also evaluated as a marker of systemic isothiocyanate exposure. Fasting morning blood and urine samples were collected on days 0 and 14 and analyzed. RESULTS IL-6 concentrations were significantly lower on day 14 of the 2xC and 1xC+A diets than with the basal diet [-19% (95% CI: -30%, -0.1%) and -20% (95% CI: -31%, -0.7%), respectively]. IL-8 concentrations were higher after the 1xC+A diet (+16%; 95% CI: 4.2%, 35.2%) than after the basal diet. There were no effects of diet on CRP, TNF-α, or sTNFRI or II. There were significant differences between GSTM1-null/GSTT1+ individuals for several biomarkers in response to 1xC+A compared with basal diets (CRP: -37.8%; 95% CI: -58.0%, -7.4%; IL-6: -48.6%; 95% CI: -49.6%, -12.0%; IL-8: 16.3%; 95% CI: 6.7%, 57.7%) and with the 2xC diet compared with the basal diet (IL-8: -33.2%; 95% CI: -43.0%, -1.4%; sTNFRI: -7.5%; 95% CI: -12.7%, -2.3%). There were no significant reductions in biomarker concentrations in response to diet among GSTM1+/GSTT1+ or GSTM1-null/GSTT1-null individuals. Twenty-four-hour urinary isothiocyanate excretion was not associated with any of the inflammation markers overall; however, IL-6 was inversely associated with total isothiocyanate excretion in GSTM1-null/GSTT1-null individuals (β = -0.12; 95% CI: -0.19, -0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this young, healthy population, consumption of cruciferous and apiaceous vegetables reduced circulating IL-6; however, results for other biomarkers of inflammation were not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi L. Navarro
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA;,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Yvonne Schwarz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Sabrina P. Trudo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and
| | - Alan R. Kristal
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - David L. Eaton
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Johanna W. Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
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97
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Thiouracil-Forming Bacteria Identified and Characterized upon Porcine In Vitro Digestion of Brassicaceae Feed. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7433-42. [PMID: 25261511 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02370-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the frequent detection of the banned thyreostat thiouracil (TU) in livestock urine has been related to endogenous TU formation following digestion of glucosinolate-rich Brassicaceae crops. Recently, it was demonstrated that, upon in vitro digestion of Brassicaceae, fecal bacteria induce TU detection in livestock (porcine livestock > bovines). Therefore, the present study was intended to isolate and identify bacteria involved in this intestinal TU formation upon Brassicaceae digestion and to gain more insight into the underlying mechanism in porcine livestock. Twenty porcine fecal inocula (gilts and multiparous sows) were assessed through static in vitro colonic-digestion simulations with rapeseed. After derivatization and extraction of the fecal suspensions, TU was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(2)). On average, lower TU concentrations were observed in fecal colonic simulations in gilts (8.35 ng g(-1) rapeseed ± 3.42 [mean ± standard deviation]) than in multiparous sows (52.63 ng g(-1) ± 16.17), which correlates with maturation of the gut microbial population with age. Further exploration of the mechanism showed cell-dependent activity of the microbial conversion and sustained TU-forming activity after subjection of the fecal inoculum to moderate heat over a time span of up to 30 min. Finally, nine TU-producing bacterial species were successfully isolated and identified by a combination of biochemical and molecular techniques as Escherichia coli (n = 5), Lactobacillus reuteri (n = 2), Enterococcus faecium (n = 1), and Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (n = 1). This report demonstrates that endogenous formation of TU is Brassicaceae induced and occurs under colonic conditions most likely through myrosinase-like enzyme activity expressed by different common intestinal bacterial species.
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98
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Plant prebiotics and human health: Biotechnology to breed prebiotic-rich nutritious food crops. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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99
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Vitetta L, Briskey D, Alford H, Hall S, Coulson S. Probiotics, prebiotics and the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:135-54. [PMID: 24633989 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome located in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) comprises the largest community (diverse and dense) of bacteria, and in conjunction with a conducive internal milieu, promotes the development of regulated pro- and anti-inflammatory signals within the GIT that promotes immunological and metabolic tolerance. In addition, host-microbial interactions govern GIT inflammation and provide cues for upholding metabolic regulation in both the host and microbes. Failure to regulate inflammatory responses can increase the risk of developing inflammatory conditions in the GIT. Here, we review clinical studies regarding the efficacy of probiotics/prebiotics and the role they may have in restoring host metabolic homeostasis by rescuing the inflammatory response. The clinical studies reviewed included functional constipation, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, infectious diarrhoea/gastroenteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and necrotizing enterocolitis. We have demonstrated that there was an overall reduction in risk when probiotics were administered over placebo in the majority of GIT inflammatory conditions. The effect size of a cumulative reduction in relative risk for the GIT conditions/diseases investigated was 0.65 (0.61-0.70) (z = 13.3); p < 0.0001 that is an average reduction in risk of 35 % in favour of probiotics. We also progress a hypothesis that the GIT comprises numerous micro-axes (e.g. mucus secretion, Th1/Th2 balance) that are in operational homeostasis; hence probiotics and prebiotics may have a significant pharmacobiotic regulatory role in maintaining host GIT homeostasis in disease states partially through reactive oxygen species signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Medlab, 66 McCauley St, Alexandria, Sydney, 2015, Australia,
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100
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Davenport ER, Mizrahi-Man O, Michelini K, Barreiro LB, Ober C, Gilad Y. Seasonal variation in human gut microbiome composition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90731. [PMID: 24618913 PMCID: PMC3949691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the human gut microbiome is influenced by many environmental factors. Diet is thought to be one of the most important determinants, though we have limited understanding of the extent to which dietary fluctuations alter variation in the gut microbiome between individuals. In this study, we examined variation in gut microbiome composition between winter and summer over the course of one year in 60 members of a founder population, the Hutterites. Because of their communal lifestyle, Hutterite diets are similar across individuals and remarkably stable throughout the year, with the exception that fresh produce is primarily served during the summer and autumn months. Our data indicate that despite overall gut microbiome stability within individuals over time, there are consistent and significant population-wide shifts in microbiome composition across seasons. We found seasonal differences in both (i) the abundance of particular taxa (false discovery rate <0.05), including highly abundant phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and (ii) overall gut microbiome diversity (by Shannon diversity; P = 0.001). It is likely that the dietary fluctuations between seasons with respect to produce availability explain, at least in part, these differences in microbiome composition. For example, high levels of produce containing complex carbohydrates consumed during the summer months might explain increased abundance of Bacteroidetes, which contain complex carbohydrate digesters, and decreased levels of Actinobacteria, which have been negatively correlated to fiber content in food questionnaires. Our observations demonstrate the plastic nature of the human gut microbiome in response to variation in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Davenport
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Orna Mizrahi-Man
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katelyn Michelini
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CO); (YG)
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CO); (YG)
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